Singapore
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Singapore gained independence from British rule in 1965 after 146 years of colonial administration. Several groups and individuals were instrumental in the independence movement, including the People's Action Party led by Lee Kuan Yew. The path to independence involved resisting British rule and overcoming communist uprisings and ethnic tensions. Since independence, Singapore has transformed into a highly developed country with one of the strongest economies in the world under the leadership of Lee Kuan Yew, who served as prime minister for three decades after independence.
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After World War 2, the local people in Singapore responded negatively to British rule. There was widespread poverty, lack of basic necessities, and disease. The people organized strikes and riots to protest their living conditions. Political parties also formed to demand self-governance and blame the British for post-war troubles. Notable riots included the Maria Hertogh riots in 1950 over a custody dispute and anti-national service riots in 1954 among Chinese students. The British instituted reforms like elections but maintained control. Over time, more power shifted to local leaders as Singapore progressed toward independence.
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Malaysian studies presentation
The opposition against the colonist in Malaysia was of two types , that is , opposition with bloodshed and opposition through peaceful means.
Which type of opposition would you have supported and why???
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Malaysia has rapidly industrialized over the past 30 years, transforming from an economy relying on exports of commodities like palm oil and rubber to one dominated by manufacturing and services. Manufacturing accounted for 30.6% of GDP in 2002, up slightly from 2001, while services fell to 50.7% from 51.8%. Malaysia aims to become a developed nation by 2020. Electronics exports in particular have grown at double-digit rates for over 25 years and remain a key export.
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The British governed Singapore before WWII through a colonial administrative structure. The Governor of the Straits Settlements had significant power and was advised by two councils - the Executive Council consisted of British officials who helped administer Singapore, and the Legislative Council included officials and non-official Asian merchants who could propose but not veto laws. While Asian participation gradually increased, the British ruled with little local input and did not allow democratic elections.
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Western imperialist powers sought control over Southeast Asian lands in the 18th-19th centuries due to demand for Asian goods in Europe and recognition of the region's strategic location and natural resources. The Dutch established control over most of Indonesia, the British gained Singapore and colonies in Malaysia and Burma, and the French took control of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia collectively known as French Indochina. While colonial economies grew and infrastructure improved under European rule, it primarily benefited colonial powers rather than local populations, laying the roots for 20th century independence struggles across Southeast Asia.
Wahyu purwanto - sri lanka (history, Politic, & Economic
Sri Lanka is a tropical island nation with a long history dating back to references in the Indian epic Ramayana. It was known as Ceylon until 1972 and gained independence from British rule in 1948. Sri Lanka has a semi-presidential system of government and is officially known as the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. It has a democratic form of government with high voter turnout but also increasing frustration over issues like corruption and the government's ability to solve economic and political problems.
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3. Sri Lanka struggled under colonial rule, with rebellions breaking out in 1818 and 1848 against British policies. Independence was finally achieved in 1948.
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Here are three key pieces of evidence from the chapter that address the questions:
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The document provides an overview of Chapter 2 of a Malaysian Studies textbook which covers independence. It outlines the chapter's learning outcomes and topics which include the fight for independence through various resistances, the development of nationalism through newspapers/organizations, the Malayan Union and path to independence. The topics are further broken down and examples are given for key events like the Naning, Selangor, Perak and Pahang resistances and the roles of nationalism through publications and groups. Characteristics of the Malayan Union and resistance to it are also summarized.
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The first Malaysian was Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor in space. Science
Policy in Malaysia is regulated by the Ministry of Science, Technology, and
Environment.
From 1987-1997 research and development used 0.24% of GNP, and in 1998
high-tech exports made up 54% of Malaysia's manufactured exports. The country
is one of the world's largest exporters of semiconductor devices, electrical goods,
and information and communication technology products.
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The document provides information about the history and struggle for independence in Malaysia across three chapters:
Chapter 1 discusses the early history of Malaysia, including the development and downfall of the Malacca Sultanate and British colonial rule.
Chapter 2 covers the struggle for independence, including the establishment and dissolution of the Malayan Union and the roles of various organizations in awakening Malay nationalism.
Chapter 3 addresses the formation of Malaysia through discussions that led to Malaya being granted independence on August 31, 1957 and the establishment of a new nation called Malaysia in 1963.
Historical Timeline of Lukut before British Colonial
1) Before the 18th century, Lukut was inhabited by fishermen and farmers and remained part of Selangor. Chinese miners were already mining tin in the area.
2) In the 1820s, Raja Busu developed the tin resources in Lukut and took control of the district. However, he mistreated the Chinese workers, leading to a revolt that killed Raja Busu and his family.
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The British governed Singapore before World War 2 through:
1. The British government in London oversaw Singapore as a Crown Colony through the Governor of the Straits Settlements and Executive/Legislative Councils.
2. Locals had little involvement in government, though a few held positions on the Legislative Council with little influence.
3. The British aimed to improve law and order by reforming the police, addressing issues like secret societies, and establishing a Chinese Protectorate. They also improved social services like education, healthcare and living conditions.
4. However, the British showed preferential treatment for Europeans and viewed Asians as inferior, implementing discriminatory policies and justifying colonial rule as a
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Chapter 1 - The early history of Malaysia
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Wahyu purwanto - sri lanka (history, Politic, & Economic
Wahyu purwanto - sri lanka (history, Politic, & Economic
Historical Timeline of Lukut before British Colonial
Historical Timeline of Lukut before British Colonial
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1) Filipino ancestors developed their own culture including customs, social life, government, laws, writing, language, literature, music, religion and science before European contact.
2) Accounts from the 12th-16th centuries describe trade between the Philippines and China, including Chinese records mentioning the islands.
3) Jose Rizal highlighted in his work that Filipino culture already existed independently prior to Spanish colonization, based on records of early Spanish explorers and Chinese accounts of trade with the islands.
Early contact with neighboring countries
During over 300 years of Spanish colonization in the Philippines, Spanish authorities successfully destroyed written records and documents that would prove the existence of governance under the small kingdoms and sultanates they conquered. Two important sources that remain are the Laguna Copperplate Inscription from 990 AD, the earliest known written document found in the country, and the Boxer Codex, a 1595 document with illustrations by a Chinese author describing pre-colonial Philippine inhabitants. Europeans like the Tartaro people arrived before the Spanish, as did traders from China, India, Japan, and Southeast Asian kingdoms who introduced new technologies, crops, and cultural practices to the Philippines through economic and cultural exchanges.
Philippines china security_relations_current_issues_emerging_concerns_by_romm...
This document discusses the development and current state of international relations (IR) theory in China. It outlines how IR theory began emerging in China in the 1980s following economic reforms. It also describes the three periods of evolution of IR studies in China since the end of the Cold War. Currently, there are three major groups working on IR in China, but the field remains less developed than in Western countries. There is growing interest in developing an IR theory with "Chinese characteristics" that better reflects China's perspectives.
Philippinehistory pre-colonial-period
Pre-colonial Philippine society had its own civilization that influenced customs, traditions, and ways of life. Society was stratified into social classes like nobles, freemen, and dependents. People lived in communal houses and wore minimal clothing and ornaments determined by social status. Marriage required rituals and dowries. A barangay form of government headed by a datu was based on alliances and customary laws. Religion involved animistic beliefs in gods and spirits that were communicated through priestesses. The dead were buried with valuables in communal cemeteries.
singapore
Singapore is an island city-state located off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It has a population of over 5 million people and was initially a British trading post before gaining independence in 1965. Singapore has a highly developed market economy and ranks highly in terms of economic competitiveness and human development. The country has four official languages and major religions practiced include Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Taoism, and Hinduism.
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Singapore country report
This document provides an overview of Singapore with sections on its history, government, geography, military, economy and demographics. Some key points:
- Singapore was founded as a British trading post in 1819 and gained independence in 1965. It has since become a global economic powerhouse with the world's highest GDP per capita.
- It has a parliamentary republic system of government and the People's Action Party has dominated politics since 1959.
- The island city-state is highly urbanized with a tropical climate and land area expanded through extensive reclamation projects.
- The military focuses on deterrence and conscription remains important due to the small population size.
The history of singapore
The British established Singapore as a trading post in 1819 to extend their dominion in India and protect trade routes. Singapore proved successful, and became a British crown colony in 1867. It grew prosperous from trade, but was occupied by Japan during World War 2 from 1942-1945. Singapore transitioned to self-government after the war, gaining internal self-rule in 1959 and full independence in 1965. It has since worked to develop its economy and create a national identity among its diverse population.
Singapore
- Singapore is an island city-state located off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It has a total land area of 710 square km and is highly urbanized.
- Singapore was founded as a British trading post in 1819 and gained independence in 1963, first joining Malaysia and then becoming fully independent in 1965.
- Today Singapore has a highly developed market economy and is one of the world's largest ports and financial hubs, with a GDP per capita among the highest in the world. English is one of the country's four official languages along with Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil.
Notes 302
The document provides an overview of the history and development of Singapore from its founding by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1819 to its independence. Some key points:
- Singapore was established as a British trading post in 1819 and became a British colony in 1824, developing economically under British rule.
- It joined the Federation of Malaysia in 1963 but was expelled in 1965, becoming an independent nation though still retaining some British military presence.
- The country faced challenges developing as an independent city-state but its leaders like Lee Kuan Yew worked to ensure its economic survival, including initially joining the Malaysian federation.
- Singapore has a diverse, multi-cultural society and population
The rise of liberation movement in southeast asia
Liberation movements in Southeast Asia emerged in reaction to Western colonialism. The Philippines had the first movement, led by propagandists like Jose Rizal who encouraged freedom of expression and greater Filipino participation. Thailand established relations with Western powers but faced foreign interference. Burma fought British rule under leaders like Saya San. Vietnam resisted French colonization through groups like Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh. Indonesia's independence movement grew from organizations like Sarekat Islam and the Indonesian National Party founded by Sukarno sought to unite the country.
IB History; Case Study 1: Japanese Exapansion
The artist contrasts the soldiers of Japan and China in the following ways in Source E:
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- The Chinese soldiers are depicted as weak, disorganized, and retreating in panic/disarray. They are smaller in size and running away chaotically without formation or order.
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CONTEMPORARY-WORLD-VII week 7 and lesson seven .pptx
The document outlines the history of Christianity and foreign influence in Japan from the 1500s through the 1800s, followed by periods of isolation, the Meiji Restoration which modernized the country, Japan's rise as an imperial power and involvement in world wars, and its post-war economic recovery and transformation into a global economic leader through policies like lifetime employment. It also provides brief overviews of Japanese language, education system, and cultural aspects like tempura.
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The document summarizes how the local people responded to British rule after World War 2 in Singapore. It discusses the difficult post-war living conditions like poverty, overcrowding and disease that led to widespread strikes in 1947. The Malayan Communist Party took advantage of these conditions to stir anti-British sentiments. The riots in the early 1950s, including the Maria Hertogh riots in 1950 and the anti-National Service riots in 1954, further expressed the growing anti-British feelings among the local population as they faced economic hardship and felt discriminated against under colonial rule. Reforms like the 1948 elections were a first step towards self-governance but did not satisfy the demands of the people.
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Commonwealth and
Manuel L. Quezon ably led the Philippines as it transitioned to independence as the first President of the Commonwealth. He established democratic institutions and worked to address issues like improving agriculture, developing the economy through trade with the US, establishing Tagalog as the national language, and enhancing infrastructure. However, the Commonwealth's progress was interrupted by World War 2 and the Japanese invasion in 1941. Quezon was forced to evacuate as the Philippines fell under Japanese occupation, establishing a puppet government led by Jose P. Laurel while resistance groups like guerillas fought back.
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The document outlines the key events and developments of the modern period in Indian history from the 18th century onwards. It begins with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century and the rise of regional kingdoms. European trading companies like the Dutch, French, and British then began capturing Indian territories due to the resulting political instability. The British East India Company defeated the Nawab of Bengal and the French in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, marking the start of British political involvement in India. After further military victories, the British established firm control over India by the early 19th century and instituted policies that exploited resources and undermined local economies and rulers. The Revolt of 1857 challenged British rule but
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China faced increasing foreign imperialism in the 19th century, particularly from Britain due to the opium trade. This led to the Opium Wars in 1839-1842 and the Treaty of Nanking, which granted European powers extraterritorial rights in China and opened more ports to foreign trade. Meanwhile, Japan modernized under the Meiji Restoration to avoid foreign domination, developing a strong military and industrial economy to defeat China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, allowing Japan to exert control over Korea and Manchuria.
Section 1 Introduction and HistorySingapore has been a cros.docx
Section 1: Introduction
and History
Singapore has been a crossroads of trade
through most of its history (Abshire, 2). This city-country of 269 square miles, located at the southern extent of the Malay Peninsula, was originally a minor port for regional trade in Southeast Asia (Abshire, 10), a function that it has expanded through
its subjugation by multiple different empires over the centuries - since 100 C.E., Singapore has been in the possession of the Srivajanyan Empire, the Majapahit Empire, the Thai Kingdom, Japan, and Britain, which ceded the country to self-governance in 1965
(Abshire, xiii-xiv).
Singapore’s independence movement began shortly
after WWII, in which Japan had temporarily wrested control of the colony from Britain (Abshire, 109). With Britain relinquishing its colonies after the war, there was little doubt that it would surrender control of Singapore, but the timeline was uncertain,
as was the issue of whether Singapore would merge with Malaysia or become an independent country. After almost a decade of unrest and economic rationing after World War II, a major step toward independence came with Singapore’s first real elections in 1955,
although Britain retained control over policing, military defense, and international issues (Abshire, 117).
In the 1955 elections, the English-educated
lawyer Lee Kwan Yew and his People’s Action Party (PAP) rose to prominence. PAP’s core party planks included citizenship reform, education, local industrial development, and a merger with the Malay Federation. Although PAP did poorly in the 1955 elections,
it swept a second set of elections in 1959, winning all but 8 seats in parliament and installing Lee Kwan Yew as head of government (Abshire, 121). In 1961, Lee established an Economic Development Program with a focus on import substitution and the establishment
of a 4,000 acre industrial park, created by offering tax incentives to both local and foreign investors (Abshire, 125). In the immediately subsequent years, Lee also oversaw massive and highly successful projects to create public housing and offer public education
in four languages (Abshire, 128). In 1963, Lee also fulfilled his platform promise of merging Singapore into the Malay Federation, but ethnic riots and different economic visions made the merger short-lived. In 1965, Singapore withdrew from the Malay Federation
and became an independent country.
Today, the country is a highly developed
entrepot hub for global trade, and has progressed from an impoverished third-world colony in the 1960s to one of the most productive countries in the world as measured by GDP per capita. The majority of this progress is attributable to the strong guiding hand
of government in the economy, and in particular the role of Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore’s founding father.
Demographically, the Singaporean culture
is very diverse, with influences from all over the world. Britain’s long period of control, from 1819-1965, left a .
The Communists In Singapore And Malaya[1]
The document summarizes communist activities in Singapore and Malaya from 1945 to 1956. It explains that most communist leaders and members were teachers, students, and workers who felt marginalized by the British. Their goal was to overthrow the British government and establish communist rule under China. From 1945 to 1948, communists spread their ideology through newspapers and influenced workers and students. This led to many strikes between 1946 to 1947 as communists encouraged better working conditions. In the 1950s, there were several riots including over national service, bus workers strikes, and student protests against restrictions on communist activities.
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Malaysia has a population of 24 million consisting mainly of Malay, Chinese, and Indian ethnic groups. It experienced Islamic influence beginning in the 15th century and was later colonized. The important ancient kingdom of Sri Vijaya ruled the region. In the 15th century, the port city of Malacca became a major trade and cultural center under Islamic rulers. It declined after being conquered by the Portuguese in 1511. The British later established control over northern Malaysian states in the 19th century and the region experienced colonial rule and economic expansion until independence in 1957. Singapore was founded as a British trading post in 1819 and became a major port, but separated from Malaysia in 1965 to become an independent nation-state, developing
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This document provides biographical information and contributions of 15 presidents of the Philippines from Emilio Aguinaldo, the first president of the Philippine Republic, to the current president Benigno Aquino III. It discusses the terms of each president, key events and policies during their presidency, and their achievements. The presidents span the First Philippine Republic established after independence from Spain, the Commonwealth period under US rule, the Third Republic after independence, the Fourth Republic under martial law, and the current Fifth Republic.
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Japan began modernizing in the late 19th century after Commodore Perry convinced them to open trade with the West. This threatened Japan's isolationist policies under the shoguns. In response, Emperor Mutsuhito seized power and established the Meiji government to rapidly modernize Japan by emulating Western nations. They sent representatives abroad to study foreign systems, modeling their centralized government after Germany, navy after Britain, and education after America. Japan also quickly industrialized, developing railroads, coal production, and military weapons to preserve their independence and compete globally.
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Singapore
- 1. SINGAPORE INDEPENDENCE Gamini Sethi, Nicole Koleber
- 2. SINGAPORE HISTORY In late February of 1942 Singapore fell to Japan. In 1945 Japan was defeated. Singapore under British military administration again. April 1, 1946 The Straits Settlements is dissolved and Singapore becomes a separate crown colony. Crown colony- British colony whose administration and legislature is controlled by the Crown The people were sick of communism. They wanted to have a say in the government So the people chose to be an independent city-state.
- 3. CONFLICTS Singapore resisted British Rule. Many Communist uprisings arose. Ethnic groups resisted being united colonies on the peninsula. Federation of Malaya was created from Singapore, Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah.
- 4. MAJOR PEOPLE/GROUPS INVOLVED Goh Keng Swee - Built up Singapore’s defense DrGoh was a prolific thinker on issues regarding Singapore's economic progress, education policies and defense. Dr. Albert Winseimus – Dr. Albert Winseimus - Helped Singapore to industrialize. A year earlier the former British colony had become independent, and the government of the nation had asked the United Nations to invite Dr. Winsemiusto help them to find out which chances the future would offer to Singapore. Yusof Ishak - First President of Singapore. President Ishak had spent his life in the fight for freedom. The People’s Action Party - ( PAP) was inaugurated at a gathering of 1,500 people in Victoria Memorial Hall. The party was formed by a group of British-educated, middle- class Chinese who had returned to Singapore in the early 1950s after studying in Britain
- 5. METHODS OR TECHNIQUES Britain's announcement in 1968 of its intention to withdraw military forces from Singapore by the early 1970s marked the beginning of a greatly expanded, more intrusive role for the government in the economy State intervention in the economy had a positive impact not only on private business profitability but also on the general welfare of the population.
- 6. HOW LONG IT TOOK? It took Singapore 146 years to gain freedom from Britain. The rule was from 1819 - 1965
- 7. WHAT HAS HAPPENED SINCE INDEPENDENCE? Lee Kuan Yew ruled Singapore as prime minister from 1959 to 1990. Singapore was rated to have the strongest economy in 1997 by Geneva World Economic Forum. Emerged as a banking center as well as a center of trade. It has a standard of living far higher than it’s Southeast Asian neighbors.
- 8. BEFORE AND AFTER THE INDEPENDENCE