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SIKKERHET OG TILLIT FOR
SAMHANDLING MELLOM
SKIP OG LAND
Dag Atle Nesheim, Forsker – SINTEF Ocean
Shipping blir mer og mer digitalisert
• Mer integrasjon om bord
• Mer datautveksling
• Mer trafikkstyring fra land
• Mot ubemannede skip
Data Analytics
MANAGEMENT HQ
PERFORMANCE
• TCI Efficiency
• TCI Balance
• TCI Degradation
TeCoMan
Ship Performance Registrations
Report: Performance Assessment / Support
SHIP
Internet of
Services at Sea
Internet of Things at Sea
Simulation and
Optimization
Robotics and
Autonomy
© SINTEF Ocean
Augmented reality
Shipping
4.0
Computation
Cyber-physical
systems
Cyber Security
Open system
integration
Engine Cargo
Reporting
FW/GW
Process
Layer
Administrative
Layer
AutomationNavigation
Administrative
Infotainment
Accomodation
Energy
management
FW/GW
ISC
Layer
Crewing
Performance
monitoring
INS
FW/GW
FW/GW
Fire alarm
Safety
FW/GW
Instrument
Layer
Safety
Management
ECDIS
Integrated Ship Control
(ISC)
… og mer følsomt for angrep
Hackers
Misfits/States Economic espionage/attacks
Pirates
Fraud
"Container ship loading" by Stan Shebs.
Smuggling
Det er mange digitale systemer på et skip
RADAR Engine Cargo
Cargo Reporting
FW/GW
Process
Layer
Administrative
Layer
AutomationNavigation
Administrative FW/GW
Infotainment
Accomodation
Energy
management
FW/GW
Integrated
Ship Control
(ISC) Layer
Crewing
Performance
monitoring
INS
FW/GW
FW/GW
Fire alarm
Safety
FW/GW
Instrument
Layer
Safety
Management
Owner
Manager
Charterer
Authorities
Systems
FW/GW
Land
Internet
ICS
VHF Data Exchange System - VDES
Kommersielt/person-sensitivt
Sikkerhetsmessig sensitivt
… og mange angrepspunkter
RADAR Engine Cargo
Cargo Reporting
FW/GW
Process
Layer
Administrative
Layer
AutomationNavigation
Administrative FW/GW
Infotainment
Accomodation
Energy
management
FW/GW
Integrated
Ship Control
(ISC) Layer
Crewing
Performance
monitoring
INS
FW/GW
FW/GW
Fire alarm
Safety
FW/GW
Instrument
Layer
Safety
Management
Owner
Manager
Charterer
Authorities
Systems
FW/GW
Land
Internet
ICS
VHF Data Exchange System - VDES
CySiMS: Cyber Security for Merchant Shipping
2016-2018
• Kongsberg Seatex AS (Prosjekteier)
• Kongsberg Maritime AS
• Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace AS
• DNV GL AS
• SINTEF Digital
• SINTEF Ocean AS
• Navtor AS
• Kystverket
• Sjøfartsdirektoratet
CySiMS: Cyber Security for Merchant Shipping
RADAR Engine Cargo
Cargo Reporting
FW/GW
Process
Layer
Administrative
Layer
AutomationNavigation
Administrative FW/GW
Infotainment
Accomodation
Energy
management
FW/GW
Integrated
Ship Control
(ISC) Layer
Crewing
Performance
monitoring
INS
FW/GW
FW/GW
Fire alarm
Safety
FW/GW
Instrument
Layer
Safety
Management
Owner
Manager
Charterer
Authorities
Systems
FW/GW
Land
Internet
ICS
VHF Data Exchange System - VDES
To forskjellige kommunikasjonskanaler
Ship
Space
segment
Uplink Downlink Internet SCCEarth station
Ship VDES data link Trunk VTS
Shore
station
Ship VDES data link Ship
Viktig del er å kartlegge behov og finne "riktig" løsning
…Cost versus Benefit…
Risikovurdering er komplisert
Maritim
Spesialist
Sikkerhet (Security)
Spesialist
Stereotype scenarios
Scenario 1: Navigational Real Time Information to Ship
Scenario 2: Nautical Documents Update to Ship
Scenario 3: Ship reporting to VTS or similar
Scenario 4: Mandatory ship documentation and reports to port
Scenario 5: Nautical advice to ship
Scenario 6: Nautical commands to ship
Scenario 7: Remote control of tugs, etc.
Scenario 8: Operational voyage instructions and reports
Scenario 9: Telemedicine
Scenario 10: Search and Rescue
Scenario 11: Configuration of equipment or system
Scenario 12: Network management
44.44%
11.11%
16.67%
5.56%
22.22%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Several times a day
(n=8)
Several times a week
(n=2)
Several times a month
(n=3)
Several times a year
(n=1)
Rarer (n=4)
How often does this scenario occur
(per ship) ?
Scenario 1: Navigational real-time information to ship
The ship receives updated navigational information from shore. Examples are weather or ice information and forecast, lists of aids to
navigations that are not working, floating containers, whale observations, wrecks etc. Today this is typically maritime safety
information (MSI) received by NAVTEX or Safety-Net. Wave, tide or virtual aids to navigation received over AIS.
33.33%
55.56%
5.56% 5.56%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Data changed (n=6) Data lost (n=10) Data overheard (n=1) Data not trusted (sender and
receiver disagrees on data
actually being sent or on the
content of the message) (n=1)
What communication fault is likely to
cause a negative outcome?
Scenario 1: Navigational real-time information to ship
The ship receives updated navigational information from shore. Examples are weather or ice information and forecast, lists of aids to
navigations that are not working, floating containers, whale observations, wrecks etc. Today this is typically maritime safety
information (MSI) received by NAVTEX or Safety-Net. Wave, tide or virtual aids to navigation received over AIS.
22.22%
38.89%
27.78%
11.11%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
Individual Injury (n=4) Commercial (n=7) Environmental (n=5) Reputational (n=2)
What type of outcome will you classify
this to be of?
5.56% 5.56%
33.33%
38.89%
11.11%
5.56%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
None (n=1) Negligible (n=1) Moderate (n=6) High (n=7) Critical (n=2) Catastrophic (n=1)
What severity has this outcome?
Hovedutfordringer
• Sikkerhet
• Informasjon på avveie
• Falsk mottaker
• Avlytting
• Manipulert informasjon
• Falsk avsender (spoofing)
• Manipulasjon av meldingsinnhold
• Uteblitt informasjon (jamming)
• Tillit
• Hvem sendte hva og når?
• Hva ble faktisk sendt/mottatt?
Verktøy for å analysere risiko 1/2
Stereotype Characteristics Data Lost Data manipulatedData stolen Data not trusted
SC 1: Navigational real-time
information to ship
Received “real-time” safety information that can be critical to operations. Maritime
Safety Information (MSI) Highly relevantHighly relevant Relevant Highly relevant
SC2: Nautical document updates to
ship
Updates to documents that are required to be carried by the ship.
Relevant Highly relevant Relevant Relevant
SC3: Ship reporting to VTS,
coastguard or similar
Required short reports in VTS or ship reporting areas.
Relevant Highly relevant Relevant Relevant
SC4: Mandatory ship documentation
and reports to port
Documents from ship or agent to authorities that are mandatory, e.g. for calling in a
port. Failure to provide correct documents can cause detentions, fines or other. Relevant Relevant Relevant Relevant
SC5: Nautical advice to ship
Advice that is the basis for new plans generated on ship based on received and other
navigational information. Relevant Relevant Relevant Relevant
SC6: Nautical commands to ship
Real time commands to ship from VTS or other ships. Master can ignore, but at a
penalty. Relevant Highly relevant Relevant Relevant
SC7: Remote control of ship, tugs or
other port operation
Direct control of own ship or other, e.g. tug.
Highly relevantHighly relevant Highly relevant
SC8: Operational voyage
instructions and reports
Information to or from the ship with commercial and operational importance.
Relevant Relevant Highly relevantRelevant
SC9: Telemedicine. Critical exchange of personal information with shore experts.
Highly relevantHighly relevant Relevant Highly relevant
SC10: Search and Rescue (SAR) Critical coordination of search and rescue operations.
Highly relevantHighly relevant Highly relevant
SC11: Configuration Configuration of bridge equipment from shore or from other locations on ship.
Relevant Highly relevant
SC12: Network management Message exchanges used to coordinate use of network (mostly VDE).
Relevant Relevant Relevant Relevant
Loss Event Types
Verktøy for å analysere risiko 2/2
Scenario Main Unwanted Event
Scenario 1: Navigational Real Time Information to Ship Data lost Catastrophic 5 Possible 3
Scenario 2: Nautical Documents Update to Ship Data lost Critical 4 Possible 3
Scenario 3: Ship reporting to VTS or similar Data changed High 3 Likely 4
Scenario 4: Mandatory ship documentation and reports to port Data lost High 3 Always 5
Scenario 5: Nautical advice to ship Data changed High 3 Possible 3
Scenario 6: Nautical commands to ship Data changed High 3 Likely 4
Scenario 7: Remote control of tugs, etc. Data changed Catastrophic 5 Possible 3
Scenario 8: Operational voyage instructions and reports Data changed High 3 Likely 4
Scenario 9: Telemedicine Data changed Critical 4 Likely 4
Scenario 10: SAR Data changed Critical 4 Always 5
Scenario 11: Configuration Data changed Catastrophic 5 Possible 3
Scenario 12: Network management Data changed High 3 Possible 3
Impact Frequency of Impact
Standard Impact Level
SAT
SHORE
SHIP
SHIP
VDES + sikkerhet
Viktige utfordringer gjenstår
• Maritime krav
• Skalerbar: 80 000 skip, 171 stater, 110 000 havner
• Internasjonal: Åpen teknologi, Internasjonal konsensus
• Kostnadseffektiv: Skip, flaggstat, havnestat, kommunikasjon, systemer
• Avklaringer
• Hvem tar ansvar for hva?
• Hva koster det?
• Blir det enkelt nok?
CySiMS Service Evolution
2019/Q2-2021/Q1
• Kongsberg Seatex AS (Prosjekteier)
• Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace AS
• SINTEF Digital
• SINTEF Ocean AS
• Navtor AS
• Kystverket
• Sjøfartsdirektoratet
CySiMS Service Evolution
Demonstrere og operasjonalisere en sikker
kommunikasjonsløsning for maritim sektor,
integrert med IT arkitektur ombord
Implementere en PKI struktur, herunder hardware
og software for sikker informasjonsutveksling
mellom systemer på bro, bak bro og på land
Målet er å tilby den første åpne, integrerte og
kostnadseffektive løsningen for beskyttelse mot
cyber angrep på kritisk sikkerthets- og operasjonell
informasjon
PK
FW
PK
Cyber t
Hvordan gjør vi dette?
• Ombord installasjon på 10 skip i Trondheimsfjorden testområde for autonome skip
• Installasjon og operasjon ved Kystverket/Sjøfartsdirektoratet
• Bruk i et utvalgt sett av Real Vessel Services (M2M rapportering, elektroniske
skipssertifikater, automatisk utveksling av ruter og passage plans, etc.)
• Opparbeide gode estimater på kostnad og fordeler ved utvikling, implementering og
operasjon av løsningen
• Økt oppmerksomhet rundt cyber risiko og hvordan denne kan håndteres på en
kostnadseffektiv måte
• Jobbe for internasjonal standardisering
IMO
Shipowner Shipowner… Vessel Vessel…
Flag State Flag State…
VTS VTS…
n
Teknologi for et bedre samfunn

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Sikkerhet og tillit for samhandling mellom skip og land

  • 1. SIKKERHET OG TILLIT FOR SAMHANDLING MELLOM SKIP OG LAND Dag Atle Nesheim, Forsker – SINTEF Ocean
  • 2. Shipping blir mer og mer digitalisert • Mer integrasjon om bord • Mer datautveksling • Mer trafikkstyring fra land • Mot ubemannede skip Data Analytics MANAGEMENT HQ PERFORMANCE • TCI Efficiency • TCI Balance • TCI Degradation TeCoMan Ship Performance Registrations Report: Performance Assessment / Support SHIP Internet of Services at Sea Internet of Things at Sea Simulation and Optimization Robotics and Autonomy © SINTEF Ocean Augmented reality Shipping 4.0 Computation Cyber-physical systems Cyber Security Open system integration Engine Cargo Reporting FW/GW Process Layer Administrative Layer AutomationNavigation Administrative Infotainment Accomodation Energy management FW/GW ISC Layer Crewing Performance monitoring INS FW/GW FW/GW Fire alarm Safety FW/GW Instrument Layer Safety Management ECDIS Integrated Ship Control (ISC)
  • 3. … og mer følsomt for angrep Hackers Misfits/States Economic espionage/attacks Pirates Fraud "Container ship loading" by Stan Shebs. Smuggling
  • 4. Det er mange digitale systemer på et skip RADAR Engine Cargo Cargo Reporting FW/GW Process Layer Administrative Layer AutomationNavigation Administrative FW/GW Infotainment Accomodation Energy management FW/GW Integrated Ship Control (ISC) Layer Crewing Performance monitoring INS FW/GW FW/GW Fire alarm Safety FW/GW Instrument Layer Safety Management Owner Manager Charterer Authorities Systems FW/GW Land Internet ICS VHF Data Exchange System - VDES Kommersielt/person-sensitivt Sikkerhetsmessig sensitivt
  • 5. … og mange angrepspunkter RADAR Engine Cargo Cargo Reporting FW/GW Process Layer Administrative Layer AutomationNavigation Administrative FW/GW Infotainment Accomodation Energy management FW/GW Integrated Ship Control (ISC) Layer Crewing Performance monitoring INS FW/GW FW/GW Fire alarm Safety FW/GW Instrument Layer Safety Management Owner Manager Charterer Authorities Systems FW/GW Land Internet ICS VHF Data Exchange System - VDES
  • 6. CySiMS: Cyber Security for Merchant Shipping 2016-2018 • Kongsberg Seatex AS (Prosjekteier) • Kongsberg Maritime AS • Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace AS • DNV GL AS • SINTEF Digital • SINTEF Ocean AS • Navtor AS • Kystverket • Sjøfartsdirektoratet
  • 7. CySiMS: Cyber Security for Merchant Shipping RADAR Engine Cargo Cargo Reporting FW/GW Process Layer Administrative Layer AutomationNavigation Administrative FW/GW Infotainment Accomodation Energy management FW/GW Integrated Ship Control (ISC) Layer Crewing Performance monitoring INS FW/GW FW/GW Fire alarm Safety FW/GW Instrument Layer Safety Management Owner Manager Charterer Authorities Systems FW/GW Land Internet ICS VHF Data Exchange System - VDES
  • 8. To forskjellige kommunikasjonskanaler Ship Space segment Uplink Downlink Internet SCCEarth station Ship VDES data link Trunk VTS Shore station Ship VDES data link Ship
  • 9. Viktig del er å kartlegge behov og finne "riktig" løsning …Cost versus Benefit…
  • 11. Stereotype scenarios Scenario 1: Navigational Real Time Information to Ship Scenario 2: Nautical Documents Update to Ship Scenario 3: Ship reporting to VTS or similar Scenario 4: Mandatory ship documentation and reports to port Scenario 5: Nautical advice to ship Scenario 6: Nautical commands to ship Scenario 7: Remote control of tugs, etc. Scenario 8: Operational voyage instructions and reports Scenario 9: Telemedicine Scenario 10: Search and Rescue Scenario 11: Configuration of equipment or system Scenario 12: Network management
  • 12. 44.44% 11.11% 16.67% 5.56% 22.22% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% Several times a day (n=8) Several times a week (n=2) Several times a month (n=3) Several times a year (n=1) Rarer (n=4) How often does this scenario occur (per ship) ? Scenario 1: Navigational real-time information to ship The ship receives updated navigational information from shore. Examples are weather or ice information and forecast, lists of aids to navigations that are not working, floating containers, whale observations, wrecks etc. Today this is typically maritime safety information (MSI) received by NAVTEX or Safety-Net. Wave, tide or virtual aids to navigation received over AIS. 33.33% 55.56% 5.56% 5.56% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% Data changed (n=6) Data lost (n=10) Data overheard (n=1) Data not trusted (sender and receiver disagrees on data actually being sent or on the content of the message) (n=1) What communication fault is likely to cause a negative outcome?
  • 13. Scenario 1: Navigational real-time information to ship The ship receives updated navigational information from shore. Examples are weather or ice information and forecast, lists of aids to navigations that are not working, floating containers, whale observations, wrecks etc. Today this is typically maritime safety information (MSI) received by NAVTEX or Safety-Net. Wave, tide or virtual aids to navigation received over AIS. 22.22% 38.89% 27.78% 11.11% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% Individual Injury (n=4) Commercial (n=7) Environmental (n=5) Reputational (n=2) What type of outcome will you classify this to be of? 5.56% 5.56% 33.33% 38.89% 11.11% 5.56% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0% 100.0% None (n=1) Negligible (n=1) Moderate (n=6) High (n=7) Critical (n=2) Catastrophic (n=1) What severity has this outcome?
  • 14. Hovedutfordringer • Sikkerhet • Informasjon på avveie • Falsk mottaker • Avlytting • Manipulert informasjon • Falsk avsender (spoofing) • Manipulasjon av meldingsinnhold • Uteblitt informasjon (jamming) • Tillit • Hvem sendte hva og når? • Hva ble faktisk sendt/mottatt?
  • 15. Verktøy for å analysere risiko 1/2 Stereotype Characteristics Data Lost Data manipulatedData stolen Data not trusted SC 1: Navigational real-time information to ship Received “real-time” safety information that can be critical to operations. Maritime Safety Information (MSI) Highly relevantHighly relevant Relevant Highly relevant SC2: Nautical document updates to ship Updates to documents that are required to be carried by the ship. Relevant Highly relevant Relevant Relevant SC3: Ship reporting to VTS, coastguard or similar Required short reports in VTS or ship reporting areas. Relevant Highly relevant Relevant Relevant SC4: Mandatory ship documentation and reports to port Documents from ship or agent to authorities that are mandatory, e.g. for calling in a port. Failure to provide correct documents can cause detentions, fines or other. Relevant Relevant Relevant Relevant SC5: Nautical advice to ship Advice that is the basis for new plans generated on ship based on received and other navigational information. Relevant Relevant Relevant Relevant SC6: Nautical commands to ship Real time commands to ship from VTS or other ships. Master can ignore, but at a penalty. Relevant Highly relevant Relevant Relevant SC7: Remote control of ship, tugs or other port operation Direct control of own ship or other, e.g. tug. Highly relevantHighly relevant Highly relevant SC8: Operational voyage instructions and reports Information to or from the ship with commercial and operational importance. Relevant Relevant Highly relevantRelevant SC9: Telemedicine. Critical exchange of personal information with shore experts. Highly relevantHighly relevant Relevant Highly relevant SC10: Search and Rescue (SAR) Critical coordination of search and rescue operations. Highly relevantHighly relevant Highly relevant SC11: Configuration Configuration of bridge equipment from shore or from other locations on ship. Relevant Highly relevant SC12: Network management Message exchanges used to coordinate use of network (mostly VDE). Relevant Relevant Relevant Relevant Loss Event Types
  • 16. Verktøy for å analysere risiko 2/2 Scenario Main Unwanted Event Scenario 1: Navigational Real Time Information to Ship Data lost Catastrophic 5 Possible 3 Scenario 2: Nautical Documents Update to Ship Data lost Critical 4 Possible 3 Scenario 3: Ship reporting to VTS or similar Data changed High 3 Likely 4 Scenario 4: Mandatory ship documentation and reports to port Data lost High 3 Always 5 Scenario 5: Nautical advice to ship Data changed High 3 Possible 3 Scenario 6: Nautical commands to ship Data changed High 3 Likely 4 Scenario 7: Remote control of tugs, etc. Data changed Catastrophic 5 Possible 3 Scenario 8: Operational voyage instructions and reports Data changed High 3 Likely 4 Scenario 9: Telemedicine Data changed Critical 4 Likely 4 Scenario 10: SAR Data changed Critical 4 Always 5 Scenario 11: Configuration Data changed Catastrophic 5 Possible 3 Scenario 12: Network management Data changed High 3 Possible 3 Impact Frequency of Impact Standard Impact Level
  • 18. Viktige utfordringer gjenstår • Maritime krav • Skalerbar: 80 000 skip, 171 stater, 110 000 havner • Internasjonal: Åpen teknologi, Internasjonal konsensus • Kostnadseffektiv: Skip, flaggstat, havnestat, kommunikasjon, systemer • Avklaringer • Hvem tar ansvar for hva? • Hva koster det? • Blir det enkelt nok?
  • 19. CySiMS Service Evolution 2019/Q2-2021/Q1 • Kongsberg Seatex AS (Prosjekteier) • Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace AS • SINTEF Digital • SINTEF Ocean AS • Navtor AS • Kystverket • Sjøfartsdirektoratet
  • 20. CySiMS Service Evolution Demonstrere og operasjonalisere en sikker kommunikasjonsløsning for maritim sektor, integrert med IT arkitektur ombord Implementere en PKI struktur, herunder hardware og software for sikker informasjonsutveksling mellom systemer på bro, bak bro og på land Målet er å tilby den første åpne, integrerte og kostnadseffektive løsningen for beskyttelse mot cyber angrep på kritisk sikkerthets- og operasjonell informasjon PK FW PK Cyber t
  • 21. Hvordan gjør vi dette? • Ombord installasjon på 10 skip i Trondheimsfjorden testområde for autonome skip • Installasjon og operasjon ved Kystverket/Sjøfartsdirektoratet • Bruk i et utvalgt sett av Real Vessel Services (M2M rapportering, elektroniske skipssertifikater, automatisk utveksling av ruter og passage plans, etc.) • Opparbeide gode estimater på kostnad og fordeler ved utvikling, implementering og operasjon av løsningen • Økt oppmerksomhet rundt cyber risiko og hvordan denne kan håndteres på en kostnadseffektiv måte • Jobbe for internasjonal standardisering
  • 22. IMO Shipowner Shipowner… Vessel Vessel… Flag State Flag State… VTS VTS… n
  • 23. Teknologi for et bedre samfunn

Editor's Notes

  1. Dette har me jo også høyrd om allerede i dag, og skal sikkert høyre meir om seinare
  2. Både på innsida og i linken mot verden utanfor
  3. CySiMS hadde hovedfokus på meldingssikkerheit End to end på "meldinger" – uavhengig av transport Elektronisk signering / kryptering
  4. Satellitt og VDES (datautveksling via VHF) Kommunikasjon mellom skip og lang og mellom skip og skip
  5. Unngå at vinninga går opp i spinninga – det finns nok av eksempler her på at kostnaden ved tiltak ikkje kan forsvares gjennom effekten av tiltaket. Det er kanskje fleir enn meg som er lei av å måtte ha gjennomsiktig toalettmappe på reise..? Me må sikra at løysingane er basert på eit reelt behov og at dei er hensiktsmessige å gjennomføre
  6. Både med tanke på dei ulike aktørane som må vera involverte MEN også med tanke på muligheita til å definere sannsynligheit og konsekvens Korleis kan me konvertere redusert sannsynlighet for uønska hendelsar til kroner og øre? -Kva er eit menneskeliv verdt? Det finns tal på dette men å bruke tala er ikkje særlig politisk korrekt. Er for eksempel ein frå Filipinane mindre verdt enn ein frå USA..? For det er det tabellane seier -Kommersielle kostnader knytta til cyber-angrep er noko lettare, for eksempel Maersk og no i det siste, Hydro Korleis definere kostnadsbildet når kostnaden må fordeles over fleire aktører? Og tilslutt: Korleis håndtere at visse aktører må håndtere kostnaden mens andre aktører er dei som sitt igjen med fordelane?
  7. Scenarioene representerer ei blanding av timing (real time, direkte og indirekte kommunikasjon), innhold og aktørar
  8. Vi definerte ein spørreundersøkelse i norsk maritim industri der vi tok for oss kvart scenario og stilte følgande spørsmål
  9. Løysinga vi kom opp med i CySiMS knytter seg til ein Public Key Infrastruktur (PKI) Målet er å legge til rette for sikker, håndterbar og effektiv distribusjon av public keys gjennom digitale sertifikater. Ein PKI omfatter hardware, software, policies og prosedyrer som håndterer opprettelse, håndtering, lagring, distribuering og tilbakekalling av digitale sertifikater basert på Public Key Kryptografi Public Key Kryptografi brukes for å håndtere autentisering, data integritet og dokumentasjon på meldingsutvekslinga KLIKK Her brukes to nøkler: Ein privat nøkkel som er skjult og ein offentlig nøkkel som kan deles. Sammen brukes dette nøkkelparet til å kryptere og dekryptere data samt signere og validere digitale signaturer. Ein stor fordel her at ein kan bruke samme nøkkelpar til å kommunisere med mange, heller enn å måtte lage spesifikke nøkler per relasjon. Dette simplifiserer håndteringa av nøklene når ein skal opprette sikre kommunikasjonsøkter mellom parter som ikkje nødvendigvis kjenner kvarandre på fohånd
  10. Med utgangspunkt i ein foreslått struktur med IMO som internasjonal autoritet (dei som utsteder og håndterer sertifikatene), er målet å demonstrere eit sub-sett der Norge som flaggstat, tar rollen som utsteder og eigar av PKI-løysinga. Ved å få besvart sentrale spørsmål knytta til kostnader, kompleksitet og gjennomførbarheit, er målet å gi input til IMO, nettopp med tanke på internasjonal implementering.