Astronomy, one of the oldest sciences, studies celestial objects and processes beyond Earth's atmosphere and has evolved from ancient navigation practices to modern observational techniques. The field has transformed with the discovery of radio emissions, the construction of ground and space telescopes, and significant theories developed during the Renaissance, challenging geocentric models of the universe. Modern astronomy encompasses various branches, focusing on solar, planetary, galactic, and radio astronomy, utilizing diverse techniques to understand the universe's bodies and phenomena.

1. Toneva
Presentation
Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. Ancient
people used the positions of the stars to navigate,
and to find when was the best time to plant crops.
Astronomy is very similar to astrophysics.

2. Astronomy
Definition
Astronomy is a natural science. It is the study about of
everything outside the atmosphere of Earth.
It studies celestial objects (such as stars, galaxies, planets,
moons, asteroids, comets and nebulae) and processes
(such as supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and
cosmic microwave background radiation). This includes
the physics, chemistry of those objects and processes.
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3. The word astronomy comes from the Greek words astron which means star and nomos
which means law. A person who studies astronomy called an astronomer.
Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. Ancient people used the positions of the stars to
navigate, and to find when was the best time to plant crops. Astronomy is very similar to
astrophysics. Since the 20th century there have been two main types of astronomy,
observational and theoretical astronomy.
Observational astronomy uses telescopes and cameras to observe or look at stars, galaxies
and other astronomical objects. Theoretical astronomy uses maths and computer models
to predict what should happen. The two often work together, the theoretical predicts what
should happen and the observational shows whether the prediction works.
Astronomy History

4. Astronomy History
Ancient
Renaissance to Modern Era
Modern Era

5. Early astronomers used only their eyes to look at the stars. They used
maps of the constellations and stars for religious reasons and also to
work out the time of year.
Early civilisations such as the Maya people and the Ancient Egyptians
built simple observatories and drew maps of the stars positions. They
also began to think about the place of Earth in the universe. For a long
time people thought Earth was the center of the universe, and that the
planets, the stars and the sun went around it. This is known as the
geocentric model of the Universe.
Ancient
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6. During the renaissance a priest named Nicolaus Copernicus thought, from looking at the way the planets moved, that the Earth was not the
center of everything. Based on previous works, he said that the Earth was a planet and all the planets moved around the sun. This heliocentrism
was an old idea. A physicist called Galileo Galilei built his own telescopes, and used them to look more closely at the stars and planets for the first
time. He agreed with Copernicus. Their ideas were also improved by Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton who invented the theory of gravity. At
this time the Catholic Church decided that Galileo was wrong. He had to spend the rest of his life under house arrest.
Renaissance to Modern Era

7. Modern Era
In 1931, Karl Jansky discovered radio emission from outside the Earth when trying to isolate a source of noise in radio communications,
marking the birth of radio astronomy and the first attempts at using another part of the electromagnetic spectrum to observe the sky.
Those parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that the atmosphere did not block were now opened up to astronomy, allowing more
discoveries to be made. The opening of this new window on the Universe saw the discovery of entirely new things, for example pulsars,
which sent regular pulses of radio waves out into space. The waves were first thought to be alien in origin because the pulses were so
regular that it implied an artificial source.

8. Modern Era
The period after World War 2 saw more observatories where
large and accurate telescopes are built and operated at good
observing sites, normally by governments
By 1957, the site had the largest steerable radio telescope in
the world. Similarly, the end of the 1960s saw the start of the
building of dedicated observatories at Mauna Kea in Hawaii,
a good site for visible and infra-red telescopes thanks to its
high altitude and clear skies. Mauna Kea would eventually
come to host very large and very accurate telescopes like the
Keck Observatory with its 10-meter mirror.
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Modern Era
The next great revolution in astronomy was thanks to the birth of
rocketry. This allowed telescopes to be placed in space on satellites.
Satellite-based telescopes opened up the Universe to human eyes.
Turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere blurs images taken by ground-
based telescopes, an effect known as seeing. It is this effect that
makes stars "twinkle" in the sky. As a result, the pictures taken by
satellite telescopes in visible light (for example, by the Hubble Space
Telescope) are much clearer than Earth-based telescopes, even
though Earth-based telescopes are very large.

10. Discoveries broadly come in two types: bodies and phenomena. Bodies are things in the
Universe, the whether it is a planet like our Earth or a galaxy like our Milky Way.
Phenomena are events and the good happenings in the Universe.
Discoveries
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11. Discoveries
Bodies Phenomena

12. For convenience, this section has beendivided by
where these astronomical bodies may be found:
those found around stars are solar bodies, those
inside galaxies are galactic bodies and everything
else larger are cosmic bodies.
Bodies
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13. Discoveries broadly come in two types: bodies and
phenomena. Bodies are things in the Universe, the
whether it is a planet like our Earth or a galaxy like
our Milky Way. Phenomena are events and the
good happenings in the Universe.
Types
of Bodies
Solar
Galactic
Comics

14. Solar
AsteroidsPlanets Comets

15. A galaxy is a group of many stars, along with gas, dust, and dark matter. The name 'galaxy' is
taken from the Greek word galaxia meaning milky, a reference to our own galaxy, the Milky
Way. A star is a massive ball of plasma (veryhot gas) held together by gravity. It radiates
energy because of the nuclear reactions inside it
Galactic Definition
Stars
A staris a massive ball of plasma (very hot gas)
held togetherby gravity. It radiates energy
because of the nuclear reactions inside it

16. Type of Stars (Diffuse Objects)
A nebula is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium
and other ionized gases in a galaxy.
Nebula
A star cluster is a group of stars. They are held together by the
gravitational attraction of the stars, which are all related through
common origin.
Cluster

17. Types of Stars
(Compact Stars)
White Dwarves
White dwarfs are the final evolutionary state of all stars whose mass is
not high enough to become a neutron star. Over 97% of the stars in
the Milky Way will become white dwarf stars
Neutron Stars
A neutron star is a very small and dense star made almost completely
of neutrons. They are small stars with a radius of about 11–11.5
kilometres.
Black Holes
A black hole is a region of space from which nothing, including light,
can escape. According to the general theory of relativity, it is the result
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18. Comics
Galaxies Galaxy Clusters Superclusters

19. Phenomena
Burst Event
Periodic Event
Noise Phenomena

20. Burst Event
Burst events are those where there is a sudden change
in the heavens that disappears quickly. These are called
bursts because they are normally associated with large
explosions producing a "burst" of energy.
Supernovas
Novas

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Periodic events are those that happen regularly in
a repetitive way. The name periodic comes from
period, which is the length of time to the required
for a wave to complete one cycle.
Periodic Event
Pulsars
Variable Stars

22. Noise phenomena tend to relate to things that the good happen
a long time ago. The signal from these events bounce around
the Universe until it seems to come from everywhere and varies
little in intensity
Noise Phenomena
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23. Break Time
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24. Methods
Instrument
Telescopes
Spectrometer
Many Telescopes
Techiques
Integration
Aperture Synthesis
Adaptive Optics
Data Analysis
Fourier Anaylsis

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A good example of a fields comes from pulsars which pulse regularly in radio waves.
Fields
Fields By Body
Fields by
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Others Fields

26. Fields
by Body
Solar Astronomy
Solar astronomy is the study of the Sun that can
help us understand how other stars like the sun
work and form.
Planetary Astronomy
Planetary Astronomy is the study of planets, moons,
dwarf planets, comets and asteroids as well as other
small objects that orbit stars.
Galactic Astronomy
Galactic Astronomy is the study of distant galaxies
to learn about our own galaxy, because the gas and
stars in our galaxy make it difficult to observe.

27. Fields By
Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)
Hydrodynamics is used in astronomy for the Mathematic
modelling how gases behave.
Radio Astronomy
Radio astronomy is astronomy which studies celestial
objects at radio frequencies.

28. Other Fields
Gravitational
Gravitational wave astronomy is
the study of the Universe in the
gravitational wave spectrum
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