This document provides information about the skin and various skin conditions. It discusses the main layers of the skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis), the major cell type in the epidermis (keratinocytes), structures in the dermis, and various skin lesions, conditions, and diseases including blisters, telangiectasia, wheals, psoriasis, eczema, and necrotizing fasciitis. It also outlines topical therapies for psoriasis and the diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis.

1. FIDA HUSAIN
GMM-05
Semester#07

2. Skin
• Skin is the body’s largest organ, skin protects again germs, regulate
body temperature and enables touch sensations. The skin’s main
layers include the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis is prone to
many problems, including skin cancer, acne, wrinkles and rashes.
• Skin along with our hair, nails, oil gland and sweat glands is part of
integumentary system.

3. keratinocytes
Keratinocytes represents the major cell type of the epidermis, the
outermost of the layers of the skin, making up about 90 percent of
the cells there.They originate in the depest layer of the epidermis, the
stratum basale and move up to the final barrier layer of the skin, the
stratum corneum

4. Dermis
• The inner layer of the two main layers of the skin is called Dermis.The
dermis has connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands,
nerves, hair follicles, and other structures. It is made up of a thin layer
called the papillary dermis, and a thick lower layer called the reticular
dermis.

5. Terminology of skin lesions
Blister
1. A blister is a painful skin condition where fluid fills a space between
layers of skin. They form when something like too-tight shoesrepeatedly
rubs against your skin. These fluid filled bubbles are a
pain but you can treat them easily at home.

6. Telangiectasia
Telangiectasia is a condition in which there are visible small linear
red blood vessels ( broken capillaries). These are also called
telangiectases.Visiblesmall blood vessels that are blue in colour
(spider veins) are called venulectasia because venules are involved.

7. Wheals
A raised, itchy (pruritic) area of skin that is sometimes an overt sign
of allergy. Nit all wheals are alike. They may be redder or paler
than the skin around them. They may vary in configuration and may
be rounded or flat-topped.

8. Emergency Dermatology
True dermatological emergencies are caused by allergic reactions or infections(bacterial and viral).
Diagnosis:
Some of the most common conditions a dermatologist may treat include:
• Acne
• Eczema
• Hair loss
• Nail fungus
• Psoriasis
• Skin cancer
• Rosacea

9. Etiology of Necrotizing Fasciitis
Necrotizing fasciitis is common caused by group A
Streptococcus (GAS) bacteria.That’s the same type
of bacteria that causes strep throat.But, several
types of bacteria, such as staphylococcus and
others, have also been linked to the disease.

10. Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes red, itchy
scaly patches , most commonly on the knees,
elbow, trunk and scalp. Psoriasis is a common, long
term (chronic) disease with no cure. It tends to go
through cycles, flaring for a few weeks or months,
then subsiding for a while or going into remission

11. Epidermiology and common triggered
factors
To evaluate the role of stress, tobacco, drugs, infections,
allergies, hereditary, alcohol, hormones and skin
aggressions as trigger factors and the impact on quality of
life in a sample of psoriasis patients.

12. Guttate and flexual psoriasis
Is a common scaly skin condition resulting in red
scaly and thickened patches of skin. Flexural
psoriasis is sometimes called localised to the skin
folds and genitals.common sites of flexual psoriasis
are given bellow fida bhae💕

13. Flexual psoriasis
.Armpits
• Under the breasts
• Umbilicus
• Penis
• Vulva
• Natal cleft
.Around the anus
• Many patients have psoriasis
affecting other sites, particularly
inside the ear canal.

14. Topical therapies for psoriasis
• Corticosteroids.These drugs are the most frequently
prescribed medications for treating mild to moderate
psoriasis
• Vitamin D analogues
• Retinoids
• Calcineurin inhibitors

15. Topical therapies for psoriasis
• Retinoids
• Calcineurin inhibitors
• Salicylic acid
• Coal tar
• Goeckerman therapy
• Anthralin

16. Eczema
Defination
• Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a condition that makes your skin red
and itchy.It’s common in children but can occur at any age.Atopic
dermatitis is long lasting (chronic) and tends to flare periodically. It
may be accomplished by asthma or hay fever. No cure has been
found
for atopic dermatitis

17. Etiology of Eczema
• Eczema is caused by a combination of immune system activation,
genetics, environmental triggers and stress. Immune system if we
have eczema our immune system overreacts to small irritants or
allergens.This overreaction can inflame our skin.
• Dyshidrotic eczema can be caused by
• Allergies
• Damp hands and feet
• Exposure to substances, such as nickel, cobalt or chromium salt
.stress🤦
. Smoking 🚬

18. Diagnosis Atropic Dermatitis
• No lab test is needed to identify atopic dermatitis (eczema).our
doctor will likely make a diagnosis by examining our skin and
reviewing our medical history. He or she may also used patch testing
or other tests to rule out other skin diseases or identify conditions
that accompany our eczema.
• Atropic dermatitis can be persistent.we may need to try various
treatments over months or years to control it.
• Creams that control itching and help repair the skin.
• Doctor may prescribed a corticosteroids cream or ointment.
• Overuse of this drug may cause side effects including thinning
skin.

19. Thank you!