La constelación de Cáncer es una de las constelaciones zodiacales situada en el hemisferio norte. Contiene el cúmulo de la Colmena, formado por numerosas estrellas originadas de la misma nube de gas. Los antiguos griegos descubrieron que el Sol entraba en Cáncer en el solsticio de verano.
El Hospital Universitario Infantil Niño Jesús se inició en 1877 para frenar la mortalidad infantil en Madrid. A lo largo de los años ha atendido epidemias como la poliomielitis y el
El documento describe la crisis del sistema UPAC para créditos hipotecarios en Colombia en 1998 debido al aumento de la inflación y las tasas de interés, y cómo se creó el nuevo sistema UVR en 1999 para reemplazar al UPAC. El sistema UVR ofrece cinco modalidades de pago y tiene características como financiar hasta el 70% del valor de la vivienda con plazos de 5 a 30 años y usando la propiedad como garantía de primer grado.
La constelación de Cáncer es una de las constelaciones zodiacales situada en el hemisferio norte. Contiene el cúmulo de la Colmena, formado por numerosas estrellas originadas de la misma nube de gas. Los antiguos griegos descubrieron que el Sol entraba en Cáncer en el solsticio de verano.
El Hospital Universitario Infantil Niño Jesús se inició en 1877 para frenar la mortalidad infantil en Madrid. A lo largo de los años ha atendido epidemias como la poliomielitis y el
El documento describe la crisis del sistema UPAC para créditos hipotecarios en Colombia en 1998 debido al aumento de la inflación y las tasas de interés, y cómo se creó el nuevo sistema UVR en 1999 para reemplazar al UPAC. El sistema UVR ofrece cinco modalidades de pago y tiene características como financiar hasta el 70% del valor de la vivienda con plazos de 5 a 30 años y usando la propiedad como garantía de primer grado.
The document discusses transport policy and funding challenges faced by the International Transport Forum (ITF). It notes that the ITF is an inter-governmental organization with 54 member countries that focuses on global transport policy issues and provides comparative statistics and research. It states that transport policy is difficult due to its impact on people's lives and different stakeholder interests. A mix of policy tools is needed, including supply, regulation, pricing, and information strategies. Funding transport requires balancing long-term impacts versus short-term results and considering who benefits and pays for investments. Knowledge sharing across countries is important given the complex nature of these issues.
The document discusses a PhD project called S-City that aims to understand how information and communication technologies (ITS) can impact mobility and safety while addressing privacy issues. It outlines how ITS has the potential to enhance mobility through information, monitoring, localization, identification, authorization, and communication technologies. However, these applications raise privacy concerns regarding lack of control over personal information, risk of social exclusion, and compromising of privacy. Examples are given of privacy issues around data retention by transportation agencies and mobile phone tracking. The document argues that privacy is important for individuals' well-being and democratic societies, and that its loss can result in harm.
The document discusses connectivity technologies that enable connected vehicles. It provides examples of applications for connected vehicles in urban and interurban areas that improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Connected vehicle technologies allow for wireless asset management solutions that optimize maintenance schedules based on real-time vehicle sensor data.
The document discusses transport policy and funding challenges faced by the International Transport Forum (ITF). It notes that the ITF is an inter-governmental organization with 54 member countries that focuses on global transport policy issues and provides comparative statistics and research. It states that transport policy is difficult due to its impact on people's lives and different stakeholder interests. A mix of policy tools is needed, including supply, regulation, pricing, and information strategies. Funding transport requires balancing long-term impacts versus short-term results and considering who benefits and pays for investments. Knowledge sharing across countries is important given the complex nature of these issues.
The document discusses a PhD project called S-City that aims to understand how information and communication technologies (ITS) can impact mobility and safety while addressing privacy issues. It outlines how ITS has the potential to enhance mobility through information, monitoring, localization, identification, authorization, and communication technologies. However, these applications raise privacy concerns regarding lack of control over personal information, risk of social exclusion, and compromising of privacy. Examples are given of privacy issues around data retention by transportation agencies and mobile phone tracking. The document argues that privacy is important for individuals' well-being and democratic societies, and that its loss can result in harm.
The document discusses connectivity technologies that enable connected vehicles. It provides examples of applications for connected vehicles in urban and interurban areas that improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Connected vehicle technologies allow for wireless asset management solutions that optimize maintenance schedules based on real-time vehicle sensor data.
1. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 1
Vad krävs för att uppnå 10 % andel förnybar energi
i vägtransportsystemet år 2020?
Olle Hådell
Transportforum 090109
(ppmv)
370 35
360
350
Source: EIA, Energy Information Administration
A n n u a l p r o d u c ti o n (G b / y r )
30
340 EUR: Estimated Ultimately
330 Recoverable (global oil)
320
25
310 CO2
300 20
290 Annual production
280 15 EUR=1800 Gb
270
EUR=2000 Gb
260 10
250 EUR=2200 Gb
år EUR=2400 Gb
1720
1760
1800
1840
1880
1920
1960
2000
5
Gb = Gigabarrell
Gi b EUR 2600
EUR=2600 Gb
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
2. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 2
Källa: IEA , Energy Technology perspectives
3. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 3
Congestion tax + Energy tax + CO2 tax
Congestion tax
Källa: IEA , Energy Technology perspectives
4. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 4
Biodrivmedel är ett av flera verktyg för att reducera CO2-utsläpp
Scenario Personbilar
Mton CO2/år
16
14
13,4
12
10,1
10 9,7
9,6
8
6
BSAU
4 Effektivisering till EU-nivå
EU nivå
10 % Biodrivmedel
2 Inklusive FFV
0
2006 2020
5. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 5
Bränsleanvändning i Vägtransportsektorn (Sverige) år 2007
Dieselolja
40,9% Etanol till bussar RME till
Biogas
0,2%
, låginblandning
0,4%
0 4%
1,3%
Etanol till E85
Naturgas 0,7%
0,3%
0 3%
Biobränslen
4,5%
Etanol till
Bensin
låginblandning
54,3%
1,9%
6. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 6
Krav på biodrivmedel
• Ge reell koldioxidreduktion
• Uthållig
Uthålli användning av mark och vatten
ä d i k h tt
• Höga energiuttag per hektar
• Hög teknisk kvalitet på drivmedlet
å
• Låga kostnader
• Dieselsubstitut viktigt
7. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 7
A: Basalternativ
• EU-komissionen driver igenom förslaget om
– Max 130g CO2/ km till 2012-2015
– Max 95 g CO2/km till 2020
– Detta får fullt genomslag i försäljningen i Sverige.till 2020.
Totalt omsätts då 63 TWh
Dvs minst 6,3 TWh måste vara förnybart
, y
8. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 8
Socker-
S k Vete Cellulosa
rör
Import 3 anl 1 demo
0,8-1,60 1,4 Scenario A
0,4-0
Metanol Etanol 2020
syngas
Etanol
3 TWh ?
0,4-0
1,0
1,6 -2,0
10 % 150 000
inblandning FFV -bilar
i bensin
9. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 9
Rötgas Förgas-
ning
Scenario A 2020
1,0-1,3 0,2-1,7
Biogas
Metan/biogas
0,7-0,9
0,4-1,6 1,2 - 3,0 TWh
0,1-0,5
50000-
Stads- Lokala 230 000
bussar lastbilar Bilar
10. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 10
HVO Rapsolja
Svartlut
1-2 anl ”Bio
Crude”
C d ”. Etc.
Et
Scenario A
2020
”Grön FAME
DME Diesel”
Dieselbränslen
1,0-2,0 1,0-2,0 1,0-1,5
3,0 - 5,5 TWh
5000 -10 000 Inblandning
Tunga fordon i diesel
11. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 11
Scenario A för biodrivmedel in Sweden 2020 (TWh)
Socker-
Socker
Vete Cellulosa
rör Avfall
3 anl 1 demo För- Svartlut HVO
Import
gasning 12
1-2 anl ”Bio Rapsolja
p j
Crude”. Etc.
Metanol
Etanol ”Grön
förgasning
Biogas DME Diesel”
FAME
0-0,4 1,6 -2,0
1,0 0,4-1,6 0,7-0,9
1,0-2,0 1,0-1,5
1,0-2,0
0,1-0,5
Lågin- 50000- Stads- 5000-10 000
150 000
Blandning FFV -bilar 230 000 Lokala bussar Tunga fordon Inblandning
Bilar lastbilar i diesel
i
bensin
8-12 TWh dvs 12-18 % av den totala transportenergin är ersatt
12. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 12
De viktigaste slutsatserna kan sålunda formuleras:
g
• 10 % biodrivmedel kan klaras!
• Etanol från jordbruksvaror
j
ingen framtidsbranch
• Biogas är ett viktigt drivmedel
• Etanol från cellulosa avlägset
• DME och eventuellt metanol är
kostnadseffektivt och mycket
intressant • Förgasning till FTD för dyrt
• Biocrude/HVO kan ge viktiga • Sverige kan inte förlita sig på
volymer till rätt pris någon större import
• Även el kan vara en viktig
enenergibärare.
13. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 13
Hur stor är förbrukningen hos en Volvo S40 ?
Ja det beror på !
Volvo S 40 2,4 aut
9,1 l/100 km
217 g CO2/km
Volvo S 40 1,6d
4,9 l/100 km
129 g CO2/km
Bild: Volvo
Cars Dvs
D en minskning med 40 %!
i k i d
14. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 14
Scenario för eldrift i Sverige 2020 (TWh)
Biomassa
EL
0,7-0,9
0 7-0 9
0,4-2,0
Batteri
B tt i Ladd-
Bilar hybrider
15. 2009-01-09
Vägverket 15
Stimulanser för miljöbilar i Sverige
• Miljöbilspremie 10 000 kr
• Statliga myndigheter skall köpa miljöbilar
• Undantas från trängselskatt
• Gratis
G ti parkering
k i
• Reducerat förmånsvärde
• Tankstationer skall tillhandahålla miljöbränsle
j
• Biodrivmedel ej belagda med energi- och koldioxidskatt
• Fordonsskatten baseras på CO2 emissioner