Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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2. Phase Linearity
• Describe how well a system preserves the
phase relationship between frequency
components of the input
• Phase linearity: f=kf
• Distortion of signal
– Amplitude linearity
– Phase linearity
3. Sensor Technology - Terminology
• Transducer is a device which transforms energy
from one type to another, even if both energy
types are in the same domain.
– Typical energy domains are mechanical, electrical,
chemical, magnetic, optical and thermal.
• Transducer can be further divided into Sensors,
which monitors a system and Actuators, which
impose an action on the system.
– Sensors are devices which monitor a parameter of a
system, hopefully without disturbing that parameter.
4. Categorization of Sensor
• Classification based on physical phenomena
– Mechanical: strain gage, displacement (LVDT), velocity (laser
vibrometer), accelerometer, tilt meter, viscometer, pressure, etc.
– Thermal: thermal couple
– Optical: camera, infrared sensor
– Others …
• Classification based on measuring mechanism
– Resistance sensing, capacitance sensing, inductance sensing,
piezoelectricity, etc.
• Materials capable of converting of one form of energy to
another are at the heart of many sensors.
– Invention of new materials, e.g., “smart” materials, would permit
the design of new types of sensors.
6. Instrumentation Considerations
• Sensor technology;
• Sensor data collection topologies;
• Data communication;
• Power supply;
• Data synchronization;
• Environmental parameters and influence;
• Remote data analysis.
7. Measurement
Physical
phenomenon
Measurement
Output
Measurement output:
• interaction between a sensor and the environment surrounding
the sensor
• compound response of multiple inputs
Measurement errors:
• System errors: imperfect design of the measurement setup and
the approximation, can be corrected by calibration
• Random errors: variations due to uncontrolled variables. Can be
reduced by averaging.
8. Sensors
Definition: a device for sensing a physical variable of a
physical system or an environment
Classification of Sensors
• Mechanical quantities: displacement, Strain, rotation
velocity, acceleration, pressure, force/torque, twisting,
weight, flow
• Thermal quantities: temperature, heat.
• Electromagnetic/optical quantities: voltage, current,
frequency phase; visual/images, light; magnetism.
• Chemical quantities: moisture, pH value
9. Specifications of Sensor
• Accuracy: error between the result of a
measurement and the true value being
measured.
• Resolution: the smallest increment of measure
that a device can make.
• Sensitivity: the ratio between the change in the
output signal to a small change in input physical
signal. Slope of the input-output fit line.
• Repeatability/Precision: the ability of the
sensor to output the same value for the same
input over a number of trials
12. Specifications of Sensor
• Dynamic Range: the ratio of maximum recordable input
amplitude to minimum input amplitude, i.e. D.R. = 20 log
(Max. Input Ampl./Min. Input Ampl.) dB
• Linearity: the deviation of the output from a best-fit straight
line for a given range of the sensor
• Transfer Function (Frequency Response): The
relationship between physical input signal and electrical
output signal, which may constitute a complete description
of the sensor characteristics.
• Bandwidth: the frequency range between the lower and
upper cutoff frequencies, within which the sensor transfer
function is constant gain or linear.
• Noise: random fluctuation in the value of input that causes
random fluctuation in the output value
13. Attributes of Sensors
• Operating Principle: Embedded technologies that make sensors
function, such as electro-optics, electromagnetic, piezoelectricity,
active and passive ultraviolet.
• Dimension of Variables: The number of dimensions of physical
variables.
• Size: The physical volume of sensors.
• Data Format: The measuring feature of data in time; continuous or
discrete/analog or digital.
• Intelligence: Capabilities of on-board data processing and decision-
making.
• Active versus Passive Sensors: Capability of generating vs. just
receiving signals.
• Physical Contact: The way sensors observe the disturbance in
environment.
• Environmental durability: will the sensor robust enough for its
operation conditions
14. Strain Gauges
• Foil strain gauge
– Least expensive
– Widely used
– Not suitable for long distance
– Electromagnetic Interference
– Sensitive to moisture & humidity
• Vibration wire strain gauge
– Determine strain from freq. of AC signal
– Bulky
• Fiber optic gauge
– Immune to EM and electrostatic noise
– Compact size
– High cost
– Fragile
15. Strain Sensing
• Resistive Foil Strain Gage
– Technology well developed; Low cost
– High response speed & broad frequency
bandwidth
– A wide assortment of foil strain gages
commercially available
– Subject to electromagnetic (EM) noise,
interference, offset drift in signal.
– Long-term performance of adhesives used for
bonding strain gages is questionable
• Vibrating wire strain gages can NOT be
used for dynamic application because of
their low response speed.
• Optical fiber strain sensor
16. Strain Sensing
• Piezoelectric Strain Sensor
– Piezoelectric ceramic-based or Piezoelectric polymer-based (e.g.,
PVDF)
– Very high resolution (able to measure nanostrain)
– Excellent performance in ultrasonic frequency range, very high
frequency bandwidth; therefore very popular in ultrasonic applications,
such as measuring signals due to surface wave propagation
– When used for measuring plane strain, can not distinguish the strain in
X, Y direction
– Piezoelectric ceramic is a brittle material (can not measure large
deformation)
Courtesy of PCB Piezotronics
17. Acceleration Sensing
• Piezoelectric accelerometer
– Nonzero lower cutoff frequency (0.1 – 1 Hz for 5%)
– Light, compact size (miniature accelerometer weighing
0.7 g is available)
– Measurement range up to +/- 500 g
– Less expensive than capacitive accelerometer
– Sensitivity typically from 5 – 100 mv/g
– Broad frequency bandwidth (typically 0.2 – 5 kHz)
– Operating temperature: -70 – 150 C
Photo courtesy of PCB Piezotronics
18. Acceleration Sensing
• Capacitive accelerometer
– Good performance over low frequency range, can measure
gravity!
– Heavier (~ 100 g) and bigger size than piezoelectric
accelerometer
– Measurement range up to +/- 200 g
– More expensive than piezoelectric accelerometer
– Sensitivity typically from 10 – 1000 mV/g
– Frequency bandwidth typically from 0 to 800 Hz
– Operating temperature: -65 – 120 C
Photo courtesy of PCB Piezotronics
20. Force Sensing
• Metal foil strain-gage based (load cell)
– Good in low frequency response
– High load rating
– Resolution lower than piezoelectricity-based
– Rugged, typically big size, heavy weight
Courtesy of Davidson Measurement
21. Force Sensing
• Piezoelectricity based (force sensor)
– lower cutoff frequency at 0.01 Hz
• can NOT be used for static load measurement
– Good in high frequency
– High resolution
– Limited operating temperature (can not be used for high
temperature applications)
– Compact size, light
Courtesy of PCB Piezotronics
22. Displacement Sensing
• LVDT (Linear Variable Differential
Transformer):
– Inductance-based ctromechanical sensor
– “Infinite” resolution
• limited by external electronics
– Limited frequency bandwidth (250 Hz
typical for DC-LVDT, 500 Hz for AC-LVDT)
– No contact between the moving core and
coil structure
• no friction, no wear, very long operating
lifetime
– Accuracy limited mostly by linearity
• 0.1%-1% typical
– Models with strokes from mm’s to 1 m
available
Photo courtesy of MSI
23. Displacement Sensing
• Linear Potentiometer
– Resolution (infinite), depends on?
– High frequency bandwidth (> 10 kHz)
– Fast response speed
– Velocity (up to 2.5 m/s)
– Low cost
– Finite operating life (2 million cycles) due to contact
wear
– Accuracy: +/- 0.01 % - 3 % FSO
– Operating temperature: -55 ~ 125 C
Photo courtesy of Duncan Electronics
24. Displacement Transducer
• Magnetostrictive Linear Displacement Transducer
– Exceptional performance for long stroke position measurement
up to 3 m
– Operation is based on accurately measuring the distance from a
predetermined point to a magnetic field produced by a movable
permanent magnet.
– Repeatability up to 0.002% of the measurement range.
– Resolution up to 0.002% of full scale range (FSR)
– Relatively low frequency bandwidth (-3dB at 100 Hz)
– Very expensive
– Operating temperature: 0 – 70 C
Photo courtesy of Schaevitz
25. Displacement Sensing
• Differential Variable Reluctance Transducers
– Relatively short stroke
– High resolution
– Non-contact between the measured object and sensor
Type of Construction
Standard
tubular
Fixing Mode
by 8mm
diameter
Total Measuring Range 2(+/-1)mm
Pneumatic Retraction No
Repeatability 0.1um
Operating
Temperature Limits
-10 to +65
degrees C
Courtesy of Microstrain, Inc.
26. Velocity Sensing
• Scanning Laser Vibrometry
– No physical contact with the test object; facilitate remote,
mass-loading-free vibration measurements on targets
– measuring velocity (translational or angular)
– automated scanning measurements with fast scanning speed
– However, very expensive (> $120K)
Photo courtesy of Bruel & Kjaer
Photo courtesy of Polytec
27. Laser Vibrometry
• References
– Structural health monitoring using scanning laser
vibrometry,” by L. Mallet, Smart Materials & Structures,
vol. 13, 2004, pg. 261
– the technical note entitled “Principle of Vibrometry” from
Polytec
28. Shock (high-G) Sensing
• Shock Pressure Sensor
– Measurement range up to 69 MPa (10 ksi)
– High response speed (rise time < 2 sec.)
– High frequency bandwidth (resonant
frequency up to > 500 kHz)
– Operating temperature: -70 to 130 C
– Light (typically weighs ~ 10 g)
• Shock Accelerometer
– Measurement range up to +/- 70,000 g
– Frequency bandwidth typically from 0.5 –
30 kHz at -3 dB
– Operating temperature: -40 to 80 C
– Light (weighs ~ 5 g)
Photo courtesy of PCB Piezotronics
29. Angular Motion Sensing (Tilt Meter)
• Inertial Gyroscope (e.g., http://www.xbow.com)
– used to measure angular rates and X, Y, and Z acceleration.
• Tilt Sensor/Inclinometer (e.g., http://www.microstrain.com)
– Tilt sensors and inclinometers generate an artificial horizon and
measure angular tilt with respect to this horizon.
• Rotary Position Sensor (e.g., http://www.msiusa.com)
– includes potentiometers and a variety of magnetic and capacitive
technologies. Sensors are designed for angular displacement less
than one turn or for multi-turn displacement.
Photo courtesy of MSI and Crossbow
30. MEMS Technology
• What is MEMS?
– Acronym for Microelectromechanical Systems
– “MEMS is the name given to the practice of making and
combining miniaturized mechanical and electrical components.”
– K. Gabriel, SciAm, Sept 1995.
• Synonym to:
– Micromachines (in Japan)
– Microsystems technology (in Europe)
• Leverage on existing IC-based fabrication techniques (but now
extend to other non IC techniques)
– Potential for low cost through batch fabrication
– Thousands of MEMS devices (scale from ~ 0.2 m to 1 mm)
could be made simultaneously on a single silicon wafer
31. MEMS Technology
• Co-location of sensing,
computing, actuating, control,
communication & power on a
small chip-size device
• High spatial functionality and fast
response speed
– Very high precision in manufacture
– miniaturized components improve
response speed and reduce power
consumption
33. Distinctive Features of MEMS Devices
• Miniaturization
– micromachines (sensors and actuators) can handle
microobjects and move freely in small spaces
• Multiplicity
– cooperative work from many small micromachines
may be best way to perform a large task
– inexpensive to make many machines in parallel
• Microelectronics
– integrate microelectronic control devices with sensors
and actuators Fujita, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 86, No 8
34. MEMS Accelerometer
• Capacitive MEMS
accelerometer
– High precision dual axis
accelerometer with signal
conditioned voltage outputs, all
on a single monolithic IC
– Sensitivity from 20 to 1000
mV/g
– High accuracy
– High temperature stability
– Low power (less than 700 uA
typical)
– 5 mm x 5 mm x 2 mm LCC
package
– Low cost ($5 ~ $14/pc. in Yr.
2004)
Courtesy of Analog Devices, Inc.
35. MEMS Accelerometer
• Piezoresistive MEMS accelerometer
– Operating Principle: a proof mass attached to a silicon
housing through a short flexural element. The implantation of
a piezoresistive material on the upper surface of the flexural
element. The strain experienced by a piezoresistive material
causes a position change of its internal atoms, resulting in the
change of its electrical resistance
– low-noise property at high frequencies
Courtesy of JP Lynch, U Mich.
36. MEMS Dust
• MEMS dust here has the same scale as a single
dandelion seed - something so small and light
that it literally floats in the air.
Source: Distributed MEMS: New Challenges for Computation, by
A.A. BERLIN and K.J. GABRIEL, IEEE Comp. Sci. Eng., 1997
37. Sensing System
Reference
Zhang, R. and Aktan, E., “Design consideration for sensing
systems to ensure data quality”, Sensing issues in Civil
Structural Health Monitoring, Eded by Ansari, F., Springer,
2005, P281-290