This is a summary of the research work I have done in my Undergrad at Lahore University of Management Sciences.

1. SENIOR YEAR PROJECT/
UNDERGRAD RESEARCH PROGRESS
REPORT
Muhammad Dawood Jawad
(2021-10-0101)

2. PL SETUP
This is a representation of
the photoluminescence
experimental setup used
for this work (designed in
Illustrator)

3. U.V
VISUALIZATION
PROCESS
This is a representation of
the UV visualization
experimental setup used
for this work (designed in
Illustrator)

4. EXPERIMENTS
• Experiment 1: 13-7-21 to 9-8-21 General Study
• Experiment 2: 10-8-21 to 20-08-21 Complete Planar Antenna using PVA+Silver
• Experiment 3: 23-08-21 to 27-08-21 Complete Planar Antenna using PVA+Gold,
Temp Study to dry PVA second layer
• Experiment 4: 31-08-21 to 11-10-21 PVA+Gold+PVA device time study, PMMA
Based Planar Antenna,PMMA+Gold
• Experiment 5: 12-10-21 to now Thickness measurement using profilometer

5. EXPERIMENT 1 13-7-21 TO 9-8-21
(GENERAL STUDY)
• We did proper cleaning of Si and Glass substrates and spin coated them with CdSe/CdS
(core/shell) quantum dots at two different spin speeds, 1000rpm and 1500rpm.
• These substrates were then spin coated with 3% PVA using the following parameters:
• The PL data showed that glass is a better substrate than Si as the deposition of quantum dots
on the glass substrate was more homogenous.
• The U.V visualization and PL of the substrates was taken (before and after spin coating dots
covered glass with PVA). The PL also showed that the layer of PVA was inhomogenous at some
points.
• Ellipsometry was used to see what the thickness of the 1000rpm and 1500rpm substrates was.
Rpm/min-1 Time/s
500 10
3000 45

6. EXPERIMENT 1 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE
DATA(TAKEN AT 532NM AT 10 W)
Si (Dots only) 1000rpm Glass (Dots only) 1000rpm

7. EXPERIMENT 1 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE
DATA(TAKEN AT 532NM AT 10 W)
Si (Dots only) 1500rpm Glass (Dots only) 1500rpm

8. EXPERIMENT 1 UV VISUALIZATION
DATA(366NM UV LAMP)
1000rpm 1500rpm

9. EXPERIMENT 1 PL DATA (PVA+DOTS ON
GLASS VS DOTS ON GLASS)
1000rpm PVA+Dots on Glass 1000rpm Dots on Glass

10. EXPERIMENT 1 PL DATA (PVA+DOTS ON
GLASS VS DOTS ON GLASS)
1500rpm PVA+Dots on Glass 1500rpm Dots on Glass

11. EXPERIMENT 1 UV VISUALIZATION
DATA(366NM UV LAMP)
Dots+PVA
Dots
1000
rpm
Dots+PVA
Dots
1500
rpm

12. EXPERIMENT 1-INHOMOGENOUS
PVA(1000RPM DOTS+PVA)

13. EXPERIMENT 2 10-8-21 TO 20-08-21
(COMPLETE PLANAR ANTENNA USING PVA+SILVER)
• An additional layer of PVA was added to the previous device(PVA+Dots) to help keep the
layer of dots homogenous. Spin coating was done with the following parameters:
• The substrates(PVA+Dots) were then visualized under U.V light and their P.L was taken
• The second layer of PVA was then applied to the PVA+Dots substrate.
• The UV Visualization and Photoluminescence Data were taken
• The substrates containing PVA+Dots+PVA were then sputtered with silver and visualized
under UV light. The device lost almost all of its luminescence after sputtering.Doping is
suspected to have played a part here and we will switch to gold for future experiments.
Start rpm Final rpm Hot Plate
Substrate 1 500 (10s) 1000 (45s) 120℃
Substrate 2 500 (10s) 1500 (45s) 120℃

14. EXPERIMENT 2 UV VISUALIZATION
1000rpm 1500rpm
PVA+Dots
PVA+Dots+PVA

15. EXPERIMENT 2
PHOTOLUMINESCENCE DATA
The 1000rpm substrate was
more homogenous and it’s
result is shown below.
PVA+Dots PVA+Dots+PVA

16. EXPERIMENT 2 PL COMPARISON(PVA+DOTS
VS PVA+DOTS+PVA)
There is a ~52%
increase in PL(at the
points shown below)
after the second layer
of PVA is spin coated
onto the substrates.
The experiment can
now proceed as this is
the desired result.

17. EXPERIMENT 2 UV VISUALIZATION
AFTER SILVER SPUTTERING(COMPLETE
PLANAR DIELECTRIC ANTENNA)
1000rpm 1500rpm

18. EXPERIMENT 3 23-08-21 TO 27-08-21 COMPLETE PLANAR
ANTENNA USING PVA+GOLD, TEMP STUDY TO DRY PVA
SECOND LAYER
• A different technique of drying the second layer of PVA was tried and there seemed
to be no major difference as a result of varying the drying temperature of the
second layer of PVA.
• A complete planar dielectric antenna was then fabricated using a gold thin film
instead of silver.
• The PVA+Dots+PVA on glass substrate sample was visualized under UV before and
after gold sputtering.

19. EXPERIMENT 3 A DIFFERENT TECHNIQUE
1000rpm 1500rpm
Last layer of PVA
dried at room
temperature
Last layer of PVA
dried at 120C

20. EXPERIMENT 3 P.L DATA
120C
PVA+Dots+PVA
PVA+Dots
P.L is 20%
higher than
PVA+Dots at
some points
Room Temperature
P.L is almost the
same as
PVA+Dots at
some points

21. EXPERIMENT 3 P.L COMPARISONS(PVA +DOTS VS
PVA+DOTS+PVA)
1000rpm 120ºC drying

22. 1000rpm 25ºC drying
EXPERIMENT 3 P.L COMPARISONS(PVA +DOTS VS
PVA+DOTS+PVA)
There seems to be no major
difference between drying at 25ºC
Vs 120ºC

23. EXPERIMENT 3 UV RESULTS BEFORE(L)
AND AFTER (R) GOLD SPUTTERING
1000rpm 120ºC
1500rpm 120ºC
1000rpm 25ºC 1500rpm 120ºC

24. EXPERIMENT 4
• A time study was done on the PVA based planar dielectric antenna (with gold sputtered onto
it).
• The study showed that PVA is not a reliable thin film material for a planar dielectric antenna.
• As a result of the time study, we decided to replace PVA with PMMA as the thin film(as PVA
proved not to be a good thin film material).
• The PMMA based device appears to be brighter under U.V visualization. Another time study
was done on this device.
• The substrate with the PMMA+Dots on it was taken and PMMA was spin coated onto it
using the parameters below:
• The substrates were then visualized under U.V light.
500rpm spin coating 8 seconds
1000rpm spin coating 50 seconds
150C Drying 60 seconds

25. EXPERIMENT 4 TIME STUDY
The dots seem to
have lost their
reflectivity under
UV light. The
suspected reason
might be doping
that occurred in the
substrate’s layers
between the two
layers of PVA, one
layer of dots and a
layer of metal.
1000rpm 120ºC
1000rpm 120ºC after 72h and Au
1000rpm 25ºC 1000rpm 25ºC after 72h and Au
1500rpm 120ºC After 72h and Au
1500rpm 25ºC After 72h and Au

26. EXP. 4 PMMA BASED DEVICE
The new proposed
device:
(Adobe
Illustrator
Design)
• The PMMA thin film was deposited using a spin coater (at 4000rpm) and dried at 150ºC for 1 minute.
• The dots are drop coated onto the substrate with the PMMA thin film on it. PMMAs of 200K g/mol and 950K
g/mol are used throughout this experiment.
• After the substrate is stable/dry enough the second layer of PMMA film is deposited using a spin coater (a thickness of
~300nm)
• After this new substrate is stable enough, the device is sent for gold thin film deposition. This is done by sputtering the gold
onto the device.

27. EXPERIMENT 4 UV VISUALIZATION
(PMMA ON GLASS)
200K PMMA 950K PMMA
Both the 250K g/mol and 950K g/mol devices show a bright
luminescence under U.V light. This allows us to continue the
experiment. It is also to be noted, however, that the PMMA
film and subsequently the dots are spread out non uniformly
in some regions. The spin coater is suspected to play a part
in this.
It is also observed that the brightness of both these devices
is greater than that of the devices that used PVA thin film.
Hopefully, this film will lead to a better device than the one
made using PVA thin film.
24 hours later

28. EXPERIMENT 4 UV VISUALIZATION
BASED TIME STUDY
200K PMMA 950K PMMA
24 hours later
18 days/432 hours later
26 days/624 hours later

29. EXPERIMENT 4 PMMA+DOTS+PMMA
U.V VISUALIZATION
200K PMMA+Dots 200K PMMA+Dots+PMMA
950K PMMA+Dots 950K PMMA+Dots+PMMA
The UV visualization predicts that the photoluminescence of the device will decline
after the second layer of PMMA is deposited onto the device.
200K
PMMA+Dots+PMMA
after 5 days/168
hours
200K
PMMA+Dots+PMMA
After 5 days/168
hours

30. EXPERIMENT 4:U.V VISUALIZATION
AFTER GOLD SPUTTERING
200K PMMA+Dots+PMMA+Gold
200K PMMA+Dots 200K PMMA+Dots+PMMA
950K PMMA+Dots
950K PMMA+Dots+PMMA 950K PMMA+Dots+PMMA+Gold
The
luminescence
seems to have
dropped.
However, the
experiment will
continue as
intended.

31. EXPERIMENT 5
• The thickness of various layers on Si substrates was measured using a profilometer.
200K 950K
1 300nm 290nm
2 310nm 280nm
3 280nm 300nm
200K 950K
1 4000rpm
(45s)
420nm 420nm
2 2000rpm 800nm 530nm
3 1000rpm 800nm 770nm
After 1st layer of PMMA
After drop casting dots and spin coating 2nd layer of
PMMA

32. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
200K
950K
RPM vs Thickness

33. EXPERIMENT 5 U.V VISUALIZATION
1 2 3
200K
950K
1 2 3

34. CONCLUSION
• The device has been optimized as much as it can and we will now move on to
making a proper planar dielectric antenna illustrated below:

35. FUTURE WORK OF PLANER
ANTENNA

36. PVA 3000rpm
Glass
CdSe/CdS
(1000 rpm, 1500 rpm)
PVA 3000rpm
Ag (100 nm)
Glass
PVA 3000rpm
Glass
CdSe/CdS
(1000 rpm, 1500 rpm)
Au (200 nm)
PMMA (200k , 950k)
4000rpm
Glass
CdSe/CdS
(Drop cast)
Au (200 nm)
PVA 3000rpm PMMA (200k , 950k)
1000rpm

37. BEAMING LIGHT FROM A QUANTUM EMITTER WITH A PLANAR
OPTICAL ANTENNA

38. EXTREME MULTIEXCITON EMISSION FROM DETERMINISTICALLY ASSEMBLED
SINGLE-EMITTER SUBWAVELENGTH PLASMONIC PATCH ANTENNAS

39. POLARIZATION MULTIPLEXING OF FLUORESCENT EMISSION USING MULTI-
RESONANT PLASMONIC ANTENNAS

40. EXPERIMENTAL REALIZATION OF AN OPTICAL ANTENNA
DESIGNED FOR COLLECTING 99% OF PHOTONS FROM A QUANTUM
EMITTER

41. BEAMING CIRCULARLY POLARIZED PHOTONS FROM QUANTUM DOTS COUPLED WITH
PLASMONIC SPIRALANTENNA

42. A ROBUST COHERENT SINGLE-PHOTON INTERFACE FOR MODERATE- NA
OPTICS BASED ON SIV CENTER IN NANODIAMONDS AND A PLASMONIC
BULLSEYE ANTENNA.

43. HIGHLY EFFICIENT LIGHT EXTRACTION AND DIRECTIONAL EMISSION
FROM LARGE REFRACTIVE-INDEX MATERIALS WITH A PLANAR YAGI-UDA
ANTENNA

44. LITERATURE
• Beaming light from a quantum emitter with a planar optical antenna(Checcucci et
al)-doi:10.1038/lsa.2016.245
• Electrodynamic Modelling of Quantum Dot Luminescence in Plasmonic
Metamaterials(Fang, Huang et al)- pubs.acs.org/journal/apchd5
• Klimov, V., I. (2010). Nanocrystal Quantum Dots (2nd ed.). CRC Press.
• Reiss, P., Protière, M., & Li, L. (2009). Core/Shell Semiconductor
Nanocrystals. Small, 5(2), 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200800841
• Chu, X. L., Brenner, T. J. K., Chen, X. W., Ghosh, Y., Hollingsworth, J. A., Sandoghdar,
V., & Götzinger, S. (2014). Experimental realization of an optical antenna designed
for collecting 99% of photons from a quantum emitter. Optica, 1(4), 203.
https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.1.000203