2. Contents
1. Introduction
2. History of cephalometry
3. Uses of cephalometry
4. Types of cephalometry
5. Technical aspects of lateral cephalograms
6. Tracing techniques
7. Cephalometric landmark
8. Lines and planes in cephalometry
9. Conclusion
10. References
2
3. Introduction
3
Origin : Cephalo means head and
metric is measurement
The scientific study of the
measurement of head with relation to
specific reference points used for
evaluation of facial growth and
development including soft tissue
profile. - Grabers
4. History of cephalometry
Evolution of cephalometry – Edward Angle 1899.
4
Van Loon 1915
Radiographic cephalometry, Jacobson 2nd edition
5. 5
History of imaging in orthodontics from Broadbent to cone-beam computed
tomography, G Hans ajodo 2015
A key feature of the
Broadbent-Bolton
cephalometer was that it
used 2 x-ray sources, thus
allowing both lateral and
frontal radiographs to be
taken without moving the
subject's head. 1931
6. 6
Holly Broadbent ,
Hofrath
1931- published a method
to obtain standardized
radiographs.
William B Downs in
1942- clinical
application of
cephalometry
Radiographic cephalometry, Jacobson 2nd edition
7. Types of cephalograms
Lateral cephalogram
7
PA cephalogram
White and Pharoah's Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation, 8th edition
8. Technical aspects of lateral cephalogram
Apparatus – x-ray source and cephalostat.
Cephalostat consist of ear rods
Vertical stabilization – orbital pointer
Distance between x-ray source and midsagittal plane
is fixed at 5 feet.
Cassette is located at 15 cm from patient’s midline
and oriented horizontally.
Mid sagittal plane parallel to the film
FH plane is parallel to the floor.
8
Radiographic cephalometry, Jacobson 2nd edition
White and Pharoah's Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation, 8th edition
9. 9
White and Pharoah's Oral Radiology: Principles and Interpretation, 8th edition
Orthodontic cephalometry, Athanasios N athanasios
10. Uses of cephalograms
Orthodontic diagnosis
Classification of skeletal and dental
abnormalities.
Helps in treatment planning.
Evaluating treatment results.
Helps in predicting growth.
Valuable aid in research.
10
Radiographic cephalometry, Jacobson 2nd edition
11. Goal of cephalometrics
To evaluate the relationships, both horizontally
and vertically , of the five major functional
components of the face.
1. The cranium and the cranial base
2. The skeletal maxilla
3. The skeletal mandible
4. The maxillary dentition of the alveolar
process
5. The mandibular dentition and the alveolar
process
11
Radiographic cephalometry, Jacobson 2nd edition
12. Tracing techniques
Lateral ceph ( 8 x 10 inches)
Acetate matte tracing paper ( 0.003 inches thick and 8x
10 inches)
A sharp 3H drawing pencil , a very fine felt tipped pen.
Masking tape, few sheets of cardboard.
Protractor and tooth symbol tracing template.
Dental casts trimmed.
Pencil sharpener and eraser
view box
12
Radiographic cephalometry, Jacobson 2nd edition
17. Landmarks
A conspicuous point on a cephalogram that serves
as a guide for measurement or construction of
planes.
2 types:
Anatomic – represent actual anatomic structure of
the skull eg N, ANS, Pt A, etc
Derived – obtained secondarily from anatomic
structures in a cephalogram.
17
Orthodontics , the art and science 6th edition
19. Derived landmarks
Should be easily seen in a radiograph.
Should be uniform in outline.
Should be reproducible.
Should permit valid quantitative measurements of
lines and angles.
19
Orthodontics , the art and science 6th edition
20. Hard tissue landmarks
Nasion
Orbitale
Porion
Sella
Point a
Point b
Basion
Bolton point
20
Anterior nasal
spine
Gonion
Pogonion
Menton
Gnathion
Articulare
Condylion
Prosthion
Infradentale
Posterior nasal
spine
Orthodontics , the art and science 6th edition
30. References
Radiographic cephalometry, Jacobson 2nd edition
Orthodontics , the art and science 6th edition
White and Pharoah's Oral Radiology: Principles and
Interpretation, 8th edition
Orthodontic cephalometry, Athanasios N athanasios
History of imaging in orthodontics from Broadbent to
cone-beam computed tomography, G Hans ajodo 2015
30
