SD & D Running Total
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The document discusses running total algorithms which start at zero and add user-entered numbers to a running total within a loop. It provides pseudocode and Python code examples to calculate running totals for both a known number of 5 values and an unknown number of values by continuously adding user input to the total until a sentinel value is entered.
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A data dictionary contains information about the data items in a database, including the entity or table name, attribute or field name, data type, size, whether it is required, and any validation rules. For example, a school data dictionary would specify that the Class table has attributes like ClassID which is the primary key, Classroom which is a number that must be between 1 and 10, and MainBuilding which is a yes/no field. It also describes pupil attributes like CandidateNum which is the primary key consisting of 7 numeric characters and ClassID which is a foreign key that must match an existing ClassID.
Compound Keys
Primary keys uniquely identify records in a table. Foreign keys link tables by providing a link to a related table. A compound key uses two or more attributes to uniquely identify records when no single attribute can be used as the primary key, such as in a table recording bike rentals where a member can rent multiple bikes and bikes can be rented by multiple members, so the compound key uses the member ID, bike ID, and rental date.
Entity Occurrence Diagrams
The document discusses entity occurrence diagrams and how they are used to determine the cardinality between entities. It provides examples of a car hire entity occurrence diagram and a capital cities entity occurrence diagram. The car hire diagram shows a one-to-many relationship between bookings and customers, as one customer can have multiple bookings but each booking is for only one customer. The capital cities diagram shows a one-to-one relationship between countries and their capital cities, as each country has one capital city and each capital city is only associated with one country.
Entity Relationship Diagrams
An entity relationship diagram (ERD) graphically represents the entities in a database and their relationships, showing entity names, relationships, cardinality, and optional attributes. Cardinality describes the numerical relationship between rows in related tables as one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many. Examples show the ERD for employees and companies, and customers, bookings, cars, and depots.
Database Analysis
This document outlines the end user and functional requirements for a doctor's surgery database. The end user requirements include searching appointments, patient medical histories, personal details, patients by medication or age range, and calculating average patient ratings by doctor. The functional requirements specify tables for doctors, patients, appointments with relevant fields, as well as database processes like queries, averages, sorts, and counts.
Software Evaluation
The document discusses different aspects of evaluating software solutions including ensuring they are fit for purpose, use efficient coding constructs, are usable, maintainable, and robust. Fitness for purpose is evaluated by testing functional requirements. Efficient coding uses appropriate constructs like arrays, loops, and nested statements. Usability considers how easily users can achieve goals. Maintainable code is modular and readable. Robust programs handle errors and unexpected inputs gracefully.
Software Testing
Software testing is done for several reasons: to identify errors, ensure the program matches its specifications and requirements, and check efficient performance. Test data includes normal, extreme, and exceptional cases. A test table is produced to test a student test score program with sample normal, extreme, and exceptional input data. Different types of errors include syntax errors, execution errors that cause crashes, and logic errors that produce unexpected results. Techniques for testing include dry runs, trace tables, breakpoints to stop at lines, and watchpoints mapped to variables to stop when values change.
Standard Algorithms
This document discusses several standard algorithms:
1) Linear search searches an array to find a value and returns its position or a message if not found.
2) An improved linear search algorithm stops searching once the item is found and returns a message if not found.
3) Count occurrences counts how many times a value appears in an array.
4) Finding the maximum/minimum value in an array uses comparisons to update the running maximum/minimum value found.
File Handling
The document discusses file handling in Python. It describes text files and CSV files, how to read from and write to these file types in Python. It provides pseudocode and Python code examples to open, read, and write data from text and CSV files, then close the files. The key steps are to open the file, read or write data, then close the file.
Python Predefined Functions
This document provides an overview of several predefined Python functions including ord, chr, int, and modulus. The ord function returns the ASCII code of a given character. The chr function returns the character of a given ASCII code. The int function converts a floating point number to an integer by removing decimals. The % symbol is used as the modulus operator to find the remainder of a division.
Python Substrings
A substring is a string contained within another string. The document provides an example of generating a 6 digit customer code from a customer's forename, surname, and year of birth by taking the first 2 letters of their forename, last 2 digits of their year of birth, and first 2 letters of their surname, as shown with the example customer "john smith 1995" having the code "jo95sm".
Variable Scope
Local variables are declared within sub-programs and can only be accessed and modified within that sub-program. Global variables are declared in the main program and can be accessed and modified by any code in the entire program. While global variables can be recognized program-wide, they should generally be avoided as the code is harder to read, debug, and track which parts are updating the variable.
Sub-programs
Computer programs can be broken down into smaller sub-programs or subroutines to make the code easier to write, understand and maintain. Sub-programs are independent blocks of code that carry out specific tasks and can be programmed and tested separately from the main program. Functions are sub-programs that return a value, while procedures produce an effect without returning a value. Parameters allow data to be passed from the main program to sub-programs.
Records in Python
This document discusses using records and dictionaries in Python to store and access data. It explains that a record allows combining multiple data objects, like storing a runner's name, bib number, and elite status in a single record rather than parallel arrays. This is implemented in Python using a dictionary with keys for each data item. It also describes storing multiple records in an array, creating an array of records to hold data about multiple runners.
Parallel arrays in python
This document discusses using parallel arrays in Python to store data about runners in a race. It describes initializing three parallel arrays to store the name, bib number, and elite status of each runner. Values can then be assigned to individual elements of the arrays to populate them with data, either by hardcoding, user input, or reading from a file. Once initialized, the parallel arrays allow accessing details about individual runners by index.
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SD & D Running Total
- 1. Running total within a loop
- 2. Running total within a loop The purpose of the running total algorithm is to add up a list of values The running total always starts at zero The program asks the user to enter a number, and this number is added to the running total At the end of the program, the total is displayed
- 3. Running total within a loop
- 4. Pseudocode Pseudocode to add 5 numbers to a running total within a list
- 5. Code Python code to add 5 numbers to a running total within a list
- 6. Unknown number of values The previous example only works if we know in advance how many numbers need to be added to the total In the previous example, the program will always ask the user for 5 numbers, and add each to the total But what if we don’t know how many numbers are to be added?
- 7. Pseudocode Pseudocode to add an unknown number of values to a running total within a list
- 8. Code Python code to add an unknown number of values to a running total within a list