Scotland In The 13Th Century

Scotland In The 13th Century
Scotland during the late 13th century and early 14th century was in relative shambles in regards to
political and economic situations from degrading agency and relationship to England. The Scottish
Kingdom caught up in a perilous situation after the succession crisis after King Alexander III died
suddenly in 1286 without a proper heir. Alexander's children had predeceased him by his first wife
and the only proper heir was the Margaret of Norway. Margaret of Norway was the daughter of
Margaret of Scotland (Alex's daughter) who died beforehand married to Eric II of Norway that
added to the complexity of the situation. The death of the Maid of Norway in September 1290 left
no closely related bloodline in Alexander III family and opened the door ... Show more content on
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When Robert the Bruce ascended the throne in 1306 the defiance and animosity toward the English
became apparent with the battles and land claims. Bruce's ascension to the throne came at the
murder John Comyn in Greyfriars Church, Dumfries in February 1306. This incident before his
crowning in March which he was excommunicated by the Pope for the argument and killing of a
Scottish noble in a church. The ascension of the throne came with a convoluted history of the Bruce
family strong arm approaches to gain power and reputation against other tribes and the quest to rule
the kingdom of Scotland. Sources under Robert the Bruce came to acknowledge the bias against
William Wallace similar to how the English pinned him as a robber, ruffian, and cruel leader of
Independence. This notion of the Bruce prejudices and censorship add to the negative perceptions
toward the mythology of Scottish leaders and their control over literature at the time of their reign. A
series of military victories between 1310 and 1314 won Bruce a majority of control over Scotland.
The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 against the Edward II English forces solidified his position as
the rightful king of Scotland. The military victories fueled more intervention in other states on the
British Isles with the boosted moral of the Scottish soldiers for independence from England and
other monarchical
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Helen Keller
Helen Keller
Her life and legacy
"While they were saying among themselves it cannot be done, it was done."
–Helen Keller
Hailan El–Naas Grade 9AApril 28, 2013
Table of Contents
1. Outline 1 2. Introduction 2 3. Helen Keller's Early Life 3 4. Learning to Communicate 4 5. A New
Life with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a child, Helen was often became frustrated that no one understood what she wanted. As a result,
she would become extremely violent. Her parents did not know how to control her and they let her
get away with anything.
Fortunately, they learned about Annie Sullivan, a teacher of the blind, who came to teach and live
with seven–year–old Helen.
Learning to Communicate
Anne Sullivan began by teaching Helen finger spelling, starting with the word "doll," to help Keller
understand the gift of a doll she had brought along. Other words would follow. At first, Keller was
curious, then defiant, refusing to cooperate with Sullivan's instruction. When Keller did cooperate,
Sullivan could tell that she wasn't making the connection between the objects and the letters spelled
out in her hand. Sullivan kept working at it, forcing Helen to go through the regimen. As Keller's
frustration grew, the tantrums increased. Finally, Sullivan demanded that she and Keller be isolated
from the rest of the family for a time, so that Keller could concentrate only on Sullivan's instruction.
They moved to a cottage on the plantation.
In a dramatic struggle, Sullivan taught Keller the word "water"; she helped her make the connection
between the object and the letters by taking Keller out to the water pump, and placing Keller's hand
under the spout. While Sullivan moved the lever to flush cool water over Keller's hand, she spelled
out the word w–a–t–e–r on

Charles Dickens And The Victorian Era
During the Victorian Era there were many key people alive including Queen Victoria, Florence
Nightingale, Benjamin Disraeli, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and Charles Dickens. These were all
famous people during the Victorian Era. Some important scientists include Charles Darwin, and
Alexander Bell. These were both very important scientist and without them we might not have some
of the basic necessities of the modern day. Now you might be wondering to yourself what did these
guys, and girls have to do to be so important. Well after reading this you are going to know why
these people are famous and what they did to get famous. Queen Victoria was born 24 May, 1819.
She was the granddaughter of George III, and her father, Edward was fourth in line to the throne.
But when the Prince of Wales died early, his brothers sought to get married and maintain the line of
succession.
Edward married Princess Victoria from Germany and the couple had just one child, Alexandrina
Victoria, who was born at Kensington Palace in 1819. As a young girl, Victoria's father died,
followed 6 days later by King George III. The throne then passed to King William IV, but, he too
died early. This left Victoria to be crowned at the age of 18, in June 1837. She was to reign until her
death on 22nd January 1901.While she was queen she established the modern role of a monarch in a
constitutional monarchy and exerted her influence to promote the British Empire 's expansion and
reforms benefiting the poor, according

A Brief Note On The World War II
Monika Gruca
Professor Moore
History 150
9 May 2015
Final Exam
Part I: Identifications
1. Fascism–
Fascism is a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power. It is usually emphasized
by aggressive nationalism and often racism. Two countries that adopted fascism were Germany and
Italy. Germany was under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, while Italy was under Benito Mussolini.
Fascism led both countries to have extreme nationalism and instilled a great sense of pride in both
countries. This great national pride can be seen during the initial years of World War II. Both
countries took aggressive actions in Europe and Africa because of their national pride.
2. Calvinism–
Calvinism was a branch of Protestantism formed by John ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Bismarck was a master political strategist who was able to make many alliances that helped secure
Germany security. Following German unification Germany became one of the most powerful
nations in Europe.
4. The Black Plague–
The Black Plague or popularly know as the "Black Death" was one of the most horrifying and
deadly diseases in human history. Between 75 and 200 million people were estimated to have died.
From 1346 to 1353 the Black Death was expanding across Europe. The Plague created religious,
social, and economic problems all across Europe.
5. Glorious Revolution–
The Glorious Revolution also called the Bloodless Revolution occurred between 1688–1689. This
resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband
William III who was the prince of Orange and stadholder of the Netherlands. With their ascension to
the throne came the constitutionalized English Bill of Rights of 1689. The revolution permanently
established Parliament as the main ruling power of England.
Part II: Essays
2. Nationalism
At the beginning of the 19th century there was a turn from religious loyalty or loyalty given to a
particular leader towards loyalty owed to a particular nation. Nationalism came from the formation

of the public sphere. It allowed for the institution of patriotic symbols such as national songs,
literature, and emblems. The French Revolution was the first to institute the idea of a nation–state, in
which the

Georgian Style In Colonial America
Georgian Design and the Beginnings of America The American Georgian style ruled American
design from about 1714 to 1830. The Georgian style was inspired by English and European styles of
the time, relied on classical elements, and took inspiration from the Italian Renaissance. Georgian
design was located mainly along the eastern seaboard, where "the old styles gradually gave way to
the Georgian, and there came for the first time a large degree of uniformity to American
architecture" (Wertenbaker, 1943, p. 66). Craftsmanship was a big part of early American life, and
people liked to show off their quality homes, eventually displaying their stations by "maintaining
codes of dress, speech, and behavior" (Architectural Style Guide). Georgian American design had
many different influences while adapting to suit the settlers needs. There are several beautiful
examples of this style still intact today. While the Georgian American style was one of the earliest
styles in Colonial America, it actually preceded by a simpler style, and ... Show more content on
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Throughout the years, tensions started growing between colonists and English soldiers. At the same
time, the French and Indian war waged on between England and the people occupying modern day
Canada. The loss of the French and Indian war meant that England had spent a lot of money that
they now needed to salvage. As a result, King George III started taxing the colonists; he also used
the taxes to try to regain control that he had lost (The Boston Tea Party). There were several
different taxes imposed, but the attempt to tax tea was the last straw. The result was the Boston Tea
Party (1773). This was one of the acts that lead to the start of the American Revolutionary War. The
war started in 1775 and continued through 1783. The fight between America and England was
rough; the American soldiers didn't have much and were greatly

The Battle of the Boyne Essay
The Battle of the Boyne (Irish: Cath na Bóinne) was a turning point in the Williamite claim on the
English throne.
The deposed King James VII of Scotland and James II of England and Ireland and his Jacobite
supporters were defeated by James' nephew and son–in–law, William III and his supporters. By the
invitation of Parliament, William had deposed James in 1688. Both kings acted as commander of
their respective armies.
The battle took place on July 1, 1690 (Old Style) just outside the town of Drogheda on Ireland's east
coast. Each army stood on opposing sides of the River Boyne. William's forces easily defeated those
of James who led an army of mostly raw recruits. The symbolic importance of this battle has made it
one of the best–known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[edit]The competing sides
James VII and II
King of England, Scotland and Ireland
[edit]Commanders
The opposing armies in the battle were led by the Roman Catholic former King James II of England
and Scotland and King of Ireland and opposing him, his nephew and son–in–law the Protestant
William III ("William of Orange") who had deposed James from his English and Scottish thrones in
the previous year. James's supporters still controlled much of Ireland and the Irish Parliament. James
also enjoyed the support of the French king, Louis XIV, who did not want to see a hostile monarch,
such as William, on the throne of England. To support James's restoration, Louis sent 6,000 French
troops to Ireland to support the Irish Jacobites. William was already Stadtholder of the Netherlands
and was able to call on Dutch and allied troops from continental Europe as well as from Great
Britain.
James was a seasoned general who had proven his bravery when fighting for his brother – King
Charles II – in Europe, notably at the Battle of the Dunes (1658). However, recent historians have
noted that he was prone to panicking under pressure and to making rash decisions, probably due to
the onset of dementia which was to overtake him completely in later years. William, although a
seasoned commander was hardly one of history's great generals and had yet to win a major battle.
Many of his battles ended in bloody stalemates, prompting

Scottish Culture Vs American Culture
Information
I will discuss the history and ground level information of Scotland and Wales, representing how this
trifling nation has molded the world and others who live in it. I will also discuss important material
about the statistics of the country and the distinction between the ethnocentrism in British and
American ways of life. I will also discuss how the United States and Scotland both partake in many
cultural ideas and traditions, But like every culture and nation they are different and share plenty of
alterations.
Data
In Scotland the most common language is English, Another rising popular word of tongue is the
ancient language of Gaelic (The Official Gateway). There are about Fifty million people all over the
world who say that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scotland, is a smaller country occupying the northern third of Great Britain, and containing about
five million citizens (www.scotland.org). The currency in the United States in dollars, the residents
of Scotland use the same currency as the British do, this is the pound.
References Differences between Scottish and American Social and Cultural Values. (2012).
Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http://relatedsignals.com/vgs/english/?p=60 Official Scotland
Website. (2014). Retrieved October 29, 2014, from www.scotland.com Zimmermann, K. (2013,
April 22). American Culture: Traditions and Customs of the United States. Retrieved October 29,
2014 from http://www.livescience.com/28945–american–culture.html
Biography Online. Retrieved November 3, 2014, from Biography Online web site:
http://www.biographyonline.net/british/top–100–scottish.html
The Official Gateway to Scotland. (2014). Retrieved November 3, 2014, from Scotland web site:
www.scotland.org
Phillips, H. (2013, August 28). The American Sense of Self: A British Perspective. Retrieved from
Harvard Politics web site:

Biography of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson Essay
Biography of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson
George Washington was commander in chief of the Continental army during the American
Revolution and later became the first president of the United States serving from1789 until 1797. He
symbolized qualities of discipline, aristocratic duty, military orthodoxy and persistence in adversity
that his contemporaries valued as marked of mature political leadership
George spent his early years on the family estate on Pope's Creek along the Potomac River.
Although Washington had little or no formal schooling, his early notebooks indicate that he read in
geography, military history, agriculture, deportment and composition. He showed an aptitude for
surveying and simple mathematics. An early ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In January 1759 he married Martha Dandridge Custis, a wealthy and attractive young widow with
two small children.
Alarmed by the repressive measures of the British crown and Parliament, Washington became a
leader in Virginia's opposition to Great Britain's colonial policies. At first he hoped for reconciliation
with Britain. In July, 1774 he presided over a meeting in Alexandria that adopted the Fairfax
Resolves, calling for the establishment and enforcement of a stringent boycott on British imports
prior to similar action by the First Continental Congress. As a delegate to the First and Second
Continental Congress 1774 and 1775 Washington did not participate actively in the deliberations,
however, his presence was undoubtedly a stabilizing influence. In June 1775 he was Congress's
unanimous choice as commander in chief of the newly created Continental Army when fighting
broke out between Massachusetts and the British.
Washington took command of the troops surrounding British–occupied Boston on July 3, devoting
the next few months to training the undisciplined 14,000 man army and trying to secure urgently
needed powder and other supplies. Early in March 1776, he took command of the makeshift force
and moved his army to New York. Defeated there by the combined land and sea forces of General
William Howe, he withdrew from Manhattan to establish a new defensive line

Medieval Vs. Medieval Era
The Medieval, or Middle, Ages in Europe have often been called the Dark Ages, since they seem to
have been lacking in many ways. However, the Church was always shining the light of the Gospel in
even the darkest of places. "In the very bosom of this doomed society, a power remained which was
capable of giving meaning to the drama, of bringing order out of disorder, of integrating the
Barbarians into civilization and of using their youthful energies to restore the world to vigor and
health. This power, to which the West owes its salvation, was the Church.1" Medieval Europe was,
in many ways, more Christian then, than it is now. The Medieval era can be divided into three parts:
the Early Ages, the High Ages, and the Late Ages. Each had its own achievements, shortcomings,
and beliefs, but they are all inextricably linked. Though the Middle Ages have been called Dark,
they always had the light of the Church shining in them.
The Early Ages started in 476 A.D. with the fall of Rome to barbarian tribes. The Popes from that
time on had to run everything themselves, due to a lack of support from Byzantium, the eastern part
of the empire. "Severed from Byzantium, and with Rome in the hands of the Barbarians, the West
had only itself on whom it could rely.2" The countries of Europe now began to heal from the inside
out. Ireland started this with saints such as Patrick, Brigit, and Columbanus, who spread new ideas
of Christianity, such as private penance, throughout Europe.

Ecclesiastical Breakdown And Revival: The Late Medieval...
Section Three: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival–The Late Medieval Church
Section Overview o By the latter thirteenth–century, the Roman Catholic Church appeared to be
extremely powerful.
 Threat of Holy Roman Empire to Rome vanquished
 The French king, Louis IX, was an enthusiastic supporter of the Church
 Council of Lyons (1274) declared a reunion of the Eastern Church with Rome after the pope sent
forces to defend the Byzantine Empire against the Turks (the reunion only lasted seven years)
The Thirteenth–Century Papacy o Pope Innocent III (r. 1198–1216) and the height of papal power
 Innocent enacted the doctrine of plentitude of power which enabled him to:
declare saints
dispose benefices
create a centralized papal monarchy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 French cardinals formed a conclave and elected Pope Clement VII, a cousin of the French king
The French cardinals claimed they had only voted for Urban VI out of fear
 Allegiances to the two popes
Urban VI (Italian pope in Rome) o supported by England and its allies including the Holy Roman
Empire, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland)
Clement VII o supported by France and its allies including Naples, Scotland, Castile, and Aragon o
Conciliar Theory of Church Government
 conciliar theory
technically, since a pope is infallible, a council could not depose him
church scholars debated for thirty years whether or not a council of church leaders could regulate the
actions of a pope
'conciliarists' defined the church as a body, of which the pope was one member
Eventually, it was determined that cardinals representing both popes would convene at a council o
Council of Pisa (1409–1410)
 Cardinals convened and deposed both popes and elected a new pope, Alexander V
 Although most of western Europe accepted Alexander V a the legitimate pope, neither Urban VI
nor Clement VII agreed to step down o The Council of Constance (1414–1417)
 Three competing popes
John XXIII succeeded Alexander V as the consensus pope
Gregory XII succeeded Urban VI as the Italian

Charles Dickens And The Victorian Era
During the Victorian Era many people greatly helped shape the future trough their deeds of heroism
and courage, some of these people include Queen Victoria, Florence Nightingale, Benjamin Disraeli,
Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and Charles Dickens. These people not only helped to shape the
Victorian Era, but also created many things we still use today. Some important scientists include
Charles Darwin, and Alexander Bell. Without these scientists we might not have some of the basic
necessities of the modern day. Now you might be wondering to yourself what these ladies and
gentlemen did to be so important? After reading this you are going to understand what contributions
they made to the world that made them famous. Queen Victoria was born May 24, 1819. She was
the granddaughter of George III, and her father, Edward was fourth in line to the throne. She was
born into a royal family and had impeccable blood lines. When the Prince of Wales died early, his
brothers sought to get married in order to maintain the line of succession so that no other families
could get power in the kingdom.
Edward married Princess Victoria from Germany and the couple had just one child. Her name was
Alexandrina Victoria, who was born at Kensington Palace in 1819. As a young girl, Victoria's father
died, followed 6 days later by King George III. The throne then passed to King William IV, but, he
too died early. This left Victoria to be crowned at the age of 18, in June 1837. She was to reign until
her

Queen Of Scots Research Paper
This paper will focus on the Queens of Scotland from Saint Margaret of Scotland to Mary, Queen of
Scots. While the time period being discussed is extensive, there is a lack of information on the
Queens and Princesses during this period. The majority of source material focuses on Kings and
influential men although information on Queens is available. As a result of royal marriages,
information can be found on the reasoning for the match which can prove insightful to the political
environment of the country at that time. However, information on the woman, herself, is usually
limited to their background, children and death.
Primary documents will be made of use in this paper, including any accessible material dealing with
the nature and content of marriage agreements. Agreements could range from ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result of this alliance, soldiers and money were traded between the two for the following
century. This marriage also provides some context into Scotland's move away from their English
neighbors.
Queen Yolande was Queen for only a year and did little to influence the Scottish society but her
marriage was a further marker of the Scots moving away from the English and establishing their
independence.
Elizabeth de Burgh married Robert the Bruce, long before his coronation as King of Scotland. She
married him at a time of high tension between the two countries and spent first several years of her
marriage either her being hidden away by the Scots or being held captive by the English. It is
notable that she was the first Scottish born Queen in many years.
Anabelle Drummond is an example of a Queen who took an active role in ensuring her son's
accession to the throne after her husband died. She failed in the endeavor but her actions are notable
nonetheless since she did this because her husband, the King, was unable to plan for his succession
during his

Who Is The Protagonist In Braveheart
The movie Braveheart is centered on a man named William Wallace who leads the Scottish rebels in
a revolt against the English monarchy. Wallace is the story's protagonist. Wallace is seen as a young
Scottish boy who sees the struggle for freedom being fought for by his dad from the English
monarchy led by Longshanks. When Wallace's dad returns dead, he is sheltered by his uncle. During
this time, he is taught the qualities of a true man. Wallace falls in love with a young woman named
Murron, Wallace's childhood friend. He marries her in secret because the nobleman had the right to
sleep with all married women on the first night of their marriage. When Murron gets her throat slit
for resisting by the sheriff (leader), Wallace and the Scots start a revolt against the English. Wallace
and the Scots seize the fort. Wallace then slits the throat of the sheriff and send the remaining troops
home. Wallace gathers some of his Scottish rebels and forms an army. Wallace leads them through
many successful battles. The Battle of Stirling Bridge, Wallace and his army famously defeat
English troops that greatly outnumbered the rebels. Wallace and the Scots also take over York and
kill the lord, Longshanks nephew. Longshanks sends Princess Isabelle to negotiate with Wallace.
She helps Wallace out and later she gets pregnant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Wallace family throughout the movie is portrayed as a very poor. The narrator tells us that
Malcolm Wallace is a poor commoner. Malcolm Wallace was not a poor commoner. Malcolm
Wallace was a minor noble. He had more wealth than commoners, but not as much wealth as most
nobles at that time did. When William was a young boy, Malcolm Wallace was killed in a minor
fight against the English. Malcolm Wallace did not die in a minor fight against the English. Malcolm
fought against the English Monarchy for seven years and helped free Baliol, the next heir to the
throne of

King Edward I Of Scotland Research Paper
Scotland during the 13th Century was in conflict with England, since England wanted to control
Scotland. The Scots were having a tough time recovering from the death of the Maid of Norway,
who had been the heir to the throne of Alexander III. The dynasty had traced its roots back through
Duncan to Malcolm II had ended, so the Scottish Throne was up for grabs. King Edward I of
England saw an opportunity and took it. Therefore, though there was a king (of sorts) on the
Scottish throne named John Balliol, King Edward I of England held the real power over Scotland,
and he didn't have Scotland's best interests at heart.
The Scottish Monarchy moved around a lot but Scone was a very important location with Royal
Castles. The major offices

Braveheart Independence
The country of Scotland was conquered following the death of Alexander III. With no heir to the
throne, Scotland was easily captured and taken over by the King of England. The film Braveheart is
an adaption of these historical events. In the film, the national identity of the Scottish people
evolved in comparison from the beginning of the film to the end of it. There had always been a huge
chasm between the different classes. With peasants on one end and the nobles on the other. This
class separation resulted in the people of these groups to hold different views. During most of the
film, the peasants all listened to what William Wallace had to say and followed the idea he had
planted in their heads. The idea being, freedom. The nobles ... Show more content on
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This resulted in people not identifying with people from other villages situated all across Scotland.
Each individual fought their own battles for their own benefits rather than the entire country as a
whole. Wallace and his clan started the fighting to avenge the death of Murron, Wallace's wife.
Wallace leads his can to kill the English garrison in his hometown to get a point across. This
moment of power sparks the idea of rebelling against the English. As the legend of Wallace grew, so
did the support. Clans from all over Scotland decided to join him in his fight that originally started
as revenge, but transformed into a fight for freedom. As more and more battles were won, the legend
of Wallace travelled all across the vast lands of Scotland. The death of the leader of the rebellion
didn't stop the movement towards freedom there. William Wallace became a martyr to the people of
Scotland. Towards the end of the film, there was a sense of patriotism towards the country, which
wasn't present at the start. This was due to the uniting of the people with a common goal. William
Wallace started the movement towards freedom, Robert Bruce encouraged the idea, and the people
of Scotland completed the

Late Medieval Religion
In our present–day society, we consider anything that came before us as primitive. It is an
unfortunate stereotype that all peasants lived in small, dirty shacks and ate gruel while kings and
queens were in their lavish castles and gorging themselves with fine cuisine. Yet, one should not
discount the Late Medieval Period. Civilization evolved in several ways during this time and it is
often ignored as one of the most progressive times in all human history. In just the span of two
centuries, our modern lives were shaped by defining events such as the influence of religion and the
faith of its adherents being shaken and transformed because of internal strife. Moreover, Peasants
gained political power and riches through new economic opportunities, ... Show more content on
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Nearly half of the continental population had succumbed to one of the most unfortunate events that
struck. Europe suffered a massive drop in population because of several factors, not solely because
of the Bubonic Plague. "Between 1315 and 1317, crop failures produce the greatest famine of the
Middle Ages,"(Kagan 292). Factors such as malnutrition, overpopulation, economic instability, and
overall poor health were harming Europe years before the plague could take its turn at debilitating
the population that would recover at a snail's pace(Jones). The Bubonic Plague introduced itself to
Europe via trade ships that came from Asia. Going from major trade ports like Constantinople and
Sicily, the malady traveled to areas like Spain, France and northern Europe(Kagan). While the cause
of it might be known to us today, it was a mystery to those that were alive to witness the carnage
caused by the plague. Corruption, promiscuity, poisonous fumes and the Jewish people were cast as
scapegoats that brought on this disease(Kagan). Aromatics were thought to prevent the smell of
death from infecting people, so they became popular with those trying to evade the painful illness.
Help from God to end the pandemic was requested by the pious adherents with
supplications(Boccaccio). Even though the Bubonic Plague and Great Famine ended the lives of
copious amounts of

Pediatrics : A New Modern Medicine
Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and
adolescents. The age limit usually ranges from birth up to 18 years of age and until the age of age 21
in the United States or after college. A medical practitioner who specializes in pediatrics is known as
a pediatrician. Pediatricians work in hospitals, particularly those working in specialized areas and as
primary care physicians who specialize in children. In addition to general pediatrics, pediatricians
can choose to specialize in a number of fields, including: adolescent medicine, pediatric
gastroenterology, pediatric cardiology, pediatric hematology–oncology, child abuse, pediatric
infectious diseases, pediatric critical care medicine, neonatal–perinatal medicine, developmental–
behavioral pediatrics, pediatric nephrology, pediatric emergency medicine, pediatric pulmonology,
pediatric endocrinology, pediatric rheumatology, pediatric surgeon, pediatric radiologist, or pediatric
neurologist, etc., aren 't necessarily pediatricians, though, and instead, undergo training in their own
fields, and then additional specialty pediatric training. Pediatrics is known as a new modern
medicine in society today. Abraham Jacobi is known as the father of pediatrics in America because
of his many contributions to the field. He was born in Germany, where he received his medical
training, but later practiced in New York City. Jacobi opened the first children 's clinic in
America.Dr. Abraham

Scots Law: Survival And Integration
I. Intro
Generally, King David I is credited with consciously introducing feudal tenures during his reign
1124–1153A.D. as a product of his significant time spent in England. Feudal tenures established a
relationship where land was exchanged by a lord with a tenant in exchange for services. Previously
legal historians generally purported that the introduction of feudal tenures completely transformed
Scotland from a "Celtic, tribal country" to a modern civilisation,but now the prevailing thought
stresses the continuity of Scots law in the Middle Ages. The seminal paper in this field, is WDH
Sellar's "Celtic Law and Scots law: Survival and Integration". However, in this paper I will argue
that Sellar's paper would benefit to make the important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He thoroughly analyses the shift in roles of different pre–feudal officials. The survival of the judex –
or Breitheamh as its known in Ireland – throughout medieval Scotland is often cited as evidence for
the continuity of the legal system. The judex was originally an important legal and judicial officer in
Celtic society. The role of judex continued until the end of the Middle Ages in the Lordship of the
Isles. However, the introduction of the Anglo–Norman feudalism demoted the judex into a
subordinate role by the end of the thirteenth century for the Kingdom of Scotland. Despite the
evidence of the judex surviving in some capacity, it is not conclusive to say that this is resounding
evidence of continuity throughout this period. Towards the end of their time, they generally spent
their time by processing the formal perambulations of land. However, despite their diminished
importance, they still represented an important part of Scots custom in their roles. In light of their
importance in legal affairs through the end of the thirteenth century, they are confirmation of the
continuity of the Scots legal tradition. On the other hand, their relative unimportance after the 13th
century must be acknowledged as evidence of a break in

The Plague Dbq
Section One: The Black Death I. Preconditions/Causes of the Plague A. Population of Europe
doubled in 1000–1300 1. Strained food supply 2. Caused higher unemployment rates and lower
wages B. The Black Death followed trade routes from Asia into Europe 1. The plague traveled south
to north along major trade routes II. Popular Remedies A. People believed that the plague was
caused by corruption in the atmosphere 1. Some people blamed poisonous fumes from earthquakes
B. Remedies 1. Many people wore "aromatic" amulets 2. lifestyle changes a. moderate and
temperate living b. fleeing from the plague or staying in seclusion 3. religious fanatics a. flagellants
b. Jews as scapegoats III. Social/Economic Consequences A. Farms decline 1. Supply and demand:
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clement VII was still the French pope 2. Emperor Sigismund demanded that John XXIII call a
council in Constance which made a declaration entitled Sacrosancta which: a. elected a new pope,
Martin V (the three other popes were forced to resign) b. asserted the supremacy of church councils
over individual pope c. demanded that regular meetings of church councils F. The Council of Basel
(1431–1449) 1. Church council negotiated directly with the Hussites, a group formerly identified as
heretics 2. Four Articles of Prague presented to council by Hussites a. give laity the Eucharist with
the cup as well as bread b. free, itinerant preaching c. exclusion of clergy from holding secular
offices and owning property d. just punishment of clergy who commit mortal sins 3. Council of
Basel showed dominance over the papacy but Pope Pius II (r. 1458–1464) issued a papal bull
Execrabilis which condemned appeals to councils and made them completely void. G.
Consequences 1. Without effective papal authority and leadership, secular control of national or
territorial churches increased a. Kings asserted their power over the church in England and France b.
German, Swiss, and Italian magistrates and city councils reformed and regulated religious

William Wallace Research Paper
WILLIAM WALLACE
By Laurence Simic–Bentley
LIFE and ACCOMPLISHMENTS (ASSESSMENT)
William Wallace was a Scottish born freedom fighter who fought for the independence of Scotland
from England. Not much is known about his background although it is thought that he was born
around 1270 CE. Historians suspect that Wallace was born either in Elderslie, Renfrewshire or
Ellerslie, Ayrshire. His father is believed to be either Sir Malcom of Elderslie or a commoner by the
name of Alan Wallace. The identity of his mother is not known.
As Wallace was growing up a political crisis was taking place in Scoctland. The former Scottish
king, Alexander III, had died in March of 1286, without any male children. It was decided that
Margret, Maid of Norway would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The letter, dated the 7th of November, 1300 and written in Latin, commands French agents to ask
the current Pope (Boniface VIII) to "consider" the "beloved" Wallace with "favor" . This is a very
significant source. Not only can one gather that the French King himself knew William Wallace
personally but it can implied that Philip regarded Wallace very highly to refer to him as "beloved"
and to ask the pope himself to aid Wallace. This is very significant when assessing the importance of
Wallace as it seems strange that a King would ally himself with someone who could be considered
to be a rouge or rebel, so this letter shows that Wallace must have been a very significant and
important figure in Scottish history. This letter seems to be very reliable as a source as it is clearly
from when Wallace lived (1300) and it is an official document written by a King. This source was
obtained from:

Andrew Carnegie Industrial Capitalism Outline
Denise Liu History 17B Mary Ignoffo Writing Assignment Industrial Capitalism I. Introductory
Nineteenth century was the golden time of the United States, author Mark Twain named this period
of time: Gilded Age. There was a fast–quick way to get rich, which could be told from the success of
Andrew Carnegie, who owned the empire of steel, and John D. Rockefeller, who was the king of his
oil kingdom, but also made many people suffer from their wealth, and some of them faced bankrupt
because of the promising lure. The power boom of industrialists made the rich happy, and made the
poor sad. The Supreme Court stood with the rich, but apparently some groups did not like the forced
monopoly game, they tried to fight back. Unfortunately, this game has not stopped yet, America is
finding a way to shift the economic justice today. II. What is industrial capitalism Industrial
capitalism refers to the industry is controlled by one owner, or a big company, or a small group of
people, who can make an earthquake in the industry moving only the last finger. That corporate
usually has its chain to take care each steps needed to be taken care of in the business. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This could be the reason why he gave away more than $300 million dollars to public libraries, and
he made donation to over 2,500 buildings. It seemed that Carnegie was a generous person, but
looking at the way he treated his labors, it did not lead to the same conclusion. He spent every
minutes to look at his accounting book, tried to eliminate every penny. In pennies that he had cut,
including people failed to work 12 hours a day for six days out of seven days, accept to get paid of
the low salaries and face the high–risk working environment without complaining, and managers
that did not survive through the intense competitions. One of his workers said there was no way for
a single worker going to a library after 12 hours

Hadrian's Wall: A Very Brief History Of Scotland
The history of Scotland, in regards to this application, began in 1st Century AD. The Romans had
landed in the British Isles not long prior, and had overwhelmed a significant amount of southern
Britain. However, they had been unable to take most of Scotland, only staking a claim to the Firth of
Forth in the southern part of the territory. The Romans suffered constant raids from the Picts,
(Scots,) and so during a visit to Britannia in 122 AD, Emperor Hadrian decided that the best course
of action would be to build a wall, (known as Hadrian's Wall,) to prevent Scottish raids. Merely 20
years later, it was decided by Emperor Antoninus Pius that a wall further north, the Antonine Wall,
was to be built, and this marked the northern border of the Roman Empire for 8 years before the
Roman forces retreated to Hadrian's wall. Despite several small invasion attempts by the Romans,
the various tribes did not lose much, if any land. This state of affairs continued until around the 5th
century and the collapse of the Roman Empire.
At this time, the Kingdom ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The death of Alexander III in 1286 as well as any possible heirs led to a struggle for power in
Scotland, which prompted the Scottish magnates to ask King Edward of England to settle the matter.
In exchange for this, he claimed Scotland as a feudal dependency, and chose John Balliol. However,
this was a façade for his plan to eventually subjugate Scotland, and prompted an invasion, which the
Scots, under William Wallace, were able to repel. Despite this, in 1298 Wallace was defeated in the
Battle of Falkirk by Edward. Over the years that followed, Scottish forces under Robert the Bruce
were able to obtain an unofficial independence. The English, in the second war of Scottish
independence, tried to instate Edward Balliol as King of Scotland, but were unable to do succeed. In
1356, Balliol gave up his efforts for the throne for King Robert's son, David II who returned from
exile in

History 262 : Early Modern World History
Dalton Weeks
December 11, 2016
History 262 – Early to Modern World History; 1300–1700
Dr. Shefveland
Warrior Poets
"Historians from England will say I am a liar.
But history is written by those who have hung heroes."
–Braveheart
Scotland has had a rich history when it comes to diplomacy with other nearby nations. If I were to
ask a person on the street "What movie can you think of that has Scottish people in it?" the answer
would almost always be Braveheart.
According to Randall Wallace, the writer of the script for the film , "The question of the historical
accuracy of Braveheart is one that always makes me laugh. When we're creating something or in the
business of storytelling, we're in a process of mythmaking for which the audience, the listeners, are
just as crucial as the speakers. They respond to the story in a certain way. I wasn't looking to
describe facts or numbers or to quantify William Wallace. I wanted to a spirit and a feeling that I had
had when movies had changed my life"
The Mel Gibson film, released in 1995 in the United States, shows the struggle of William Wallace
and his band of Scottish and Irish brothers going against the tyranny of English rule. Many people
make the mistake though when viewing the film. From my own knowledge, I know that the Scottish
did not paint their faces blue. That's as far as my knowledge of the film before viewing goes. What I
plan to do in this research essay is to write out the inaccuracies in the film, and address

A Comparison Of Braveheart And The 13th Warrior
Introduction
According to Army Doctrine Reference Publication (ADRP) 6–22, "leadership is the process of
influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation to accomplish the mission and
improve the organization". This essay will analyze two different leaders, William Wallace from
Braveheart and Ahmad ibn Fadlan from The 13th Warrior. After analyzing each leader, this essay
will transition to compare the leadership lessons, concepts, perspectives, and styles I observed. Then
this essay will suggest how Army leaders can employ the aforementioned perceptions to motivate
others to accomplish missions and improve their organizations. Additionally, this essay will
recommend specific groups within the Army enterprise that should watch Braveheart and The 13th
Warrior through the lens of leadership to gain a thorough understanding of these leadership traits so
they can improve their leadership styles for others to follow and aspire.
Braveheart...William Wallace
Braveheart takes place in Scotland throughout the late 13th and early 14th centuries. England's King
Edward the "Longshanks" invades and conquers Scotland after Scotland's King Alexander III dies
with no heir to the throne in 1280. William Wallace, a young Scottish commoner, learns the death of
his father is due to the atrocities of King Edward the Longshanks. His Uncle presumes guardianship
of Wallace where he is educated, trained in self–defense, and travels Europe to gain an
understanding of the

Comparison Of Braveheart And Ahmad Ibn Fadlan From The...
Introduction
According to Army Doctrine Reference Publication (ADRP) 6–22, "leadership is the process of
influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation to accomplish the mission and
improve the organization". This essay will analyze two different leaders, William Wallace from
Braveheart and Ahmad ibn Fadlan from The 13th Warrior. After analyzing each leader, this essay
will transition to compare the leadership lessons, concepts, perspectives, and styles I observed. Then
this essay will suggest how Army leaders can employ the aforementioned perceptions to motivate
others to accomplish missions and improve their organizations. Additionally, this essay will
recommend specific groups within the Army enterprise that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, Robert Bruce XVI, XVII, and Scottish Nobles want to settle the war diplomatically for
personnel benefits and later betray Wallace. This betrayal leads to Wallace's capture where he is
tortured and publically executed. Prior to his execution, Wallace departs the world with one last
word "FREEDOM" ! This word single word coupled with Wallace's inspiration and passion reunites
the Scottish Nobles, Robert Bruce XVII, and the Scottish clans to take up arms as a united front
against the English to, later, gain their independence in 1314.
Why Braveheart?
Braveheart and the character William Wallace explain how courage, passion, and inspiration can
motivate people to unite against a common threat even when the odds of success are low.
Additionally, the story of William Wallace illustrates how leadership traits can have a long lasting
effect. William Wallace stays true to his beliefs with such dedication that even under the pressure of
torture; he is capable of motivating his fellow Scotsmen to fight for freedom after his death. This is
true leadership! Anyone that can inspire a following after death has reached the highest tier of
leadership. This is the epitome of a leader. Now this essay will transition to the background of a
different type of leader, Ahmad ibn Fadlan from the motion picture, The 13th Warrior.
The 13th Warrior's Ahmad ibn Fadlan
The

The Industrial Revolution Essay
The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power–
driven machinery to manufacturing. It had its beginning in remote times, and is still continuing in
some places. In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in
England the process was most highly accelerated. England's head start may be attributed to the
emergence of a number of simultaneous factors. Britain had burned up her magnificent oak forests
in its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another feature of the new farming was the cultivation of turnips and potatoes. Jethro Tull (1674–
1741) and Lord Townshend popularized the importance of root crops. Tull's most original
contributions were the seed drill and horse hoe. The seed drill allowed a much greater proportion of
the seed to germinate by planting it below the surface of the ground out of reach of the birds and
wind. ''Turnip'' Townshend was famous for his cultivation of turnips and clover on his estate of
Raynham in Norfolk. He introduced the four–course rotation of crops: wheat, turnips, oats or barley,
clover Robert Bakewell (1725–1795) pioneered in the field of systematic stock breeding. Prior to
this, sheep had been valued for wool and cattle for strength; Bakewell showed how to breed for food
quality. Bakewell selected his animals, inbred them, kept elaborate genealogical records, and
maintained his stock carefully. He was especially successful with sheep, and before the century's end
his principle of inbreeding was well established. Under Bakewell's influence, Coke of Holkham in
Norfolk not only improved his own farms, but every year held ''sheep shearings'' to which farmers
from all over Europe came for instruction and the exchange of knowledge. Propaganda for the new
agriculture was largely the work of Arthur Young. In 1793 the Board of Agriculture was

Ruler Edward Longshank Chapter 1 Summary
In 1280, Ruler Edward "Longshanks" attacks and overcomes Scotland following the demise of
Alexander III of Scotland, who left no beneficiary to the position of royalty. Youthful William
Wallace witnesses Longshanks' unfairness, survives the passings of his dad and sibling, and is taken
abroad on a journey all through Europe by his fatherly Uncle Argyle, where he is instructed. A long
time later, Longshanks stipends his aristocrats land and benefits in Scotland, including Prima Nocte.
In the interim, a developed Wallace comes back to Scotland and begins to look all starry eyed at his
youth companion Murron MacClannough, and the two wed in mystery. Wallace salvages Murron
from being assaulted by English warriors, yet as she wards off their second ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cautioned of the coming intrusion by Isabella, Wallace begs the Scottish honorability to make quick
move to counter the risk and reclaim the nation. Driving the English armed force himself,
Longshanks faces the Scots at Falkirk where aristocrats Lochlan and Mornay, having been
renumerated by Longshanks, sell out Wallace, making the Scots lose the fight. As Wallace hurries
for the withdrawing Longshanks on horseback, he is blocked by one of the ruler's lancers, who ends
up being Robert the Bruce, however loaded with regret, Bruce gets Wallace to wellbeing before the
English can catch him. Wallace slaughters Lochlan and Mornay for their disloyalty, and wages a
guerrilla war against the English for the following seven years, helped by Isabella, with whom he
inevitably takes part in an extramarital entanglements. Robert sets up a meeting with Wallace in
Edinburgh, yet Robert's dad has planned with different nobles to catch and hand over Wallace to the
English. Learning of his injustice, Robert repudiates his dad. Isabella claims vindicate on the now
critically ill Longshanks by revealing to him that his bloodline will be crushed upon his demise as
she is currently pregnant with Wallace's

The War between Scotland and England in the Reign of...
Why did War break out between Scotland and England in the Reign of Edward I?
On the 14th of May 1264, the forces of Simon de Montfort, Gloucester and the Londoners were set
arrayed against the loyalist forces of King Henry III, Richard of Cornwall and Prince Edward (later
to become King Edward I). The loyalists suffered a massive defeat at this Battle of Lewes and
among those captured, aside from Richard of Cornwall and perhaps the King (Prestwich indicates
the unsure nature of the King's capture 46), were the northern barons (Scottish lords) of Balliol,
Bruce and Comyn. (Jenks 132) Prince Edward also became a hostage as part of an exchange after
the battle. These same men who fought together and were held captive by the de Montforts ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of these four advisors was John Balliol, father of the future King of Scotland. (Prestwich 26) It
is quite clear that, "[families] notable in Scottish history were also notable in England... The
Bruces... were a Yorkshire family, and the Robert Bruce who was Balliol's rival for the Scottish
crown in 1292 had served Henry III for twenty years and ended... as chief justice of the English
court of king's bench." (Miller 4) Given that such relationships so closely tied the English and the
Scottish leaderships war was far from anyone's agenda. However, during this time it was not
uncommon even for close relationships to digress towards war. Family lines were built with
strategic marriages to link families together, but they could just as easily lead to arguments and even
war, specifically resulting from such strategic partnerships (or lack there of).
Alexander II King of Scotland had been married to Joan, younger sister to Henry III, but later
married Mary of Coucy (daughter of a great French house) after Joan's death. This new marriage
offended Henry III, not least of all because he was trying to recover French land (Poitou) and gain
respect in continental Europe. (Powicke 586–7) To prevent war a new treaty was made giving the
King of Scots more power, but at the same time asking him not to enter into any alliances hostile to
England. This treaty was cemented by the marriage of Alexander (son of Mary and King Alexander
II, who died before the

Did Feudalism Outweigh The Disadvantages?
Did the Advantages of Feudalism outweigh the disadvantages?
In order to attempt to answer a question such as this we must briefly describe the Feudal system then
look at the advantages of having feudalism as a system and also the disadvantages and then secondly
look at the alternatives if there was no such system in place.
Let us first look at the Feudal system itself. The Feudal system was introduced to England and
spread throughout Britain by William the Conqueror after 1066 and the Battle of Hastings.
Normandy and indeed most of France already had a form of Feudalism in place and King William
required a hierarchical system of security which guaranteed him loyalty, particularly in the form of
an army. Feudalism was the key. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having been given land by the king, the barons had to raise a number of knights who would serve
him, for example by taking a number of knights into his household and feeding and providing for
them, on the chance that they would be needed, but this was a costly way to secure their service.
Given this, most barons would grant smaller fiefs to their vassal knights. On these fiefs, the knights
could grow crops or support their families. In exchange the knights promised to be part of their
baron's military contribution to the king and part of the baron's escort if he travelled. The knight's
vassal was the peasant, the poorest social class of medieval society. For labouring on the knight's
land, the peasant would be granted a small portion to work for himself. It was in this relationship to
land that the positive and negative aspects for each of these groups in feudal society can be most
clearly seen.
Those closer to the top of the feudal system had most advantages. For the king, there was the
obvious advantage that he had an army ready to serve him the moment he required them, as well as
a group of powerful men who supported him. Perhaps it was the barons, though, who gained most
from the feudal system. They were given land, and frequently other gifts to encourage them to
support the king. In return they had few arduous duties to perform. The knights were well off under
the system as well, as they were given land, and occasionally food. The peasants also

Why Did Edward I Achieve The Hardship Of Scotland
There are many things that all occurred that had allowed for Edward I of England to achieve the
overlordship of Scotland. From the controlling of Wales and Ireland, he eventually gained control of
Man. The fact that the Church of Scotland was not completely recognised by the papacy meant that
the kings of Scotland were not real kings in the eyes of Edward I. The surprise death of Alexander
III, quickly followed by the death of the Maid of Norway led to a succession crisis and the potential
for a civil war for the right to rule in Scotland. The guardians appointed after the death of Alexander
III apparently all worked together for the future of Scotland and this possibly had an impact on
Edward I agreeing to the terms in the treaty of Birgham ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet Morris claims that the idea of a subservient Scotland dates back to before the times of the
Romans . Whatever one is more accurate, the essence of both draw attention to the English frame of
mind that Scotland should be under the control of England and that the ruler of Scotland should pay
fealty to his English counterpart. Throughout the middle ages English rulers had been attempting to
assert their authority over their Scottish counterparts. The inauguration of Alexander III reveals
another cause of conflict on the issue of overlordship. Whilst there were items such as a sword, a
sceptre and a crown used in the inauguration, this was not quite a coronation. For he was not
anointed nor was his crown blessed by any of the churchmen present. The Scots had been in contact
with the papacy in an attempt to make this ceremony sacred, but they had been rejected thanks to
intervention by the English. For that reason Edward would have seen the Scottish kings as inferior
and not as kingly as the English king. Since the English rulers viewed Scotland as inferior and that
their rulers should pay homage to their English counterparts, England should already hold dominion
over

How Did John Alexander Dowie Contribute To Religion
John Alexander Dowie was born in Scotland in May of 1847. His father John Murray Dowie, was a
tailor and part time preacher. The family immigrated to Australia in 1860 his family immigrated to
Australia, and settled in Adelaide. At age 21 John Alexander Dowie travelled to the University of
Edinburgh to study where he discovered the teachings of Edward Irving (1792–1834). Irving
disagreed with the cessationist theology and believed the Gifts of the Holy Spirit were available
today. After graduation young Dowie returned to Australia and became the pastor of a
Congregational church in a small town about 50 miles from Adelaide. In 1876 he became the
minister for Newtown Congregational church in Sydney. Several members of his church became ill
and died because of an outbreak of disease that impacted the city. After God spoke to him about how
the sickness was from the devil and it could be resisted, Dowie started to pray for his congregation
and there were no more deaths. He was so impacted by this revelation that he left the pastorate and
became a full–time, healing evangelist. He relocated to Melbourne and planted a church. He also
published a magazine about healing, Jehovah Rophi. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the Chicago's World Fair, he had healing meetings outside the fairgrounds. The meetings
were elaborate, and people were able to see crutches, braces and other medical devices hanging on
the front wall. He set up his headquarters in Chicago where he preached to thousands every Sunday.
People travelled from all over the world so he purchased a building where they could stay. He
promoted the divine healing message through founded a publishing journal, Leaves of Healing. The
congregation fed the poor, was highly evangelistic and impacted a city that was known for

History HL Paper 3 Europe
M08/3/HISTX/HP3/ENG/TZ0/EU/M+ MARKSCHEME May 2008 HISTORY – EUROPE Higher
Level Paper 3 21 pages –2– M08/3/HISTX/HP3/ENG/TZ0/EU/M+ This markscheme is
confidential and for the exclusive use of examiners in this examination session. It is the property of
the International Baccalaureate and must not be reproduced or distributed to any other person
without the authorization of IB Cardiff. –3– 1. M08/3/HISTX/HP3/ENG/TZ0/EU/M+ To what
extent was the French monarchy both the main cause and the main victim of the 1789 French
Revolution? This question is about the French monarchy as an institution, not only Louis XVI, thus
the first part of the question needs an analysis of the nature of the monarchy, as head of an outdated
feudal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meetings were held between 1815 and 1825 at Aix–la–Chapelle, Vienna, Troppau, Verona and St
Petersburg. The main aims were to settle disputes by diplomacy and to maintain peace. The main
problems they addressed were France, revolutionary movements, unrest in Italy and Spain, the
Spanish colonies and Greek revolts. Divergence occurred over whether to intervene militarily to put
down revolutionary movements and/or revolts against governments they considered legitimate, and
whether this constituted interfering in the internal affairs of other countries. The treatment of France
did not cause disagreements, but divisions between the powers and opposition, especially by Britain,
to the use of force to support reactionary rule led to the breakdown of the Congress System.
Candidates could decide whether the Congress System was therefore a genuine attempt at unified
policy, and whether its failure to be expected because of the diverse interests and nature of the Great
Powers. Some may comment that it was perhaps a forerunner of the later European Union, and
although there were revolutions there was no major war. [0 to 7 marks] for inadequate or irrelevant
material. [8 to 10 marks] for narrative of the Congress System with implicit focus. [11 to 13 marks]
for explicit focus. [14 to 16 marks] for analysis, structure and focus. [17+ marks] for clear analysis
of both parts of the quotation. –6– 4. M08/3/HISTX/HP3/ENG/TZ0/EU/M+ Analyse the main
reasons why

Separation Of Scotland Essay
Introduction
The independence of Scotland, a current affair and highly interesting topic. In this paper I will not
be discussing the current political arrangements between Scotland and England nor will I be
discussing what can be expected of the true separation of Scotland from the U.K. in the future. In
this paper I will research what led up to the citizens of Scotland to feel so culturally different from
the rest of the U.K. Why they do not want to be a completely united country anymore. I will look at
the different aspects that define a country and its citizens. Look into the political system, language,
border lines, history and traditions from both Scotland and England. After looking into this matter I
will decide whether I would vote for or against the independence of Scotland and why.
History of Scotland
First of all I want to look into the history of Scotland, after all a history is what defines a country, it's
what citizens can be proud of, what they can preach about to other nations. The first written records
of Scottish history originated when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the kingdoms of Scotland where overthrown by the well known and feared Vikings. They
raided entire villages and slaughtered the inhabitants without mercy. This was the trigger for the
Picts and Scoti to join forces and get rid of a common enemy. In the 9th century they succeeded and
the Kingdom of Scotland was founded. This did not mean the battle for power in Scotland was over,
by the 13th century, Alexander II and his son Alexander III wanted to gain possession of the former
Norwegian territories in west–Scotland. In response to this claim, the Norwegian king, Hakon, sent
a massive fleet to Scotland to defend his lands. In September 1263, the battle was held in

Royal Stuart Family Influence On Macbeth
William Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Macbeth was heavily influenced through its setting,
characters, and subject matter by the Royal Stuart Family, which became the first dynasty to rule
both Scotland and England. Many of the names used in this play are actually referencing real
members of the Stuart family who ruled at one point and time. The name "Macbeth" is actually
borrowed from a former king in the Stuart Family named Macbeth, who took over the throne after
coincidently killing his cousin, that happened to be the King, and also happened to be named
Duncan. Shakespeare may have taken the names from history, but what transpired in the play
between the characters of Macbeth and Duncan, along with many others, is not historically correct.
Kenneth the II killed the previous King, King ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was called Donald Bane, of Donald the Fair. He was in exile at the time of his brother's death
and returned to take the throne. Donald jointly ruled with his nephew Edmund. However, both were
kicked off the throne by yet another son of Malcom, Edgar, who Donald's eyes gouged out and sent
him to prison for the rest of his days. Alexander the I was the fourth son of Malcom III. He rose to
power after his brother Edgar die. Alexander married Sybilla, the illegitimate daughter of Henry I of
England. Alexander helped Henry with his campaigns in Wales, from which he earned the name
"The Fierce".
Alexander introduced major English style reforms into the church and civil government. He
introduced the offices of chancellor and sheriffs. Also, the earliest known Scottish coins are dated
from his reign. Malcom's youngest son David took the throne in April of 1124. He's often known as
David the "saint". He continued his brothers English reforms by establishing monasteries. However,
later in his life, he supported a succession in England and even helped with an invasion and became
king of an Independent

Leadership and Motivation Essay
"Leadership is a process where one person influences a group of others to achieve group or
organizational goals– Leadership is thus about motivation."
Table of Contents
Topic Page Number
1 Executive Summary 3
2 Leadership 3
2.1 Leadership Definition 4
3 The Four Main Phases of Leadership Theory 4
4 Motivation 7
4.1 Motivation Models and Theories 7
5 Motivation and Leadership Styles 8
6 Case Study– Royal Bank of Scotland Group: Motivation and Leadership 10
7 Conclusion 11 References 14 1. Executive Summary
This paper is about leadership and motivation. One of the main issues is whether a leader can
effectively lead individuals (be they employees or not) without motivating them in way or another.
Leadership is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Behavioral Here the focus has shifted from the leader to leadership. Two primary dimensions of
behavior: task–orientation and follower–orientation. Thus, two types: authoritarian and democratic
with differences reside in the focus of power. Productivity is expected to be higher in the democratic
dimension.
The theory suggests that effective leaders behave differently than less–effective leaders.
There is job–centered behavior or initiating–structure behavior as opposed to employee–centered
behavior or consideration behavior. Both styles are at ends of a single quantum.
The behavior is an interaction of style and expectations. Example: An army officer shows behavior
of high levels of conformity and appreciation and respect to the roles and expectations. In contrast to
an employee in a research and development unit or a creative studio who strive on creativity and
breaking the mould– thinking "out of the box".
Contingency Such theories are continuation of the situational approach to leadership. In these
theories the factor of situation and behavioral aspects are taken into consideration. The leader's
appropriate behavior changes with situation. The favorableness of the situation depends on the
leader's interpretation and point of view.
It takes more specific account of

Essay on Alexander The Great
Alexander the Great is said to be one of the greatest conquerors of all time, and yet, his significance
in battle showed up late in his life. His early years were spent in poverty, and as the years
progressed, his dream of being a war hero grew dimmer and dimmer.Ironically, while he was later
known as a war hero, he was still feared by all because of his reputation as a drinker and murderer.
But first, his background. He was born in 356 BC. His parents were Philip, the brother of King
Perdiccas III of Macedon, in Northern Greece. His mother was Olympias, daughter of King
Neoptolemus I of Epirus, in modern Albania. He also had a younger sister, Cleopatra (not the
famous Egyptian queen).However, this family was not as ordinary as one might ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
On one occasion, Philip was attacked and hurt by rioters and he fell and played dead on the ground.
Alexander shielded the attackers away and his father lived, but he never acknowledged the fact that
Alexander saved his life. Alexander deeply resented him for this. Alexander was known for his
many temper tantrums. One memorable one was during a dinner party celebrating his final marriage.
His uncle gave a toast saying that he hoped that they would have a child to take over throne.
Alexander replied,'; so am I just a bastard?'; and he threw his goblet at his uncle. This started such a
great brawl between the two that Philip stood up and drew his sword at Alexander, but fell over
drunk before he got even close to him. To this Alexander yelled, ';Look, men,he&#8217;s about
to cross from Europe to Asia, and he falls crossing from chair to chair.'; This incident forced
Alexander and his mother to leave Macedon, but, several years later, they reconciled with him and
moved back. However, soon after their return, Philip was stabbed by the Captain of his bodyguards
while he was entering the theater that his nephews wedding was being held in. The assassin fled
across a vineyard. He might have escaped, but a vine caught his foot and he tripped. He was killed
by some other bodyguards instantly. Philip&#8217;s death in 336 BC lead Alexander to
succeed him and become King Alexander III. By this time, he was twenty

Macbeth
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Macbeth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about Shakespeare 's play. For other uses, see Macbeth (disambiguation).
A poster for a c. 1884 American production ofMacbeth, starring Thomas W. Keene. Depicted,
counter clockwise from top–left, are: Macbeth and Banquo meet the witches; just after the murder
ofDuncan; Banquo 's ghost; Macbeth duels Macduff; and Macbeth.
Macbeth is a play written by William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most
powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland, the play dramatizes the corrosive psychological and political
effects produced when evil is chosen as a way to fulfil the ambition for power.
The play is believed to have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the following scene, a wounded sergeant reports to King Duncan of Scotland that his generals–
Macbeth, who is the Thane of Glamis, and Banquo–have just defeated the allied forces of Norway
and Ireland, who were led by the traitorous Macdonwald and the Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth, the
King 's kinsman, is praised for his bravery and fighting prowess.
In the following scene, Macbeth and Banquo discuss the weather and their victory. As they wander
onto a heath, the Three Witches enter and greet them with prophecies. Though Banquo

William Wallace Essay
William Wallace (c1270–1305)
William Wallace has come to be known as one of Scotland's many heroes and the undeniable leader
of the Scottish resistance forces dying for their freedom from English Rule at the end of the 13th
century.
Most accounts of Wallace have been passed down through the generations by word of mouth,
making Wallace somewhat of a Scottish folk hero. Most accounts are merely tentative, and in part
due to his success in instilling fear into the hearts of English writers and storytellers of the time, that
they demonized him, his achievements, and his motives.
Wallace was born in around 1270 and is assumed near Ellerslie(which is now Elderslie), In Ayrshire
, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In that year Alexander III died after riding off a cliff during a wild storm. None of Alexander III's
children survived him. After Alexander III's death, his young granddaughter Margaret. The 'maid of
Norway' was declared queen of Scotland by the Scottish lords, but was still only a young girl of four
years old and not nearly old enough or wise enough to rule a country on her own. An interim
Scottish government run by guardians was set up to govern until Margaret was old enough to reign.
Margaret fell ill and died unexpectedly in 1290 at merely the age of 8 on her way from Norway to
England. Thirteen claimants to the Scottish throne came forward, Most of whom were the Scottish
nobility.
Scotland was Essentially occupied by the English at this time, and was beset by its own internal
conflicts. The various aristocratic Scottish guards of the throne plotted against one another.

Macbeth Act 1 Scene 1 Summary
Setting:
Macbeth takes place in Scotland. The Scotland was home to Roman soldiers, Vikings, powerful
monarchs, and noble clansman. Scotland is a land of rich history and culture. Macbeth takes place in
the 11th century.
11th Century:
When the 11th century began, Scotland was washed over with the fear of the world ending. In 1005
Macbeth is born. Also in 1005 Malcolm II takes over the crown after murdering Kenneth III. In
1020 Macbeth's father is murdered by Malcolm (not the king), and Macbeth plans on seeking
revenge. In 1029 Malcolm dies and his position of High Steward of Moray is given to Gillacomgain.
In 1032 Macbeth seeks his revenge and kills Gillacomgain and fifty others with the help of his
allies. In 1034 Malcolm II is killed in Glamis. Duncan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1046 Margaret becomes the first female Scottish saint. Macbeth goes on a pilgrimage to Rome in
1050. When he returns, he finds that his kingdom stayed intact. In 1054, Scotland is invaded by Earl
Siward of Northumberland. Most of Macbeth's army is killed, but Macbeth manages to escape and
continues to rule Scotland. Macbeth is killed in a battle in Lumphanen by Duncan's son Malcolm III
in 1057. His throne is taken by his stepson Lulach. In 1058 Lulach was killed by Malcolm III in
Strathbogie. Malcolm III then takes the throne. In 1070 Malcolm III marries Margaret in
Dunfermline. Margaret forms a monastery in Dunfermline by inviting monks from Canterbury in the
year of 1071. In 1072 Scotland is invaded by William the Conqueror. Malcolm III invades Northern
England in 1079. In 1080 England invades Scotland; they build their new castle in Tyne. In 1087
William the Conqueror dies and his son William Rufus is given the crown. In 1091 Malcolm III
invades England again and a castle is built in Carlisle to keep him out. In 1093 Malcolm III invades
England again but this time he dies. His son also dies in battle and his wife, Margaret, dies of grief
four days later. Donald Bane takes the crown. In 1094

Scotland In The 13Th Century

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