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Genome editing • Genome editing or gene editing or gene engineering is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted or modified or replaced in the genome of living organism • Unlike early genetic engineering techniques that randomly inserts genetic materials into a host genome, genome editing targets the insertions to site specific locations
Genome editing
DNA Technology Regulation Bill, 2019 • Purpose: – It allows law enforcement agencies to collect DNA samples, create DNA profiles and special databanks for forensic-criminal investigations. It states that all DNA data, including DNA samples, DNA profiles and records, will be only used for identification of the person and not for any other purpose. • DNA profiling board: – It creates DNA Profiling Board (DPB) that will be final authority that will authorise creation of State-level DNA databanks, approve the methods of collection and analysis of DNA- technologies. It makes accreditation and regulation mandatory for DNA laboratories.
DNA REGULATION BILL 2019 • DNA banks: – It allows the government to set up DNA data banks across India to store profiles. These banks will maintain a national database for identification of victims, accused, suspects, undertrials, missing persons and unidentified human remains. • Penalty: – It also empowers the government to impose jail term of up to 3 years and fine of up to Rs. 1 lakh on those who leak information stored in such facilities. It prescribes similar punishment for those who seek information on DNA profiles illegally.
THird generation BIO FUEL
BIO FUELS • Classification of Biofuels: • 1st generation biofuels are also called conventional biofuels. They are made from things like sugar, starch, or vegetable oil. Note that these are all food products. Any biofuel made from a feedstock that can also be consumed as a human food is considered a first-generation biofuel. • 2nd generation biofuels are produced from sustainable feedstock. The sustainability of a feedstock is defined by its availability, its impact on greenhouse gas emissions, its impact on land use, and by its potential to threaten the food supply. No second generation biofuel is also a food crop, though certain food products can become second generation fuels when they are no longer useful for consumption. Second generation biofuels are often called “advanced biofuels.” • 3rd generation biofuels are biofuel derived from algae. These biofuels are given their own separate class because of their unique production mechanism and their potential to mitigate most of the drawbacks of 1st and 2nd generation biofuels. • 4th generation biofuels In the production of these fuels, crops that are genetically engineered to take in high amounts of carbon are grown and harvested as biomass. The crops are then converted into fuel using second generation techniques.
Ethanol blending programme in India • Currently, 5 percent of ethanol is blended with petrol in India.The government of India has advanced the target for 20 per cent ethanol blending in petrol (also called E20) to 2025 from 2030. E20 will be rolled out from April 2023.The central government has also released an expert committee report on the Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025.The roadmap proposes a gradual rollout of ethanol-blended fuel to achieve E10 fuel supply by April 2022 and phased rollout of E20 from April 2023 to April 2025.
XENO TRANSPLANTATIONS
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural depositions, manufacture and application of robots. Today Robotics is the rapidly growing field and it is continue in research, design, and build new robots that serve various practical purposes Laws of Robotics Applications of Robotics Components of Robots Robotic process automation (RPA) Application of Robotics for Old Age Robotics in Agriculture Challenges in Robotics Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Artificial Intelligence in Pandemics Robotics in Pandemics 4th Industrial revolution and Robotics
SPACE TECHNOLOGY • Milestones in India’s Space Programme • What is an Orbit? • Lagrange points • Satellite • List of Earth Observation Satellites • Satellite Launching Vehicles • Recent launches • NAVIC • NISAR • GAGANYAN • Project NETRA • BHUVAN 3.0 • MASS ORBITER MISSION • Mission Shakti • Seven mega missions by ISRO
ORBITS
ORBITS • Geostationary orbit (GEO) • Low Earth orbit (LEO) • Medium Earth orbit (MEO) • Polar orbit and Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) • Transfer orbits and geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) • Lagrange points (L-points)
LOW EARTH ORBITS • LEO’s close proximity to Earth makes it useful for several reasons. It is the orbit most commonly used for satellite imaging, as being near the surface allows it to take images of higher resolution. It is also the orbit used for the International Space Station (ISS), as it is easier for astronauts to travel to and from it at a shorter distance. Satellites in this orbit travel at a speed of around 7.8 km per second; at this speed, a satellite takes approximately 90 minutes to circle Earth, meaning the ISS travels around Earth about 16 times a day.
Polar orbit and Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) • Satellites in polar orbits usually travel past Earth from north to south rather than from west to east, passing roughly over Earth’s poles. • Satellites in a polar orbit do not have to pass the North and South Pole precisely; even a deviation within 20 to 30 degrees is still classed as a polar orbit. Polar orbits are a type of low Earth orbit, as they are at low altitudes between 200 to 1000 km. • Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) is a particular kind of polar orbit. Satellites in SSO, travelling over the polar regions, are synchronous with the Sun. This means they are synchronized to always be in the same ‘fixed’ position relative to the Sun. This means that the satellite always visits the same spot at the same local time – for example, passing the city of Paris every day at noon exactly. • how weather patterns emerge, to help predict weather or storms; when monitoring emergencies like forest fires or flooding;
GTO & GEO • Satellites in geostationary orbit (GEO) circle Earth above the equator from west to east following Earth’s rotation – taking 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds – by travelling at exactly the same rate as Earth. This makes satellites in GEO appear to be ‘stationary’ over a fixed position. In order to perfectly match Earth’s rotation, the speed of GEO satellites should be about 3 km per second at an altitude of 35 786 km. This is much farther from Earth’s surface compared to many satellites.
LAGRANGE POINTS • Lagrange points, or L-points, allow for orbits that are much, much farther away (over a million kilometres) and do not orbit Earth directly. These are specific points far out in space where the gravitational fields of Earth and the Sun combine in such a way that spacecraft that orbit them remain stable and can thus be ‘anchored’ relative to Earth. If a spacecraft was launched to other points in space very distant from Earth, they would naturally fall into an orbit around the Sun, and those spacecraft would soon end up far from Earth, making communication difficult. Instead, spacecraft launched to these special L-points stay fixed, and remain close to Earth with minimal effort without going into a different orbit. • The most used L-points are L1 and L2. These are both four times farther away from Earth than the Moon – 1.5 million km, compared to GEO’s 36 000 km – but that is still only approximately 1% of the distance of Earth from the Sun.
• Types of Satellites • 1.Astronomical: Deployed for observation of distant planets, stars, galaxies, and objects in-universe. It is a space Telescope hanging in space to photograph objects in space. • 2.Biosatellite : Places animals or plants in space to conduct research on the effects of space on these living objects. • 3.Communication:These satellites support telecommunication. Telecasting, Phone calls, Internet connectivity, Radio, and much remote connectivity are typical applications. • 4.Earth Observation: Deployed to study environment, monitor climatic changes and mapping the earth for non-military purposes. • 5.Navigation: Facilitates to trace the exact location of any objects on the Earth. This leads to the development of new applications, technology, and business cases. • 6.Killer (Military) : Deployed to attack enemy satellites and space objects during the war period. • 7.Space Stations : Designed for human beings to live and conduct research on objects on planets, stars, and galaxies. • 8.Reconnaissance: Deployed for spying, surveying and scouting enemy territory during the war period. • 9.Crewed Spacecraft: These satellites ferry astronauts to space and bring them back to earth. It has good grounding facilities and helps astronauts in accessing space stations. • 10.Recovery: Recovery satellites are mainly used to recover bio, reconnaissance and other satellites back to earth. • 11.Solar Power:Space-based satellites gather energy from the Sun and transmit it to earth for consumption. • 12.Miniaturized: Smaller sized and lower weight satellites are launched at an economical cost used for the limited purpose of scientific data gathering and radio relay. • 13.Tether:Tether satellites are connected to another satellite by the tether. It is used as a secondary payload to another main satellite mainly used in students and mini-projects.
NAVIC • Terrestrial, Aerial and Marine Navigation. • Disaster Management. • Vehicle tracking and fleet management. • Integration with mobile phones. • Precise Timing. • Mapping and Geodetic data capture. • Terrestrial navigation aid for hikers and travellers. • Visual and voice navigation for drivers
NAVIC • Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) is an independent regional navigation satellite system designed to provide position information in the Indian region and 1500 km around the Indian mainland. • IRNSS would provide two types of services, namely Standard Positioning Services available to all users and Restricted Services provided to authorised users.
NISAR • NISAR is a joint Earth- observing mission between NASA and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). NASA and ISRO are providing two radars that are optimized each in their own way to allow the mission to observe a wider range of changes than either one alone. NISAR will detect movements of the planet’s surface as small as 0.4 inches over areas about half the size of a tennis court.
NISAR • It’s an SUV-sized satellite that is being jointly developed by the space agencies of the US and India. • The partnership agreement was signed between NASA and ISRO in September 2014, according to which NASA will provide one of the radars for the satellite, a high-rate communication subsystem for science data, GPS receivers and a payload data subsystem. • ISRO, on the other hand, will provide the spacecraft bus, the second type of radar (called the S-band radar), the launch vehicle and associated launch services. • The satellite will be launched in 2022 from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, into a near-polar orbit and will scan the globe every 12 days over the course of its three-year mission of imaging the Earth’s land, ice sheets and sea ice to give an “unprecedented” view of the planet.
BHUVAN 3.0 • Using Bhuvan satellite imagery, a hi-resolution database at 1:10,000 scale is applied to identify land use, land cover, settlements, road and rail network etc. The portal offers database visualization, data analytics, generation of automatic reports, model-based products and services for Gram Panchayat members and other stake-holders.
Project NETRA • What is Project NETRA (Network for space object Tracking and Analysis)? • Under the project, the ISRO plans to put up many observational facilities: connected radars, telescopes; data processing units and a control centre. • They can, among others, spot, track and catalogue objects as small as 10 cm, up to a range of 3,400 km and equal to a space orbit of around 2,000 km. • The project will give India its own capability in space situational awareness (SSA) like the other space powers — which is used to ‘predict’ threats from debris to Indian satellites. • NETRA’s eventual goal is to capture the GEO, or geostationary orbit, scene at 36,000 km where communication satellites operate.
Project NETRA
Mission SHAKTHI • Mission Shakti is a joint programme of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). • As part of the mission, an anti- satellite (A-SAT) weapon was launched and targeted an Indian satellite which had been decommissioned. Mission Shakti was carried out from DRDO’s testing range in Odisha’s Balasore. • India is only the 4th country to acquire such a specialised and modern capability, and Entire effort is indigenous. Till now, only the US, Russia and China had the capability to hit a live target in space.
Seven mega missions by ISRO • Chandrayaan-2, XPoSat (to study cosmic radiation in 2020) and Aditya-L1(to the Sun in 2021). • Undefined Missions – which include missions which are still in planning stage namely Mangalyaan-2 (or Mars Orbiter Mission-2 in 2022), Lunar Polar Exploration (or Chandrayaan-3 in 2024), Venus mission (in 2023), Exoworlds (exploration outside the solar system in 2028). • About Xposat: • The X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (or Xposat), is ISRO’s dedicated mission to study polarization. It will launch in 2020. • It will be a five-year mission and will study cosmic radiation. • It will be carrying a payload named ‘polarimeter instrument in X-rays’ (POLIX) made by Raman Research Institute. POLIX will study the degree and angle of polarisation of bright X-ray sources in the energy range 5-30 keV. • The spacecraft will be placed in a circular 500-700km orbit.
Seven mega missions by ISRO • About Aditya- L1 mission: • What is it? It is India’s first solar mission. • Objectives: It will study the sun’s outermost layers, the corona and the chromospheres and collect data about coronal mass ejection, which will also yield information for space weather prediction. • Significance of the mission: The data from Aditya mission will be immensely helpful in discriminating between different models for the origin of solar storms and also for constraining how the storms evolve and what path they take through the interplanetary space from the Sun to the Earth.
NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY • Nuclear Energy in India • Components of a nuclear power plant • Types of Reactors • India three stage nuclear programme • Evolution of India’s nuclear policy • IAEA • Civil Nuclear Liability Act • Applications • NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) • Nuclear Suppliers Group
NUCLEAR ENERGY • Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity.As of 2016, India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in 8 nuclear power plants, having an installed capacity of 6780 MW.
COMPONENETS OF NUCLEAR PLANT
PARTS OF NUCLEAR PLANT • Fuel • Uranium is the basic fuel. Usually pellets of uranium oxide (UO2) are arranged in tubes to form fuel rods. The rods are arranged into fuel assemblies in the reactor core.* In a 1000 MWe class PWR there might be 51,000 fuel rods with over 18 million pellets. • Moderator • Material in the core which slows down the neutrons released from fission so that they cause more fission. It is usually water, but may be heavy water or graphite. • Control rods or blades • These are made with neutron-absorbing material such as cadmium, hafnium or boron, and are inserted or withdrawn from the core to control the rate of reaction, or to halt it.
• Coolant • A fluid circulating through the core so as to transfer the heat from it. In light water reactors the water moderator functions also as primary coolant • Pressure vessel or pressure tubes • Usually a robust steel vessel containing the reactor core and moderator/coolant, but it may be a series of tubes holding the fuel and conveying the coolant through the surrounding moderator. • Steam generator • Part of the cooling system of pressurised water reactors (PWR & PHWR) where the high-pressure primary coolant bringing heat from the reactor is used to make steam for the turbine, in a secondary circuit.
TYPES OF REACTORS • Light water reactors • Pressurized water reactors • CANDU ( pressurized Heavy water reactors) • Sodium coolant fast reactors • Fast reactors
Light water reactors • In India 4 light water reactors are there • Koodangulam, T.N. • Light-water reactors (LWRs) are power reactors that are cooled and moderated with ordinary water. There are two basic types: the pressurized-water reactor (PWR) and the boiling- water reactor (BWR).
PHWR - india • The baseline 220 MWe design was developed from the CANDU based RAPS-1 and RAPS-2 reactors built at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. The design was later expanded into 540 MW and 700 MW designs. Currently there are 17 units of various types operational at various locations in India.
Fast breedor – liquid sodium • These reactors are cooled by liquid sodium metal. Sodium is heavier than hydrogen, a fact that leads to the neutrons moving around at higher speeds (hence fast). These can use metal or oxide fuel, and burn a wide variety of fuels. • Pros: • Can breed its own fuel, effectively eliminating any concerns about uranium shortages (see what is a fast reactor?) • Can burn its own waste • Metallic fuel and excellent thermal properties of sodium allow for passively safe operation — the reactor will shut itself down safely without any backup-systems working (or people around), only relying on physics.
IAEA - Vienna - austria • Set up as the world’s “Atoms for Peace” organization in 1957 within the United Nations family. • Reports to both the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council. Headquarters in Vienna, Austria. • Works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote the safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies. • Seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. • Board of Governors:22 member states (must represent a stipulated geographic diversity) — elected by the General Conference (11 members every year) – 2 year term. • At least 10 member states — nominated by the outgoing Board.Board members each receive one vote.
Civil Nuclear Liability Act 2010 • The Bill fixes no-fault liability on operators and gives them a right of recourse against certain persons. It caps the liability of the operator at Rs 500 crore. For damage exceeding this amount, and up to 300 million SDR, the central government will be liable. • All operators (except the central government) need to take insurance or provide financial security to cover their liability. • For facilities owned by the government, the entire liability up to 300 million SDR will be borne by the government. • The Bill specifies who can claim compensation and the authorities who will assess and award compensation for nuclear damage. • Those not complying with the provisions of the Bill can be penalised.
NON PROLIFERATION TREATY • The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament • Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland – But, the treaty entered into force in 1970. • More countries are parties to the NPT than any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement, a testament to the treaty’s significance • Four UN member states have never accepted the NPT, three of which possess or are thought to possess nuclear weapons: India, Israel, and Pakistan. In addition, South Sudan, founded in 2011, has not joined.
Nuclear Suppliers Group
NSG • Brought in 1974– in response to the Indian nuclear test (smiling Buddha). • It is a Multilateral export control regime. • It is a Group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons. • The NSG first met in November 1975 in London, and is thus popularly referred to as the “London Club”. • It is Not a formal organization, and its guidelines are not binding. Decisions, including on membership, are made by consensus. • Membership: 48 supplier states.
Defence Technology • The defence industry of India is a strategically important sector in India.[1] India has one of the world’s largest military forces with a strength of over 14.4 lakh (1.44 million) active personnel. It has the world’s largest volunteer military of over 51 lakh (5.1 million) personnel.[2] The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial year 2021 is ₹4.78 lakh crore (US$67 billion).It has the third largest annual defence budget behind USA (US$732 b) and China (US$261 b). It is the second largest defence importer behind Saudi Arabia making up 9.2% of global arms import. India has a domestic defence industry of which 80% is government owned. The public sector includes DRDO and its 50 labs, 4 defence shipyards, 5 defence PSUs and 41 ordnance factories. India has a new defence procurement, acquisition and manufacturing policy to reduce imports and enhance domestic manufacturing.[5] • Post-independence, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was formed in 1958 for the military’s research and development under the control of the Ministry of Defence.
Defence technology • The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme • Nuclear Command Authority • Cruise missiles vs Ballistic missiles • India’s Nuclear Triad • Ship Biographies • INS Vikrant • INS Vikramaditya • Anti Ballistic Missile Defence System • NASAMS • S400 • THAAD • Iron Dome • Bilateral and Multilateral Military Exercises • Defence Indigenization • INDIAN AIR FORCE • RAFALE Aircraft
THAAD • The Terminal High Altitude Area Defense, or simply abbreviated as THAAD, is a missile defence system that is designed to intercept and destroy short and medium-range ballistic missiles in their final flight phase. • First proposed in 1987 and then finally deployed in 2008, the THAAD cannot be used as a form of attack against an enemy. • Its role, by use of a powerful radar, is to simply track and destroy missiles before they are launched.
Sl. No. Country Exercise 1 Australia Ex AUSTRA HIND, Ex AUSINDEX, EX PITCH BLACK 2 Bangladesh Ex SAMPRITI, IN-BN CORPAT, IN-BN BILAT, 3 Brazil & South Africa IBSAMAR 4 China Ex HAND IN HAND 5 Egypt Ex CYCLONE 6 France Ex SHAKTI, Ex VARUNA, GARUDA 7 Indonesia Ex GARUDA SHAKTI, IND-INDO CORPAT 8 Israel Ex BLUE FLAG 9 Japan Ex DHARMA GUARDIAN, Ex JIMEX 10 Kazakhstan Ex KAZIND 11 Kyrgyzstan Ex KHANJAR 12 Malaysia Ex HARIMAU SHAKTI, Ex IN-RMN BILAT, HOP EX 13 Maldives Ex EKUVERIN, EX EKATHA 14 Mongolia Ex NOMADIC ELEPHANT 15 Myanmar Ex IMBEX, IMCOR, IN-MN BILAT, TABLE TOP EX 16 Nepal Ex SURYA KIRAN 17 Oman Ex AL NAGAH, NASEEM-AL-BAHR, Ex EASTERN BRIDGE 18 Qatar ZA’IR AL BAHR 19 Russia EX INDRA, EX AVIAINDRA 20 Seychelles Ex LAMITIYE 21 Singapore SIMBEX, JOINT MILITARY TRAINING 22 Sri Lanka Ex MITRA SHAKTI, SLINEX, IN-SLN SF Ex, SAMVEDNA 23 Thailand Ex MAITREE, INDO-THAI CORPAT, Ex SIAM BHARAT 24 UAE DESERT EAGLE 25 UK Ex AJEY WARRIOR, KONKAN, INDRADHANUSH 26 USA Ex YUDHABHAYAS, Ex VAJRA PRAHAR, SPITTING COBRA, SANGAM (IN-USN EOD Ex), RED FLAG, Ex COPE INDIA 27 Uzbekistan Ex DUSTLIK 28 Vietnam VINBAX, IN-VPN BILAT 29 Multilateral BIMSTEC 30 Multilateral AFINDEX 31 Multilateral MEDEX 31 Multilateral SCO – PEACE MISSION
Nanotechnology • Types of Nanotechnology • Examples and Applications of Nanotechnology • Nanotechnology in healthcare • Carbon Nanotubes • Graphene • Issues in Nanotechnology • Government Measures
Nano technology • Nanotechnology is science and engineering at the scale of atoms and molecules. It is the manipulation and use of materials and devices so tiny that nothing can be built any smaller. • How small is small? • Nanomaterials are typically between 0.1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in size – with 1 nm being equivalent to one billionth of a metre (10-9 m).
Types of nano tech • The different types of nanotechnology are classified according to how they proceed (top-down or bottom-up) and the medium in which they work (dry or wet): • Descending (top-down):Mechanisms and structures are miniaturised at the nanometric scale — from one to 100 nanometres in size —. It is the most frequent to date, especially in electronics. • Ascending (bottom-up):You start with a nanometric structure — a molecule, for example — and through a mounting or self-assembly process you create a larger mechanism than the one you started with. • Dry nanotechnolgy :It is used to manufacture structures in coal, silicon, inorganic materials, metals and semiconductors that do not work with humidity. • Wet nanotechnology:It is based on biological systems present in an aqueous environment — including genetic material, membranes, enzymes and other cellular components
Nano tech
• Nanotechnology and nanomaterials can be applied in all kinds of industrial sectors. They are usually found in these areas: • Electronics • Carbon nanotubes are close to replacing silicon as a material for making smaller, faster and more efficient microchips and devices, as well as lighter, more conductive and stronger quantum nanowires. Graphene’s properties make it an ideal candidate for the development of flexible touchscreens. • Energy • A new semiconductor developed by Kyoto University makes it possible to manufacture solar panels that double the amount of sunlight converted into electricity. Nanotechnology also lowers costs, produces stronger and lighter wind turbines, improves fuel efficiency and, thanks to the thermal insulation of some nanocomponents, can save energy. • Biomedicine • The properties of some nanomaterials make them ideal for improving early diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or cancer. They are able to attack cancer cells selectively without harming other healthy cells. Some nanoparticles have also been used to enhance pharmaceutical products such as sunscreen. • Environment • Air purification with ions, wastewater purification with nanobubbles or nanofiltration systems for heavy metals are some of its environmentally-friendly applications. Nanocatalysts are also available to make chemical reactions more efficient and less polluting.
Carbon nano tubes • Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylindrical molecules that consist of rolled-up sheets of single-layer carbon atoms (graphene). They can be single-walled (SWCNT) with a diameter of less than 1 nanometer (nm) or multi-walled (MWCNT), consisting of several concentrically interlinked nanotubes, with diameters reaching more than 100 nm. Their length can reach several micrometers or even millimeters. • Like their building block graphene, CNTs are chemically bonded with sp2 bonds, an extremely strong form of molecular interaction • Applications: • Used in electric wires to reduce losses • It can replace silicon made transistors as they are small and emit less heat and it can revolutionise electronics • Can be used in solar cell
Carbon nano tubes
Graphene • Graphene is a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb-like pattern. Graphene is considered to be the world’s thinnest, strongest and most conductive material – of both electricity and heat. All of these properties are exciting researchers and businesses around the world – as graphene has the potential to revolutionize entire industries – in the fields of electricity, conductivity, energy generation, batteries, sensors and more. • Mechanical strength • Graphene is the world’s strongest material, and can be used to enhance the strength of other materials. Dozens of researchers have demonstrated that adding even a trace amount of graphene to plastics, metals or other materials can make these materials much stronger – or lighter (as you can use a smaller amount of material to achieve the same strength). • • Thermal applications • Graphene is the most heat conductive found to date. As graphene is also strong and light, it means that it is a great material for making heat-spreading solutions, such as heat sinks or heat dissipation films. This could be useful in both microelectronics (for example to make LED lighting more efficient and longer lasting) and also in larger applications – for example thermal foils for mobile devices. Huawei’s latest smartphones, for example, have adopted graphene-based thermal films.
Libra • What is Libra? • Facebook says Libra is a “global currency and financial infrastructure”. In other words, it is a digital asset built by Facebook and powered by a new Facebook-created version of blockchain, the encrypted technology used by bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. • • Why is it called Libra? • The name Libra comes from the basic Roman measurement of weight. The abbreviation lb for pound is derived from Libra, and the £ symbol originally comes from an ornate L in Libra. • • Who is in charge of Libra? • The currency will be serviced by a collective of companies called the “Libra Association”. It functions as what is known as a “stablecoin”, pegged to existing assets like the dollar or euro, in the aim of making it less subject to the volatility that many cryptocurrencies experience.
science & Tech ii. full power point on science current affairs
science & Tech ii. full power point on science current affairs
science & Tech ii. full power point on science current affairs

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science & Tech ii. full power point on science current affairs

  • 1.
    Genome editing • Genomeediting or gene editing or gene engineering is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted or modified or replaced in the genome of living organism • Unlike early genetic engineering techniques that randomly inserts genetic materials into a host genome, genome editing targets the insertions to site specific locations
  • 2.
  • 4.
    DNA Technology RegulationBill, 2019 • Purpose: – It allows law enforcement agencies to collect DNA samples, create DNA profiles and special databanks for forensic-criminal investigations. It states that all DNA data, including DNA samples, DNA profiles and records, will be only used for identification of the person and not for any other purpose. • DNA profiling board: – It creates DNA Profiling Board (DPB) that will be final authority that will authorise creation of State-level DNA databanks, approve the methods of collection and analysis of DNA- technologies. It makes accreditation and regulation mandatory for DNA laboratories.
  • 5.
    DNA REGULATION BILL2019 • DNA banks: – It allows the government to set up DNA data banks across India to store profiles. These banks will maintain a national database for identification of victims, accused, suspects, undertrials, missing persons and unidentified human remains. • Penalty: – It also empowers the government to impose jail term of up to 3 years and fine of up to Rs. 1 lakh on those who leak information stored in such facilities. It prescribes similar punishment for those who seek information on DNA profiles illegally.
  • 7.
  • 8.
    BIO FUELS • Classificationof Biofuels: • 1st generation biofuels are also called conventional biofuels. They are made from things like sugar, starch, or vegetable oil. Note that these are all food products. Any biofuel made from a feedstock that can also be consumed as a human food is considered a first-generation biofuel. • 2nd generation biofuels are produced from sustainable feedstock. The sustainability of a feedstock is defined by its availability, its impact on greenhouse gas emissions, its impact on land use, and by its potential to threaten the food supply. No second generation biofuel is also a food crop, though certain food products can become second generation fuels when they are no longer useful for consumption. Second generation biofuels are often called “advanced biofuels.” • 3rd generation biofuels are biofuel derived from algae. These biofuels are given their own separate class because of their unique production mechanism and their potential to mitigate most of the drawbacks of 1st and 2nd generation biofuels. • 4th generation biofuels In the production of these fuels, crops that are genetically engineered to take in high amounts of carbon are grown and harvested as biomass. The crops are then converted into fuel using second generation techniques.
  • 9.
    Ethanol blending programmein India • Currently, 5 percent of ethanol is blended with petrol in India.The government of India has advanced the target for 20 per cent ethanol blending in petrol (also called E20) to 2025 from 2030. E20 will be rolled out from April 2023.The central government has also released an expert committee report on the Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025.The roadmap proposes a gradual rollout of ethanol-blended fuel to achieve E10 fuel supply by April 2022 and phased rollout of E20 from April 2023 to April 2025.
  • 10.
  • 14.
    Robotics is thebranch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural depositions, manufacture and application of robots. Today Robotics is the rapidly growing field and it is continue in research, design, and build new robots that serve various practical purposes Laws of Robotics Applications of Robotics Components of Robots Robotic process automation (RPA) Application of Robotics for Old Age Robotics in Agriculture Challenges in Robotics Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Artificial Intelligence in Pandemics Robotics in Pandemics 4th Industrial revolution and Robotics
  • 18.
    SPACE TECHNOLOGY • Milestonesin India’s Space Programme • What is an Orbit? • Lagrange points • Satellite • List of Earth Observation Satellites • Satellite Launching Vehicles • Recent launches • NAVIC • NISAR • GAGANYAN • Project NETRA • BHUVAN 3.0 • MASS ORBITER MISSION • Mission Shakti • Seven mega missions by ISRO
  • 19.
  • 20.
    ORBITS • Geostationary orbit(GEO) • Low Earth orbit (LEO) • Medium Earth orbit (MEO) • Polar orbit and Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) • Transfer orbits and geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) • Lagrange points (L-points)
  • 21.
    LOW EARTH ORBITS •LEO’s close proximity to Earth makes it useful for several reasons. It is the orbit most commonly used for satellite imaging, as being near the surface allows it to take images of higher resolution. It is also the orbit used for the International Space Station (ISS), as it is easier for astronauts to travel to and from it at a shorter distance. Satellites in this orbit travel at a speed of around 7.8 km per second; at this speed, a satellite takes approximately 90 minutes to circle Earth, meaning the ISS travels around Earth about 16 times a day.
  • 22.
    Polar orbit andSun-synchronous orbit (SSO) • Satellites in polar orbits usually travel past Earth from north to south rather than from west to east, passing roughly over Earth’s poles. • Satellites in a polar orbit do not have to pass the North and South Pole precisely; even a deviation within 20 to 30 degrees is still classed as a polar orbit. Polar orbits are a type of low Earth orbit, as they are at low altitudes between 200 to 1000 km. • Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) is a particular kind of polar orbit. Satellites in SSO, travelling over the polar regions, are synchronous with the Sun. This means they are synchronized to always be in the same ‘fixed’ position relative to the Sun. This means that the satellite always visits the same spot at the same local time – for example, passing the city of Paris every day at noon exactly. • how weather patterns emerge, to help predict weather or storms; when monitoring emergencies like forest fires or flooding;
  • 23.
    GTO & GEO •Satellites in geostationary orbit (GEO) circle Earth above the equator from west to east following Earth’s rotation – taking 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds – by travelling at exactly the same rate as Earth. This makes satellites in GEO appear to be ‘stationary’ over a fixed position. In order to perfectly match Earth’s rotation, the speed of GEO satellites should be about 3 km per second at an altitude of 35 786 km. This is much farther from Earth’s surface compared to many satellites.
  • 24.
    LAGRANGE POINTS • Lagrangepoints, or L-points, allow for orbits that are much, much farther away (over a million kilometres) and do not orbit Earth directly. These are specific points far out in space where the gravitational fields of Earth and the Sun combine in such a way that spacecraft that orbit them remain stable and can thus be ‘anchored’ relative to Earth. If a spacecraft was launched to other points in space very distant from Earth, they would naturally fall into an orbit around the Sun, and those spacecraft would soon end up far from Earth, making communication difficult. Instead, spacecraft launched to these special L-points stay fixed, and remain close to Earth with minimal effort without going into a different orbit. • The most used L-points are L1 and L2. These are both four times farther away from Earth than the Moon – 1.5 million km, compared to GEO’s 36 000 km – but that is still only approximately 1% of the distance of Earth from the Sun.
  • 25.
    • Types ofSatellites • 1.Astronomical: Deployed for observation of distant planets, stars, galaxies, and objects in-universe. It is a space Telescope hanging in space to photograph objects in space. • 2.Biosatellite : Places animals or plants in space to conduct research on the effects of space on these living objects. • 3.Communication:These satellites support telecommunication. Telecasting, Phone calls, Internet connectivity, Radio, and much remote connectivity are typical applications. • 4.Earth Observation: Deployed to study environment, monitor climatic changes and mapping the earth for non-military purposes. • 5.Navigation: Facilitates to trace the exact location of any objects on the Earth. This leads to the development of new applications, technology, and business cases. • 6.Killer (Military) : Deployed to attack enemy satellites and space objects during the war period. • 7.Space Stations : Designed for human beings to live and conduct research on objects on planets, stars, and galaxies. • 8.Reconnaissance: Deployed for spying, surveying and scouting enemy territory during the war period. • 9.Crewed Spacecraft: These satellites ferry astronauts to space and bring them back to earth. It has good grounding facilities and helps astronauts in accessing space stations. • 10.Recovery: Recovery satellites are mainly used to recover bio, reconnaissance and other satellites back to earth. • 11.Solar Power:Space-based satellites gather energy from the Sun and transmit it to earth for consumption. • 12.Miniaturized: Smaller sized and lower weight satellites are launched at an economical cost used for the limited purpose of scientific data gathering and radio relay. • 13.Tether:Tether satellites are connected to another satellite by the tether. It is used as a secondary payload to another main satellite mainly used in students and mini-projects.
  • 28.
    NAVIC • Terrestrial, Aerialand Marine Navigation. • Disaster Management. • Vehicle tracking and fleet management. • Integration with mobile phones. • Precise Timing. • Mapping and Geodetic data capture. • Terrestrial navigation aid for hikers and travellers. • Visual and voice navigation for drivers
  • 29.
    NAVIC • Navigation withIndian Constellation (NavIC) is an independent regional navigation satellite system designed to provide position information in the Indian region and 1500 km around the Indian mainland. • IRNSS would provide two types of services, namely Standard Positioning Services available to all users and Restricted Services provided to authorised users.
  • 30.
    NISAR • NISAR isa joint Earth- observing mission between NASA and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). NASA and ISRO are providing two radars that are optimized each in their own way to allow the mission to observe a wider range of changes than either one alone. NISAR will detect movements of the planet’s surface as small as 0.4 inches over areas about half the size of a tennis court.
  • 31.
    NISAR • It’s anSUV-sized satellite that is being jointly developed by the space agencies of the US and India. • The partnership agreement was signed between NASA and ISRO in September 2014, according to which NASA will provide one of the radars for the satellite, a high-rate communication subsystem for science data, GPS receivers and a payload data subsystem. • ISRO, on the other hand, will provide the spacecraft bus, the second type of radar (called the S-band radar), the launch vehicle and associated launch services. • The satellite will be launched in 2022 from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, into a near-polar orbit and will scan the globe every 12 days over the course of its three-year mission of imaging the Earth’s land, ice sheets and sea ice to give an “unprecedented” view of the planet.
  • 32.
    BHUVAN 3.0 • UsingBhuvan satellite imagery, a hi-resolution database at 1:10,000 scale is applied to identify land use, land cover, settlements, road and rail network etc. The portal offers database visualization, data analytics, generation of automatic reports, model-based products and services for Gram Panchayat members and other stake-holders.
  • 33.
    Project NETRA • Whatis Project NETRA (Network for space object Tracking and Analysis)? • Under the project, the ISRO plans to put up many observational facilities: connected radars, telescopes; data processing units and a control centre. • They can, among others, spot, track and catalogue objects as small as 10 cm, up to a range of 3,400 km and equal to a space orbit of around 2,000 km. • The project will give India its own capability in space situational awareness (SSA) like the other space powers — which is used to ‘predict’ threats from debris to Indian satellites. • NETRA’s eventual goal is to capture the GEO, or geostationary orbit, scene at 36,000 km where communication satellites operate.
  • 34.
  • 35.
    Mission SHAKTHI • MissionShakti is a joint programme of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). • As part of the mission, an anti- satellite (A-SAT) weapon was launched and targeted an Indian satellite which had been decommissioned. Mission Shakti was carried out from DRDO’s testing range in Odisha’s Balasore. • India is only the 4th country to acquire such a specialised and modern capability, and Entire effort is indigenous. Till now, only the US, Russia and China had the capability to hit a live target in space.
  • 37.
    Seven mega missionsby ISRO • Chandrayaan-2, XPoSat (to study cosmic radiation in 2020) and Aditya-L1(to the Sun in 2021). • Undefined Missions – which include missions which are still in planning stage namely Mangalyaan-2 (or Mars Orbiter Mission-2 in 2022), Lunar Polar Exploration (or Chandrayaan-3 in 2024), Venus mission (in 2023), Exoworlds (exploration outside the solar system in 2028). • About Xposat: • The X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (or Xposat), is ISRO’s dedicated mission to study polarization. It will launch in 2020. • It will be a five-year mission and will study cosmic radiation. • It will be carrying a payload named ‘polarimeter instrument in X-rays’ (POLIX) made by Raman Research Institute. POLIX will study the degree and angle of polarisation of bright X-ray sources in the energy range 5-30 keV. • The spacecraft will be placed in a circular 500-700km orbit.
  • 38.
    Seven mega missionsby ISRO • About Aditya- L1 mission: • What is it? It is India’s first solar mission. • Objectives: It will study the sun’s outermost layers, the corona and the chromospheres and collect data about coronal mass ejection, which will also yield information for space weather prediction. • Significance of the mission: The data from Aditya mission will be immensely helpful in discriminating between different models for the origin of solar storms and also for constraining how the storms evolve and what path they take through the interplanetary space from the Sun to the Earth.
  • 39.
    NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY • NuclearEnergy in India • Components of a nuclear power plant • Types of Reactors • India three stage nuclear programme • Evolution of India’s nuclear policy • IAEA • Civil Nuclear Liability Act • Applications • NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) • Nuclear Suppliers Group
  • 40.
    NUCLEAR ENERGY • Nuclearpower is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydroelectric and renewable sources of electricity.As of 2016, India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in 8 nuclear power plants, having an installed capacity of 6780 MW.
  • 41.
  • 42.
    PARTS OF NUCLEARPLANT • Fuel • Uranium is the basic fuel. Usually pellets of uranium oxide (UO2) are arranged in tubes to form fuel rods. The rods are arranged into fuel assemblies in the reactor core.* In a 1000 MWe class PWR there might be 51,000 fuel rods with over 18 million pellets. • Moderator • Material in the core which slows down the neutrons released from fission so that they cause more fission. It is usually water, but may be heavy water or graphite. • Control rods or blades • These are made with neutron-absorbing material such as cadmium, hafnium or boron, and are inserted or withdrawn from the core to control the rate of reaction, or to halt it.
  • 43.
    • Coolant • Afluid circulating through the core so as to transfer the heat from it. In light water reactors the water moderator functions also as primary coolant • Pressure vessel or pressure tubes • Usually a robust steel vessel containing the reactor core and moderator/coolant, but it may be a series of tubes holding the fuel and conveying the coolant through the surrounding moderator. • Steam generator • Part of the cooling system of pressurised water reactors (PWR & PHWR) where the high-pressure primary coolant bringing heat from the reactor is used to make steam for the turbine, in a secondary circuit.
  • 44.
    TYPES OF REACTORS •Light water reactors • Pressurized water reactors • CANDU ( pressurized Heavy water reactors) • Sodium coolant fast reactors • Fast reactors
  • 45.
    Light water reactors •In India 4 light water reactors are there • Koodangulam, T.N. • Light-water reactors (LWRs) are power reactors that are cooled and moderated with ordinary water. There are two basic types: the pressurized-water reactor (PWR) and the boiling- water reactor (BWR).
  • 47.
    PHWR - india •The baseline 220 MWe design was developed from the CANDU based RAPS-1 and RAPS-2 reactors built at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. The design was later expanded into 540 MW and 700 MW designs. Currently there are 17 units of various types operational at various locations in India.
  • 48.
    Fast breedor –liquid sodium • These reactors are cooled by liquid sodium metal. Sodium is heavier than hydrogen, a fact that leads to the neutrons moving around at higher speeds (hence fast). These can use metal or oxide fuel, and burn a wide variety of fuels. • Pros: • Can breed its own fuel, effectively eliminating any concerns about uranium shortages (see what is a fast reactor?) • Can burn its own waste • Metallic fuel and excellent thermal properties of sodium allow for passively safe operation — the reactor will shut itself down safely without any backup-systems working (or people around), only relying on physics.
  • 49.
    IAEA - Vienna- austria • Set up as the world’s “Atoms for Peace” organization in 1957 within the United Nations family. • Reports to both the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council. Headquarters in Vienna, Austria. • Works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote the safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies. • Seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. • Board of Governors:22 member states (must represent a stipulated geographic diversity) — elected by the General Conference (11 members every year) – 2 year term. • At least 10 member states — nominated by the outgoing Board.Board members each receive one vote.
  • 50.
    Civil Nuclear LiabilityAct 2010 • The Bill fixes no-fault liability on operators and gives them a right of recourse against certain persons. It caps the liability of the operator at Rs 500 crore. For damage exceeding this amount, and up to 300 million SDR, the central government will be liable. • All operators (except the central government) need to take insurance or provide financial security to cover their liability. • For facilities owned by the government, the entire liability up to 300 million SDR will be borne by the government. • The Bill specifies who can claim compensation and the authorities who will assess and award compensation for nuclear damage. • Those not complying with the provisions of the Bill can be penalised.
  • 51.
    NON PROLIFERATION TREATY •The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament • Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland – But, the treaty entered into force in 1970. • More countries are parties to the NPT than any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement, a testament to the treaty’s significance • Four UN member states have never accepted the NPT, three of which possess or are thought to possess nuclear weapons: India, Israel, and Pakistan. In addition, South Sudan, founded in 2011, has not joined.
  • 52.
  • 53.
    NSG • Brought in1974– in response to the Indian nuclear test (smiling Buddha). • It is a Multilateral export control regime. • It is a Group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons. • The NSG first met in November 1975 in London, and is thus popularly referred to as the “London Club”. • It is Not a formal organization, and its guidelines are not binding. Decisions, including on membership, are made by consensus. • Membership: 48 supplier states.
  • 54.
    Defence Technology • Thedefence industry of India is a strategically important sector in India.[1] India has one of the world’s largest military forces with a strength of over 14.4 lakh (1.44 million) active personnel. It has the world’s largest volunteer military of over 51 lakh (5.1 million) personnel.[2] The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial year 2021 is ₹4.78 lakh crore (US$67 billion).It has the third largest annual defence budget behind USA (US$732 b) and China (US$261 b). It is the second largest defence importer behind Saudi Arabia making up 9.2% of global arms import. India has a domestic defence industry of which 80% is government owned. The public sector includes DRDO and its 50 labs, 4 defence shipyards, 5 defence PSUs and 41 ordnance factories. India has a new defence procurement, acquisition and manufacturing policy to reduce imports and enhance domestic manufacturing.[5] • Post-independence, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was formed in 1958 for the military’s research and development under the control of the Ministry of Defence.
  • 55.
    Defence technology • TheIntegrated Guided Missile Development Programme • Nuclear Command Authority • Cruise missiles vs Ballistic missiles • India’s Nuclear Triad • Ship Biographies • INS Vikrant • INS Vikramaditya • Anti Ballistic Missile Defence System • NASAMS • S400 • THAAD • Iron Dome • Bilateral and Multilateral Military Exercises • Defence Indigenization • INDIAN AIR FORCE • RAFALE Aircraft
  • 56.
    THAAD • The TerminalHigh Altitude Area Defense, or simply abbreviated as THAAD, is a missile defence system that is designed to intercept and destroy short and medium-range ballistic missiles in their final flight phase. • First proposed in 1987 and then finally deployed in 2008, the THAAD cannot be used as a form of attack against an enemy. • Its role, by use of a powerful radar, is to simply track and destroy missiles before they are launched.
  • 58.
    Sl. No. CountryExercise 1 Australia Ex AUSTRA HIND, Ex AUSINDEX, EX PITCH BLACK 2 Bangladesh Ex SAMPRITI, IN-BN CORPAT, IN-BN BILAT, 3 Brazil & South Africa IBSAMAR 4 China Ex HAND IN HAND 5 Egypt Ex CYCLONE 6 France Ex SHAKTI, Ex VARUNA, GARUDA 7 Indonesia Ex GARUDA SHAKTI, IND-INDO CORPAT 8 Israel Ex BLUE FLAG 9 Japan Ex DHARMA GUARDIAN, Ex JIMEX 10 Kazakhstan Ex KAZIND 11 Kyrgyzstan Ex KHANJAR 12 Malaysia Ex HARIMAU SHAKTI, Ex IN-RMN BILAT, HOP EX 13 Maldives Ex EKUVERIN, EX EKATHA 14 Mongolia Ex NOMADIC ELEPHANT 15 Myanmar Ex IMBEX, IMCOR, IN-MN BILAT, TABLE TOP EX 16 Nepal Ex SURYA KIRAN 17 Oman Ex AL NAGAH, NASEEM-AL-BAHR, Ex EASTERN BRIDGE 18 Qatar ZA’IR AL BAHR 19 Russia EX INDRA, EX AVIAINDRA 20 Seychelles Ex LAMITIYE 21 Singapore SIMBEX, JOINT MILITARY TRAINING 22 Sri Lanka Ex MITRA SHAKTI, SLINEX, IN-SLN SF Ex, SAMVEDNA 23 Thailand Ex MAITREE, INDO-THAI CORPAT, Ex SIAM BHARAT 24 UAE DESERT EAGLE 25 UK Ex AJEY WARRIOR, KONKAN, INDRADHANUSH 26 USA Ex YUDHABHAYAS, Ex VAJRA PRAHAR, SPITTING COBRA, SANGAM (IN-USN EOD Ex), RED FLAG, Ex COPE INDIA 27 Uzbekistan Ex DUSTLIK 28 Vietnam VINBAX, IN-VPN BILAT 29 Multilateral BIMSTEC 30 Multilateral AFINDEX 31 Multilateral MEDEX 31 Multilateral SCO – PEACE MISSION
  • 59.
    Nanotechnology • Types ofNanotechnology • Examples and Applications of Nanotechnology • Nanotechnology in healthcare • Carbon Nanotubes • Graphene • Issues in Nanotechnology • Government Measures
  • 60.
    Nano technology • Nanotechnologyis science and engineering at the scale of atoms and molecules. It is the manipulation and use of materials and devices so tiny that nothing can be built any smaller. • How small is small? • Nanomaterials are typically between 0.1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in size – with 1 nm being equivalent to one billionth of a metre (10-9 m).
  • 61.
    Types of nanotech • The different types of nanotechnology are classified according to how they proceed (top-down or bottom-up) and the medium in which they work (dry or wet): • Descending (top-down):Mechanisms and structures are miniaturised at the nanometric scale — from one to 100 nanometres in size —. It is the most frequent to date, especially in electronics. • Ascending (bottom-up):You start with a nanometric structure — a molecule, for example — and through a mounting or self-assembly process you create a larger mechanism than the one you started with. • Dry nanotechnolgy :It is used to manufacture structures in coal, silicon, inorganic materials, metals and semiconductors that do not work with humidity. • Wet nanotechnology:It is based on biological systems present in an aqueous environment — including genetic material, membranes, enzymes and other cellular components
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    • Nanotechnology andnanomaterials can be applied in all kinds of industrial sectors. They are usually found in these areas: • Electronics • Carbon nanotubes are close to replacing silicon as a material for making smaller, faster and more efficient microchips and devices, as well as lighter, more conductive and stronger quantum nanowires. Graphene’s properties make it an ideal candidate for the development of flexible touchscreens. • Energy • A new semiconductor developed by Kyoto University makes it possible to manufacture solar panels that double the amount of sunlight converted into electricity. Nanotechnology also lowers costs, produces stronger and lighter wind turbines, improves fuel efficiency and, thanks to the thermal insulation of some nanocomponents, can save energy. • Biomedicine • The properties of some nanomaterials make them ideal for improving early diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or cancer. They are able to attack cancer cells selectively without harming other healthy cells. Some nanoparticles have also been used to enhance pharmaceutical products such as sunscreen. • Environment • Air purification with ions, wastewater purification with nanobubbles or nanofiltration systems for heavy metals are some of its environmentally-friendly applications. Nanocatalysts are also available to make chemical reactions more efficient and less polluting.
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    Carbon nano tubes •Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylindrical molecules that consist of rolled-up sheets of single-layer carbon atoms (graphene). They can be single-walled (SWCNT) with a diameter of less than 1 nanometer (nm) or multi-walled (MWCNT), consisting of several concentrically interlinked nanotubes, with diameters reaching more than 100 nm. Their length can reach several micrometers or even millimeters. • Like their building block graphene, CNTs are chemically bonded with sp2 bonds, an extremely strong form of molecular interaction • Applications: • Used in electric wires to reduce losses • It can replace silicon made transistors as they are small and emit less heat and it can revolutionise electronics • Can be used in solar cell
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    Graphene • Graphene isa one-atom-thick sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb-like pattern. Graphene is considered to be the world’s thinnest, strongest and most conductive material – of both electricity and heat. All of these properties are exciting researchers and businesses around the world – as graphene has the potential to revolutionize entire industries – in the fields of electricity, conductivity, energy generation, batteries, sensors and more. • Mechanical strength • Graphene is the world’s strongest material, and can be used to enhance the strength of other materials. Dozens of researchers have demonstrated that adding even a trace amount of graphene to plastics, metals or other materials can make these materials much stronger – or lighter (as you can use a smaller amount of material to achieve the same strength). • • Thermal applications • Graphene is the most heat conductive found to date. As graphene is also strong and light, it means that it is a great material for making heat-spreading solutions, such as heat sinks or heat dissipation films. This could be useful in both microelectronics (for example to make LED lighting more efficient and longer lasting) and also in larger applications – for example thermal foils for mobile devices. Huawei’s latest smartphones, for example, have adopted graphene-based thermal films.
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    Libra • What isLibra? • Facebook says Libra is a “global currency and financial infrastructure”. In other words, it is a digital asset built by Facebook and powered by a new Facebook-created version of blockchain, the encrypted technology used by bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. • • Why is it called Libra? • The name Libra comes from the basic Roman measurement of weight. The abbreviation lb for pound is derived from Libra, and the £ symbol originally comes from an ornate L in Libra. • • Who is in charge of Libra? • The currency will be serviced by a collective of companies called the “Libra Association”. It functions as what is known as a “stablecoin”, pegged to existing assets like the dollar or euro, in the aim of making it less subject to the volatility that many cryptocurrencies experience.