The document discusses various tools, concepts, and figures from science and exploration between the 15th and 16th centuries. It mentions the astrolabe and magnetic compass as navigational tools, Galileo's observations of Jupiter's moons, Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system, Columbus' journey to the New World, Magellan being the first to circumnavigate the globe, Marco Polo establishing trade between Asia and Europe, alchemists believing all substances were made of the same material, Leonardo da Vinci's military machines and diving suit, Claudius Ptolemy being an influential Greek mapmaker, and the emergence of printed world maps in the 16th century.