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Final report healthcare industry
This document provides an analysis of the healthcare industry in India. It includes:
1) An overview of the size and growth of the healthcare industry in India, which contributes 5.25% to GDP and is projected to grow at 23% annually.
2) A brief history of healthcare in India including Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and the introduction of Allopathy.
3) An analysis of the key players in the industry based on number of beds, including Apollo Hospitals, Fortis Healthcare, and Max Hospitals.
4) A Porter's Five Forces analysis of the industry which finds increasing competition among players and a mismatch between the growing demand and limited supply of healthcare services in
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The document provides an industry analysis of Apollo Hospitals, a leading private healthcare provider in India. It discusses the healthcare industry in India and key players. Apollo Hospitals was established in 1983 and today has over 7500 beds across 43 hospitals in India and overseas. It provides a wide range of healthcare services including hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, insurance, and education and aims to make India a global healthcare destination. The document outlines Apollo's business units and services.
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This document discusses invasive prenatal diagnostic tests including cordocentesis, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. It provides details on the prerequisites, techniques, risks, and post-procedure care for each test. Cordocentesis involves puncturing the umbilical vein under ultrasound guidance to obtain a fetal blood sample and has a risk of fetal loss between 1-2%. Amniocentesis involves inserting a needle through the abdomen into the amniotic sac to extract amniotic fluid and has a risk of fetal loss up to 1%. Chorionic villus sampling collects placental tissue and has a fetal loss risk of 1-2%. The document emphasizes aseptic technique and ultrasound guidance for
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This document lists the extensive qualifications and achievements of Dr. Narendra Malhotra. He has received over 50 awards and honors for his work in obstetrics and gynecology. He currently holds leadership roles in multiple hospitals and organizations related to women's health. Dr. Malhotra has published over 125 papers and book chapters on obstetrics and gynecology topics. He is also an advisor and professor at several medical institutions.
Adnexal Masses in Reproductive Age
This document discusses the ultrasound evaluation of adnexal masses in reproductive age women. It provides clinical background information on adnexal masses and covers ultrasound techniques like 2D, Doppler, 3D and power Doppler imaging. Pattern recognition is emphasized as the best method for distinguishing benign from malignant tumors. The IOTA simple rules classification system is presented as well as newer markers for characterizing adnexal masses with ultrasound like impedance values and vascular patterns.
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This document summarizes the journey and accomplishments of Dr. Jaideep Malhotra and Dr. Narendra Malhotra, an OBGYN couple from India. It details how they met and graduated together from JNMC AMU Aligarh in the 1980s. After their post-graduation, they learned from renowned teachers around the world and established themselves as experts in ultrasound and infertility. Over decades, they authored numerous books and papers, held leadership roles in professional organizations, trained other doctors, and received many prestigious awards for their contributions to the field of OBGYN.
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This document reviews the use of Diosmin in treating hemorrhoids during pregnancy. It discusses the increased prevalence of hemorrhoids during pregnancy, which is attributed to factors like constipation, hormonal changes, and labor/delivery. The pathophysiology involves increased intra-abdominal pressure causing venous engorgement. Diosmin is a bioflavonoid that has been used to treat hemorrhoids by improving venous tone and drainage, reducing inflammation and capillary permeability. Studies show Diosmin effectively treats hemorrhoid symptoms during pregnancy without adverse effects on the fetus.
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Final report healthcare industry
This document provides an analysis of the healthcare industry in India. It includes:
1) An overview of the size and growth of the healthcare industry in India, which contributes 5.25% to GDP and is projected to grow at 23% annually.
2) A brief history of healthcare in India including Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and the introduction of Allopathy.
3) An analysis of the key players in the industry based on number of beds, including Apollo Hospitals, Fortis Healthcare, and Max Hospitals.
4) A Porter's Five Forces analysis of the industry which finds increasing competition among players and a mismatch between the growing demand and limited supply of healthcare services in
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The document provides an industry analysis of Apollo Hospitals, a leading private healthcare provider in India. It discusses the healthcare industry in India and key players. Apollo Hospitals was established in 1983 and today has over 7500 beds across 43 hospitals in India and overseas. It provides a wide range of healthcare services including hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, insurance, and education and aims to make India a global healthcare destination. The document outlines Apollo's business units and services.
12_Prenatal_diagnotic_tests.pdf
This document discusses invasive prenatal diagnostic tests including cordocentesis, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. It provides details on the prerequisites, techniques, risks, and post-procedure care for each test. Cordocentesis involves puncturing the umbilical vein under ultrasound guidance to obtain a fetal blood sample and has a risk of fetal loss between 1-2%. Amniocentesis involves inserting a needle through the abdomen into the amniotic sac to extract amniotic fluid and has a risk of fetal loss up to 1%. Chorionic villus sampling collects placental tissue and has a fetal loss risk of 1-2%. The document emphasizes aseptic technique and ultrasound guidance for
FETAL GROWTH ASSESSMENT CONCEPT OF F.G.R. & PLOTTING GROWTH CHARTS
This document lists the extensive qualifications and achievements of Dr. Narendra Malhotra. He has received over 50 awards and honors for his work in obstetrics and gynecology. He currently holds leadership roles in multiple hospitals and organizations related to women's health. Dr. Malhotra has published over 125 papers and book chapters on obstetrics and gynecology topics. He is also an advisor and professor at several medical institutions.
Adnexal Masses in Reproductive Age
This document discusses the ultrasound evaluation of adnexal masses in reproductive age women. It provides clinical background information on adnexal masses and covers ultrasound techniques like 2D, Doppler, 3D and power Doppler imaging. Pattern recognition is emphasized as the best method for distinguishing benign from malignant tumors. The IOTA simple rules classification system is presented as well as newer markers for characterizing adnexal masses with ultrasound like impedance values and vascular patterns.
FOGSI'S ACHIEVER COUPLE (2) (1).pdf
This document summarizes the journey and accomplishments of Dr. Jaideep Malhotra and Dr. Narendra Malhotra, an OBGYN couple from India. It details how they met and graduated together from JNMC AMU Aligarh in the 1980s. After their post-graduation, they learned from renowned teachers around the world and established themselves as experts in ultrasound and infertility. Over decades, they authored numerous books and papers, held leadership roles in professional organizations, trained other doctors, and received many prestigious awards for their contributions to the field of OBGYN.
Reviewing the burden of haemorrhoids in pregnancy
This document reviews the use of Diosmin in treating hemorrhoids during pregnancy. It discusses the increased prevalence of hemorrhoids during pregnancy, which is attributed to factors like constipation, hormonal changes, and labor/delivery. The pathophysiology involves increased intra-abdominal pressure causing venous engorgement. Diosmin is a bioflavonoid that has been used to treat hemorrhoids by improving venous tone and drainage, reducing inflammation and capillary permeability. Studies show Diosmin effectively treats hemorrhoid symptoms during pregnancy without adverse effects on the fetus.
Fogsi uniform-consents
This document provides information about FOGSI's Uniform Consents project including:
1. An introduction from Dr. Alpesh Gandhi, President of FOGSI, thanking the experts involved and explaining the purpose of developing standard consent forms for common OBGYN procedures.
2. A foreword from Dr. Sanjay Gupte emphasizing the importance of informed consent and how the forms were developed in accordance with Supreme Court guidelines.
3. An introduction from the consent form experts, Dr. M.C. Patel, Prof. Dr. Nikhil Datar, and Dr. Dilip Walke, thanking FOGSI for the opportunity and outlining their process for developing the forms.
Ujala Cygnus Rainbow Hospital Magazine 2021
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
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Ferrous ascorbate current clinical place in management of ida
Ferrous ascorbate is an effective oral iron supplement for treating iron deficiency anemia. It has a higher bioavailability than other iron preparations, with absorption rates as high as 67%. Ferrous ascorbate is stable in the gastrointestinal tract and does not dissociate. It prevents iron from oxidizing to the ferric state, allowing for greater absorption. Clinical studies show ferrous ascorbate effectively raises hemoglobin levels and is well tolerated with minimal side effects. Therefore, ferrous ascorbate plays an important role in managing iron deficiency anemia.
MINDFUL DIGITAL PROGRAM
1) The study examined the effects of a digital prenatal program called the Baby Care Program (BCP) on 512 first-time mothers. The BCP included mindfulness activities like meditation, yoga, music, and baby bonding exercises.
2) Results showed statistically significant benefits for mothers who used the BCP, including lower stress, better sleep, fewer preterm births and higher birth weights, compared to mothers who did not participate.
3) The BCP was found to help mothers develop a stronger bond with their babies, better manage nutrition and pregnancy symptoms, and have an overall healthier pregnancy experience.
Role of prenatal probiotics in preterm birth
- Women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and abnormal vaginal flora are at higher risk of preterm delivery and late miscarriage. Probiotics containing Lactobacillus species have been shown to reduce the risk of recurrent BV and preterm birth by restoring the normal vaginal microbiome.
- Children born preterm face increased risks of mortality and health and developmental problems. Supplementation of probiotics to pregnant mothers has been associated with reduced risks of preterm birth, preeclampsia, and atopic diseases in infants.
- Studies indicate probiotic intake during pregnancy, especially late pregnancy, can help reduce the incidence of preterm birth and pregnancy complications like preeclampsia.
Adnexal Masses
This document discusses adnexal masses in reproductive age women. It provides clinical background and epidemiology of adnexal masses. It discusses ultrasound techniques for evaluating adnexal masses such as 2D ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, 3D and power Doppler ultrasound. Pattern recognition of benign disease using ultrasound is covered. The document also discusses predicting malignancy using systems like IOTA simple rules and pattern recognition. Characterization of adnexal masses and predicting histopathology and management are key focuses.
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This document provides biographical and professional details about Prof. Narendra Malhotra. It lists his current and past positions including Professor at University of Sarajevo School of Science & Technology and various roles in medical associations. It also outlines his areas of specialization in obstetrics and gynecology as well as lists his publications, awards, and presentations. He is currently based in Agra, India and is director of several fertility clinics.
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Dr. Jaideep Malhotra is an IVF specialist based in Agra, India. He has over 50 published papers and 100 conference presentations. He is a fellow of many Indian and international obstetrics and gynecology organizations. He has received several awards for his work, including producing India's first IVF birth and test tube baby of Nepal. He practices at his nursing home in Agra and is a consulting IVF specialist at multiple other locations in Northern India and Nepal.
3D-4D ULTRASOUND IN UTERINE SEPTUM EVALUATION
This document provides information about Prof. Narendra Malhotra's qualifications and experience. It lists that he holds positions such as Professor at Dubrovnick International University, Vice President of WAPM, past president of ISAR, president of other organizations. It notes that he has published over 50 papers and given over 100 guest lectures. He is the editor of 18 books and on the editorial board of several journals. The document also provides information about Malhotra Nursing & Maternity Home Pvt. Ltd. and Global Rainbow Health Care in Agra where he practices as an obstetrician gynecologist with interests in areas like high risk obstetrics, ultrasound, and infertility.
VACCINATE PREGNANT WOMEN & SAVE TWO LIVES
The document discusses recommendations from a joint collaborative group regarding vaccinating pregnant and lactating women against COVID-19. It provides background on the impact of the pandemic on women's health and reviews evidence from studies on vaccine safety and efficacy. The group recommends that: 1) the option of vaccination should be discussed with women in the second and third trimester; 2) COVAXIN be approved for emergency use in pregnant and lactating women; and 3) vaccination in lactating women be advocated immediately while collecting safety data. The aim is to save lives by reducing COVID-19 severity in pregnant women through vaccination.
FOGSI POSITION STATEMENT COVID VACCINATION FOR PREGNANT & BREASTFEEDING WOMEN
This document discusses recommendations and guidelines regarding COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant and breastfeeding women. It provides information on the current COVID-19 situation globally and in India, the different types of COVID vaccines available in India, benefits of vaccination for the general population and pregnant women, safety of the vaccines for pregnant women, and international recommendations that vaccination should be offered to pregnant women similar to non-pregnant individuals based on risk-benefit analysis. The document concludes by stating current recommendations in India do not support vaccination of pregnant or breastfeeding women due to lack of safety data, but international organizations support vaccination for pregnant women.
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Abnormal uterine bleeding is evaluated using various ultrasound techniques and parameters according to the IETA model. Transvaginal ultrasound is used to measure endometrial thickness and assess echogenicity, vascularity, and the endo-myometrial junction. Additional techniques like saline infusion sonography can outline intracavitary lesions in more detail. Precise ultrasound evaluation and scoring systems can detect endometrial abnormalities and help determine the risk of endometrial cancer. Following guidelines and algorithms helps manage patients and determine if further testing or procedures are needed.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular exercise can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illnesses.
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A lot of confusion exists regarding testing for covid and what test to do, when and how to interpret these tests.
Compiled by Dr. Narendra Malhotra
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Pruritus, or itching, affects up to 20% of pregnant women and can be caused by various dermatological conditions that are unique to pregnancy. Some of the main causes discussed in the document include pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP), pemphigoid gestationis, atopic eruption of pregnancy, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. PUPPP presents as papules and plaques on the abdomen and thighs that resolve after delivery, while pemphigoid gestationis involves blistering and can recur in future pregnancies. Treatment for the conditions typically involves topical corticosteroids and antihistamines, with systemic cort
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1) Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and repeated implantation failure (RIF) can be caused by thrombophilia including antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).
2) Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) like enoxaparin improves pregnancy outcomes in RPL/APS through both antithrombotic and non-thrombotic mechanisms such as inhibiting antibodies and modulating trophoblast invasion.
3) LMWH is recommended for treatment and prevention of complications in RPL/APS, inherited thrombophilia with pregnancy loss, and during ART for patients with RIF or thrombophilia.
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Tubal factors are responsible for 11-30% of infertility cases. Damage to the fallopian tubes can be caused by infections, endometriosis, or previous pelvic surgeries. Tubal abnormalities include proximal or distal occlusions, or non-occlusive issues like fimbrial agglutination. Causes are often acquired infections like chlamydia or pelvic inflammatory disease. Evaluation methods include hysterosalpingography, chlamydia antibody testing, or laparoscopy. Treatment options depend on the location and severity of damage, and may include reconstructive or destructive surgeries followed by IVF, or proceeding directly to IVF. While reconstructive surgery could restore natural fertility
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
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We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.More Related Content
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Fogsi uniform-consents
This document provides information about FOGSI's Uniform Consents project including:
1. An introduction from Dr. Alpesh Gandhi, President of FOGSI, thanking the experts involved and explaining the purpose of developing standard consent forms for common OBGYN procedures.
2. A foreword from Dr. Sanjay Gupte emphasizing the importance of informed consent and how the forms were developed in accordance with Supreme Court guidelines.
3. An introduction from the consent form experts, Dr. M.C. Patel, Prof. Dr. Nikhil Datar, and Dr. Dilip Walke, thanking FOGSI for the opportunity and outlining their process for developing the forms.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
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This document provides guidelines and recommendations for staying safe during an avalanche. It begins by advising people to check weather conditions before going to snow-capped mountains. It provides tips for what to do if caught in an avalanche, such as trying to stay on the surface and creating an air pocket. After the avalanche, it recommends digging oneself out and marking the locations of others. First aid procedures are outlined, such as removing snow from the mouth and administering CPR. The document concludes by describing avalanche-prone areas to watch out for.
Ferrous ascorbate current clinical place in management of ida
Ferrous ascorbate is an effective oral iron supplement for treating iron deficiency anemia. It has a higher bioavailability than other iron preparations, with absorption rates as high as 67%. Ferrous ascorbate is stable in the gastrointestinal tract and does not dissociate. It prevents iron from oxidizing to the ferric state, allowing for greater absorption. Clinical studies show ferrous ascorbate effectively raises hemoglobin levels and is well tolerated with minimal side effects. Therefore, ferrous ascorbate plays an important role in managing iron deficiency anemia.
MINDFUL DIGITAL PROGRAM
1) The study examined the effects of a digital prenatal program called the Baby Care Program (BCP) on 512 first-time mothers. The BCP included mindfulness activities like meditation, yoga, music, and baby bonding exercises.
2) Results showed statistically significant benefits for mothers who used the BCP, including lower stress, better sleep, fewer preterm births and higher birth weights, compared to mothers who did not participate.
3) The BCP was found to help mothers develop a stronger bond with their babies, better manage nutrition and pregnancy symptoms, and have an overall healthier pregnancy experience.
Role of prenatal probiotics in preterm birth
- Women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and abnormal vaginal flora are at higher risk of preterm delivery and late miscarriage. Probiotics containing Lactobacillus species have been shown to reduce the risk of recurrent BV and preterm birth by restoring the normal vaginal microbiome.
- Children born preterm face increased risks of mortality and health and developmental problems. Supplementation of probiotics to pregnant mothers has been associated with reduced risks of preterm birth, preeclampsia, and atopic diseases in infants.
- Studies indicate probiotic intake during pregnancy, especially late pregnancy, can help reduce the incidence of preterm birth and pregnancy complications like preeclampsia.
Adnexal Masses
This document discusses adnexal masses in reproductive age women. It provides clinical background and epidemiology of adnexal masses. It discusses ultrasound techniques for evaluating adnexal masses such as 2D ultrasound, Doppler ultrasound, 3D and power Doppler ultrasound. Pattern recognition of benign disease using ultrasound is covered. The document also discusses predicting malignancy using systems like IOTA simple rules and pattern recognition. Characterization of adnexal masses and predicting histopathology and management are key focuses.
3 D Ultrasound in reproductive medicine
This document provides biographical and professional details about Prof. Narendra Malhotra. It lists his current and past positions including Professor at University of Sarajevo School of Science & Technology and various roles in medical associations. It also outlines his areas of specialization in obstetrics and gynecology as well as lists his publications, awards, and presentations. He is currently based in Agra, India and is director of several fertility clinics.
ENDOMETRIOSIS
Dr. Jaideep Malhotra is an IVF specialist based in Agra, India. He has over 50 published papers and 100 conference presentations. He is a fellow of many Indian and international obstetrics and gynecology organizations. He has received several awards for his work, including producing India's first IVF birth and test tube baby of Nepal. He practices at his nursing home in Agra and is a consulting IVF specialist at multiple other locations in Northern India and Nepal.
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This document provides information about Prof. Narendra Malhotra's qualifications and experience. It lists that he holds positions such as Professor at Dubrovnick International University, Vice President of WAPM, past president of ISAR, president of other organizations. It notes that he has published over 50 papers and given over 100 guest lectures. He is the editor of 18 books and on the editorial board of several journals. The document also provides information about Malhotra Nursing & Maternity Home Pvt. Ltd. and Global Rainbow Health Care in Agra where he practices as an obstetrician gynecologist with interests in areas like high risk obstetrics, ultrasound, and infertility.
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The document discusses recommendations from a joint collaborative group regarding vaccinating pregnant and lactating women against COVID-19. It provides background on the impact of the pandemic on women's health and reviews evidence from studies on vaccine safety and efficacy. The group recommends that: 1) the option of vaccination should be discussed with women in the second and third trimester; 2) COVAXIN be approved for emergency use in pregnant and lactating women; and 3) vaccination in lactating women be advocated immediately while collecting safety data. The aim is to save lives by reducing COVID-19 severity in pregnant women through vaccination.
FOGSI POSITION STATEMENT COVID VACCINATION FOR PREGNANT & BREASTFEEDING WOMEN
This document discusses recommendations and guidelines regarding COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant and breastfeeding women. It provides information on the current COVID-19 situation globally and in India, the different types of COVID vaccines available in India, benefits of vaccination for the general population and pregnant women, safety of the vaccines for pregnant women, and international recommendations that vaccination should be offered to pregnant women similar to non-pregnant individuals based on risk-benefit analysis. The document concludes by stating current recommendations in India do not support vaccination of pregnant or breastfeeding women due to lack of safety data, but international organizations support vaccination for pregnant women.
Aub ieta -lucknow
Abnormal uterine bleeding is evaluated using various ultrasound techniques and parameters according to the IETA model. Transvaginal ultrasound is used to measure endometrial thickness and assess echogenicity, vascularity, and the endo-myometrial junction. Additional techniques like saline infusion sonography can outline intracavitary lesions in more detail. Precise ultrasound evaluation and scoring systems can detect endometrial abnormalities and help determine the risk of endometrial cancer. Following guidelines and algorithms helps manage patients and determine if further testing or procedures are needed.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular exercise can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illnesses.
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Corona is here to stay and it is predicted that over 70% of population will get the infection (fortunately not all will fall sick or very sick). (Recovery rate of over 74% & Death rate around 2%).
A lot of confusion exists regarding testing for covid and what test to do, when and how to interpret these tests.
Compiled by Dr. Narendra Malhotra
Ytp the happiness newsletter
The document discusses a video created by 60 doctors to spread happiness during the COVID-19 lockdown. They danced to "Happy" by Pharrell Williams in scrubs to show that doctors can still be happy on the frontlines. The video went viral and was shared by celebrities and media outlets. The doctors explain that their goal was to let people know they are not alone and to find moments of joy even during difficult times. They felt making the video and its success lifted peoples' spirits.
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Pruritus, or itching, affects up to 20% of pregnant women and can be caused by various dermatological conditions that are unique to pregnancy. Some of the main causes discussed in the document include pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP), pemphigoid gestationis, atopic eruption of pregnancy, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. PUPPP presents as papules and plaques on the abdomen and thighs that resolve after delivery, while pemphigoid gestationis involves blistering and can recur in future pregnancies. Treatment for the conditions typically involves topical corticosteroids and antihistamines, with systemic cort
ytp newsletter sheeba marwah
This document summarizes different causes of jaundice that can occur during pregnancy. It outlines various tests and evaluations that should be done to determine the underlying cause, which could be pregnancy-related conditions like intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (IHCP), pre-eclampsia, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, or non-pregnancy related issues like viral hepatitis or drug intake. Based on the results of the history, examination, and lab tests, appropriate diagnosis and management strategies are described for each condition. Pregnancy-related jaundice may require treatments like ursodeoxycholic acid and vitamin K supplementation, while conditions like IHCP or pre-eclampsia with severe features may necessitate
ytp newsletter neha priyadarshini
1) Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and repeated implantation failure (RIF) can be caused by thrombophilia including antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).
2) Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) like enoxaparin improves pregnancy outcomes in RPL/APS through both antithrombotic and non-thrombotic mechanisms such as inhibiting antibodies and modulating trophoblast invasion.
3) LMWH is recommended for treatment and prevention of complications in RPL/APS, inherited thrombophilia with pregnancy loss, and during ART for patients with RIF or thrombophilia.
ytp newsletter shally gupta
Tubal factors are responsible for 11-30% of infertility cases. Damage to the fallopian tubes can be caused by infections, endometriosis, or previous pelvic surgeries. Tubal abnormalities include proximal or distal occlusions, or non-occlusive issues like fimbrial agglutination. Causes are often acquired infections like chlamydia or pelvic inflammatory disease. Evaluation methods include hysterosalpingography, chlamydia antibody testing, or laparoscopy. Treatment options depend on the location and severity of damage, and may include reconstructive or destructive surgeries followed by IVF, or proceeding directly to IVF. While reconstructive surgery could restore natural fertility
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The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
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Study Resources:
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2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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