Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
313
Chapter 10
Leading an Ethical Organization: Corporate
Governance, Corporate Ethics, and Social
Responsibility
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
After reading this chapter, you should be able to understand and articulate answers to the following
questions:
1. What are the key elements of effective corporate governance?
2. How do individuals and firms gauge ethical behavior?
3. What influences and biases might impact and impede decision making?
TOMS Shoes: Doing Business with Soul
Under the business model used by TOMS Shoes, a pair of their signature alpargata footwear is
donated for every pair sold.
Image courtesy of Parke Ladd, http://www.flickr.com/photos/parke-ladd/5389801209.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
http://www.saylor.org/books
http://www.flickr.com/photos/parke-ladd/5389801209
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
314
In 2002, Blake Mycoskie competed with his sister Paige on The Amazing Race—a reality show where
groups of two people with existing relationships engage in a global race to win valuable prizes, with the
winner receiving a coveted grand prize. Although Blake’s team finished third in the second season of the
show, the experience afforded him the opportunity to visit Argentina, where he returned in 2006 and
developed the idea to build a company around the alpargata—a popular style of shoe in that region.
The premise of the company Blake started was a unique one. For every shoe sold, a pair will be given to
someone in need. This simple business model was the basis for TOMS Shoes, which has now given away
more than one million pairs of shoes to those in need in more than twenty countries worldwide. [1]
The rise of TOMS Shoes has inspired other companies that have adopted the “buy-one-give-one”
philosophy. For example, the Good Little Company donates a meal for every package purchased. [2] This
business model has also been successfully applied to selling (and donating) other items such as glasses
and books.
The social initiatives that drive TOMS Shoes stand in stark contrast to the criticisms that plagued Nike
Corporation, where claims of human rights violations, ranging from the use of sweatshops and child labor
to lack of compliance with minimum wage laws, were rampant in the 1990s. [3] While Nike struggled to
win back confidence in buyers that were concerned with their business practices, TOMS social initiatives
are a source of excellent publicity in pride in those who purchase their products. As further testament to
their popularity, TOMS has engaged in partnerships with Nordstrom, Disney, and Element Skateboards.
Although the idea of social entrepreneurship and the birth of firms such as TOMS Shoes are relatively
new, a push toward social initiatives has been the source of debate for executives for decades. Issues that
have sparked particularly .
Chapter 1010.1 Leading an Ethical Organization Corporate Govern.docxbartholomeocoombs
Chapter 10
10.1 Leading an Ethical Organization: Corporate Governance, Corporate Ethics, and Social Responsibility
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to understand and articulate answers to the following questions:
· What are the key elements of effective corporate governance?
· How do individuals and firms gauge ethical behavior?
· What influences and biases might impact and impede decision making?
TOMS Shoes: Doing Business with Soul
Under the business model used by TOMS Shoes, a pair of their signature alpargata footwear is donated for every pair sold.
Parke Ladd – Quinn’s new Tom’s – CC BY 2.0.
In 2002, Blake Mycoskie competed with his sister Paige on The Amazing Race—a reality show where groups of two people with existing relationships engage in a global race to win valuable prizes, with the winner receiving a coveted grand prize. Although Blake’s team finished third in the second season of the show, the experience afforded him the opportunity to visit Argentina, where he returned in 2006 and developed the idea to build a company around the alpargata—a popular style of shoe in that region.
The premise of the company Blake started was a unique one. For every shoe sold, a pair will be given to someone in need. This simple business model was the basis for TOMS Shoes, which has now given away more than one million pairs of shoes to those in need in more than twenty countries worldwide (Oloffson, 2010).
The rise of TOMS Shoes has inspired other companies that have adopted the “buy-one-give-one” philosophy. For example, the Good Little Company donates a meal for every package purchased (Nicolas, 2011). This business model has also been successfully applied to selling (and donating) other items such as glasses and books.
The social initiatives that drive TOMS Shoes stand in stark contrast to the criticisms that plagued Nike Corporation, where claims of human rights violations, ranging from the use of sweatshops and child labor to lack of compliance with minimum wage laws, were rampant in the 1990s (McCall, 1998). While Nike struggled to win back confidence in buyers that were concerned with their business practices, TOMS social initiatives are a source of excellent publicity in pride in those who purchase their products. As further testament to their popularity, TOMS has engaged in partnerships with Nordstrom, Disney, and Element Skateboards.
Although the idea of social entrepreneurship and the birth of firms such as TOMS Shoes are relatively new, a push toward social initiatives has been the source of debate for executives for decades. Issues that have sparked particularly fierce debate include CEO pay and the role of today’s modern corporation. More than a quarter of a century ago, famed economist Milton Friedman argued, “The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits.” This notion is now being challenged by firms such as TOMS and their entrepreneurial CEO, who argue that serving other stakeho.
Chapter 1010.1 Leading an Ethical Organization Corporate Govern.docxzebadiahsummers
Chapter 10
10.1 Leading an Ethical Organization: Corporate Governance, Corporate Ethics, and Social Responsibility
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to understand and articulate answers to the following questions:
· What are the key elements of effective corporate governance?
· How do individuals and firms gauge ethical behavior?
· What influences and biases might impact and impede decision making?
TOMS Shoes: Doing Business with Soul
Under the business model used by TOMS Shoes, a pair of their signature alpargata footwear is donated for every pair sold.
Parke Ladd – Quinn’s new Tom’s – CC BY 2.0.
In 2002, Blake Mycoskie competed with his sister Paige on The Amazing Race—a reality show where groups of two people with existing relationships engage in a global race to win valuable prizes, with the winner receiving a coveted grand prize. Although Blake’s team finished third in the second season of the show, the experience afforded him the opportunity to visit Argentina, where he returned in 2006 and developed the idea to build a company around the alpargata—a popular style of shoe in that region.
The premise of the company Blake started was a unique one. For every shoe sold, a pair will be given to someone in need. This simple business model was the basis for TOMS Shoes, which has now given away more than one million pairs of shoes to those in need in more than twenty countries worldwide (Oloffson, 2010).
The rise of TOMS Shoes has inspired other companies that have adopted the “buy-one-give-one” philosophy. For example, the Good Little Company donates a meal for every package purchased (Nicolas, 2011). This business model has also been successfully applied to selling (and donating) other items such as glasses and books.
The social initiatives that drive TOMS Shoes stand in stark contrast to the criticisms that plagued Nike Corporation, where claims of human rights violations, ranging from the use of sweatshops and child labor to lack of compliance with minimum wage laws, were rampant in the 1990s (McCall, 1998). While Nike struggled to win back confidence in buyers that were concerned with their business practices, TOMS social initiatives are a source of excellent publicity in pride in those who purchase their products. As further testament to their popularity, TOMS has engaged in partnerships with Nordstrom, Disney, and Element Skateboards.
Although the idea of social entrepreneurship and the birth of firms such as TOMS Shoes are relatively new, a push toward social initiatives has been the source of debate for executives for decades. Issues that have sparked particularly fierce debate include CEO pay and the role of today’s modern corporation. More than a quarter of a century ago, famed economist Milton Friedman argued, “The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits.” This notion is now being challenged by firms such as TOMS and their entrepreneurial CEO, who argue that serving other stakeho.
Ashford 6: - Week 5 - Instructor Guidance
Source: http://vivatlibertas.blogspot.com/2012/05/anti-consumerism.html
SOC 120 Ethics & Social Responsibility
Week 5 Guidance
Source: http://kelceyxcaulder.wordpress.com/
2013/02/11/time-warner-as-a-media-conglomerate/
Weekly Activities
Here is what you will be doing this week:
· Read Chapter 9 in the text: Product Liability and Corporate Responsibility
· Post to Discussion Board 1 on Consumerism and Planned Obsolescence (due by Day 3, Thursday)
· Post to Discussion Board 2 on Conglomerates and Market Domination (due by Day 3, Thursday)
· Respond to two discussion posts by classmates in each discussion (by Day 7, Monday)
· Final paper (due by Day 7, Monday)
· Have a look at the grading rubric as you write the Final Paper to make sure you are addressing all the areas of concern
Consumerism
Much as the Globesity festival presents in its visual depiction, the US, along with many countries has an issue with consumerism. Consumerism is seen to be the rise of desire socially and economically to purchase products and services in ever increasing amounts, often far beyond individual need. Many have linked this to the rise in the middle class throughout the 19th and 20th century (Veblen, 1899; Farrell, 2005). The video above by Richard Wolff provides some background on how this issue, along with class, have significantly affected the economy, social systems, and social issues in the US. Consumerism is also linked to consumer activism in regards to environmental waste issues and product liability and design. Many social issues have been linked as an affect of consumerism: environmental waste issues, resource overuse and depletion, obesity and other public health issues, child labor, sweat shops, materialism, cult of celebrity and wealth, increased personal financial and mental health issues, planned design obsolescence, corporate and media influence, and increasing deviant behavior and consumption (pornography, prostitution, substance abuse) to name a few (Farrell, 2005). The ethical dilemmas of consumerism lay in the questions of: why do we design goods to fail?, why do we need and use so much?, and what impact does our over-need and over-use have on the environment, society and culture.
To help explain Consumerism, here are some videos which may also be helpful in the discussions...
Corporations
In school, including college, you spend a lot of time learning about the structure and function of government―how the U.S. government is organized, what each of the three branches does, and even how your state and local governments function. You study how laws are created and how policies have affected your life.
Interestingly, much less attention is paid to another large bureaucratic organization that today is in many ways as dominant as government, perhaps even more so in some cases. Unless you are a business major, you probably were never taught about the structure and function of large.
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
313
Chapter 10
Leading an Ethical Organization: Corporate
Governance, Corporate Ethics, and Social
Responsibility
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
After reading this chapter, you should be able to understand and articulate answers to the following
questions:
1. What are the key elements of effective corporate governance?
2. How do individuals and firms gauge ethical behavior?
3. What influences and biases might impact and impede decision making?
TOMS Shoes: Doing Business with Soul
Under the business model used by TOMS Shoes, a pair of their signature alpargata footwear is
donated for every pair sold.
Image courtesy of Parke Ladd, http://www.flickr.com/photos/parke-ladd/5389801209.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
http://www.saylor.org/books
http://www.flickr.com/photos/parke-ladd/5389801209
Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
314
In 2002, Blake Mycoskie competed with his sister Paige on The Amazing Race—a reality show where
groups of two people with existing relationships engage in a global race to win valuable prizes, with the
winner receiving a coveted grand prize. Although Blake’s team finished third in the second season of the
show, the experience afforded him the opportunity to visit Argentina, where he returned in 2006 and
developed the idea to build a company around the alpargata—a popular style of shoe in that region.
The premise of the company Blake started was a unique one. For every shoe sold, a pair will be given to
someone in need. This simple business model was the basis for TOMS Shoes, which has now given away
more than one million pairs of shoes to those in need in more than twenty countries worldwide. [1]
The rise of TOMS Shoes has inspired other companies that have adopted the “buy-one-give-one”
philosophy. For example, the Good Little Company donates a meal for every package purchased. [2] This
business model has also been successfully applied to selling (and donating) other items such as glasses
and books.
The social initiatives that drive TOMS Shoes stand in stark contrast to the criticisms that plagued Nike
Corporation, where claims of human rights violations, ranging from the use of sweatshops and child labor
to lack of compliance with minimum wage laws, were rampant in the 1990s. [3] While Nike struggled to
win back confidence in buyers that were concerned with their business practices, TOMS social initiatives
are a source of excellent publicity in pride in those who purchase their products. As further testament to
their popularity, TOMS has engaged in partnerships with Nordstrom, Disney, and Element Skateboards.
Although the idea of social entrepreneurship and the birth of firms such as TOMS Shoes are relatively
new, a push toward social initiatives has been the source of debate for executives for decades. Issues that
have sparked particularly .
Chapter 1010.1 Leading an Ethical Organization Corporate Govern.docxbartholomeocoombs
Chapter 10
10.1 Leading an Ethical Organization: Corporate Governance, Corporate Ethics, and Social Responsibility
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to understand and articulate answers to the following questions:
· What are the key elements of effective corporate governance?
· How do individuals and firms gauge ethical behavior?
· What influences and biases might impact and impede decision making?
TOMS Shoes: Doing Business with Soul
Under the business model used by TOMS Shoes, a pair of their signature alpargata footwear is donated for every pair sold.
Parke Ladd – Quinn’s new Tom’s – CC BY 2.0.
In 2002, Blake Mycoskie competed with his sister Paige on The Amazing Race—a reality show where groups of two people with existing relationships engage in a global race to win valuable prizes, with the winner receiving a coveted grand prize. Although Blake’s team finished third in the second season of the show, the experience afforded him the opportunity to visit Argentina, where he returned in 2006 and developed the idea to build a company around the alpargata—a popular style of shoe in that region.
The premise of the company Blake started was a unique one. For every shoe sold, a pair will be given to someone in need. This simple business model was the basis for TOMS Shoes, which has now given away more than one million pairs of shoes to those in need in more than twenty countries worldwide (Oloffson, 2010).
The rise of TOMS Shoes has inspired other companies that have adopted the “buy-one-give-one” philosophy. For example, the Good Little Company donates a meal for every package purchased (Nicolas, 2011). This business model has also been successfully applied to selling (and donating) other items such as glasses and books.
The social initiatives that drive TOMS Shoes stand in stark contrast to the criticisms that plagued Nike Corporation, where claims of human rights violations, ranging from the use of sweatshops and child labor to lack of compliance with minimum wage laws, were rampant in the 1990s (McCall, 1998). While Nike struggled to win back confidence in buyers that were concerned with their business practices, TOMS social initiatives are a source of excellent publicity in pride in those who purchase their products. As further testament to their popularity, TOMS has engaged in partnerships with Nordstrom, Disney, and Element Skateboards.
Although the idea of social entrepreneurship and the birth of firms such as TOMS Shoes are relatively new, a push toward social initiatives has been the source of debate for executives for decades. Issues that have sparked particularly fierce debate include CEO pay and the role of today’s modern corporation. More than a quarter of a century ago, famed economist Milton Friedman argued, “The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits.” This notion is now being challenged by firms such as TOMS and their entrepreneurial CEO, who argue that serving other stakeho.
Chapter 1010.1 Leading an Ethical Organization Corporate Govern.docxzebadiahsummers
Chapter 10
10.1 Leading an Ethical Organization: Corporate Governance, Corporate Ethics, and Social Responsibility
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to understand and articulate answers to the following questions:
· What are the key elements of effective corporate governance?
· How do individuals and firms gauge ethical behavior?
· What influences and biases might impact and impede decision making?
TOMS Shoes: Doing Business with Soul
Under the business model used by TOMS Shoes, a pair of their signature alpargata footwear is donated for every pair sold.
Parke Ladd – Quinn’s new Tom’s – CC BY 2.0.
In 2002, Blake Mycoskie competed with his sister Paige on The Amazing Race—a reality show where groups of two people with existing relationships engage in a global race to win valuable prizes, with the winner receiving a coveted grand prize. Although Blake’s team finished third in the second season of the show, the experience afforded him the opportunity to visit Argentina, where he returned in 2006 and developed the idea to build a company around the alpargata—a popular style of shoe in that region.
The premise of the company Blake started was a unique one. For every shoe sold, a pair will be given to someone in need. This simple business model was the basis for TOMS Shoes, which has now given away more than one million pairs of shoes to those in need in more than twenty countries worldwide (Oloffson, 2010).
The rise of TOMS Shoes has inspired other companies that have adopted the “buy-one-give-one” philosophy. For example, the Good Little Company donates a meal for every package purchased (Nicolas, 2011). This business model has also been successfully applied to selling (and donating) other items such as glasses and books.
The social initiatives that drive TOMS Shoes stand in stark contrast to the criticisms that plagued Nike Corporation, where claims of human rights violations, ranging from the use of sweatshops and child labor to lack of compliance with minimum wage laws, were rampant in the 1990s (McCall, 1998). While Nike struggled to win back confidence in buyers that were concerned with their business practices, TOMS social initiatives are a source of excellent publicity in pride in those who purchase their products. As further testament to their popularity, TOMS has engaged in partnerships with Nordstrom, Disney, and Element Skateboards.
Although the idea of social entrepreneurship and the birth of firms such as TOMS Shoes are relatively new, a push toward social initiatives has been the source of debate for executives for decades. Issues that have sparked particularly fierce debate include CEO pay and the role of today’s modern corporation. More than a quarter of a century ago, famed economist Milton Friedman argued, “The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits.” This notion is now being challenged by firms such as TOMS and their entrepreneurial CEO, who argue that serving other stakeho.
Ashford 6: - Week 5 - Instructor Guidance
Source: http://vivatlibertas.blogspot.com/2012/05/anti-consumerism.html
SOC 120 Ethics & Social Responsibility
Week 5 Guidance
Source: http://kelceyxcaulder.wordpress.com/
2013/02/11/time-warner-as-a-media-conglomerate/
Weekly Activities
Here is what you will be doing this week:
· Read Chapter 9 in the text: Product Liability and Corporate Responsibility
· Post to Discussion Board 1 on Consumerism and Planned Obsolescence (due by Day 3, Thursday)
· Post to Discussion Board 2 on Conglomerates and Market Domination (due by Day 3, Thursday)
· Respond to two discussion posts by classmates in each discussion (by Day 7, Monday)
· Final paper (due by Day 7, Monday)
· Have a look at the grading rubric as you write the Final Paper to make sure you are addressing all the areas of concern
Consumerism
Much as the Globesity festival presents in its visual depiction, the US, along with many countries has an issue with consumerism. Consumerism is seen to be the rise of desire socially and economically to purchase products and services in ever increasing amounts, often far beyond individual need. Many have linked this to the rise in the middle class throughout the 19th and 20th century (Veblen, 1899; Farrell, 2005). The video above by Richard Wolff provides some background on how this issue, along with class, have significantly affected the economy, social systems, and social issues in the US. Consumerism is also linked to consumer activism in regards to environmental waste issues and product liability and design. Many social issues have been linked as an affect of consumerism: environmental waste issues, resource overuse and depletion, obesity and other public health issues, child labor, sweat shops, materialism, cult of celebrity and wealth, increased personal financial and mental health issues, planned design obsolescence, corporate and media influence, and increasing deviant behavior and consumption (pornography, prostitution, substance abuse) to name a few (Farrell, 2005). The ethical dilemmas of consumerism lay in the questions of: why do we design goods to fail?, why do we need and use so much?, and what impact does our over-need and over-use have on the environment, society and culture.
To help explain Consumerism, here are some videos which may also be helpful in the discussions...
Corporations
In school, including college, you spend a lot of time learning about the structure and function of government―how the U.S. government is organized, what each of the three branches does, and even how your state and local governments function. You study how laws are created and how policies have affected your life.
Interestingly, much less attention is paid to another large bureaucratic organization that today is in many ways as dominant as government, perhaps even more so in some cases. Unless you are a business major, you probably were never taught about the structure and function of large.
Week 6 Written Assignment - Org. BehaviorRead the A WINDOW ON LI.docxcockekeshia
Week 6 Written Assignment - Org. Behavior
Read the A WINDOW ON LIFE case study at the end of Chapter 12 of our text.
Answer the following questions in a 3-4 page (not counting cover page and references), APA formatted document and place in the drop box by the end of the week. Please insure you apply critical thinking and draw from your personal and professional experiences when answering the questions.
1. Identify the symptoms indicating that problems exist at LaCrosse Industries, Inc.
2. Use one or more leadership theories to analyze the underlying causes of the current problems at LaCrosse Industries. What other organizational behavior theories might also help explain some of the problems?
3. What should Gilbert LaCrosse do in this situation?
Reference:
· McShane, S.L., & Von Glinow, M.A. (2015). Organizational-Behavior: Emerging Knowledge, Global Reality (7th eds.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapter 11 - Conflict and Negotiation in the Workplace (pp. 310-339)
· McShane, S.L., & Von Glinow, M.A. (2015). Organizational-Behavior: Emerging Knowledge, Global Reality (7th eds.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapter 12 - Leadership in Organizational Settings (pp. 340-367)
Leadership in
Organizational Settings
le
a
rn
in
g
o
b
je
ct
iv
es
340
chapter
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
12-1 Define leadership and shared leadership.
12-2 Describe the four elements of transformational leadership and explain why they are
important for organizational change.
12-3 Compare managerial leadership with transformational leadership, and describe the features
of task-oriented, people-oriented, and servant leadership.
12-4 Discuss the elements of path-goal theory, Fiedler’s contingency model, and leadership
substitutes.
12-5 Describe the two components of the implicit leadership perspective.
12-6 Identify eight competencies associated with effective leaders and describe authentic leadership.
12-7 Discuss cultural and gender similarities and differences in leadership.
12
mcs62589_ch12_340-367.indd Page 340 27/11/13 4:23 PM f-500 /204/MH02010/mcs62589_disk1of1/0077862589/mcs62589_pagefiles
avid Thodey knew he faced a monumental challenge as chief
executive of Telstra, Australia’s largest telecommunications
company. Under the previous CEO, Telstra was so antagonistic to most
stakeholders that the Australian government threatened to limit the company’s
growth options. Customer complaints against Telstra skyrocketed 300 percent
during the three years before Thodey took the reins. Employee morale had
plummeted, along with Telstra’s share price. Only its copper lines monopoly,
investment in next-generation mobile broadband, and employees’ technological
skills kept Telstra sufficiently buoyant.
In spite of these formidable challenges, Thodey confidently led Telstra through a
spectacular transformation. At the center of this change was Thodey’s vision that
Telstra will have an “unyielding focus on customer.
The 1st iteration of the Ethical Corporation magazine, published in December 2001. Some of the stories covered include;
** Del Monte Kenya Limited ignoring employees and local community welfare to their peril
** Focus on investment risks due to human rights violations in corporate supply chains
** The need for brands to engage employees on purpose
**A focus on what's driving the recently introduced FTSE4Good indice
The Ethical Corporation Magazine - December 2001Liam Dowd
The 1st iteration of the Ethical Corporation magazine, published in December 2001. Some of the stories covered include;
** Del Monte Kenya Limited ignoring employees and local community welfare to their peril
** Focus on investment risks due to human rights violations in corporate supply chains
** The need for brands to engage employees on purpose
**A focus on what's driving the recently introduced FTSE4Good indice
Should a CEO serve as a Director on other companies' Boards? From the perspective of the CEO's own Board, does having their CEO serve as a Director on other Boards contribute to or detract from their own company's performance. The answer is not always simple or clear.
The 10 Most Innovative Business Leaders of 2023.pdfCIO Look Magazine
This edition features a handful of The Most Innovative Business Leaders to watch that are leading us into a better future
Read More: https://ciolook.com/the-10-most-innovative-business-leaders-of-2023-june2023/
Whether it’s GE’s lean-startup inspired FastWorks program, Zappos' move to Holacracy, or the US Military's new team-of-team structure; agile, lean, and responsive organizations are all the rage. But this shift from hierarchy to network is creating a leadership gap. Mangers often can't get out of their own way and reflexively apply a top-down mindset that stifles much needed collaboration. In this talk I’ll help you understand the essential skills you need to empower and enables agile, lean, and responsive organizations.
Maurice Lévy: The Competitive Lever of Strong Boards and Good GovernanceMSL
Maurice Lévy, Publicis Groupe's chairman and CEO, discusses good corporate governance in this article featured in Directors & Boards. Under his stewardship Publicis Groupe has been transformed into a global powerhouse of leading creative advertising and marketing agencies. Among his many awards, Institutional Investor magazine named him Europe's Best CEO in the media industry, and in 2012 WomenCorporateDirectors honored him and Publicis with its Visionary Award for Leadership and Governance of a Public Company.
ScanScan 1Scan 2Scan 3Scan 4Scan 5Scan 6Scan 7Scan 8Scan 9Scan 10Scan 11Scan 12Scan 13
Chapter 13 Global Health Challenges
MANY INDIVIDUALS AND NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) HELP FIGHT GLOBAL DISEASE. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation plays a key role in the war against malaria, AIDS, and other diseases. Melinda and Bill Gates met with doctors and patients at the Manhica Research Center and Hospital in an area of Mozambique heavily affected by malaria.
Learning Objectives
1. 13.1Recall the causes and effects of noncommunicable diseases
2. 13.2Evaluate the role of global travel and trade in facilitating the globalization of infectious diseases
3. 13.3Outline the three developments that gave rise to the concept of human security
4. 13.4Describe the three epidemiologic transitions to better understand contemporary concerns about infectious diseases
5. 13.5Report the cause, spread, effects, and control measures of influenza and avian flu
6. 13.6Report the cause, spread, effects, and control measures of malaria
7. 13.7Recognize the causes and preventive measures of HIV
8. 13.8Report the origin, spread, effects, and control measures of SARS
9. 13.9Report the origin, spread, effects, and control measures of Ebola
10. 13.10Outline role of the WHO in preventing the spread of infectious diseases
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and mental illness in general and Alzheimer’s disease in particular are the leading causes of death and disability globally. Long associated with affluent Western standards of living, NCDs are now a global problem. While rich countries are better equipped to deal with chronic diseases, they are far more deadly in poor countries. Growing numbers of old people and the spread of middle-class lifestyles make NCDs more prevalent than infectious diseases. Globalization also contributes to the growth of NCDs by helping expand the global middle class and by promoting fast foods, sugary drinks, alcohol, smoking, processed foods, and sedentary lifestyles. A major global health threat that undermines efforts to cure diseases is the emergence of germs that are resistant to antibiotics. This is due mainly to the excessive use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture.
Infectious diseases are intertwined with numerous global issues and are inseparable from political, economic, and cultural components of globalization. Ethnic conflicts make populations vulnerable to infectious diseases. Fighting contributes to the collapse of public services, which means that many people die from what would ordinarily be treatable diseases, such as diarrhea and respiratory infections. Conflicts also create refugees, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions, thereby creating environments conducive to the spread of infectious diseases.
Environmental degradation and deforestation expose humans to a variety of infectious diseases. They also contribute to global warming and flooding,.
Scapegoating is a theory of prejudice and discrimination. Societ.docxtodd331
Scapegoating is a theory of prejudice and discrimination. Society looks at the weakest group, and places blame on that group for all ills. That group then becomes the bottom level of society. We've seen this over the past 18 months. Illegal immigrants have been blamed for many issues, in particular crime and unemployment rates. Yet, I know few in my own area who will do the jobs these folks do every day. As for crime, please see the link below for a journal article that addresses this issue. Most crimes committed by immigrants without papers are misdemeanors.
What are your thoughts?
.
More Related Content
Similar to Saylor URL httpwww.saylor.orgbooks Saylor.org 313 .docx
Week 6 Written Assignment - Org. BehaviorRead the A WINDOW ON LI.docxcockekeshia
Week 6 Written Assignment - Org. Behavior
Read the A WINDOW ON LIFE case study at the end of Chapter 12 of our text.
Answer the following questions in a 3-4 page (not counting cover page and references), APA formatted document and place in the drop box by the end of the week. Please insure you apply critical thinking and draw from your personal and professional experiences when answering the questions.
1. Identify the symptoms indicating that problems exist at LaCrosse Industries, Inc.
2. Use one or more leadership theories to analyze the underlying causes of the current problems at LaCrosse Industries. What other organizational behavior theories might also help explain some of the problems?
3. What should Gilbert LaCrosse do in this situation?
Reference:
· McShane, S.L., & Von Glinow, M.A. (2015). Organizational-Behavior: Emerging Knowledge, Global Reality (7th eds.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapter 11 - Conflict and Negotiation in the Workplace (pp. 310-339)
· McShane, S.L., & Von Glinow, M.A. (2015). Organizational-Behavior: Emerging Knowledge, Global Reality (7th eds.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapter 12 - Leadership in Organizational Settings (pp. 340-367)
Leadership in
Organizational Settings
le
a
rn
in
g
o
b
je
ct
iv
es
340
chapter
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
12-1 Define leadership and shared leadership.
12-2 Describe the four elements of transformational leadership and explain why they are
important for organizational change.
12-3 Compare managerial leadership with transformational leadership, and describe the features
of task-oriented, people-oriented, and servant leadership.
12-4 Discuss the elements of path-goal theory, Fiedler’s contingency model, and leadership
substitutes.
12-5 Describe the two components of the implicit leadership perspective.
12-6 Identify eight competencies associated with effective leaders and describe authentic leadership.
12-7 Discuss cultural and gender similarities and differences in leadership.
12
mcs62589_ch12_340-367.indd Page 340 27/11/13 4:23 PM f-500 /204/MH02010/mcs62589_disk1of1/0077862589/mcs62589_pagefiles
avid Thodey knew he faced a monumental challenge as chief
executive of Telstra, Australia’s largest telecommunications
company. Under the previous CEO, Telstra was so antagonistic to most
stakeholders that the Australian government threatened to limit the company’s
growth options. Customer complaints against Telstra skyrocketed 300 percent
during the three years before Thodey took the reins. Employee morale had
plummeted, along with Telstra’s share price. Only its copper lines monopoly,
investment in next-generation mobile broadband, and employees’ technological
skills kept Telstra sufficiently buoyant.
In spite of these formidable challenges, Thodey confidently led Telstra through a
spectacular transformation. At the center of this change was Thodey’s vision that
Telstra will have an “unyielding focus on customer.
The 1st iteration of the Ethical Corporation magazine, published in December 2001. Some of the stories covered include;
** Del Monte Kenya Limited ignoring employees and local community welfare to their peril
** Focus on investment risks due to human rights violations in corporate supply chains
** The need for brands to engage employees on purpose
**A focus on what's driving the recently introduced FTSE4Good indice
The Ethical Corporation Magazine - December 2001Liam Dowd
The 1st iteration of the Ethical Corporation magazine, published in December 2001. Some of the stories covered include;
** Del Monte Kenya Limited ignoring employees and local community welfare to their peril
** Focus on investment risks due to human rights violations in corporate supply chains
** The need for brands to engage employees on purpose
**A focus on what's driving the recently introduced FTSE4Good indice
Should a CEO serve as a Director on other companies' Boards? From the perspective of the CEO's own Board, does having their CEO serve as a Director on other Boards contribute to or detract from their own company's performance. The answer is not always simple or clear.
The 10 Most Innovative Business Leaders of 2023.pdfCIO Look Magazine
This edition features a handful of The Most Innovative Business Leaders to watch that are leading us into a better future
Read More: https://ciolook.com/the-10-most-innovative-business-leaders-of-2023-june2023/
Whether it’s GE’s lean-startup inspired FastWorks program, Zappos' move to Holacracy, or the US Military's new team-of-team structure; agile, lean, and responsive organizations are all the rage. But this shift from hierarchy to network is creating a leadership gap. Mangers often can't get out of their own way and reflexively apply a top-down mindset that stifles much needed collaboration. In this talk I’ll help you understand the essential skills you need to empower and enables agile, lean, and responsive organizations.
Maurice Lévy: The Competitive Lever of Strong Boards and Good GovernanceMSL
Maurice Lévy, Publicis Groupe's chairman and CEO, discusses good corporate governance in this article featured in Directors & Boards. Under his stewardship Publicis Groupe has been transformed into a global powerhouse of leading creative advertising and marketing agencies. Among his many awards, Institutional Investor magazine named him Europe's Best CEO in the media industry, and in 2012 WomenCorporateDirectors honored him and Publicis with its Visionary Award for Leadership and Governance of a Public Company.
Similar to Saylor URL httpwww.saylor.orgbooks Saylor.org 313 .docx (20)
ScanScan 1Scan 2Scan 3Scan 4Scan 5Scan 6Scan 7Scan 8Scan 9Scan 10Scan 11Scan 12Scan 13
Chapter 13 Global Health Challenges
MANY INDIVIDUALS AND NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) HELP FIGHT GLOBAL DISEASE. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation plays a key role in the war against malaria, AIDS, and other diseases. Melinda and Bill Gates met with doctors and patients at the Manhica Research Center and Hospital in an area of Mozambique heavily affected by malaria.
Learning Objectives
1. 13.1Recall the causes and effects of noncommunicable diseases
2. 13.2Evaluate the role of global travel and trade in facilitating the globalization of infectious diseases
3. 13.3Outline the three developments that gave rise to the concept of human security
4. 13.4Describe the three epidemiologic transitions to better understand contemporary concerns about infectious diseases
5. 13.5Report the cause, spread, effects, and control measures of influenza and avian flu
6. 13.6Report the cause, spread, effects, and control measures of malaria
7. 13.7Recognize the causes and preventive measures of HIV
8. 13.8Report the origin, spread, effects, and control measures of SARS
9. 13.9Report the origin, spread, effects, and control measures of Ebola
10. 13.10Outline role of the WHO in preventing the spread of infectious diseases
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and mental illness in general and Alzheimer’s disease in particular are the leading causes of death and disability globally. Long associated with affluent Western standards of living, NCDs are now a global problem. While rich countries are better equipped to deal with chronic diseases, they are far more deadly in poor countries. Growing numbers of old people and the spread of middle-class lifestyles make NCDs more prevalent than infectious diseases. Globalization also contributes to the growth of NCDs by helping expand the global middle class and by promoting fast foods, sugary drinks, alcohol, smoking, processed foods, and sedentary lifestyles. A major global health threat that undermines efforts to cure diseases is the emergence of germs that are resistant to antibiotics. This is due mainly to the excessive use of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture.
Infectious diseases are intertwined with numerous global issues and are inseparable from political, economic, and cultural components of globalization. Ethnic conflicts make populations vulnerable to infectious diseases. Fighting contributes to the collapse of public services, which means that many people die from what would ordinarily be treatable diseases, such as diarrhea and respiratory infections. Conflicts also create refugees, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions, thereby creating environments conducive to the spread of infectious diseases.
Environmental degradation and deforestation expose humans to a variety of infectious diseases. They also contribute to global warming and flooding,.
Scapegoating is a theory of prejudice and discrimination. Societ.docxtodd331
Scapegoating is a theory of prejudice and discrimination. Society looks at the weakest group, and places blame on that group for all ills. That group then becomes the bottom level of society. We've seen this over the past 18 months. Illegal immigrants have been blamed for many issues, in particular crime and unemployment rates. Yet, I know few in my own area who will do the jobs these folks do every day. As for crime, please see the link below for a journal article that addresses this issue. Most crimes committed by immigrants without papers are misdemeanors.
What are your thoughts?
.
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INSTRUCTIONS
Write a brief case study (ALZHIEMER DISEASE) of a real or hypothetical issue or problem that needs investigation (approx. 200-250 words max).
Discussion 3.2: Hypothesis Test Tag Team
Corporate Responsibility 8;
The Social Responsibility of Business Is
to Increase Its Profits
Milton Friedman
When I hear businessmen speak eloquently
about the “social responsibilities of business
in a free-enterprise system,” I am reminded
of the wonderful line about the Frenchman
who discovered at the age of 70 that he had
been speaking prose all his life. The busi
nessmen believe that they are defending free
enterprise when they declaim that business
is not concerned “merely” with profit but
also with promoting desirable “social” ends;
that business has a “social conscience” and
takes seriously its responsibilities for provid
ing employment, eliminating discrimina
tion, avoiding pollution and whatever else
may be the catchwords of the contemporary
crop of reformers. In fact they are—or
would be if they or anyone else took them
seriously—preaching pure and unadulter
ated socialism. Businessmen who talk this
way are unwitting puppets of the intellectual
forces that have been undermining the basis
of a free society these past decades.
The discussions of the “social responsibil
ities of business” are notable for their analyt
ical looseness and lack of rigor. What does it
mean to say that “business” has responsibili
ties? Only people can have responsibilities.
A corporation is an artificial person and in
this sense may have artificial responsibili
ties, but “business” as a whole cannot be said
to have responsibilities, even in this vague
sense. The first step toward clarity in ex
amining the doctrine of the social responsi
bility of business is to ask precisely what it
implies for whom.
Presumably, the individuals who are to be
responsible are businessmen, which means
individual proprietors or corporate execu
tives. Most of the discussion of social respon
sibility is directed at corporations, so in what
follows I shall mostly neglect the individual
proprietors and speak of corporate execu
tives.
In a free-enterprise, private-property sys
tem, a corporate executive is an employee of
the owners of the business. He has direct re
sponsibility to his employers. That responsi
bility is to conduct the business in accord
ance with their desires, which generally will
be to make as much money as possible while
conforming to the basic rules of the society,
both those embodied in law and those em
bodied in ethical custom. Of course, in some
cases his employers may have a different ob
jective. A group of persons might establish a
corporation for an eleemosynary purpose—
for example, a hospital or a school. The
manager of such a corporation will not have
money profit as his objectives but the ren
dering of certain services.
In either case,.
Sara Mohammed1991 Washington St.Indiana, PA 15701(571) 550-3.docxtodd331
Sara Mohammed
1991 Washington St.
Indiana, PA 15701
(571) 550-3232
[email protected]
EDUCATION
Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP) Expected December 2020
Bachelor of Science in Business
Northern Virginia Community College (NOVA), Woodbridge, VA May 2016
English As a Second Language
Volunteerism
Saudi club association at Gannon University Fall 2018
SKILLS
· Speak three languages (Arabic, English, and Turkish)
· Knowledge with technology
· Experience with Microsoft, Word, Excel, and PowerPoint
· Looking for helping others always
· Familiar with taking care of kids
.
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Application Assignment 2: Part 2 - Developing an Advocacy Campaign
The following application, Part 2, will be due in Week 7.
To prepare:
· Review Chapter 3 of Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide.
· In the first assignment, you reflected on whether the policy you would like to promote could best be achieved through the development of new legislation, or a change in an existing law or regulation. Refine as necessary using any feedback from your first paper.
· Contemplate how existing laws or regulations may affect how you proceed in advocating for your proposed policy.
· Consider how you could influence legislators or other policymakers to enact the policy you propose.
· Think about the obstacles of the legislative process that may prevent your proposed policy from being implemented as intended.
·
To complete:
Part Two will have approximately 3–4 pages of content plus a title page and references. Part Two will address the following:
· Explain whether your proposed policy could be enacted through a modification of existing law or regulation or the creation of new legislation/regulation.
· Explain how existing laws or regulations could affect your advocacy efforts. Be sure to cite and reference the laws and regulations using primary sources.
· Provide an analysis of the methods you could use to influence legislators or other policymakers to support your policy. In particular, explain how you would use the “three legs” of lobbying in your advocacy efforts.
· Summarize obstacles that could arise in the legislative process and how to overcome these hurdles.
Milstead: 3 Legs of Lobbying
“According to Milstead (2013), Leg One of the Three-Legged Stool consists of lobbying which is the act of influencing – the art of persuading-a government entity. “Legislators often rely on lobbyists’ expertise to help them understand what they are voting for or against.” (Milstead, 2013, p. 53). Local State Representatives should be targeted as a champion for the bill and that’s likely where an average voter can begin for their voice to be heard at the local and state levels.Leg Two of the Three-Legged Stool also includes the grassroots lobbyists. The AmericanNurses Association often spear-heads lobbying efforts in the best interest of the public on healthcare related issues and has a strong history of working with Congress on these important issues. “Grassroots lobbyists are constituents who have the power to elect officials through their vote and have expertise and knowledge about a particular issue (such as nurses in healthcare reform debates)” (Milstead, 2013, p. 54). Nurses can become a member of the American Nurses Association or other associations to ensure nurses have a voice on these important issues”
Reflection
Associate Professor Michael Segon
Director MBA
1
Reflection
Reflection is used as a learning tool to make sense of what we have experienced and how we can optimise our learning from that experience.
.
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Chapter 13:The Bureaucracy
ADA Text Version
Learning Objectives
1. Describe the formal organization of the federal bureaucracy.
2. Classify the vital functions performed by the bureaucracy.
3. Explain the present Civil Service system and contrast it with the 19th century spoils system.
4. Identify the various factors contributing to bureaucracy's growth over time.
5. Compare the means by which Congress and the president attempt to maintain control over the bureaucracy.
6. Analyze and evaluate the problems that bureaucratic organization poses for American democracy.
Introduction
The very word "bureaucracy" often carries negative connotations. To refer to an institution as a "bureaucracy" or characterize it as "bureaucratic" is usually intended as an insult. But the national bureaucracy, sometimes called the "fourth branch of government", is responsible for practically all of the day-to-day work of governing the country. While bureaucracy in the United States, consistent with our tradition of more limited government, is smaller than its counterparts in other longstanding democracies, its influence extends to almost every corner of American society. From delivery of the mail to regulation of the stock market to national defense, federal employees plan, regulate, adjudicate, enforce, and implement federal law. Despite recurrent calls to "shrink" the size of government, the federal bureaucracy remains the largest single employer in the United States. This lesson examines the bureaucracy's formal organization, its critical role in the American economy and society, and its perceived weaknesses.
Study Questions
1. How did sociologist Max Weber define bureaucracy?
2. Identify the various functions federal bureaucracies perform giving at least one example each:
a. Implementation
b. Regulation
c. Adjudication
d. Enforcement
e. Policy-making
3. How many people does the federal government employ? For what percentage of GDP does federal spending account? How does this compare to other economically advanced democracies?
4. Classify and distinguish the major types of bureaucracy in the federal government:
a. Cabinet Departments
b. Independent Agencies
c. Independent Regulatory Commissions
d. Government Corporations
5. How does the federal bureaucracy select and recruit personnel? Contrast the present civil service system with the spoils system. What advantages does the present system provide?
6. What factors explain the growth of bureaucracy over time despite recurrent calls for limiting the size of government?
7. Identify those factors in the budget process making it difficult to cut bureaucratic funding.
8. Describe the way Congress authorizes funding for the federal bureaucracy.
9. How does Congress attempt to control the federal bureaucracy?
10. How does the president attempt to control the federal bureaucracy?
11. What special problems does bureaucratic independence present in a democracy? Discuss with re.
SANS SIFT tool Final project , related to (digital foren.docxtodd331
SANS SIFT tool Final project , related to (digital forensics tools and technique)
Description : A 500-700 word, double spaced paper, written in APA format, showing sources and a bibliography and ppt presentation too
Presentation materials
.
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TABLE 2.2 Connecting Knowledge of Development and Learning to Teaching Practices
Principles of Child Development and Learning
Developmentally Appropriate Teaching Practices
Children develop holistically
• Teachers plan daily activities and routines to address aesthetic, emotional, cognitive, language, physical, and social development.
• Teachers integrate learning across the curriculum (e.g., mixing language, physical, and social; combining math, science, and reading).
Child development follows an orderly sequence
• Teachers use their knowledge of developmental sequences to gauge whether children are developing as expected, to determine reasonable expectations, and to plan next steps in the learning process.
Children develop at varying rates
• Teachers give children opportunities to pursue activities at their own pace.
• Teachers repeat activities more than once so children can participate according to changing needs and abilities.
• Teachers plan activities with multiple learning objectives to address the needs of more and less advanced learners.
Children learn best when they feel safe and secure
• Teachers develop nurturing relationships with children and remain with children long enough so children can easily identify a specific adult from whom to seek help, comfort, attention, and guidance.
• Daily routines are predictable. Changes in routine are explained in advance so children can anticipate what will happen.
• There is two-way communication between teachers and families, and families are welcome in the program.
• Children have access to images, objects, and activities that reflect their home experiences.
• The early childhood environment complies with all safety requirements.
• Adults use positive discipline to enhance children’s self-esteem, self-control, and problem-solving abilities.
• Teachers address aggression and bullying calmly, firmly, and proactively.
Children are active learners
• Activities, transitions, and routines respect children’s attention span, need for activity and need for social interaction. Inactive segments of the day are short.
• Children participate in gross motor activities every day.
Children learn through a combination of physical experience, social experience, and reflection
• Adults encourage children to explore and investigate. They pose questions, offer information, and challenge children’s thinking.
• Children have many chances to document and reflect on their ideas.
Children learn through mastery and challenge
• Practitioners simplify, maintain, or extend activities in response to children’s functioning and comprehension.
Children’s learning profiles vary
• Teachers present the same information in more than one modality (seeing, hearing, touching) and through different types of activities.
• Children have opportunities to play on their own and with others; indoors and outdoors; with natural and manufactured materials.
Chil.
Sandro Reyes 1
5
Human Impact on the Environment
Every day, I see the harmful impacts of humans on the environment. Just 13 percent of the globe’s oceans remain unsoiled by humanity’s damaging impacts (Carrington, 2018). In the remotest poles and Pacific areas, most of the ocean has no natural marine wildlife. Pollution, huge fishing fleets, and global shipping along with climate change are all degrading the oceans. The vehicles we drive every day, industrial wastes, overpopulation, and fossil fuels, all have negative effects on the environment. Human activities are negatively affecting the environment by degrading it and sooner or later, the earth will not be able to sustain humans.
Overpopulation is now an epidemic with decreased mortality rates, improved medicine, and food sustainability. We are living longer, which is increasing population. The impact of overpopulation includes environmental degradation due to cutting down of trees to create space. With less trees to filter the air, an increase in carbon dioxide levels is damaging every single organism (Interesting Engineering, 2019). Another effect of overpopulation is overdependence on fossil fuels such as coal and oil, which emit plentiful carbon oxide into the air. With increased population, humans need more space, which damage ecosystems and augment carbon dioxide emissions.
Pollution is another impact of human activities on the environment. From trash, industrial wastes to carbon dioxide emissions into the air, pollutions is inevitable. Over 2.4 billion individuals have no access to sources of clean water. Human activities continue to deplete indispensable resources such as soil, water, and air. United States, for example, produces 147 million metric tons of air pollution annually (Interesting Engineering, 2019). Air quality in developing nations continues to plummet as well. This means that we are engaging in activities that are hurting the environment.
Global warming is one of the greatest causes of environmental degradation contributed by human activities. Some people do not believe that global warming is real. However, that is not true, and its major contributors include carbon dioxide emissions from respiration, deforestation, and burning fossil fuels. Each year, we continue to contribute to levels of carbon dioxide globally. Current levels exceed 400 PPM, and the rise in carbon dioxide emissions are attributed to an increase in global temperatures (Interesting Engineering, 2019). The result is the melting of arctic glaciers and land ice, which will increase sea levels, and have negative effects on oceanic life.
Climate change is another impact on the environment that is being caused by us. It is linked .
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Research Summary (paper)
For this assignment you summarize one of the experimental research studies from your research collection.
(I did not make one, feel free to choose any research that has to do with psychology.)
Check out Audris Oh's research summary I put in the files -- it's a great model.
Write your summary in 5 pages or so, basically summarizing each of the major sections - literature review, methods section, results section and discussion. Let the abstract at the beginning of the paper guide you (It's just one paragraph but is a great guide). Why was the study done and how does it fit in with other work in the field (the intro or lit review)? What was the actual experiment (the methods section)? What were the results (the results section)? Why is it important (the discussion section)? Conclude your paper with a personal reaction -- does this fit with what you’ve seen? How might you use any insight the study provides?
Include the pdf of the article (or link to it) and the reference to the article in APA style. Here's an example of a reference:
Stein, S., Isaacs, G., & Andrews, T. (2004). Incorporating authentic learning experiences within a university course. Studies in Higher Education, 29(2), 239-258.
Example of how the essay should look like: https://middlesexcc.libguides.com/ld.php?content_id=7578609
Mendel, 150 years on
T.H. Noel Ellis1, Julie M.I. Hofer1, Gail M. Timmerman-Vaughan2, Clarice J. Coyne3
and Roger P. Hellens4
1
Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth,
Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
2
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
3
USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
4
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
Review
Mendel’s paper ‘Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden’ is the
best known in a series of studies published in the late 18th
and 19th centuries that built our understanding of the
mechanism of inheritance. Mendel investigated the seg-
regation of seven gene characters of pea (Pisum sativum),
of which four have been identified. Here, we review what
is known about the molecular nature of these genes,
which encode enzymes (R and Le), a biochemical regula-
tor (I) and a transcription factor (A). The mutations are: a
transposon insertion (r), an amino acid insertion (i), a
splice variant (a) and a missense mutation (le-1). The
nature of the three remaining uncharacterized characters
(green versus yellow pods, inflated versus constricted
pods, and axial versus terminal flowers) is discussed.
Mendel’s studies: species, traits and genes
Mendel’s paper ‘Versuche ü ber Pflanzen-Hybriden’ [1] is
the best known in a series of studies published in the late
18th and 19th centuries [2–4] that built our understanding
of the mechanism of inheritance [5]. The title of M.
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HACCP Recipe Terms
Check temperature of food at least every four hours and record
Check temperature of storage area at beginning of shift.
Cook eggs, poultry, fish, and meat in a microwave oven to a minimum temperature of 165 degrees F.
Cook fish to a minimum of 145 degrees F for 15 seconds.
Cook ground meats to a minimum of 155 degrees F for 15 seconds.
Cook poultry to a minimum of 165 degrees F for 15 seconds.
Cook vegetables to a temperature of 135 degrees F or higher.
Cooked food should be cooled from 135 degrees F to 70 degrees F within 2 hours and from 70 degrees F to 41 degrees F or lower in an additional 4 hours.
Cool foods to at least 70 degrees F before refrigerating or freezing.
Crack egg in separate bowl before combining to larger bowl.
Discard food held in the temperature danger zone for longer than four hours.
Hold cold foods at an internal temperature of 41 degrees F or lower.
Hold frozen foods at a temperature of 0 degrees F or lower.
Thaw food in a microwave oven if it will be cooked immediately after.
Hold hot foods at a minimum internal temperature of 135 degrees F or higher.
Hold hot foods at a minimum internal temperature of 135 degrees F or higher.
Inspect can before opening for swollen ends, rust, or dents.
Label food for storage with ingredient list and date of preparation.
Prepare raw foods separately from ready to eat foods.
Reduce the size or quantity of food to be cooled.
Reheat food to 165 degrees F for 15 seconds.
Remove from the refrigerator only as much product as can be prepared at one time.
Remove jewelry
Rotate products to ensure that the oldest inventory is used first.
Sanitize work surface, equipment, and utensils.
Store chemicals away from food products.
Store cut melons at 41 degrees F or lower.
Store fresh-cut produce between 33 to 41 degrees F to maintain quality.
Store raw meat, poultry, and fish in the bottom of the refrigerator.
Thaw food by submerging under running potable water at a temperature of 70 degrees F or lower.
Thaw food in a microwave oven if it will be cooked immediately after.
Thaw food in the refrigerator at 41 degrees F or lower.
Use a clean, sanitized, and calibrated thermometer to measure the internal temperature of foods.
Wash all fresh fruit prior to serving
Wash your hands
Wear gloves
Wear hairnet
Standardized Recipe Form
Recipe Name_____________________________________ Category_______________________________ Recipe #__________________________
(i.e., entrée, breads)
HACCP Process: _____ 1 – No Cook _____ 2 – Cook & Same Day Serve _____ 3 – Cook, Cool, Reheat, Serve
Ingredients
For ___________Servings
Directions: Include step by step instructions, the critical control points (CCP-specific points at which a hazard can be reduced, eliminated or prevented) and critical limit (time and/or temperature that must be achieved to control a hazard).
Weight
Measure
Serving Size___________________ Pan Size_______________.
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1
STANDARIZATION OF A BASE
AND TITRATION OF A VINEGAR SOLUTION
ADDITIONAL READING
The concepts in this experiment are also discussed in sections 3.6 AND 17.3 of Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity by
Kotz, Treichel, Townsend and Treichel, and in sections 4.3b, 17.3a, and 17.3b of Mindtap General Chemistry by Vining,
Young, Day, and Botch
ABSTRACT
This experiment is divided into two parts. Each student is expected to perform the experiment individually.
In Part A, you will prepare a NaOH titrant solution, then standardize it (determine its exact concentration) using the acid
primary standard, potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHC8H4O4, frequently abbreviated as KHP. Note KHP is not a chemical
formula.
In Part B you will use your standardized NaOH solution to determine the molar concentration of vinegar (an acetic acid,
CH3COOH, solution), and convert this concentration unit to a mass percent concentration unit, and finally compare your
measured mass percent concentration to the value reported on the bottle.
BACKGROUND
TITRATIONS
One of the most useful strategies in analytical chemistry is to use a known reagent (known composition or concentration)
as a standard to analyze an unknown substance. A titration is an analytical procedure in which a solution of known
concentration, the standard solution, is slowly reacted with a solution of unknown concentration. The concentration of
the unknown solution can be easily calculated. Titration is often used to measure the concentration of an acid or base,
but it can also be used for any chemical reaction if the stoichiometry is known.
EXPERIMENTS 6 AND 7 ARE BOTH ACID BASE TITRATION EXPERIMENTS, QUITE SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER.
THE REASONS FOR DOING TWO TITRATION EXPERIMENTS
A. TO GIVE STUDENTS PLENTY OF OPPORTUNITY BOTH TO PERFECT THEIR TITRATION TECHNIQUE AND
TO LEARN TO DO THE CALCULATIONS;
B. TITRATION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT TECHNIQUE LEARNED IN CHEM 1033 LAB.
YOU WILL DO A PRACTICAL LAB EXAM AT THE END OF THE SEMESTER; IT WILL BE A VERY SIMILAR
TITRATION.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE THAT TITRATION IS AN ACQUIRED SKILL, REQUIRING PRACTICE. MOST
STUDENTS ARE NOT PROFICIENT AT FIRST, BUT IF YOU WANT TO BECOME EXPERT AT IT, YOU WILL GET
THERE WITH PRACTICE.
It is critical that there be an observable change that signals that the titration is complete. This is called the endpoint,
since it signals the end of the titration, when the equivalents of titrant added just equal the equivalents of the analyte
unknown. When performing an acid-base titration, we commonly use an acid-base indicator that has one color before the
endpoint but changes sharply to a different color at the pH of the endpoint.
Titrations are carried out using a specialized piece of glassware called a buret, which is long tube with a dispensing valve.
The buret scale has graduated marks in units of 0.01 mL or 0.02 mL. You can apply the techniques used for readi.
Scanlon Technologies, Inc. Anne Scanlon founded Scanlon Technol.docxtodd331
Scanlon Technologies, Inc.
*
Anne Scanlon founded Scanlon Technologies, Inc., in 1993. The company designed and manufactured high-tech products that were used in various industries ranging from semiconductor to aviation. Over the years, Scanlon Technologies reported a compound annual growth rate in revenues of over 20% due to high demand for the company’s products and Anne’s superior management skills. By the end of 1996, it was clear that any further growth would have to come from international expansion. However, establishing manufacturing operations and opening up sales and marketing offices abroad required a significant amount of capital. Anne considered investing more of her own money into the business; however, given that she already had most of her wealth tied up in the company, she decided against the idea. Moreover, she believed that the amount of funds Scanlon Technologies needed to raise for expansion was in the tens of millions. In her mind, there was only one clear solution—go public.
In September 1996, Anne hired J.P. Suisse, a top tier investment bank, to take Scanlon Technologies public. On January 1, 1997, the company, which was authorized by the State of Delaware to sell 20 million common stock and 10 million preferred stock, issued one million shares of common stock in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol STI. The stock, which had a par value of $1, was sold for $20 per share and climbed to $26 a share by the end of its first trading day.
As expected, the funds raised in the IPO were used to open offices all over the world as well as build a second manufacturing plant in Toronto, Canada. Over the next couple of years, business was good and the company was able to generate enough cash to maintain its level of operations.
In October 1999, Anne learned that Kadehjian
Solution
s Coporation, a competitor, was considering the option of being acquired. Anne believed that such an acquisition would position Scanlon Technologies as the industry leader. One of Kadehjian’s requirements for such an acquisition was that it be an all-cash transaction. Anne knew that this would require Scanlon Technologies to raise approximately $7 million.
Ann contracted J.P. Suisse to discuss raising these funds through the capital markets. The managing directors at J.P. Suisse recommended that Scanlon Technologies employ a combination of debt and equity securities. Anne agreed and on January 1, 2000, the company issued an additional one hundred thousand shares of its $1 par value common stock at $40 per share. On the same day, the company issued $2 million in bonds at 95.8, due in 5 years with 5% interest payable annually (at year end). The market interest rate at the time was 6% per year. Also on January 1, 2000, Scanlon Technologies issued $1.3 million in zero-coupon (i.e. no interest) convertible bonds, also due in 5 years. Each $1,000 bond converted into 20 shares of its commo.
scan the following 2 poems by Robert Herrick. analyze each poems rhy.docxtodd331
scan the following 2 poems by Robert Herrick. analyze each poems rhyme and verse and its meter and number of feet. then in a short paragraph, tell me what you think.
Upon Julia's Breasts
Display thy breasts, my Julia, there let me
Behold that circummortal purity;
Between whose glories, there my lips I'll lay,
Ravished in that fair Via Lactea.
Upon a Child That Died
Here she lies, a pretty bud,
Lately made of flesh and blood,
Who as soon fell fast asleep
As her little eyes did peep.
Give her strewings, but not stir
The earth that lightly covers her.
.
SBUX ISIncome Statement - As Reported 10K in millionsIncome Statem.docxtodd331
SBUX ISIncome Statement - As Reported 10K in millionsIncome Statement - As Reported 10Q in millions9/30/139/30/149/30/159/30/169/30/179/30/18TTM12/30/173/30/186/30/189/30/1812/29/18TTM Company-operated stores$11,793.2$12,977.9$15,197.3$16,844.1$17,650.719,690.320,318.8 Company-operated stores4,741.84,828.05,060.45,060.1$5,370.3020,318.8 Total specialty$3,073.6$3,469.9$3,965.4$4,471.8$4,736.15,029.24,959.6 Total specialty1,331.91,203.81,249.91,243.5$1,262.404,959.6 Licensed stores$1,360.5$1,588.6$1,861.9$2,154.2$2,355.02,652.22,706.9 Licensed stores682.4625.6660.6683.6$737.102,706.9 CPG, foodservice and other$1,713.1$1,881.3$2,103.5$2,317.6$2,381.12,377.02,252.7 CPG, foodservice and other649.5578.2589.3559.9$525.302,252.7Total net revenues$14,866.8$16,447.8$19,162.7$21,315.9$22,386.8$24,719.525,278.4Total net revenues6,073.76,031.86,310.36,303.6$6,632.7025,278.4 Cost of sales including occupancy costs-$6,382.3-$6,858.8-$7,787.5-$8,511.1-$9,038.2-10,174.5-10,434.2 Cost of sales including occupancy costs-2,502.9-2,516.0-2,554.9-2,604.6($2,758.70)-10,434.2 Store operating expenses-$4,286.1-$4,638.2-$5,411.1-$6,064.3-$6,493.3-7,193.2-7,449.2 Store operating expenses-1,737.0-1,789.6-1,825.0-1,841.6($1,993.00)-7,449.2 Other operating expenses-$431.8-$457.3-$522.4-$545.4-$553.8-539.3-532.2 Other operating expenses-141.6-134.3-148.0-156.7($93.20)-532.2 Depreciation and amortization expenses-$621.4-$709.6-$893.9-$980.8-$1,011.4-1,247.0-1,321.6 Depreciation and amortization expenses-258.8-331.6-330.0-326.6($333.40)-1,321.6 General and administrative expenses-$937.9-$991.3-$1,196.7-$1,360.6-$1,393.3-1,759.0-1,797.8 General and administrative expenses-379.1-405.8-468.7-460.0($463.30)-1,797.8 Restructuring and impairments$0.0$0.0$0.0$0.0-$153.5-224.4-240.0 Restructuring and impairments-27.6-134.7-16.9-45.2($43.20)-240.0 Litigation credit / charge-$2,784.1$20.2$0.0$0.0$0.0$0.0Income from equity investees89.452.771.487.7$67.80279.6Income from equity investees$251.4$268.3$249.9$318.2$391.4301.2279.6Operating income / loss1,116.1772.51,038.2956.6$1,015.703,783.0Operating income / loss-$325.4$3,081.1$3,601.0$4,171.9$4,134.7$3,883.33,783.0Gain resulting from acquisition of joint venture1,326.3Net interest and other income62.3483-$24.8074.9 Gain resulting from acquisition of joint venture$0.0$0.0$390.6$0.0$0.01,376.4$0.0 Interest income and other, net88.2313239$24.80126.0Loss on divestiture of certain operations$0.0$0.0-$61.1$0.0$0.0499.2 Interest expense-25.9-503($75.00)-77.0 Interest income and other, net$123.6$142.7$43.0$108.0$275.3191.4$126.0Earnings / loss before income taxes3,005.9363236$965.501,068.7 Interest expense-$28.1-$64.1-$70.5-$81.3-$92.5-170.3-$77.0Income tax expense / benefit-755.8-35-45-64($205.10)-349.4Earnings / loss before income taxes-$229.9$3,159.7$3,903.0$4,198.6$4,317.5$5,780.0$1,068.7Net earnings / loss including noncontrolling interests2,250.18161,027932$760.403,534.721.83%Net earnings / loss attributab.
Scan the articles in the attached course text. Write a discussi.docxtodd331
Scan the articles in the attached course text. Write a discussion initial post on one of the articles. Choose the one that interests you most.
1.Provide a very brief overview of what you think are the key points (a literature review).
2.What about the policy area interests you?
3.What about the information systems involved in the article interested you?
4.How might this article’s research approach help you in your dissertation research project?
(NOTE: Please cut and paste the above-numbered list into your reply to help with organization.)
.
Scale Ratio Variable Histograms are useful for presenting qu.docxtodd331
Scale Ratio Variable
Histograms are useful for presenting quantitative data such as the example variable ADULT_CT which describes the number of individuals per household. The variable measurement is scale ratio and as it depicts a number, a histogram is able to reflect the number of individuals belonging to each variable value or interval of values (Mishra, Pandey, Singh & Gupta, 2018).). Histograms divide the variable into equal intervals as shown below in individuals reported per home. The graph indicates nearly 3,000 reporting and displays the individual numbers per interval. The bar levels of the graph make it is easy to discern the average number reporting as 2 per household.
Nominal Variable
As nominal variables depict qualitative data such as in the variable Q87 which describes the level of trust individuals felt towards others, a pie graph would be beneficial to use as it easily displays each group or individual share in the total being examined (Mishra, Pandey, Singh & Gupta, 2018). For example, the pie graph here which shows what percentage of trust was and wasn’t felt toward others. Graphs like these are appropriate for showing a variable that cannot be ordered or numerical in value such as feelings of trust (Frankfort-Nachmias, Leon-Guerrero & Davis, 2020).
References
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., & Gupta, A. (2018). Scales of measurement and presentation of statistical data.
Annals of cardiac anesthesia
,
21
(4), 419.
Wagner, III, W.E. (2020).
Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics
(7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Be sure to support your Main Post and Response Post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA Style.
.
Scan 12Scan 13Scan 14Scan 15Scan 16Scan 17Scan 18Scan 19
HIST 308
Sofia Clark
Spring 2020
Research Paper
Sample Outline:
1) Introduction
2) Story of capture
3) Background on British antislavery
4) Background on Royal Navy
5) Background on this specific Royal Navy vessel
6) Story of what treaty was used to condemn the slave ship
7) Background on treaty
8) Background on British relations with treaty country
9) Background on slave trade in this particular region
10) Story of what happens to the captives removed from this particular slave ship
11) Background on the general treatment of liberated Africans
12) Explanation of how the story of your ship exemplifies the broader history of slavery and anti-slavery
Bibliography
1) The slave trade in general (i.e., either the Transatlantic slave trade or Indian Ocean slave trade depending on your ship)
Article (JSTOR): Alkalimat, Abdul. "Slave Trade." In The African American Experience in Cyberspace: A Resource Guide to the Best Web Sites on Black Culture and History, 34-42. LONDON; STERLING, VIRGINIA: Pluto Press, 2004. Accessed May 30, 2020. doi:10.2307/j.ctt183q64x.8.
Article (JSTOR): JUNKER, CARSTEN. "Containing Bodies—Enscandalizing Enslavement: Stasis and Movement at the Juncture of Slave-Ship Images and Texts." In Migrating the Black Body: The African Diaspora and Visual Culture, edited by RAIFORD LEIGH and RAPHAEL-HERNANDEZ HEIKE, 13-29. Seattle; London: University of Washington Press, 2017. Accessed May 30, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwnj4v.5.
2) The slave trade in the specific area of Africa in which your ship embarked enslaved African captives (e.g., Bight of Benin, Senegambia, Angola).
Book (JSTOR): Strickrodt, Silke. "The Atlantic Connection: Little Popo & the Rise of Afro-European Trade on the Western Slave Coast, C. 1600 to 1702." In Afro-European Trade in the Atlantic World: The Western Slave Coast, C. 1550- C. 1885, 65-101. Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer, 2015. Accessed May 30, 2020. doi:10.7722/j.ctt7zst5n.9.
Article (JSTOR): Graham, James D. "The Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History: The General Approach." Cahiers D'Études Africaines 5, no. 18 (1965): 317-34. Accessed May 30, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/4390897.
3) Slavery in the region to which your ship was heading (e.g., Cuba, Bahia, Pernambuco).
Book (One Search): Schneider, Elena Andrea. The Occupation of Havana: War, Trade, and Slavery in the Atlantic World. North Carolina Scholarship Online. Williamsburg, Virginia : Chapel Hill: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture ; University of North Carolina Press, 2018.
Article (Project Muse): Garrigus, John. "Cuba, Haiti, and the Age of Atlantic Revolution." Reviews in American History 44, no. 1 (2016): 52-57. doi:10.1353/rah.2016.0012.
4) British antislavery policy toward the country your ship was from (e.g., Portugal, Spain, USA)
Book- page 14(Academic Search Premiere- also works for #.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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Chapter 10
Leading an Ethical Organization: Corporate
Governance, Corporate Ethics, and Social
Responsibility
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
After reading this chapter, you should be able to understand and
articulate answers to the following
questions:
1. What are the key elements of effective corporate governance?
2. How do individuals and firms gauge ethical behavior?
3. What influences and biases might impact and impede decision
making?
TOMS Shoes: Doing Business with Soul
Under the business model used by TOMS Shoes, a pair of their
signature alpargata footwear is
donated for every pair sold.
Image courtesy of Parke Ladd,
3. someone in need. This simple business model was the basis for
TOMS Shoes, which has now given away
more than one million pairs of shoes to those in need in more
than twenty countries worldwide. [1]
The rise of TOMS Shoes has inspired other companies that have
adopted the “buy-one-give-one”
philosophy. For example, the Good Little Company donates a
meal for every package purchased. [2] This
business model has also been successfully applied to selling
(and donating) other items such as glasses
and books.
The social initiatives that drive TOMS Shoes stand in stark
contrast to the criticisms that plagued Nike
Corporation, where claims of human rights violations, ranging
from the use of sweatshops and child labor
to lack of compliance with minimum wage laws, were rampant
in the 1990s. [3] While Nike struggled to
win back confidence in buyers that were concerned with their
business practices, TOMS social initiatives
are a source of excellent publicity in pride in those who
purchase their products. As further testament to
their popularity, TOMS has engaged in partnerships with
Nordstrom, Disney, and Element Skateboards.
Although the idea of social entrepreneurship and the birth of
4. firms such as TOMS Shoes are relatively
new, a push toward social initiatives has been the source of
debate for executives for decades. Issues that
have sparked particularly fierce debate include CEO pay and the
role of today’s modern corporation. More
than a quarter of a century ago, famed economist Milton
Friedman argued, “The social responsibility of
business is to increase its profits.” This notion is now being
challenged by firms such as TOMS and their
entrepreneurial CEO, who argue that serving other stakeholders
beyond the owners and shareholders can
be a powerful, inspiring, and successful motivation for growing
business.
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This chapter discusses some of the key issues and decisions
relevant to understanding corporate and
business ethics. Issues include how to govern large corporations
in an effective and ethical manner, what
behaviors are considered best practices in regard to corporate
social performance, and how different
generational perspectives and biases may hold a powerful
influence on important decisions.
5. Understanding these issues may provide knowledge that can
encourage effective organizational leadership
like that of TOMS Shoes and discourage the criticisms of many
firms associated with the corporate
scandals of the late 1990s and early 2000s.
[1] Oloffson, K. 2010, September 29. In Toms’ Shoes: Start-up
copy “one-for-one” model.Wall Street Journal.
Retrieved from
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405274870411
6004575522251507063936.html
[2] Nicolas, S. 2011, February. The great giveaway. Director,
64, 37–39.
[3] McCall, W. 1998. Nike battles backlash from overseas
sweatshops. Marketing News, 9, 14.
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10.1 Boards of Directors
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
1. Understand the key roles played by boards of directors.
2. Know how CEO pay and perks impact the landscape of
corporate governance.
6. 3. Explain different terms associated with corporate takeovers.
The Many Roles of Boards of Directors
“You’re fired!” is a commonly used phrase most closely
associated with Donald Trump as he dismisses
candidates on his reality show, The Apprentice. But who would
have the power to utter these words to
today’s CEOs, whose paychecks are on par with many of the top
celebrities and athletes in the world? This
honor belongs to the board of directors—a group of individuals
that oversees the activities of an
organization or corporation.
Potentially firing or hiring a CEO is one of many roles played
by the board of directors in their charge to
provide effective corporate governance for the firm. An
effective board plays many roles, ranging from the
approval of financial objectives, advising on strategic issues,
making the firm aware of relevant laws, and
representing stakeholders who have an interest in the long-term
performance of the firm.
Effective boards may help bring prestige and important
resources to the organization. For
example, General Electric’s board often has included the CEOs
of other firms as well as former senators
7. and prestigious academics. Blake Mycoskie of TOMS Shoes was
touted as an ideal candidate for an “all-
star” board of directors because of his ability to fulfill his
company’s mission “to show how together we
can create a better tomorrow by taking compassionate action
today.” [1]
The key stakeholder of most corporations is generally agreed to
be the shareholders of the company’s
stock. Most large, publicly traded firms in the United States are
made up of thousands of shareholders.
While 5 percent ownership in many ventures may seem modest,
this amount is considerable in publicly
traded companies where such ownership is generally limited to
other companies, and ownership in this
amount could result in representation on the board of directors.
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The possibility of conflicts of interest is considerable in public
corporations. On the one hand, CEOs favor
large salaries and job stability, and these desires are often
accompanied by a tendency to make decisions
that would benefit the firm (and their salaries) in the short term
8. at the expense of decisions considered
over a longer time horizon. In contrast, shareholders prefer
decisions that will grow the value of their
stock in the long term. This separation of interest creates an
agency problem wherein the interests of the
individuals that manage the company (agents such as the CEO)
may not align with the interest of the
owners (such as stockholders).
The composition of the board is critical because the dynamics
of the board play an important part in
resolving the agency problem. However, who exactly should be
on the board is an issue that has been
subject to fierce debate. CEOs often favor the use of board
insiders who often have intimate knowledge of
the firm’s business affairs. In contrast, many institutional
investors such as mutual funds and pension
funds that hold large blocks of stock in the firm often prefer
significant representation
by board outsiders that provide a fresh, nonbiased perspective
concerning a firm’s actions.
One particularly controversial issue in regard to board
composition is the potential for CEO duality, a
situation in which the CEO is also the chairman of the board of
directors. This has also been known to
9. create a bitter divide within a corporation.
For example, during the 1990s, The Walt Disney Company was
often listed in BusinessWeek’s rankings
for having one of the worst boards of directors. [2] In 2005,
Disney’s board forced the separation of then
CEO (and chairman of the board) Michael Eisner’s dual roles.
Eisner retained the role of CEO but later
stepped down from Disney entirely. Disney’s story reflects a
changing reality that boards are acting with
considerably more influence than in previous decades when they
were viewed largely as rubber stamps
that generally folded to the whims of the CEO.
Managing CEO Compensation
One of the most visible roles of boards of directors is setting
CEO pay. The valuation of the human capital
associated with the rare talent possessed by some CEOs can be
illustrated in a story of an encounter one
tourist had with the legendary artist Pablo Picasso. As the story
goes, Picasso was once spotted by a
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10. woman sketching. Overwhelmed with excitement at the
serendipitous meeting, the tourist offered Picasso
fair market value if he would render a quick sketch of her
image. After completing his commission, she
was shocked when he asked for five thousand francs,
responding, “But it only took you a few minutes.”
Undeterred, Picasso retorted, “No, it took me all my life.” [3]
Picasso’s Garçon á la pipewas one of the most expensive works
ever sold at more than $100 million.
Image courtesy of
Wikipedia,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gar%C3%A7on_%
C3%A0_la_pipe.jpg.
This story illustrates the complexity associated with managing
CEO compensation. On the one hand, large
corporations must pay competitive wages for the scarce talent
that is needed to manage billion-dollar
corporations. In addition, like celebrities and sport stars, CEO
pay is much more than a function of a day’s
work for a day’s pay. CEO compensation is a function of the
competitive wages that other corporations
would offer for a potential CEO’s services.
On the other hand, boards will face considerable scrutiny from
investors if CEO pay is out of line with
industry norms. From the year 1980 to 2000, the gap between
11. CEO pay and worker pay grew from 42 to 1
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to 475 to 1. [4] Although efforts to close this gap have been
made, as recently as 2008 reports indicate the
ratio continues to be as high as 344 to 1, much higher than other
countries, where an 80 to 1 ratio is
common, or in Japan where the gap is just 16 to 1. [5]
Meanwhile, shareholders need to be aware that
research studies have found that CEO pay is positively
correlated with the size of firms—the bigger the
firm, the higher the CEO’s compensation. [6] Consequently,
when a CEO tries to grow a company, such as
by acquiring a rival firm, shareholders should question whether
such growth is in the company’s best
interest or whether it is simply an effort by the CEO to get a
pay raise.
In most publicly traded firms, CEO compensation generally
includes guaranteed salary, cash bonus, and
stock options. But perks provide another valuable source of
CEO compensation. In addition to the
controversy surrounding CEO pay, such perks associated with
holding the position of CEO have
12. also come under considerable scrutiny. The term perks, derived
from perquisite,
refers to special privileges, or rights, as a function of one’s
position. CEO perks have ranged in magnitude
from the sweet benefit of ice cream for life given to former Ben
& Jerry’s CEO Robert Holland, to much
more extreme benefits that raise the ears of investors while
outraging employees. One such perk was
provided to John Thain, who, as former head of NYSE
Euronext, received more than $1 million to
renovate his office. While such perks may provide powerful
incentives to stay with a company, they may
result in considerable negative press and serve only to motivate
vigilant investors wary of the value of
such investments to shop elsewhere.
The Market for Corporate Governance
An old investment cliché encourages individuals to buy low and
sell high. When a publicly traded firm
loses value, often due to lack of vigilance on the part of the
CEO and/or board, a company may become a
target of a takeover wherein another firm or set of individuals
purchases the company. Generally, the top
management team is charged with revitalizing the firm and
13. maximizing its assets.
In some cases, the takeover is in the form of a leveraged buyout
(LBO) in which a publicly traded company
is purchased and then taken off the stock market. One of the
most famous LBOs was of RJR Nabisco,
which inspired the book (and later film) Barbarians at the Gate.
LBOs historically are associated with
reduction in workforces to streamline processes and decrease
costs. The managers who instigate buyouts
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generally bring a more entrepreneurial mind-set to the firm with
the hopes of creating a turnaround from
the same fate that made the company an attractive takeover
target (recent poor performance). [7]
Many takeover attempts increase shareholder value. However,
because most takeovers are associated with
the dismissal of previous management, the terminology
associated with change of ownership has a
decidedly negative slant against the acquiring firm’s
management team. For example, individuals or firms
that hope to conduct a takeover are often referred to as
corporate raiders. An unsolicited takeover attempt
14. is often dubbed a hostile takeover, with shark repellent as the
potential defenses against such attempts.
Although the poor management of a targeted firm is often the
reason such businesses are potential
takeover targets, when another firm that may be more favorable
to existing management enters the
picture as an alternative buyer, a white knight is said to have
entered the picture.
The negative tone of takeover terminology also extends to the
potential target firm. CEOs as well as board
members are likely to lose their positions after a successful
takeover occurs, and a number of antitakeover
tactics have been used by boards to deter a corporate raid. For
example, many firms are said to
pay greenmail by repurchasing large blocks of stock at a
premium to avoid a potential takeover. Firms
may threaten to take a poison pill where additional stock is sold
to existing shareholders, increasing the
shares needed for a viable takeover. Even if the takeover is
successful and the previous CEO is dismissed,
a golden parachute that includes a lucrative financial settlement
is likely to provide a soft landing for the
ousted executive.
15. K E Y T A K E A W A Y
Firms can benefit from superior corporate governance
mechanisms such as an active board that monitors
CEO actions, provides strategic advice, and helps to network to
other useful resources. When such
mechanisms are not in place, CEO excess may go unchecked,
resulting in negative publicity, poor firm
performance, and potential takeover by other firms.
E X E R C I S E S
1. Divide the class into teams and see who can find the most
egregious CEO perk in the last year.
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2. Find a listing of members of a board of directors for a
Fortune 500 firm. Does the board seem to be
composed of individuals who are likely to fulfill all the board
roles effectively?
3. Research a hostile takeover in the past five years and
examine the long-term impact on the firm’s stock
market performance. Was the takeover beneficial or harmful for
shareholders?
4. Examine the AFL-CIO Executive Paywatch website
16. (http://www.aflcio.org/corporatewatch/paywatch) and
select a company of interest to see how many years you would
need to work to earn a year’s pay enjoyed
by the firm’s CEO.
[1] Bunting, C. 2011, February 23. Board of dreams: Fantasy
board of directors. Business News Daily. Retrieved
from http://www.businessnewsdaily.com/681-board-of-
directors-fantasy-picks-small-business.html
[2] Lavelle, L. 2002, October 7. The best and worst boards:
How corporate scandals are sparking a revolution in
governance. BusinessWeek, 104.
[3] Kay, I. 1999. Don’t devalue human capital. Wall Street
Journal—Eastern Edition, 233, A18.
[4] Blumenthal, R. G. 2000, September 4. The pay gap between
workers and chiefs looks like a chasm. Barron’s, 10.
[5] Feltman, P. 2009. Experts examine pay disparity, other
executive compensation issues.SEC Filings Insight, 15, 1–
6.
[6] Tosi, H. L., Werner, S., Katz., J. P., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R.
2000. How much does performance matter? A meta-
analysis of CEO pay studies. Journal of Management, 26, 301–
339.
[7] Wright, M., Hoskisson, R. E., & Busenitz, L. W. 2001. Firm
17. rebirth: Buyouts as facilitators of strategic growth and
entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Executive,15, 111–
125.
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10.2 Corporate Ethics and Social Responsibility
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
1. Know the three levels and six stages of moral development
suggested by Kohlberg.
2. Describe famous corporate scandals.
3. Understand how the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 provides a
check on corporate ethical behavior in the
United States.
4. Know the dimensions of corporate social performance tracked
by KLD.
Stages of Moral Development
How do ethics evolve over time? Psychologist Lawrence
Kohlberg suggests that there are six distinct
stages of moral development and that some individuals move
further along these stages than
18. others. [1] Kohlberg’s six stages were grouped into three levels:
(1) preconventional, (2) conventional, and
(3) postconventional.
The preconventional level of moral reasoning is very egocentric
in nature, and moral reasoning is tied to
personal concerns. In stage 1, individuals focus on the direct
consequences that their actions will have—
for example, worry about punishment or getting caught. In stage
2, right or wrong is defined by the
reward stage, where a “what’s in it for me” mentality is seen.
In the conventional level of moral reasoning, morality is judged
by comparing individuals’ actions with
the expectations of society. In stage 3, individuals are
conformity driven and act with the goal of fulfilling
social roles. Parents that encourage their children to be good
boys and girls use this form of moral
guidance. In stage 4, the importance of obeying laws, social
conventions, or other forms of authority to aid
in maintaining a functional society is encouraged. You might
witness encouragement under this stage
when using a cell phone in a restaurant or when someone is
chatting too loudly in a library.
The postconventional level, or principled level, occurs when
morality is more than simply following social
19. rules or norms. Stage 5 considers different values and opinions.
Thus laws are viewed as social contracts
that promote the greatest good for the greatest number of
people. Following democratic principles or
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voting to determine an outcome is common when this stage of
reasoning is invoked. In stage 6, moral
reasoning is based on universal ethical principles. For example,
the golden rule that you should do unto
others as you would have them do unto you illustrates one such
ethical principle. At this stage, laws are
grounded in the idea of right and wrong. Thus individuals
follow laws because they are just and not
because they will be punished if caught or shunned by society.
Consequently, with this stage there is an
idea of civil disobedience that individuals have a duty to
disobey unjust laws.
Corporate Scandals and Sarbanes-Oxley
In the 1990s and early 2000s, several corporate scandals were
revealed in the United States that showed a
lack of board vigilance. Perhaps the most famous involves
20. Enron, whose executive antics were
documented in the film The Smartest Guys in the Room. Enron
used accounting loopholes to hide billions
of dollars in failed deals. When their scandal was discovered,
top management cashed out millions in
stock options while preventing lower-level employees from
selling their stock. The collective acts of Enron
led many employees to lose all their retirement holdings, and
many Enron execs were sentenced to prison.
In response to notable corporate scandals at Enron, WorldCom,
Tyco, and other firms, Congress passed
sweeping new legislation with the hopes of restoring investor
confidence while preventing future scandals.
Signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2002,
Sarbanes-Oxley contained eleven aspects
that represented some of the most far-reaching reforms since the
presidency of Franklin Roosevelt.
These reforms create improved standards that affect all publicly
traded firms in the United States.
The key elements of each aspect of the act are summarized as
follows:
1. Because accounting firms were implicated in corporate
scandal, an oversight board was created to
oversee auditing activities.
21. 2. Standards now exist to ensure auditors are truly independent
and not subject to conflicts of interest in
regard to the companies they represent.
3. Enron executives claimed that they had no idea what was
going on in their company, but Sarbanes-
Oxley requires senior executives to take personal responsibility
for the accuracy of financial
statements.
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4. Enhanced reporting is now required to create more
transparency in regard to a firm’s financial
condition.
5. Securities analysts must disclose potential conflicts of
interest.
6. To prevent CEOs from claiming tax fraud is present at their
firms, CEOs must personally sign the
firm’s tax return.
7. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) now has
expanded authority to censor or bar
securities analysts from acting as brokers, advisers, or dealers.
22. 8. Reports from the comptroller general are required to monitor
any consolidations among public
accounting firms, the role of credit agencies in securities market
operations, securities violations, and
enforcement actions.
9. Criminal penalties now exist for altering or destroying
financial records.
10. Significant criminal penalties now exist for white-collar
crimes.
11. The SEC can freeze unusually large transactions if fraud is
suspected.
The changes that encouraged the creation of Sarbanes-Oxley
were so sweeping that comedian Jon Stewart
quipped, “Did Wall Street have any rules before this? Can you
just shoot a guy for looking at you wrong?”
Despite the considerable merits of Sarbanes-Oxley, no
legislation can provide a cure-all for corporate
scandal. As evidence, the scandal by Bernard Madoff that broke
in 2008 represented the largest
investor fraud ever committed by an individual. But in contrast
to some previous scandals that
resulted in relatively minor punishments for their perpetrators,
Madoff was sentenced to 150 years
23. in prison.
Measuring Corporate Social Performance
TOMS Shoes’ commitment to donating a pair of shoes for every
shoe sold illustrates the concept
of social entrepreneurship, in which a business is created with a
goal of bettering both business and
society. [2] Firms such as TOMS exemplify a desire to improve
corporate social performance (CSP)in which
a commitment to individuals, communities, and the natural
environment is valued alongside the goal of
creating economic value. Although determining the level of a
firm’s social responsibility is subjective, this
challenge has been addressed in detail by Kinder, Lydenberg
and Domini & Co. (KLD), a Boston-based
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firm that rates firms on a number of stakeholder-related issues
with the goal of measuring CSP. KLD
conducts ongoing research on social, governance, and
environmental performance metrics of publicly
traded firms and reports such statistics to institutional investors.
The KLD database provides ratings on
24. numerous “strengths” and “concerns” for each firm along a
number of dimensions associated with
corporate social performance. The results of their assessment
are used to develop the Domini
social investments fund, which has performed at levels roughly
equivalent to the S&P 500.
Assessing the community dimension of CSP is accomplished by
assessing community strengths, such as
charitable or innovative giving that supports housing, education,
or relations with indigenous peoples, as
well as charitable efforts worldwide, such as volunteer efforts
or in-kind giving. A firm’s CSP rating is
lowered when a firm is involved in tax controversies or other
negative actions that affect the community,
such as plant closings that can negatively affect property
values.
Chick-fil-A encourages education through their program that
has provided more than $25 million in financial aid to
more than twenty-five thousand employees since 1973.
Image courtesy of
SanFranAnnie,http://www.flickr.com/photos/sanfranannie/24722
44829.
CSP diversity strengths are scored positively when the company
is known for promoting women and
25. minorities, especially for board membership and the CEO
position. Employment of the disabled and the
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presence of family benefits such as child or elder care would
also result in a positive score by KLD.
Diversity concerns include fines or civil penalties in
conjunction with an affirmative action or other
diversity-related controversy. Lack of representation by women
on top management positions—
suggesting that a glass ceiling is present at a company—would
also negatively impact scoring on this
dimension.
The employee relations dimension of CSP gauges potential
strengths such as notable union relations,
profit sharing and employee stock-option plans, favorable
retirement benefits, and positive health and
safety programs noted by the US Occupational Health and
Safety Administration. Employee relations
concerns would be evident in poor union relations, as well as
fines paid due to violations of health and
safety standards. Substantial workforce reductions as well as
concerns about adequate funding of pension
26. plans also warrant concern for this dimension.
The environmental dimension records strengths by examining
engagement in recycling, preventing
pollution, or using alternative energies. KLD would also score a
firm positively if profits derived from
environmental products or services were a part of the
company’s business. Environmental concerns such
as penalties for hazardous waste, air, water, or other violations
or actions such as the production of goods
or services that could negatively impact the environment would
reduce a firm’s CSP score.
Product quality/safety strengths exist when a firm has an
established and/or recognized quality program;
product quality safety concerns are evident when fines related
to product quality and/or safety have been
discovered or when a firm has been engaged in questionable
marketing practices or paid fines related to
antitrust practices or price fixing.
Corporate governance strengths are evident when lower levels
of compensation for top management and
board members exist, or when the firm owns considerable
interest in another company rated favorably by
KLD; corporate governance concerns arise when executive
27. compensation is high or when controversies
related to accounting, transparency, or political accountability
exist.
Strategy at the Movies
Thank You for Smoking
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Does smoking cigarettes cause lung cancer? Not necessarily,
according to a fictitious lobbying group
called the Academy of Tobacco Studies (ATS) depicted in
Thank You for Smoking (2005). The ATS’s
ability to rebuff the critics of smoking was provided by a three-
headed monster of disinformation:
scientist Erhardt Von Grupten Mundt who had been able to
delay finding conclusive evidence of the
harms of tobacco for thirty years, lawyers drafted from Ivy
League institutions to fight against tobacco
legislation, and a spin control division led by the smooth-
talking Nick Naylor.
The ATS was a promotional powerhouse. In just one week, the
ATS and its spin doctor Naylor distracted
the American public by proposing a $50 million campaign
28. against teen smoking, brokered a deal with a
major motion picture producer to feature actors and actresses
smoking after sex, and bribed a cancer-
stricken advertising spokesman to keep quiet. But after the
ATS’s transgressions were revealed and
cigarette companies were forced to settle a long-standing class-
action lawsuit for $246 billion, the ATS
was shut down. Although few organizations promote a product
as harmful as cigarettes, the lessons
offered in Thank You for Smoking have wide application. In
particular, the film highlights that choosing
between ethical and unethical business practices is not only a
moral issue, but it can also determine
whether an organization prospers or dies.
K E Y T A K E A W A Y
The work of Lawrence Kohlberg examines how individuals can
progress in their stages of moral
development. Lack of such development by many CEOs led to a
number of scandals, as well as legislation
such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 that was enacted with
the hope of deterring scandalous behavior
in the future. Firms such as KLD provide objective measures of
both positive and negative actions related
29. to corporate social performance.
E X E R C I S E S
1. How would your college or university fare if rated on the
dimensions used by KLD?
2. Do you believe that executives will become more ethical
based on legislation such as Sarbanes-Oxley?
[1] Kohlberg, L. 1981. Essays in moral development: Vol. 1.
The philosophy of moral development. New York, NY:
Harper & Row.
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[2] Schectman, J. 2010. Good business. Newsweek, 156, 50.
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10.3 Understanding Thought Patterns: A Key to Corporate
Leadership?
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
1. Know the three major generational influences that make up
the majority of the current workforce and
their different perspectives and influences.
30. 2. Understand how decision biases may impede effective
decision making.
Generational Influences on Work Behavior
Psychologist Kurt Lewin, known as the “founder of social
psychology,” created a well-known formula B =
ƒ(P,E) that states behavior is a function of the person and their
environment. One powerful
environmental influence that can be seen in organizations today
is based on generational differences.
Currently, four generations of workers (traditionalists, baby
boomers, Generation X, Generation Y)
coexist in many organizations. The different backgrounds and
behaviors create challenges for leading
these individuals that often have similar shared experiences
within their generation but different sets of
values, motivations, and preferences in contrast to other
generations. Effective management of these four
different generations involves a realization of their differences
and preferred communication styles.[1]
The generation born between 1925 and 1946 that fought in
World War II and lived through the Great
Depression are referred to as traditionalists. The perseverance
of this generation has led journalist Tom
31. Brokaw to dub this group “The Greatest Generation.” As a
reflection of a generation that was molded by
contributions to World War II, members of this generation value
personal communication, loyalty,
hierarchy, and are resistant to change. This group now makes up
roughly 5 percent of the workforce.
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Photographer Dorothea Lange’s photo Migrant Mother, taken in
1936, embodied the struggles of the
traditionalist generation that lived during the Great Depression.
Image courtesy of Dorothea Lange,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lange-
MigrantMother02.jpg.
The generation known as baby boomers was born between 1946
and 1964, corresponding with a
population “boom” following the end of World War II. This
group witnessed Beatlemania, Vietnam, and
the Watergate scandal. College graduates should be aware that
this group makes up the majority of the
workforce and that boomer managers often view face time as an
important contribution to a successful
32. work environment. [2] In addition, a realization that this
generation wants to be included in office activities
and values recognition is important to achieving cohesiveness
between generations.
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Generation X,born between 1965 and 1980, is marked by an X
symbolizing their unknown nature. In
contrast to the baby boomer’s value on office face time, Gen X
members prize flexibility in their jobs and
dislike the feeling that they are being micromanaged. [3]
Because of the desire for independence as well as
adaptability associated with this generation, you should try to
answer the “What’s in it for me?” question
to avoid the risk of Gen X members moving on to other
employment opportunities.
The generation that followed Generation X is known as
Generation Y or millennials. This generation is
highlighted by positive attributes such as the ability to embrace
technology. More than previous
generations, this group prizes job and life satisfaction highly, so
making the workplace an enjoyable
environment is key to managing Generation Y.
33. Wise members of this generation will also be aware of the
negative attributes surrounding them. For
example, millennials are associated with their “helicopter”
parents who are often too comfortably involved
in the lives of their children. For example, such parents have
been known to show up to their children’s
job orientations, often attempting to interfere with other
workplace experiences such as pay and
promotion discussions that may be unwelcome by older
generations. In addition, this generation is
viewed as needing more feedback than previous groups. Finally,
the trend toward discouraging some
competitive activities among individuals in this age group has
led millennials to be dubbed “Trophy Kids”
by more cynical writers.
Rational Decision Making
Understanding generational differences can provide valuable
insight into the perspectives that shape the
behaviors of individuals born at different periods of time. But
such knowledge does not answer a more
fundamental question of interest to students of strategic
management, namely, why do CEOs make bad,
unethical, or other questionable decisions with the potential to
34. lead their firms to poor performance or
firm failure? Part of the answer lies in the method by which
CEOs and other individuals make decisions.
Ideally, individuals would make rational decisions for important
choices such as buying a car or house, or
choosing a career or place to live. The process of rational
decision making involves problem identification,
establishment and weighing of decision criteria, generation and
evaluation of alternatives, selection of the
best alternative, decision implementation, and decision
evaluation.
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Rational Decision-Making Model
Reproduced with permission
While this model provides valuable insights by providing an
ideal approach by which to make decisions,
there are several problems with this model when applied to
many complex decisions. First, many strategic
decisions are not presented in obvious ways, and many CEOs
may not be aware their firms are having
problems until it’s too late to create a viable solution. Second,
35. rational decision making assumes that
options are clear and that a single best solution exists. Third,
rational decision making assumes no time or
cost constraints. Fourth, rational decision making assumes
accurate information is available. Because of
these challenges, some have joked that marriage is one of the
least rational decisions a person can make
because no one can seek out and pursue every possible
alternative—even with all the online dating and
social networking services in the world.
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Decision Biases
In reality, decision making is not rational because there are
limits on our ability to collect and process
information. Because of these limitations, Nobel Prize-winner
Herbert Simon argued that we can learn
more by examining scenarios where individuals deviate from the
ideal. These decision biases provide
clues to why individuals such as CEOs make decisions that in
retrospect often seem very illogical—
especially when they lead to actions that damage the firm and
36. its performance. A number of the most
common biases with the potential to affect business decision
making are discussed next.
Anchoring and adjustment bias occurs when individuals react to
arbitrary or irrelevant numbers when
setting financial or other numerical targets. For example, it is
tempting for college graduates to compare
their starting salaries at their first career job to the wages
earned at jobs used to fund school. Comparisons
to siblings, friends, parents, and others with different majors are
also very tempting while being generally
irrelevant. Instead, research the average starting salary for your
background, experience, and other
relevant characteristics to get a true gauge. This bias could
undermine firm performance if executives
make decisions about the potential value of a merger or
acquisition by making comparisons to previous
deals rather than based on a realistic and careful study of a
move’s profit potential.
The availability bias occurs when more readily available
information is incorrectly assessed to also be
more likely. For example, research shows that most people think
that auto accidents cause more deaths
than stomach cancer because auto accidents are reported more
37. in the media than deaths by stomach
cancer at a rate of more than 100 to 1. This bias could cause
trouble for executives if they focus on readily
available information such as their own firm’s performance
figures but fail to collect meaningful data on
their competitors or industry trends that suggest the need for a
potential change in strategic direction.
The idea of “throwing good money after bad” illustrates the bias
of escalation of commitment, when
individuals continue on a failing course of action even after it
becomes clear that this may be a poor path
to follow. This can be regularly seen at Vegas casinos when
individuals think the next coin must be more
likely to hit the jackpot at the slots. The concept of escalation
of commitment was chronicled in the 1990
book Barbarians at the Gate: The Rise and Fall of RJR Nabisco.
The book follows the buyout of RJR
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Nabisco and the bidding war that took place between then CEO
of RJR Nabisco F. Ross Johnson and
leverage buyout pioneers Henry Kravis and George Roberts. The
result of the bidding war was an
38. extremely high sales price of the company that resulted in
significant debt for the new owners.
Providing an excellent suggestion to avoid a nonrational
escalation of commitment, old school
comedian W. C. Fields once advised, “If at first you don’t
succeed, try, try again. Then quit. There’s
no point being a damn fool about it.”
Image courtesy of Bain News Service,
http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/File:Wcfields36682u_crop
ped.jpg
Fundamental attribution error occurs when good outcomes are
attributed to personal characteristics but
undesirable outcomes are attributed to external circumstances.
Many professors lament a common
scenario that, when a student does well on a test, it’s attributed
to intelligence. But when a student
performs poorly, the result is attributed to an unfair test or lack
of adequate teaching based on the
professor. In a similar vein, some CEOs are quick to take credit
when their firm performs well, but often
attribute poor performance to external factors such as the state
of the economy.
Hindsight bias occurs when mistakes seem obvious after they
39. have already occurred. This bias is often
seen when second-guessing failed plays on the football field and
is so closely associated with watching
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National Football League games on Sunday that the phrase
Monday morning quarterback is a part of our
business and sports vernacular. The decline of firms such as
Kodak as victims to the increasing popularity
of digital cameras may seem obvious in retrospect. It is easy to
overlook the poor quality of early digital
technology and to dismiss any notion that Kodak executives had
good reason not to view this new
technology as a significant competitive threat when digital
cameras were first introduced to the market.
Judgments about correlation and causality can lead to problems
when individuals make inaccurate
attributions about the causes of events. Three things are
necessary to determine cause—or why one
element affects another. For example, understanding how
marketing spending affects firm performance
involves (1) correlation (do sales increase when marketing
increases), (2) temporal order (does marketing
40. spending occur before sales increase), and (3) ruling out other
potential causes (is something else causing
sales to increase: better products, more employees, a recession,
a competitor went bankrupt, etc.). The
first two items can be tracked easily, but the third is almost
impossible to isolate because there are always
so many changing factors. In economics, the expression ceteris
paribus (all things being equal or
constant) is the basis of many economic models; unfortunately,
the only constant in reality is change. Of
course, just because determining causality is difficult and often
inconclusive does not mean that firms
should be slow to take strategic action. As the old business
saying goes, “We know we always waste half of
our marketing budget, we just don’t know which half.”
Misunderstandings about sampling may occur when individuals
draw broad conclusions from small sets
of observations instead of more reliable sources of information
derived from large, randomly drawn
samples. Many CEOs have been known to make major financial
decisions based on their own instincts
rather than on careful number crunching.
Overconfidence bias occurs when individuals are more
41. confident in their abilities to predict an event than
logic suggests is actually possible. For example, two-thirds of
lawyers in civil cases believe their side will
emerge victorious. But as the famed Yankees player/manager
Yogi Berra once noted, “It’s hard to make
predictions, especially about the future.” Such overconfidence
is common in CEOs that have had success
in the past and who often rely on their own intuition rather than
on hard data and market research.
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Representativeness bias occurs when managers use stereotypes
of similar occurrences when making
judgments or decisions. In some cases, managers may draw
from previous experiences to make good
decisions when changes in the environment occur. In other
cases, representativeness can lead to
discriminatory behaviors that may be both unethical and illegal.
Framing bias occurs when the way information is presented
alters the decision an individual will make.
Poor framing frequently occurs in companies because employees
are often reluctant to bring bad news to
42. CEOs. To avoid an unpleasant message, they might be tempted
to frame information in a more positive
light than reality, knowing that individuals react differently to
news that a glass is half empty versus half
full.
Satisficing occurs when individuals settle for the first
acceptable alternative instead of seeking the best
possible (optimal) decision. While this bias might actually be
desirable when others are waiting behind
you at a vending machine, research shows that CEOs commonly
satisfice with major decisions such as
mergers and takeovers.
K E Y T A K E A W A Y
Generational differences provide powerful influences on the
mind-set of employees that should be
carefully considered to effectively manage a diverse workforce.
Wise managers will also be aware of the
numerous decision biases that could impede effective decision
making.
E X E R C I S E S
1. Explain how a specific decision bias mentioned in this
chapter led to poor decision making by a firm.
2. Are there negative generational tendencies in your age group
43. that you have worked to overcome?
[1] Rathman, V. 2011. Four generations at work. Oil & Gas,
109, 10.
[2] Fogg, P. 2008, July 18. When generations collide: Colleges
try to prevent age-old culture clashes as four distinct
groups meet in the workplace. Education Digest, 25–30.
[3] Burk, B., Olsen, H., & Messerli, E. 2011, May. Navigating
the generation gap in the workplace from the
perspective of Generation Y. Parks & Recreation, 35–36.
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10.4 Conclusion
This chapter explains the role of boards of directors in the
corporate governance of organizations
such as large, publicly traded corporations. Wise boards work to
manage the agency problem that
creates a conflict of interest between top managers such as CEO
and other groups with a stake in the
firm. When boards fail to do their duties, numerous scandals
may ensue. Corporate scandals became
so widespread that new legislation such as the Sarbanes-Oxley
44. Act of 2002 has been developed with
the hope of impeding future actions by executives associated
with unethical or illegal behavior.
Finally, firms should be aware of generational influences as
well as other biases that may lead to poor
decisions.
E X E R C I S E S
1. Divide your class into four or eight groups, depending on the
size of the class. Each group should select a
different industry. Find positive and negative examples of
corporate social performance based on the
dimensions used by KLD.
2. This chapter discussed Blake Mycoskie and TOMS Shoes.
What other opportunities exist to create new
organizations that serve both social and financial goals?
Introduction: Privacy need for e-commerce businesses has
prompted many companies to invest millions of dollars in
security and privacy enhancement measures. The essence of this
is to protect the customers and the business from intrusion by
third parties. Customer information needs to be protected with a
lot of discretion as it contains some sensitive personal data that
when exposed third parties, this can pose significant risks. The
items transacted by the customer also needs to be kept secret.
For the organization, it is essential as well as to ensure that its
45. activities remain secure and private. Terms of service is an
important aspect that serves to enlighten the users of e-
commerce website on their privacy and the information they
share (Allen, Rotenberg, & Lampe, 2011). For this exercise, I
am going to focus on some leading e-commerce businesses such
as Amazon, Walmart an eBay. These businesses will form the
basis for this discussion.
Research Question: How e-commerce companies address
privacy in its policies?
The question of how e-commerce companies address privacy in
its policies has found its long path in the academic cycle, but it
seems not to have found an answer. It is therefore for this
reasons that this discussion offers to give a solution to this
question. Nearly every website is exposed to some risks that
include infringement of privacy provisions. It is, therefore,
becomes a significant point of concern to address the privacy
issues in their policies for the use of their website. The privacy
policy is defined as a legal document that gives a definition of
various ways in which the e-commerce website collects,
process, shares, and protects the data of its users.
Organizational policies provide the employees of the company
and the customers on what is anticipated of them and also the
terms of engagement in respect to enhancing the overall security
and service delivery.
Background: While organizational policies primarily serve as an
internal and external guide for the business. In different
countries, there are many laws that guide on how an
organization can enact its policies and more so on privacy
concerns for its employees and customers. However, in
California, the Online Privacy Protection Act of 2003 requires
that the operators of stores or websites display privacy policies
on their sites (Cooley Godward, 2004). Here the information to
be presented include, type of information collected, how data is
shared or disclosed, and time frame of the policy. It, therefore,
becomes an essential point for the e-commerce businesses to
include measures on how to enhance privacy in their websites
46. and stores in order to ensure that there is no access of
customer’s information by third parties.
Some of the critical ways to address privacy concerns in the
company’s policies include making it known to the customers
and employees of the company what is anticipated of them. It
may sound something simple, but this requires a rigorous
exercise of looking at possible issues that may create a loophole
in privacy enhancement and hence coming up with a viable
solution. For instance, if the threat to privacy is identified to be
leaking of customer’s information by the organization’s
employees, employees may be required to keep it private. The
organization’s policy should include possible consequences for
the same (Spencer, 2016). On the side of employees, informing
employees on some essential concepts in their engagement may
be one of the fundamental privacy enhancement moves. For the
selected companies, I will focus on Amazon, and the company
addresses privacy concerns by putting it clear on some
obligations that a customer and the company has in ensuring
that information shared remains private.
References
Allen, A. L., Rotenberg, M., & Lampe, R. (2011). Privacy law
and society (p. 3). Thomson/West.
Cooley Godward, L. L. P. (2004). California Online Privacy
Protection Act of 2003. accessed October, 1, 2012.
Spencer, S. B. (2016). Predictive analytics, consumer privacy,
and ecommerce regulation. In Research Handbook on Electronic
Commerce Law. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Running Head: Information Security in E-commerce 1
Information Security in E-commerce 4
Abstract:
This paper examines how e-commerce companies address
47. privacy in their policies. All e-Commerce companies' websites
are subject to privacy laws that protect the companies' clients
from the manipulation of personal information. Ecommerce
companies, therefore, have included the terms and conditions
option on their websites in order to improve privacy policy.
Ecommerce companies deal with privacy policies by defining
the types of data that the organization's websites collect, how
the data is collected, and the methods used to store the client's
information.
Introduction:
A major practice in the e-commerce business sector is the
collection and storage of consumer information. E-commerce
businesses collect a variety of consumer information and in
huge amounts as a basis for making business decisions. Even
though consumer information is very important and useful to the
business, its collection, storage, and processing come with the
risk of breaches in privacy due to unauthorized access and
consequently liability risks making the protection of consumer
information a very critical business process. To eliminate or
reduce the risk of an information security breach in the face of
increasing competition and need to achieve business efficiency
many businesses are increasingly spending huge amounts of
resources both financially and talent in an attempt to ensure that
consumer information is secure.
In addition to the complexities surrounding the protection of
consumer information in the fast-paced technologically
advancing world, e-commerce businesses also have to deal with
varying laws and regulations regarding information privacy
across different countries. (Spencer, 2016). Therefore, e-
commerce companies are not only obligated to ensure consumer
information ranging from personal details and any information
regarding a consumer’s transaction history are protected but
also to also ensure that consumers are enlightened through the
company’s terms of service in regard to the privacy of the
information that is collected by the business (Allen, Rotenberg,
& Lampe, 2011).
48. With the foregoing in mind, the focus of this paper is to explore
ways in which e-commerce companies manage or address the
issues of consumer privacy with a focus on leading e-commerce
enterprises such as Amazon, Walmart an eBay.
Research Question: How e-commerce companies address
privacy in its policies?
As mentioned earlier, information privacy and security poses
serious risks to e-commerce businesses. This has been further
compounded by fast-paced technological advancements and
varying regulations regarding the protection of consumer
information. Given the risks associated with the exposure of
private consumer information, businesses have adopted various
strategies and policies -legal documents that guide the
collection, storage and processing of consumer information
while providing information to both customers and businesses
regarding their responsibilities and rights associated with
information security. However, despite the risks associated with
information privacy breach, which make it a very crucial
business consideration, research gaps exist regarding the
processes, ways and policies used by e-commerce companies in
protecting consumer information. To explore the ways used by
e-commerce enterprises to protect consumer information and
consequently provide an answer to the research question.
Literature Review:
E-commerce businesses collect a lot of information from their
consumers ranging from personal information, transaction
history and even credit card information. Because of the
identifiable nature of the consumer information collected, these
companies are required to ensure that the information is
completely secure from any unauthorized access. In addition to
earning, the trust of consumers based on confidence about the
company’s information security mechanisms organizations are
motivated to establish privacy protection policies and procedure
49. in order to comply with legal requirements regarding privacy
protection and avoid liabilities associated with adverse exposure
of consumer information.
Different countries and even states have enacted regulations
regarding privacy protection. For instance, the Electronic
Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) and the Common-law
Privacy Tort define what information to protect as well as
criminal penalties for any unauthorized used and exposure of
consumer information. In another example, the Online Privacy
Protection Act of 2003 requires that the operators of stores or
websites display privacy policies on their sites (Cooley
Godward, 2004). The act requires that e-commerce
organizations avail in their websites information regarding
consumer privacy. According to the act, companies must avail
information on the type of information collected, data storage,
sharing or disclosure as well as the period of the policy.
Privacy policies are developed to guide the company on the
management and protection of consumer information. These
policies define the type and value of information collected by
the organization and the need for privacy (Robert, 2014).
Further, the policies establish responsibilities with regard to all
customer data collected and the establishment of access controls
restricting the access to certain consumer information to only
those authorized to access such information. Moreover, privacy
policies assist e-commerce companies in complying with legal
regulations and requirements in addition to informing both the
employees of the organization as well as the customers about
their expectations regarding privacy of information (Robert,
2014). For instance, the policy should define all information
that should be kept private by the organization’s employees and
include possible consequences for any actions due to an
employee that may result in the leakage or unauthorized
exposure of customer information (Spencer, 2016).
On the side of employees, informing employees on some
essential concepts in their engagement may be one of the
fundamental privacy enhancement moves. In conducting the
50. study, focus was given to the examination of the practices and
policies adopted by Amazon in ensuring that consumer
information is protected and established several strategies,
which includes a readily available and accessible privacy
policy.
Research Method:
In conducting the study, an extensive literature review was
conducted as a basis for obtaining secondary data regarding the
ways e-commerce companies use to address privacy issues in
their businesses. In addition, several case studies were reviewed
to provide practical examples regarding consumer privacy
protection with specific focus on the information from both
established e-commerce companies, including Amazon
Companies.
Conclusion:
With the increasing use of e-commerce, the companies interact
with more customers' data and therefore, to ensure security,
privacy policies are made. Recommendations to the literature
are that privacy policies for e-commerce enterprises are subject
to change, and therefore, as technology keeps on changing and
advancing, the companies should create policies that respond to
the emerging privacy needs. Finally, the fact that e-commerce
companies operate in different jurisdictions it becomes
complicated for the companies to address the privacy issues in
the policy (Allen, Rotenberg, & Lampe, 2011).
References
Allen, A. L., Rotenberg, M., & Lampe, R. (2011). Privacy law
and society (p. 3). Thomson/West. Cooley Godward, L. L. P.
(2004).
California Online Privacy Protection Act of 2003. Accessed
October 1, 2012.
Spencer, S. B. (2016). Predictive analytics, consumer privacy,
and ecommerce regulation.
In Research Handbook on Electronic Commerce Law. Edward
Elgar Publishing AWS Privacy. (2018, December 10). Retrieved
from
51. https://www.google.com/url?q=https://aws.amazon.com/privacy/
=U=2ahUKEwjO78jd9sbkAhWNzYUKHcQhBt8QFjABegQICB
AB=AOvVaw2TQMHUwIJSeStpKUVVZ56Z
Robert F. Smallwood. (2014) Information governance:
Concepts, strategies and best practices.
Annotated Bibliography:
Description
The topic of your annotated bibliography is “How do e-
Commerce companies address privacy in its policies”?
Annotated Bibliography
Vakeel, K. A., Das, S., Udo, G. J., & Bagchi, K. (2017). Do
security and privacy policies in B2B and B2C e-commerce
differ? A comparative study using content analysis. Behaviour
& Information Technology, 36(4), 390-403.
This source addresses the concerns of security and privacy
policies within the organization. This is especially concerning
the business to business and business to customer relations and
the differences that a raise with the use of the privacies and
security issues that might help an increase in these
relationships. The authors argue that the relationship that exists
between business and other businesses are different from those
exhibited by the company to customer relationships. Therefore,
through a comparative analysis of both relations, it's clear that
there are distinctive differences that exist between these two
kinds of links in the business.
(Vakeel et al. 2017) In their research, they portrayed what takes
place in the world of business. B2B and B2C relations have
52. often differed due to different reasons. For instance, companies
must manage to have an agreed price that does not affect either
of them while on the other the amount agreed for the customers
have also not to be a considerable gap. In this regard, this
source tries to explain the reasons behind the differences, and
why there are always limited cases of complaining as in both
relations, the participants work to create a balance. Therefore, I
believe that this an appropriate source when discussing policies
of privacy and security in economics.
This is an essential source of reflection in the field of
economics. This is because it addresses some of the pertinent
issues in the field of economics. Few authors have tried to
explain what takes place among the different types of business
settings. As such, the ability of these authors to address matters
of security and privacy policies among different classes of e-
commerce relations makes the source to be highly rated
concerning the security issues and privacy policies that
accompany the two business relations.
Bennett, C. J., & Raab, C. D. (2017). The governance of
privacy: Policy instruments in the global perspective.
Routledge.
These authors addressed one of the most critical issues in the
field of e-commerce, that's the governance of privacy. Most
often, the management of privacy issues in business
organizations has often proved to be the reason behind their
success. The study shows that there global perspectives on the
privacy policies that keenly governed by the policies putting in
place to ensure that their security is guaranteed. The source is
based on the research conducted from various countries and thus
discusses the privacy issues that concern trust, risks, and social
values. This book concludes that too much independence among
businesses might lead to deregulation or more complex matters
of policy regulation.
An evaluation of these sources shows that indeed, the issues
highlighted are of utmost importance to the running of the
business organizations. The problems of privacy and security
53. when using e-commerce in society have come with some
challenges. One such challenge is the issue of independence
among each of the businesses which are most likely to lead to
deregulation of the policies that have been put in place.
Therefore, this proves that indeed, this is an important source
that should be used in the current study.
In technology, there is a lot of development, and this has even
improved the use of technology in the running of the business.
E-commerce has been one area in the business that has taken
shape into the running of the most important duties of business
organizations involving transactions. However, this has come at
the cost of too much independence among business which makes
this source an important one it highlights the policies that are at
the danger of making these improvements in the industry.
Wolfe, R. (2019). Learning about digital trade: Privacy and e-
commerce in CETA and TPP. World Trade Review, 18(S1),
S63-S84.
The author addresses the development that is taking place in the
twenty-first century, whereby most of the business enterprises
that seek to improve their performance have resorted into the
use of electronic commerce. However, the author highlights the
challenge of personal information privacy and the ability to
share data trans-border safely. The use of e-commerce has
meant that there are use and transfer of data, storage, and
sharing of data by the electronic means but these activities are
not secure with the rampant cases of the data breach. As a
result, the author offers a solution on these issues by advocating
for the entrepreneurs to learn on the issues and policies of
digital trading that would help them govern the issues relating
to e-commerce on the global stage.
This source is an important source when discussing the issues of
e-commerce on trade, policies, and security of the data. The
author addresses some of the important issues that traders
should be worried about with the use of e-commerce. He goes
further to offer a solution that would ensure there is still the use
of e-commerce while at the same time ensuring the benefits that
54. come with these advances are met.
Privacy and matters of security are important issues in today's
society, especially concerning the use of e-commerce. This is
especially with most of the businesses turning into the use of e-
commerce to carry on their duties, thus making them vulnerable
to attack if appropriate measures of protection are not
employed. Therefore, this source addresses an important issue
on the global issues that if effectively managed, then the world
of business is likely to have a significant improvement.
Capistrano, E. P. S., & Chen, J. V. (2015). Information privacy
policies: The effects of policy characteristics and online
experience. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 42, 24-31.
This author addresses the relevance that comes with the
information privacy policies and the effects that these privacy
policies have had on the collection of data. The study proposes
that high privacy policies are characterized by affecting the
perceptions on the significance of the data and its relevance in
the line of performance. This is a common issue in any field
that highly secured data is perceived to be more important for
the running of the facilities. However, in some cases, these are
just some basics safely stored for future references. This study
is relevant to our current study, as it highlights the effects that
come with too much privacy policies being emphasized.
Privacy policies have been emphasized in most of the
organizations because of the significance the data holds.
However, due to the perceptions made on such data, it might be
misleading to both intruders and the management of the
organization on such secured data. Its relevance might be
distorted. As such, this is an important source that addresses
relevant issues that have come with too many policies being put
in place.
These authors must have reflected on various aspects of the
policy characteristics. For instance, a carefully designed policy
is one successful route that personal information can be
siphoned from individuals. Therefore, through putting in place
some policies for privacy, this makes some data is regarded as
55. important and others of less significance. Therefore, this might
lead to the data being easily obtained under tight security
policies due to misleading perceptions.
Stucke, M. E., & Grunes, A. P. (2016). Introduction: Big Data
and Competition Policy. Big Data and Competition Policy,
Oxford University Press (2016).
These authors have introduced another important sector in the
world of business today, big data. Data is the main thing in the
running of organizations. These authors highlight the issue of
big data as under threat of competition from the competing
firms. Most of the competing firms usually aim at the data to
destroy their competitors. As a result, these sources advocates
for security provisions on the data owned by each of the
organization.
Loss of data means that an organization has limited capability
to execute its duties as before. This highlights the reason behind
the issue of competition and big data within organizations. The
data breach has become a common issue among competing
organizations, and the organizations must ensure that they
protect their data. Therefore, this is a highly relevant data as far
as issues of e-commerce and data breach are concerned.
The authors address the policies involving big data and
competition in the field of business when there is the use of e-
commerce. This is a highly sensitive area as with no clear
policies being put in place there are higher chances of the data
being stolen and the affected organizations suffering huge
losses. Therefore, the authors of this source have discussed an
issue of high significance in the field of e-commerce.
Aïmeur, E., Lawani, O., & Dalkir, K. (2016). When changing
the look of privacy policies affect user trust: An experimental
study. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 368-379.
These researchers and authors conducted their study on the
computers users and the behaviors that they exhibit with the
changes in the privacy policies. There are various ways in
which they are affected, but this study highlighted the issues of
trust with changes in privacy policies. In this regard, the
56. authors argue that any change in privacy policies have the trust
of the users adversely affected as they feel that their data might
be secure.
The authors highlight an important issue on matters relating to
e-commerce. This is because the use of e-commerce is hugely
dependent on the trust created between the involved parties, and
whenever there are questionable actions taking place, then trust
becomes an issue. As such, this is an important issue addressed
that should always be considered with the changes in privacy
policies.
Trust is an important aspect in the business, and the use of
internet in e-commerce must always involve ensuring that trust
is not affected. Therefore, with this source highlighting the
impact of changing policies on trust shows how relevant it's in
relation to the development of e-commerce and the changes that
come with security and privacy policies. As such, this source is
very relevant in this study.
Chua, H. N., Herbland, A., Wong, S. F., & Chang, Y. (2017).
Compliance to personal data protection principles: A study of
how organizations frame privacy policy notices. Telematics and
Informatics, 34(4), 157-170.
These authors address the compliances that come with the
protection of personal data. Organizations have realized the
relevance of data in managing their activities. Therefore, they
have resorted into putting in place privacy policies that ensure
they are highly protected. In this regard, the source shows the
framework put in place to safeguard not only the image of the
organization but the entire business activities that it engages in.
Technology advances made in the world have made matters of
privacy to be handled with care as any loophole can always
make any organization suffer huge losses. Therefore, these
authors highlight an important activity that takes place within
most of the organizations to ensure that their data is well
protected.
On the issue at hand due to the fact that the authors address
some of the pertinent issues taking place in the organization.
57. Therefore, this important source that should be incorporated in
the study to highlight the relevant issues that take place in the
organizations, especially with the advances in technology,
privacy has become an important issue.
Data Collection Plan:
Purpose
The purpose of this assignment is to prepare you for the
dissertation process by developing a plan to collect data for
your research paper.
Description
The topic of your data plan is your research paper topic. After
completing this week's Learning Activities, develop a data plan
describing possible methods of data collection for qualitative
research, specifically a case study. Then, narrow the possible
methods to one method for your study. Support your data
collection methodology with sources.
Research Topic: How e-commerce companies address privacy in
its policies?
Introduction
The quality of any study is dependent on the validity and
reliability of the data collected. With that in mind, the focus of
this paper is to discuss the data collection methodology to be
used in the study aimed at exploring how e-commerce
companies address privacy issues in their policies, which is a
case study approach.
Data collection methodology
Several methods can be used to collect data for qualitative
studies. These are interviews, focused group discussions, and
observations all used to collect primary data and document
review used to collect secondary data (Tracy, 2019).
· Interviews: Interviews as a qualitative data collection method
requires that the person conducting the study to ask questions to
a select population or a sample selected from a community to
obtain their views or opinions regarding a particular subject
58. (Walliman, 2017). Interviews can be conducted through face-to-
face conversations and even though information technology
devices such as phones.
· Observations: Data for qualitative studies can also be
collected through observations. In this, the researcher or the
person conducting the research observes the behavior of
individuals belonging to the interest population and records
their findings. He can be an active participant within the
community or an outside observer (Morgan, et.al. 2017).
· Focused group discussions: In concentrated group
discussions, the study researcher administers questions to a
select group of select respondent or study participants ranging
from 5 to 15 individuals at the same time.
· Document Review: This involves a review of documentation
and literature is related and relevant to the study. It consists of
a review of historical and archived studies and documents with
information or data pertinent to the study questions and forms
the primary basis upon which secondary data required for the
survey is collected.
In conducting, the study on how e-commerce companies address
privacy issues in their policy, a case study approach will be
used. It is a qualitative study, and then the researcher will be
the leading and most valuable resource (Tracy, 2019).
Consequently, the researcher will use convenience and
purposeful sampling to select e-commerce companies for
review.
Also, the researcher will conduct extensive desk research,
which guided by the research question will involve a review of
select e-commerce companies documents regarding their
methods of addressing privacy issues in their policies to collect
data necessary in answering the research question (Morgan,
et.al. 2017). Additional desk review will be carried out to
establish the necessity for privacy and legal regulations and
requirements for consumer privacy and their implications to e-
commerce companies.
The desk research method in addition to collecting data from
59. records, websites has been chosen because it will provide an
avenue for the researcher to understand areas that have been
already researched before and consequently, avoid repeating
work that has already been done and establish areas where
further research into the topic is required (Walliman, 2017).
Conclusion
As seen from the discussion, the study on how e-commerce
companies address privacy issues in their policies attempts to
answer the “how” question making a qualitative approach, in
this case, the case study method the most appropriate research
method. Therefore, the study is reliant on the skills and abilities
of the researcher to collect data. Despite the existence of
various methods for collecting data such as interviews,
observations and focused group discussions, data for the study
will be collected through document or literature review.
References
Tracy, S. J. (2019). Qualitative research methods: Collecting
evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact. John Wiley
& Sons.
Walliman, N. (2017). Research methods: The basics. Routledge.
60. Morgan, S. J., Pullon, S. R., Macdonald, L. M., McKinlay, E.
M., & Gray, B. V. (2017). Case study observational research: A
framework for conducting case study research where
observation data are the focus. Qualitative health research,
27(7), 1060-1068.
Research Paper Sentence Outline::
Research Question: How e-commerce companies address
privacy in its policies?
Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to prepare you for
the dissertation process by creating a sentence outline for a
research paper.
Description: The topic of your sentence outline is your research
paper topic. After completing this week's Learning Activities,
develop a sentence outline.
Abstract
This paper examines how e-commerce companies address
privacy in their policies. All e-Commerce companies' websites
are subject to privacy laws that protect the companies' clients
from the manipulation of personal information. Ecommerce
companies, therefore, have included the terms and conditions
option on their websites so as to improve privacy policy.
Ecommerce companies deal with privacy policies by defining
the types of data that the organization's websites collect, how
the data is collected, and the methods used to store the client's
information.
Introduction
Even with the e-commerce companies urge to enhance the
efficiency of business activities, the privacy of the clients, and
the organization's data remains critical. Due to the variance of
regulations from one country to another, it isn't easy for e-
commerce companies to address the privacy policies (Spencer,
2016). Therefore, e-commerce companies are coming up with
strategies that help in enhancing privacy policies. With
61. advancements in technology, reports show that privacy concerns
are becoming rampant in e-commerce companies and thus
leaving the task of client's data protection to the companies.
Literature Review
Ecommerce privacy policies are enshrined in the laws of
different countries. The companies, therefore, need privacy
policies so as to operate under the law and to appease the
clients. Ecommerce companies are using the data gathered from
the clients to improve the privacy policies in relation to the
laws of operational jurisdiction. In addition, the companies are
embarking on evidence-based methods to formulate privacy
policies on their websites by learning from the shortcomings
resulting from previous experiences.
Research Method
The study largely employed the case studies approach to collect
relevant information regarding ways that e-commerce
companies use to address privacy in privacy policies. In
addition, the information from both established e-commerce
companies, including Amazon Companies.
Results
Ecommerce companies use privacy policies to protect the data
of its clients. Amazon Company, for example, uses the policies
to safeguard the users' data by requiring the person login to the
website to collect data to disclose the type of information
obtained through the privacy policy agreement if at all it is
personal ("ASW Privacy," 2018). Also, the e-commerce
companies address the issue of privacy in their policy by
including the user location since the companies' websites are of
collecting the IP addresses of their users.
Discussion
Ecommerce policies address the privacy issues by limiting the
persons from accessing personal information by complying with
the laws of different jurisdictions within which the online
enterprises operate.
Conclusion
With the increasing use of e-commerce, the companies interact
62. with more customers' data and therefore, to ensure security,
privacy policies are made. Recommendations to the literature
are that privacy policies for e-commerce enterprises are subject
to change, and therefore, as technology keeps on changing and
advancing, the companies should create policies that respond to
the emerging privacy needs. Finally, the fact that e-commerce
companies operate in different jurisdictions it becomes
complicated for the companies to address the privacy issues in
the policy (Allen, Rotenberg, & Lampe, 2011).
References
Allen, A. L., Rotenberg, M., & Lampe, R. (2011). Privacy law
and society (p. 3). Thomson/West. Cooley Godward, L. L. P.
(2004). California Online Privacy Protection Act of 2003.
accessed October, 1, 2012.
Spencer, S. B. (2016). ,Predictive analytics, consumer privacy,
and ecommerce regulation. In Research Handbook on
Electronic Commerce Law. Edward Elgar Publishing
AWS Privacy. (2018, December 10). Retrieved from
https://www.google.com/url?q=https://aws.amazon.com/privacy/
=U=2ahUKEwjO78jd9sbkAhWNzYUKHcQhBt8QFjABegQICB
AB=AOvVaw2TQMHUwIJSeStpKUVVZ56Z
Research Paper Final Draft
Purpose:
The purpose of this assignment is for to prepare the final
version of your research paper.
Description:
Develop the final version of your research paper using the
components that you have developed in the course so far. This
includes the data you have collected. Thoroughly write to all
sections of your research paper.
For this Research paper you have to cover all the previous
assignments and prepare a final version of final draft.
Attached:
First Draft of research paper
63. Annotated Bibolograpgy research paper
Data Collection
Research Paper sentence outline
Research Question Outline
Deliverability:
5 pages – Abstract, Introduction, Research Question, Literature
Review, Research Method, Conclusion.
