This document presents a satellite dish antenna positioning control system for distributed mobile telemedicine nodes (DMTNs) communicating via the Nigerian Communication Satellite (NigComSat-1R). The authors transform the transfer function model of the system into state space variable equations. They then propose a full state feedback controller to compensate for time delay effects during satellite communication and improve the transient and steady state performance of the dish antenna positioning system. The controller is introduced into the closed loop system, which is then simulated in MATLAB/Simulink considering different cases. The simulation results show that the full state feedback controller provides improved position tracking to step inputs with a rise time of 0.42 s, settling time of 1.22 s and overshoot
Self-steering Yagi-Uda antenna positioning system for televisionIJECEIAES
The aim of this study is to develop a prototype that automatically improves the position of a Yagi-Uda antenna using a microcontroller and to illustrate its radiation pattern through the use of MATLAB®. This study is intended for students and professors in the electronics engineering field. This served as their educational materials for teaching antenna system principles and theories. Developmental and experimental methods were used to achieve the objectives. The materials and components generally used in this study are a Yagi-Uda antenna, stepper motor, Arduino Uno, L293D motor shield, USB TV stick tuner, slotted optocoupler, ADS1115, coax cable splitter, speaker stand, and timing belt. The statistical tool used in this study was a Z-test to find out if the experiment results were significant. In testing the effectiveness of the automatic antenna system, the TV display in every increment of 1.8° was taken. It was the basis for the effectiveness of the study. At 5% α/2 level (1.96), the computed z value is 1.76, which is less than 1.96. Therefore, there is no significant difference between the picture quality of the TV display at every angle and the desired angle with maximum reception of the signal with the integration of MATLAB®.
Effect of fuzzy PID controller on feedback control systems based on wireless ...IJECEIAES
Wireless Networked control system (WNCS) has an important in all aspects of the life and in the research fields of Engineering. In this article, a real-time implementation of the wireless feedback control system (WFCS) is performed. The stability issue in the closed-loop control system still suffer from noise, disturbances, and need careful considerations to handle it. Three cases to discover the ability of a Fuzzy PID controller to maintain better angular position control system (PCS) is addressed and controlled by a personal computer through a wireless sensor network(WSN) constructed by ZigBee platforms. The practical issues related with the design and implementation of the wireless computerized control system (WCCS) is discussed and analyzed. The simulation results carried out with Matlab/ Simulink 2018b. Different parameters effect such as maximum overshoot, sampling frequency, distance and delay time have been studied. These effects on overall system performance would be discussed. Improving the efficient use of ZigBee platform for WFCS. The simulation and experimental results prove the proposed algorithm in the field of wireless control system.
User equipment geolocation depended on long-term evolutionsignal-level measur...IJECEIAES
A new approach is described for investigating the accuracy of positioning active long-term evolution (LTE) users. The explored approach is a networkbased method and depends on signal level measurements as well as the coverage of the serving cell. In a two-dimensional coordinate system, the algorithm simultaneously applies LTE measured data with a combination of a basic prediction model to locate the mobile device’s user. Furthermore, we introduce a unique method that combines timing advance (TA) and the measured signal level to narrow the search region and improve accuracy. The developed method is assessed by comparing the predicted results from the proposed algorithm with satellite measurements from the global positioning system (GPS) in various scenarios calculated via the number of cells that user equipment concurrently reports. This work separates seven different cases starting from a single reported cell to five reported cells from up to 3 sites. For analysis, the root mean square error (RMSE) is computed to obtain the validation for the proposed approach. The study case demonstrates location accuracy based on the numbers of registered cells with the mean RMSE improved using TA to approximately 70-191 m for the range of scenarios.
Survey: energy efficient protocols using radio scheduling in wireless sensor ...IJECEIAES
An efficient energy management scheme is crucial factor for design and implementation of any sensor network. Almost all sensor networks are structured with numerous small sized, low cost sensor devices which are scattered over the large area. To improvise the network performance by high throughput with minimum energy consumption, an energy efficient radio scheduling MAC protocol is effective solution, since MAC layer has the capability to collaborate with distributed wireless networks. The present survey study provides relevant research work towards radio scheduling mechanism in the design of energy efficient wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The various radio scheduling protocols are exist in the literature, which has some limitations. Therefore, it is require developing a new energy efficient radio scheduling protocol to perform multi tasks with minimum energy consumption (e.g. data transmission). The most of research studies paying more attention towards to enhance the overall network lifetime with the aim of using energy efficient scheduling protocol. In that context, this survey study overviews the different categories of MAC based radio scheduling protocols and those protocols are measured by evaluating their data transmission capability, energy efficiency, and network performance. With the extensive analysis of existing works, many research challenges are stated. Also provides future directions for new WSN design at the end of this survey.
Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) for underwater exploration is typically controlled using umbilical cable connected to ground control station. Unfortunately, while it’s used for power distribution and data transmission, it also obstruct the movement of ROV especially for shallow water (<50 cm). This paper proposed an alternative method for controlling ROV using wireless remote control system. This work also aims to explore the possibility of using RF wireless technology between 420-450 MHz as underwater communication system. Furthermore, the control system was used to manage actuators i.e. DC motor and bilge pump for maneuvring and picking small size cargo. To help the ROV to hold on a desired, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is installed on board ROV within maximum deviation 0.2 m/s2. The prototype of the system has been successfully implemented and evaluated to confirm the functionality and the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Redundant secure timing sources and timing distribution to digital power prot...Power System Operation
The power transmission system is increasingly dependent
on accurate time-stamping of digitally sampled values
used for protection and control. In particular, real-time
streaming of data from networked Phasor Measurement
Units (PMUs) for wide area ‘closed loop’ automated
control applications implies a critical dependence of
accurate, available, and reliable microsecond-level
timing.
While microsecond accuracy is easily met by GNSS
timing receivers, GNSS signals for open civilian use are
weak and also lack effective authentication mechanisms.
GNSS timing receivers are therefore vulnerable to
interference from malicious or inadvertent radio noise
(jamming) and susceptible to ‘spoofing’ with generated
GNSS-signals containing misleading timing and
navigation data.
The overall goal of the COSECTIME project funded by
Statnett is to demonstrate the applicability of state-of-
the art fiber-optic time transfer techniques for traceable,
secure and redundant synchronization of digital power
transmission protection and control applications. In full
deployment , the transmission system operator (TSO)
will generate redundant autonomous UTC-traceable
atomic timescales and distribute timing through
redundant fiber optic networks also under TSO control.
Here we present results from a pilot demonstration of
timing distribution to the Statnett R&D project pilot IEC
61850 digital substation.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Real Time and Wireless Smart Faults Detection Device for Wind Turbineschokrio
In new energy development, wind power has boomed. It is due to the proliferation of wind parks and their operation in supplying the national electric grid with low cost and clean resources. Hence, there is an increased need to establish a proactive maintenance for wind turbine machines based on remote control and monitoring. That is necessary with a real-time wireless connection in offshore or inaccessible locations while the wired method has many flaws. The objective of this strategy is to prolong wind turbine lifetime and to increase productivity. The hardware of a remote control and monitoring system for wind turbine parks is designed. It takes advantage of GPRS or Wi-Max wireless module to collect data measurements from different wind machine sensors through IP based multi-hop communication. Computer simulations with Proteus ISIS and OPNET software tools have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the studied system. Study findings show that the designed device is suitable for application in a wind park.
Self-steering Yagi-Uda antenna positioning system for televisionIJECEIAES
The aim of this study is to develop a prototype that automatically improves the position of a Yagi-Uda antenna using a microcontroller and to illustrate its radiation pattern through the use of MATLAB®. This study is intended for students and professors in the electronics engineering field. This served as their educational materials for teaching antenna system principles and theories. Developmental and experimental methods were used to achieve the objectives. The materials and components generally used in this study are a Yagi-Uda antenna, stepper motor, Arduino Uno, L293D motor shield, USB TV stick tuner, slotted optocoupler, ADS1115, coax cable splitter, speaker stand, and timing belt. The statistical tool used in this study was a Z-test to find out if the experiment results were significant. In testing the effectiveness of the automatic antenna system, the TV display in every increment of 1.8° was taken. It was the basis for the effectiveness of the study. At 5% α/2 level (1.96), the computed z value is 1.76, which is less than 1.96. Therefore, there is no significant difference between the picture quality of the TV display at every angle and the desired angle with maximum reception of the signal with the integration of MATLAB®.
Effect of fuzzy PID controller on feedback control systems based on wireless ...IJECEIAES
Wireless Networked control system (WNCS) has an important in all aspects of the life and in the research fields of Engineering. In this article, a real-time implementation of the wireless feedback control system (WFCS) is performed. The stability issue in the closed-loop control system still suffer from noise, disturbances, and need careful considerations to handle it. Three cases to discover the ability of a Fuzzy PID controller to maintain better angular position control system (PCS) is addressed and controlled by a personal computer through a wireless sensor network(WSN) constructed by ZigBee platforms. The practical issues related with the design and implementation of the wireless computerized control system (WCCS) is discussed and analyzed. The simulation results carried out with Matlab/ Simulink 2018b. Different parameters effect such as maximum overshoot, sampling frequency, distance and delay time have been studied. These effects on overall system performance would be discussed. Improving the efficient use of ZigBee platform for WFCS. The simulation and experimental results prove the proposed algorithm in the field of wireless control system.
User equipment geolocation depended on long-term evolutionsignal-level measur...IJECEIAES
A new approach is described for investigating the accuracy of positioning active long-term evolution (LTE) users. The explored approach is a networkbased method and depends on signal level measurements as well as the coverage of the serving cell. In a two-dimensional coordinate system, the algorithm simultaneously applies LTE measured data with a combination of a basic prediction model to locate the mobile device’s user. Furthermore, we introduce a unique method that combines timing advance (TA) and the measured signal level to narrow the search region and improve accuracy. The developed method is assessed by comparing the predicted results from the proposed algorithm with satellite measurements from the global positioning system (GPS) in various scenarios calculated via the number of cells that user equipment concurrently reports. This work separates seven different cases starting from a single reported cell to five reported cells from up to 3 sites. For analysis, the root mean square error (RMSE) is computed to obtain the validation for the proposed approach. The study case demonstrates location accuracy based on the numbers of registered cells with the mean RMSE improved using TA to approximately 70-191 m for the range of scenarios.
Survey: energy efficient protocols using radio scheduling in wireless sensor ...IJECEIAES
An efficient energy management scheme is crucial factor for design and implementation of any sensor network. Almost all sensor networks are structured with numerous small sized, low cost sensor devices which are scattered over the large area. To improvise the network performance by high throughput with minimum energy consumption, an energy efficient radio scheduling MAC protocol is effective solution, since MAC layer has the capability to collaborate with distributed wireless networks. The present survey study provides relevant research work towards radio scheduling mechanism in the design of energy efficient wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The various radio scheduling protocols are exist in the literature, which has some limitations. Therefore, it is require developing a new energy efficient radio scheduling protocol to perform multi tasks with minimum energy consumption (e.g. data transmission). The most of research studies paying more attention towards to enhance the overall network lifetime with the aim of using energy efficient scheduling protocol. In that context, this survey study overviews the different categories of MAC based radio scheduling protocols and those protocols are measured by evaluating their data transmission capability, energy efficiency, and network performance. With the extensive analysis of existing works, many research challenges are stated. Also provides future directions for new WSN design at the end of this survey.
Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) for underwater exploration is typically controlled using umbilical cable connected to ground control station. Unfortunately, while it’s used for power distribution and data transmission, it also obstruct the movement of ROV especially for shallow water (<50 cm). This paper proposed an alternative method for controlling ROV using wireless remote control system. This work also aims to explore the possibility of using RF wireless technology between 420-450 MHz as underwater communication system. Furthermore, the control system was used to manage actuators i.e. DC motor and bilge pump for maneuvring and picking small size cargo. To help the ROV to hold on a desired, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is installed on board ROV within maximum deviation 0.2 m/s2. The prototype of the system has been successfully implemented and evaluated to confirm the functionality and the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Redundant secure timing sources and timing distribution to digital power prot...Power System Operation
The power transmission system is increasingly dependent
on accurate time-stamping of digitally sampled values
used for protection and control. In particular, real-time
streaming of data from networked Phasor Measurement
Units (PMUs) for wide area ‘closed loop’ automated
control applications implies a critical dependence of
accurate, available, and reliable microsecond-level
timing.
While microsecond accuracy is easily met by GNSS
timing receivers, GNSS signals for open civilian use are
weak and also lack effective authentication mechanisms.
GNSS timing receivers are therefore vulnerable to
interference from malicious or inadvertent radio noise
(jamming) and susceptible to ‘spoofing’ with generated
GNSS-signals containing misleading timing and
navigation data.
The overall goal of the COSECTIME project funded by
Statnett is to demonstrate the applicability of state-of-
the art fiber-optic time transfer techniques for traceable,
secure and redundant synchronization of digital power
transmission protection and control applications. In full
deployment , the transmission system operator (TSO)
will generate redundant autonomous UTC-traceable
atomic timescales and distribute timing through
redundant fiber optic networks also under TSO control.
Here we present results from a pilot demonstration of
timing distribution to the Statnett R&D project pilot IEC
61850 digital substation.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Real Time and Wireless Smart Faults Detection Device for Wind Turbineschokrio
In new energy development, wind power has boomed. It is due to the proliferation of wind parks and their operation in supplying the national electric grid with low cost and clean resources. Hence, there is an increased need to establish a proactive maintenance for wind turbine machines based on remote control and monitoring. That is necessary with a real-time wireless connection in offshore or inaccessible locations while the wired method has many flaws. The objective of this strategy is to prolong wind turbine lifetime and to increase productivity. The hardware of a remote control and monitoring system for wind turbine parks is designed. It takes advantage of GPRS or Wi-Max wireless module to collect data measurements from different wind machine sensors through IP based multi-hop communication. Computer simulations with Proteus ISIS and OPNET software tools have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the studied system. Study findings show that the designed device is suitable for application in a wind park.
Research advancements in ocean environmental monitoring systems using wireles...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The ocean environment monitoring system is of great significance to the researchers because the ocean is the storehouse of natural resources. It is critical to comprehend and assess the ocean’s environmental conditions. Several studies have been conducted over the last several decades that use sophisticated information and communication techniques to ensure the ocean ecosystem. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a promising technology to monitor the ocean environment, which delivers significant benefits such as enhanced accuracy and real-time observations. The advancements in sensor technology such as micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), integrated systems, distributed processing, wireless communications, and wireless sensor applications have contributed to the development of WSNs. This paper describes the utilization of WSN and analyzes the previous and existing project works and technologies used for ocean environment monitoring through WSNs, and also includes the MEMS sensor technology used for monitoring various ocean parameters such as ocean wave monitoring, water conductivity, temperature, and depth of ocean.
Experimental Testing of a Real-Time Implementation of a PMU-Based Wide-Area D...Power System Operation
The modern power grid is being used under operating conditions of increasing stress, giving
rise to grid stability issues. One of these stability issues is the phenomenon of inter-area oscillations.
Simulations have demonstrated the advantages of Wide-area Measurement Signals (WAMS)-based Oscillation Damping Controls in achieving improved electromechanical mode damping compared to traditional,
local signal-based Power System Stabilizers (PSS). This work takes an existing Phasor-based oscillation
damping (POD) algorithm and uses it to implement a proof-of-concept, wide-area, real-time controller
on National Instruments hardware. The developed prototype is tested in a real-time Hardware-in-theloop setup (RT-HIL) using OPAL-RT’s eMEGASIM real-time simulation platform and synchrophasor data
from actual Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). The prototype and experiments provide insight into the
feasibility and real-world limitations of wide-area controls. Further, it is demonstrated how the proposed
control architecture has applications independent of the controlled power system device. Challenges faced,
the solutions implemented together with the present prototype’s limitations are also discussed.
Circularly polarized metamaterial Antenna in energy harvesting wearable commu...CSITiaesprime
When battery powered sensors are spread out in places that are sometimes hard to reach, sustaining them become difficult. Therefore, to develop this technology on a large scale such as in the internet of things (IoT) scenario, it is necessary to figure out how to power them. The proffered solution in this work, is to get energy from the environment using energy harvesting Antennas. This work presents a wearable circular polarized efficient receiving and transmitting sensors for medical, IoT, and communication systems at the frequency range of WLAN, and GSM from 900 MHz up to 6 GHz. Using a cascaded system block of a circularly polarized Antenna, a rectifier and t-matching network, the design was successfully simulated. A DC charging voltage of 2.8V was achieved to power-up batteries of the wearable and IoT sensors. The major contribution of this work is the tri-band Antenna system which is able to harvest reflected Wi-Fi frequencies and also GSM frequencies combined in a miniaturized manner. This innovative configuration is a step forward in building devices with over 80% duty cycle.
Compared to a time-based maintenance schedule, condition-based
maintenance provides better diagnostic information on the health condition
of the different wind turbine components and subsystems. Rather than using
an offline condition monitoring technique, which require the WT to be taken
out of service, online condition monitoring does not require any interruption
on the WT operation. The online condition monitoring system uses different
types of sensors such as vibration, acoustic, temperature, current/voltage etc.
Using a machine learning approach, we aim to establish a data driven fault
prognosis framework. Instead of traditional wired communications, wireless
communication systems such as wireless sensor network have the advantages
of easier installation and lower capital cost. We propose the use of WSN for
collecting and transmitting the condition monitoring data to enhance the
reliability of wind parks. Using data driven approach the collective health of
the WP can be represented based on the condition of the individual wind
turbines, which can be used for predicting the remaining useful life of the
system.
Wireless Technology for Monitoring Site-specific Landslide in Vietnam IJECEIAES
Climate change has caused an increasing number of landslides, especially in the mountainous provinces of Vietnam, resulting in the destruction of vital transport and other infrastructure. Current monitoring and forecasting systems of the meteorology department cannot deliver accurate and reliable forecasts for weather events and issue timely warnings. This paper describes the development of a simple, low cost, and efficient system for monitoring and warning landslide in real-time. The authors focus on the use of wireless and related technologies in the implementation of a technical solution and some of the problems of the wireless sensor network (WSN) related to power consumption. Promising compressed sensing (CS) based solution for landslide monitoring is discussed and evaluated in the paper.
A multi sensor-information_fusion_method_based_on_factor_graph_for_integrated...Ashish Sharma
The current navigation systems used in many autonomous mobile robotic applications, like
unmanned vehicles, are always equipped with various sensors to get accurate navigation results. The
key point is to fuse the information from different sensors efciently. However, different sensors provide
asynchronous measurements, some of which even appear to be nonlinear. Moreover, some sensors are
vulnerable in specic environments, e.g., GPS signal is likely to work poorly in interior space, underground,
and tall buildings. We propose a multi-sensor information fusion method based on a factor graph to fuse
all available asynchronous sensor information and efciently and accurately calculate a navigation solution.
Assuming the sensor measurements and navigation states in a navigation system as factor nodes and variable
nodes in a factor graph, respectively, the update of the states can be implemented in the framework of the
factor graph. The proposed method is experimentally validated using two different datasets. A comparison
with Federated Filter, which has been widely used in integrated navigation systems, demonstrates the
proposed method's effectiveness. Additionally, analyzing the navigation results with data loss that
the proposed method could achieve sensor plug and play in software.INDEX TERMS Integrated navigation, multi-sensor, information fusion, factor graph, plug and play.
Meta-surface (frequency selective surface) loaded high gain directional ante...IJECEIAES
In this work, a meta-surface (frequency selective surface) loaded high gain directional antenna system is presented. The antenna system is developed using ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna element and meta-surface reflector. The UWB antenna element is designed and simulated without meta-surface reflector. The UWB antenna element has poor impedance bandwidth and directivity. A meta-surface is created using unit cell and equal in the size of the antenna substrate. The meta-surface is placed over the UWB antenna element at optimized height (H=30 mm). The impedance bandwidth, directivity and gain of the proposed antenna are improved by the meta-surface reflector. The proposed antenna is fabricated and experimentally validated by the comparison of the simulated and measured results. The antenna has 3 to 6 GHz wide impedance bandwidth, more than 5 dBi gain and maximum 4.6 dBi directivity at 3.5 GHz frequency. Performance of the proposed antenna is also compared with existing carried out work. Comparatively, the proposed antenna with high directivity is most suitable for IEEE 802.15.4a UWB wireless sensor network (WSN) security application.
An energy aware scheme for layered chain in underwater wireless sensor networ...IJECEIAES
Extending the network lifetime is a very challenging problem that needs to be taken into account during routing data in wireless sensor networks in general and particularly in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN). For this purpose, the present paper proposes a multilayer chain based on genetic algorithm routing (MCGA) for routing data from nodes to the sink. This algorithm consists to create a limited number of local chains constructed by using genetic algorithm in order to obtain the shortest path between nodes; furthermore, a leader node (LN) is elected in each chain followed by constructing a global chain containing LNs. The selection of the LN in the closest chain to the sink is as follows: Initially, the closest node to sink is elected LN in this latter because all nodes have initially the same energy value; then the future selection of the LN is based on the residual energy of the nodes. LNs in the other chains are selected based on the proximity to the previous LNs. Data transmission is performed in two steps: intra-chain transmission and inter-chain transmission. Furthermore, MCGA is simulated for different scenarios of mobility and density of nodes in the networks. The performance evaluation of the proposed technique shows a considerable reduction in terms of energy consumption and network lifespan.
Radio Resource Management for Eicic, Comp, Relaying and Back-hauls Techniques...ijwmn
Frequency reuse in cells is one of the strategies that LTE (Long Term Evolution) uses to maximize the spectrum efficiency. However, it leads to an interference among the cells, especially at the cell edges where the probability for a cell-edge user to be scheduled on a resource block that is being transmitted by the neighbouring cell is high; consequently, the interference is high. In-order to mitigate Inter-Cell Interference (ICI), Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) was proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for the LTE network, and later on, the enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) was proposed for the LTE-Advanced network. ICIC reduces cell-edge interference on traffic channels from neighbouring cells by the use of three interference reduction schemes that works in the power and frequency domain, and they are based on lowering the power of some channels to limit their reception to the users that are close to the base station, and by reducing the chance of frequency overlap. eICIC was proposed to handle ICI in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) deployments. It reduces the interference on both the traffic and control channels. It uses power, frequency and also time domain to mitigate intra-frequency interference in HetNets. Another technique that was proposed by the 3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can reduce the ICI and improve the cell average and cell-edge user throughput is the Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission/reception technique. CoMP can increase the cell average and cell edge user throughput in both the uplink and downlink transmission by joint scheduling and data processing in multiple cells/eNBs. Another technique that was proposed by the 3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can improve the LTE network coverage in difficult conditions is to deploy Relay Nodes (RNs). In this paper, we survey Radio Resource Management (RRM) for some of the techniques that are used with LTE-A. The included techniques in this paper are; the ICIC, eICIC, CoMP, Relaying and Back-hauls. We start by explaining the concepts of these techniques. Then, by summarizing the radio resource management approaches that were proposed in the literature for these techniques. And finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR EICIC, COMP, RELAYING AND BACK-HAULS TECHNIQUES...ijwmn
Frequency reuse in cells is one of the strategies that LTE (Long Term Evolution) uses to maximize the
spectrum efficiency. However, it leads to an interference among the cells, especially at the cell edges where
the probability for a cell-edge user to be scheduled on a resource block that is being transmitted by the
neighbouring cell is high; consequently, the interference is high. In-order to mitigate Inter-Cell
Interference (ICI), Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) was proposed by the Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for the LTE network, and later on, the enhanced Inter-Cell
Interference Coordination (eICIC) was proposed for the LTE-Advanced network. ICIC reduces cell-edge
interference on traffic channels from neighbouring cells by the use of three interference reduction schemes
that works in the power and frequency domain, and they are based on lowering the power of some channels
to limit their reception to the users that are close to the base station, and by reducing the chance of
frequency overlap. eICIC was proposed to handle ICI in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) deployments. It
reduces the interference on both the traffic and control channels. It uses power, frequency and also time
domain to mitigate intra-frequency interference in HetNets. Another technique that was proposed by the
3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can reduce the ICI and improve the cell average and cell-edge
user throughput is the Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission/reception technique. CoMP can
increase the cell average and cell edge user throughput in both the uplink and downlink transmission by
joint scheduling and data processing in multiple cells/eNBs. Another technique that was proposed by the
3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can improve the LTE network coverage in difficult conditions is
to deploy Relay Nodes (RNs). In this paper, we survey Radio Resource Management (RRM) for some of the
techniques that are used with LTE-A. The included techniques in this paper are; the ICIC, eICIC, CoMP,
Relaying and Back-hauls. We start by explaining the concepts of these techniques. Then, by summarizing
the radio resource management approaches that were proposed in the literature for these techniques. And
finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.
The most critical parameters that indicate the Wi-Fi network are throughput, delay, latency, and packet loss since they provide significant benefits, especially to the end-user. This research aims to investigate Wi-Fi performance in an indoor environment for light-of-sight (LOS) and nonlight-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. The effect of the surrounding obstacles and distance has also been reported in the paper. The parameters measured are packet loss, the packet sent, the packet received, throughput, and latency. Site measurement is done to obtain real-time and optimum results. The measured parameters are then validated using the EMCO ping monitor 8 software. The comparison results between the measurement and the simulation are well presented in this paper. Additionally, the measurement distance is done up to 30 meters and the results are reported in the paper as well. The results indicate that the throughput value decreases with an increasing distance, where the lowest throughput value is 24.64 Mbps and the highest throughput value is 70.83 Mbps. Next, the maximum latency value from the measurement is 79 ms, while the lowest latency value is 56.09 ms. Finally, this research verified that obstacles and distances are among the contributing factors affecting the throughput and latency performance of the Wi-Fi network.
Subarrays of phased-array antennas for multiple-input multiple-output radar a...IJICTJOURNAL
The subarray MIMO radar (SMIMO) is a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar with elements in the form of a sub-array that acts as a phased array (PAR), so it combines at the same time the key advantage of the PAR radar, which is high directional gain to increase target range, and the key advantage of the MIMO radar, i.e., high diversity gains to increase the maximum number of detected targets. Different schemes for the number of antenna elements in the transceiver zones, such as uniform and/or variable, overlapped and non-overlapped, significantly determine the performance of radars as virtual arrays (VARs), maximum number of detected targets, accuracy of target angle, detection resolution, SNR detection, and detection probability. Performance is also compared with the PAR, the MIMO, and the phased MIMO radars (PMIMO). The SMIMO radar offers great versatility for radar applications, being able to adapt to different shapes of the multiple targets to be detected and their environment. For example, for a transmit-receive with an antenna element number, i.e., M = N = 8, the range of the number of detected targets for the SMIMO radar is flexible compared to the other radars. On the other hand, the proposed radar's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) detection performance and detection probability (K = 5, L = 3) are both 1,999 and above 90%, which are better than other radars.
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Research advancements in ocean environmental monitoring systems using wireles...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The ocean environment monitoring system is of great significance to the researchers because the ocean is the storehouse of natural resources. It is critical to comprehend and assess the ocean’s environmental conditions. Several studies have been conducted over the last several decades that use sophisticated information and communication techniques to ensure the ocean ecosystem. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a promising technology to monitor the ocean environment, which delivers significant benefits such as enhanced accuracy and real-time observations. The advancements in sensor technology such as micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), integrated systems, distributed processing, wireless communications, and wireless sensor applications have contributed to the development of WSNs. This paper describes the utilization of WSN and analyzes the previous and existing project works and technologies used for ocean environment monitoring through WSNs, and also includes the MEMS sensor technology used for monitoring various ocean parameters such as ocean wave monitoring, water conductivity, temperature, and depth of ocean.
Experimental Testing of a Real-Time Implementation of a PMU-Based Wide-Area D...Power System Operation
The modern power grid is being used under operating conditions of increasing stress, giving
rise to grid stability issues. One of these stability issues is the phenomenon of inter-area oscillations.
Simulations have demonstrated the advantages of Wide-area Measurement Signals (WAMS)-based Oscillation Damping Controls in achieving improved electromechanical mode damping compared to traditional,
local signal-based Power System Stabilizers (PSS). This work takes an existing Phasor-based oscillation
damping (POD) algorithm and uses it to implement a proof-of-concept, wide-area, real-time controller
on National Instruments hardware. The developed prototype is tested in a real-time Hardware-in-theloop setup (RT-HIL) using OPAL-RT’s eMEGASIM real-time simulation platform and synchrophasor data
from actual Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). The prototype and experiments provide insight into the
feasibility and real-world limitations of wide-area controls. Further, it is demonstrated how the proposed
control architecture has applications independent of the controlled power system device. Challenges faced,
the solutions implemented together with the present prototype’s limitations are also discussed.
Circularly polarized metamaterial Antenna in energy harvesting wearable commu...CSITiaesprime
When battery powered sensors are spread out in places that are sometimes hard to reach, sustaining them become difficult. Therefore, to develop this technology on a large scale such as in the internet of things (IoT) scenario, it is necessary to figure out how to power them. The proffered solution in this work, is to get energy from the environment using energy harvesting Antennas. This work presents a wearable circular polarized efficient receiving and transmitting sensors for medical, IoT, and communication systems at the frequency range of WLAN, and GSM from 900 MHz up to 6 GHz. Using a cascaded system block of a circularly polarized Antenna, a rectifier and t-matching network, the design was successfully simulated. A DC charging voltage of 2.8V was achieved to power-up batteries of the wearable and IoT sensors. The major contribution of this work is the tri-band Antenna system which is able to harvest reflected Wi-Fi frequencies and also GSM frequencies combined in a miniaturized manner. This innovative configuration is a step forward in building devices with over 80% duty cycle.
Compared to a time-based maintenance schedule, condition-based
maintenance provides better diagnostic information on the health condition
of the different wind turbine components and subsystems. Rather than using
an offline condition monitoring technique, which require the WT to be taken
out of service, online condition monitoring does not require any interruption
on the WT operation. The online condition monitoring system uses different
types of sensors such as vibration, acoustic, temperature, current/voltage etc.
Using a machine learning approach, we aim to establish a data driven fault
prognosis framework. Instead of traditional wired communications, wireless
communication systems such as wireless sensor network have the advantages
of easier installation and lower capital cost. We propose the use of WSN for
collecting and transmitting the condition monitoring data to enhance the
reliability of wind parks. Using data driven approach the collective health of
the WP can be represented based on the condition of the individual wind
turbines, which can be used for predicting the remaining useful life of the
system.
Wireless Technology for Monitoring Site-specific Landslide in Vietnam IJECEIAES
Climate change has caused an increasing number of landslides, especially in the mountainous provinces of Vietnam, resulting in the destruction of vital transport and other infrastructure. Current monitoring and forecasting systems of the meteorology department cannot deliver accurate and reliable forecasts for weather events and issue timely warnings. This paper describes the development of a simple, low cost, and efficient system for monitoring and warning landslide in real-time. The authors focus on the use of wireless and related technologies in the implementation of a technical solution and some of the problems of the wireless sensor network (WSN) related to power consumption. Promising compressed sensing (CS) based solution for landslide monitoring is discussed and evaluated in the paper.
A multi sensor-information_fusion_method_based_on_factor_graph_for_integrated...Ashish Sharma
The current navigation systems used in many autonomous mobile robotic applications, like
unmanned vehicles, are always equipped with various sensors to get accurate navigation results. The
key point is to fuse the information from different sensors efciently. However, different sensors provide
asynchronous measurements, some of which even appear to be nonlinear. Moreover, some sensors are
vulnerable in specic environments, e.g., GPS signal is likely to work poorly in interior space, underground,
and tall buildings. We propose a multi-sensor information fusion method based on a factor graph to fuse
all available asynchronous sensor information and efciently and accurately calculate a navigation solution.
Assuming the sensor measurements and navigation states in a navigation system as factor nodes and variable
nodes in a factor graph, respectively, the update of the states can be implemented in the framework of the
factor graph. The proposed method is experimentally validated using two different datasets. A comparison
with Federated Filter, which has been widely used in integrated navigation systems, demonstrates the
proposed method's effectiveness. Additionally, analyzing the navigation results with data loss that
the proposed method could achieve sensor plug and play in software.INDEX TERMS Integrated navigation, multi-sensor, information fusion, factor graph, plug and play.
Meta-surface (frequency selective surface) loaded high gain directional ante...IJECEIAES
In this work, a meta-surface (frequency selective surface) loaded high gain directional antenna system is presented. The antenna system is developed using ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna element and meta-surface reflector. The UWB antenna element is designed and simulated without meta-surface reflector. The UWB antenna element has poor impedance bandwidth and directivity. A meta-surface is created using unit cell and equal in the size of the antenna substrate. The meta-surface is placed over the UWB antenna element at optimized height (H=30 mm). The impedance bandwidth, directivity and gain of the proposed antenna are improved by the meta-surface reflector. The proposed antenna is fabricated and experimentally validated by the comparison of the simulated and measured results. The antenna has 3 to 6 GHz wide impedance bandwidth, more than 5 dBi gain and maximum 4.6 dBi directivity at 3.5 GHz frequency. Performance of the proposed antenna is also compared with existing carried out work. Comparatively, the proposed antenna with high directivity is most suitable for IEEE 802.15.4a UWB wireless sensor network (WSN) security application.
An energy aware scheme for layered chain in underwater wireless sensor networ...IJECEIAES
Extending the network lifetime is a very challenging problem that needs to be taken into account during routing data in wireless sensor networks in general and particularly in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN). For this purpose, the present paper proposes a multilayer chain based on genetic algorithm routing (MCGA) for routing data from nodes to the sink. This algorithm consists to create a limited number of local chains constructed by using genetic algorithm in order to obtain the shortest path between nodes; furthermore, a leader node (LN) is elected in each chain followed by constructing a global chain containing LNs. The selection of the LN in the closest chain to the sink is as follows: Initially, the closest node to sink is elected LN in this latter because all nodes have initially the same energy value; then the future selection of the LN is based on the residual energy of the nodes. LNs in the other chains are selected based on the proximity to the previous LNs. Data transmission is performed in two steps: intra-chain transmission and inter-chain transmission. Furthermore, MCGA is simulated for different scenarios of mobility and density of nodes in the networks. The performance evaluation of the proposed technique shows a considerable reduction in terms of energy consumption and network lifespan.
Radio Resource Management for Eicic, Comp, Relaying and Back-hauls Techniques...ijwmn
Frequency reuse in cells is one of the strategies that LTE (Long Term Evolution) uses to maximize the spectrum efficiency. However, it leads to an interference among the cells, especially at the cell edges where the probability for a cell-edge user to be scheduled on a resource block that is being transmitted by the neighbouring cell is high; consequently, the interference is high. In-order to mitigate Inter-Cell Interference (ICI), Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) was proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for the LTE network, and later on, the enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) was proposed for the LTE-Advanced network. ICIC reduces cell-edge interference on traffic channels from neighbouring cells by the use of three interference reduction schemes that works in the power and frequency domain, and they are based on lowering the power of some channels to limit their reception to the users that are close to the base station, and by reducing the chance of frequency overlap. eICIC was proposed to handle ICI in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) deployments. It reduces the interference on both the traffic and control channels. It uses power, frequency and also time domain to mitigate intra-frequency interference in HetNets. Another technique that was proposed by the 3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can reduce the ICI and improve the cell average and cell-edge user throughput is the Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission/reception technique. CoMP can increase the cell average and cell edge user throughput in both the uplink and downlink transmission by joint scheduling and data processing in multiple cells/eNBs. Another technique that was proposed by the 3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can improve the LTE network coverage in difficult conditions is to deploy Relay Nodes (RNs). In this paper, we survey Radio Resource Management (RRM) for some of the techniques that are used with LTE-A. The included techniques in this paper are; the ICIC, eICIC, CoMP, Relaying and Back-hauls. We start by explaining the concepts of these techniques. Then, by summarizing the radio resource management approaches that were proposed in the literature for these techniques. And finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR EICIC, COMP, RELAYING AND BACK-HAULS TECHNIQUES...ijwmn
Frequency reuse in cells is one of the strategies that LTE (Long Term Evolution) uses to maximize the
spectrum efficiency. However, it leads to an interference among the cells, especially at the cell edges where
the probability for a cell-edge user to be scheduled on a resource block that is being transmitted by the
neighbouring cell is high; consequently, the interference is high. In-order to mitigate Inter-Cell
Interference (ICI), Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) was proposed by the Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for the LTE network, and later on, the enhanced Inter-Cell
Interference Coordination (eICIC) was proposed for the LTE-Advanced network. ICIC reduces cell-edge
interference on traffic channels from neighbouring cells by the use of three interference reduction schemes
that works in the power and frequency domain, and they are based on lowering the power of some channels
to limit their reception to the users that are close to the base station, and by reducing the chance of
frequency overlap. eICIC was proposed to handle ICI in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) deployments. It
reduces the interference on both the traffic and control channels. It uses power, frequency and also time
domain to mitigate intra-frequency interference in HetNets. Another technique that was proposed by the
3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can reduce the ICI and improve the cell average and cell-edge
user throughput is the Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission/reception technique. CoMP can
increase the cell average and cell edge user throughput in both the uplink and downlink transmission by
joint scheduling and data processing in multiple cells/eNBs. Another technique that was proposed by the
3GPP for the LTE-Advanced network that can improve the LTE network coverage in difficult conditions is
to deploy Relay Nodes (RNs). In this paper, we survey Radio Resource Management (RRM) for some of the
techniques that are used with LTE-A. The included techniques in this paper are; the ICIC, eICIC, CoMP,
Relaying and Back-hauls. We start by explaining the concepts of these techniques. Then, by summarizing
the radio resource management approaches that were proposed in the literature for these techniques. And
finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.
The most critical parameters that indicate the Wi-Fi network are throughput, delay, latency, and packet loss since they provide significant benefits, especially to the end-user. This research aims to investigate Wi-Fi performance in an indoor environment for light-of-sight (LOS) and nonlight-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. The effect of the surrounding obstacles and distance has also been reported in the paper. The parameters measured are packet loss, the packet sent, the packet received, throughput, and latency. Site measurement is done to obtain real-time and optimum results. The measured parameters are then validated using the EMCO ping monitor 8 software. The comparison results between the measurement and the simulation are well presented in this paper. Additionally, the measurement distance is done up to 30 meters and the results are reported in the paper as well. The results indicate that the throughput value decreases with an increasing distance, where the lowest throughput value is 24.64 Mbps and the highest throughput value is 70.83 Mbps. Next, the maximum latency value from the measurement is 79 ms, while the lowest latency value is 56.09 ms. Finally, this research verified that obstacles and distances are among the contributing factors affecting the throughput and latency performance of the Wi-Fi network.
Subarrays of phased-array antennas for multiple-input multiple-output radar a...IJICTJOURNAL
The subarray MIMO radar (SMIMO) is a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar with elements in the form of a sub-array that acts as a phased array (PAR), so it combines at the same time the key advantage of the PAR radar, which is high directional gain to increase target range, and the key advantage of the MIMO radar, i.e., high diversity gains to increase the maximum number of detected targets. Different schemes for the number of antenna elements in the transceiver zones, such as uniform and/or variable, overlapped and non-overlapped, significantly determine the performance of radars as virtual arrays (VARs), maximum number of detected targets, accuracy of target angle, detection resolution, SNR detection, and detection probability. Performance is also compared with the PAR, the MIMO, and the phased MIMO radars (PMIMO). The SMIMO radar offers great versatility for radar applications, being able to adapt to different shapes of the multiple targets to be detected and their environment. For example, for a transmit-receive with an antenna element number, i.e., M = N = 8, the range of the number of detected targets for the SMIMO radar is flexible compared to the other radars. On the other hand, the proposed radar's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) detection performance and detection probability (K = 5, L = 3) are both 1,999 and above 90%, which are better than other radars.
Statistical analysis of an orographic rainfall for eight north-east region of...IJICTJOURNAL
Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models are used to predict the rain rate for orographic rainfall over a long period of time, from 1980 to 1918. As the orographic rainfall may cause landslides and other natural disaster issues, So, this study is very important for the analysis of rainfall prediction. In this research, statistical calculations have been done based on the rainfall data for twelve regions of India (Cherrapunji, Darjeling, Dawki, Ghum, Itanagar, Kamchenjunga, Mizoram, Nagaland, Pakyong, Saser Kangri, Slot Kangri, and Tripura) from the eight states, i.e., Sikkim, Meghalaya, West Bengal, Ladakh (Union Territory of India), Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Tripura, and Nagaland) with varying altitude. The model's output is assessed using several error calculations. The model's performance is represented by the fit value, which is reliable for the northeast region of India with increasing altitude. The statistical dependability of the rainfall prediction is shown by the parameters. The lowest value of root mean square error (RMSE) indicates better prediction for orographic rainfall.
A broadband MIMO antenna's channel capacity for WLAN and WiMAX applicationsIJICTJOURNAL
This paper describes the findings of a research into the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel capacity of a broadband dual-element printed inverted F-antenna (PIFA) antenna array. The dual-element antenna array is made up of two PIFAs that are meant to fit on a teeny-tiny and small wireless communication device that runs at 5 GHz. The device's frequency range is between 3.5 and 4.5 GHz. These PIFAs are also loaded into the device during the installation process. In order to investigate the channel capacity, the ray tracing method is employed in two different kinds of circumstances. For the purpose of carrying out this analysis of the channel capacity, both the simulated and measured mutual couplings of the broadband MIMO antenna are utilized.
High accuracy sensor nodes for a peat swamp forest fire detection using ESP32...IJICTJOURNAL
The use of smoke sensors in high-precision and low-cost forest fire detection kits needs to be developed immediately to assist the authorities in monitoring forest fires especially in remote areas more efficiently and systematically. The implementation of automatic reclosing operation allows the fire detector kit to distinguish between real smoke and non-real smoke successfully. This has profitably reduced kit errors when detecting fires and in turn prevent the users from receiving incorrect messages. However, using a smoke sensor with automatic reclosing operation has not been able to optimize the accuracy of identifying the actual smoke due to the working sensor node situation is difficult to predict and sometimes unexpected such as the source of smoke received. Thus, to further improve the accuracy when detecting the presence of smoke, the system is equipped with two digital cameras that can capture and send pictures of fire smoke to the users. The system gives the users choice of three interesting options if they want the camera to capture and send pictures to them, namely request, smoke trigger and movement for security purposes. In all cases, users can request the system to send pictures at any time. The system equipped with this camera shows the accuracy of smoke detection by confirming the actual smoke that has been detected through images sent in the user’s Telegram channel and on the graphical user interface (GUI) display. As a comparison of the system before and after using this camera, it was found that the system that uses the camera gives advantage to the users in monitoring fire smoke more effectively and accurately.
Prediction analysis on the pre and post COVID outbreak assessment using machi...IJICTJOURNAL
In this time of a global urgency where people are losing lives each day in a large number, people are trying to develop ways/technology to solve the challenges of COVID-19. Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) tools have been employed previously as well to the times of pandemic where they have proven their worth by providing reliable results in varied fields this is why ML tools are being used extensively to fight this pandemic as well. This review describes the applications of ML in the post and pre COVID-19 conditions for contact tracing, vaccine development, prediction and diagnosis, risk management, and outbreak predictions to help the healthcare system to work efficiently. This review discusses the ongoing research on the pandemic virus where various ML models have been employed to a certain data set to produce outputs that can be used for risk or outbreak prediction of virus in the population, vaccine development, and contact tracing. Thus, the significance and the contribution of ML against COVID-19 are self-explanatory but what should not be compromised is the quality and accuracy based on which solutions/methods/policies adopted or produced from this analysis which will be implied in the real world to real people.
Meliorating usable document density for online event detectionIJICTJOURNAL
Online event detection (OED) has seen a rise in the research community as it can provide quick identification of possible events happening at times in the world. Through these systems, potential events can be indicated well before they are reported by the news media, by grouping similar documents shared over social media by users. Most OED systems use textual similarities for this purpose. Similar documents, that may indicate a potential event, are further strengthened by the replies made by other users, thereby improving the potentiality of the group. However, these documents are at times unusable as independent documents, as they may replace previously appeared noun phrases with pronouns, leading OED systems to fail while grouping these replies to their suitable clusters. In this paper, a pronoun resolution system that tries to replace pronouns with relevant nouns over social media data is proposed. Results show significant improvement in performance using the proposed system.
Performance analysis on self organization based clustering scheme for FANETs ...IJICTJOURNAL
With the fast-increasing development of wireless communication networks, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has emerged as a flying platform for wireless communication with efficient coverage, capacity, reliability, and its network is called flying ad-hoc network (FANET); which keeps changing its topology due to its dynamic nature, causing inefficient communication, and therefore needs cluster formation. In this paper, we proposed a cluster formation, selection of cluster head and its members, connectivity and transmission with the base station using the K-means algorithm, and choice of an optimized path for transmission using firefly optimization algorithm for efficient communication. Evaluation of performance with experimental results are obtained and compared using the K-means algorithm and firefly optimization algorithm in cluster building time, cluster lifetime, energy consumption, and probability of delivery success. On comparison of firefly optimization algorithm with firefly optimization algorithm, i.e., K-means algorithm results proved than without firefly optimization algorithm, better in terms of cluster building time, energy consumption, cluster lifetime, and also the probability of delivery success.
A persuasive agent architecture for behavior change interventionIJICTJOURNAL
A persuasive agent makes use of persuasion attributions to ensure that its predefined objective(s) is achieved within its immediate environment. This is made possible based on the five unique features namely sociable, persuasive, autonomy, reactive, and proactive natures. However, there are limited successes recorded within the behavioural intervention and psychological reactance is responsible for these failures. Psychological reactance is the stage where rejection, negative response and frustration are felt by the users of the persuasive system. Thus, this study proposes a persuasive agent (PAT) architecture that limits the experience of psychological reactance to achieve an improved behavioural intervention. PAT architecture adopted the combination of the reactance model for behavior change and the persuasive design principle. The architecture is evaluated by conducting an experimental study using a user-centred approach. The evaluation reflected that there is a reduction in the number of users who experienced psychological reactance from 70 per cent to 3 per cent. The result is a better improvement compared with previous outcomes. The contribution made in this study would provide a design model and a steplike approach to software designers on how to limit the effect of psychological reactance on persuasive system applications and interventions.
Enterprise architecture-based ISA model development for ICT benchmarking in c...IJICTJOURNAL
Building on a coincided in progress paper, this paper constructs and evaluate an information systems architecture (ISA) model for the Bahraini architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) sector, from the lens of enterprise architecture (EA). This model acts as an information and communication technology (ICT) barometer tool to identify and benchmark the ICT’s gaps, duplicative levels, and future investments. Following the design science research, this paper and throughout a utilization of a tailored version of the open group architectural framework (TOGAF), embedded into a rigorous case study approach, the construction, testing, and evaluation of the conceptual ISA model is approached to benchmark the ICT measurement. Empirically, the study revealed the appropriateness of the model and the ability to identify the availability of 28 groups of 38 individual ICT applications in the Bahraini AEC sector and benchmark them to score an average of 18.5% against 17 countries that scored an average of 18.6%.
Empirical studies on the effect of electromagnetic radiation from multiple so...IJICTJOURNAL
Just after the invention of electricity by Michael Faraday, there has been a revolution in the communication technology, which lead to the invention of radio, television, radar, satellite, and mobile. While these machines transformed our life high quality, safer and simpler, they have been associated with alarming probable health hazards owing to their electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emission. Couple of cases it has been reported by personals regarding various health related issues relating to exposure on electromagnetic field (EMF) and EMR. Although couple of persons showed light symptoms and respond by avoiding the electrical field (EF) and EMR fields as much as possible, some others are so much affected that they have changed their entire lifestyle. In this paper, empirical survey study has been carried out in the laboratories of Daffodil International University (DIU) main and permanent campus. It was found that some of the instrument had higher EMFs. The findings from this survey may be helpful for the students to take precautionary measurement who work for long duration in the various laboratories for their practical classes and for the users of the domestic appliances as well as office equipment and industrial instruments.
Cyber attack awareness and prevention in network securityIJICTJOURNAL
This article aims to provide an overview of cyber attack awareness and prevention in network security. This article discussed the different types of cyber attacks, current trends of cyber attacks, how to prevent cyber attacks and uum students' awareness of cyber attacks. First, we will go over the different types of cyber attack, current trend, impact of cyber attack and the prevention. The approach entailed comparing and observing the outcomes of 13 different papers. The survey's findings would demonstrate the results obtained after analyzing the data collection which are the questionnaire filled out by respondents after watching the cyber attack awareness video to improve awareness of students through the cyber attack. Depending on the outcome of this survey, we will have a better understanding of current students' knowledge and awareness of cyber attacks, allowing us to improve students' understanding of cyber threats and the necessity of cyber security.
An internet of things-based irrigation and tank monitoring systemIJICTJOURNAL
Agriculture plays a significant role in the development of a nation and provides the main source of food production, income, and employment to nations. It was the most practiced occupation in Nigeria and this formed the backbone of the economy in the early 1960s before the discovery of crude oil, which has led to the derail of sufficient food production, exportation, and the agricultural economy at large. Over time, the dry season has always been challenging with little or no rainfall and there are no irrigation facilities that incorporate different saving practices to adapt to these climate changes on their own. In this paper, a cost-effective internet of things irrigation system that is capable of reducing water wastage, manual labor, monitoring tank water level and that can be controlled remotely is designed. The system integrated Arduino UNO with a soil moisture sensor, HCSR04 ultrasonic sensor, and ESP8266 Wi-Fi module that gives the system capable of being controlled remotely via the internet, thus achieving optimal irrigation using the internet of things (IoT). Some of the challenges facing the existing irrigation system are water wastage, poor performance, and high cost of implementation. The design system helps to control water supply to crops when it is needed, and also monitors soil moisture, temperature, and water tank level. After carrying out the experiments for 15 days, the system saved approximately 49% of the water used in traditional irrigation method. The system is useful in large farming areas to minimize human effort and reduce the cost of hiring personnel.
About decentralized swarms of asynchronous distributed cellular automata usin...IJICTJOURNAL
This research describes the simple implementation of asynchronous distributed cellular automata and decentralized swarms of asynchronous distributed cellular automata built on top of inter-planetary file system’s publish-subscribe (IPFS PubSub) experimentation. Various publish-subscribe(PubSub) models are described. As an illustration, two distributed versions and a decentralized swarm version of a 2D elementary cellular automaton are thoroughly detailed to highlight the simplicity of implementation with IPFS and the inner workings of these kinds of cellular automata (CA). Both algorithms were implemented, and experiments were conducted throughout five datacenters of Grid’5000 testbed in France to obtain preliminary performance results in terms of network bandwidth usage. This work is prior to implementing a large-scale decentralized epidemic propagation modeling and prediction system based upon asynchronous distributed cellular automata with application to the current pandemic of SARSCoV-2 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
A convolutional neural network for skin cancer classificationIJICTJOURNAL
Skin diseases can be seen clearly by oneself and others. Although this disease is visible on the skin, we fear that this skin disease is harmful. People who experience skin diseases immediately visit a dermatologist to have their complaints and symptoms checked. This skin protects the body, especially from the sun, so it can be lethal if something goes wrong. One example of deadly skin disease is skin cancer or skin tumors. In this research, we classified skin cancer into Benign and Malignant using the convolution neural network (CNN) algorithm. The purpose of this research is to develop the CNN architecture to help identify skin diseases. We used a dataset of 3,297 skin cancer images which are publicly available on the Kaggle website. We propose two CNN architectures that differ in the number of parameters. The first architecture has 6,427,745 parameters, and the second architecture has 2,797,665. The accuracy of the proposed models is 93% and 74% respectively. The first model with the number of parameters 6,427,745 was saved for use in the creation of the website. We created a web-based application with the Django framework for skin disease identification.
A review on notification sending methods to the recipients in different techn...IJICTJOURNAL
Women have progressed a lot in terms of social empowerment and economics. They are going for higher education, jobs, and many other similar endeavors, but harassment cases have also been on the rise. So, women’s safety is a big concern nowadays, especially in developing countries. Many previous studies and attempts were made to create a feasible safety solution for women. Out of various features to ensure women’s safety in critical situations, location tracking is a very common and key feature in most previously proposed solutions. This study found mechanisms of sending the location to different types of recipients in various women safety solutions. In addition, the advantages and drawbacks of location sending methods in women's safety solutions were analyzed.
Detection of myocardial infarction on recent dataset using machine learningIJICTJOURNAL
In developing countries such as India, with a large aging population and limited access to medical facilities, remote and timely diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) has the potential to save the life of many. An electrocardiogram is the primary clinical tool utilized in the onset or detection of a previous MI incident. Artificial intelligence has made a great impact on every area of research as well as in medical diagnosis. In medical diagnosis, the hypothesis might be doctors' experience which would be used as input to predict a disease that saves the life of mankind. It is been observed that a properly cleaned and pruned dataset provides far better accuracy than an unclean one with missing values. Selection of suitable techniques for data cleaning alongside proper classification algorithms will cause the event of prediction systems that give enhanced accuracy. In this proposal detection of myocardial infarction using new parameters is proposed with increased accuracy and efficiency of the existing model. Additional parameters are used to predict MI with more accuracy. The proposed model is used to predict an early diagnosis of MI with the help of expertise experiences and data gathered from hospitals.
Correcting optical character recognition result via a novel approachIJICTJOURNAL
Optical character recognition (OCR) is a recognition system used to recognize the substance of a checked picture. This system gives erroneous results, which necessitates a post-treatment, for the sentence correction. In this paper, we proposed a new method for syntactic and semantic correction of sentences it is based on the frequency of two correct words in the sentence and a recursive technique. This approach starts with the frequency calculation of each two words successive in the corpora, the words that have the greatest frequency build a correction center. We found 98% using our approach when we used the noisy channel. Further, we obtained 96% using the same corpus in the same conditions.
Multiple educational data mining approaches to discover patterns in universit...IJICTJOURNAL
This paper presented the utilization of pattern discovery techniques by using multiple relationships and clustering educational data mining approaches to establish a knowledge base that will aid in the prediction of ideal college program selection and enrollment forecasting for incoming freshmen. Results show a significant level of accuracy in predicting college programs for students by mining two years of student college admission and graduation final grade scholastic records. The results of educational predictive data mining methods can be applied in improving the services of the admission department of an educational institution, particularly in its course alignment, student mentoring, admission forecast, marketing, and enrollment preparedness.
A novel enhanced algorithm for efficient human trackingIJICTJOURNAL
Tracking moving objects has been an issue in recent years of computer vision and image processing and human tracking makes it a more significant challenge. This category has various aspects and wide applications, such as autonomous deriving, human-robot interactions, and human movement analysis. One of the issues that have always made tracking algorithms difficult is their interaction with goal recognition methods, the mutable appearance of variable aims, and simultaneous tracking of multiple goals. In this paper, a method with high efficiency and higher accuracy was compared to the previous methods for tracking just objects using imaging with the fixed camera is introduced. The proposed algorithm operates in four steps in such a way as to identify a fixed background and remove noise from that. This background is used to subtract from movable objects. After that, while the image is being filtered, the shadows and noises of the filmed image are removed, and finally, using the bubble routing method, the mobile object will be separated and tracked. Experimental results indicated that the proposed model for detecting and tracking mobile objects works well and can improve the motion and trajectory estimation of objects in terms of speed and accuracy to a desirable level up to in terms of accuracy compared with previous methods.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
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Satellite dish antenna control for distributed mobile telemedicine nodes
1. International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT)
Vol. 11, No. 3, December 2022, pp. 206~217
ISSN: 2252-8776, DOI: 10.11591/ijict.v11i3.pp206-217 206
Journal homepage: http://ijict.iaescore.com
Satellite dish antenna control for distributed mobile
telemedicine nodes
Bonaventure Onyeka Ekengwu1
, Paulinus Chinaenye Eze2,3
, Christopher Nnaemeka Asiegbu1
, Samuel
Chukwuemeka Olisa1
, Chimezie Felix Udechukwu1
1
Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Owerri, Nigeria
3
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Covenant Polytechnic, Aba, Nigeria
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jan 10, 2022
Revised Jul 21, 2022
Accepted Aug 8, 2022
The positioning control of a dish antenna mounted on distributed mobile
telemedicine nodes (DMTNs) within Nigeria communicating via
NigComSat-1R has been presented. It was desired to improve the transient
and steady performance of satellite dish antenna and reduce the effect of
delay during satellite communication. In order to overcome this, the
equations describing the dynamics of the antenna positioning system were
obtained and transformed into state space variable equations. A full state
feedback controller was developed with forward path gain and an observer.
The proposed controller was introduced into the closed loop of the dish
antenna positioning control system. The system was subjected to unit step
forcing function in MATLAB/Simulink simulation environment considering
three different cases so as to obtain time domain parameters that
characterized the transient and steady state response performances. The
simulation results obtained revealed that the introduction of the full state
feedback controller provided improved position tracking to unit step input
with a rise time of 0.42 s, settling time of 1.22 s and overshoot of 4.91%.
With the addition of observer, the rise time achieved was 0.39 s, settling
time of 1.31 s, and overshoot of 10.7%. The time domain performance
comparison of the proposed system with existing systems revealed its
superiority over them.
Keywords:
Controller
Full state feedback
NigComSat-1R
Telemedicine
Telemedicine nodes
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Paulinus Chinaenye Eze
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri
PMB, Owerri, Ihiagwa, 460114 Nigeria
Email: paulinuseze1@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Satellite antennas are essential components of mobile telecommunication systems. Large amount of
data representing telephone traffic, radio signals, and television signals are carried by satellites. The
application of satellite has become increasingly common and an integral part of everyday life as can be seen
in many homes and offices with various forms of antennas that are employed for receiving signal from
satellites located far distance away from the earth [1]. Satelllite communications certainly offer the most vital
technology that enables communication without selecting location and time [2].
Communication via satellite has become a famous process in all field of human endeavour including
health sector, where distributed mobile telemedicine nodes (DMTNs) communicating via satellite are used to
provide remote healthcare delivery. The DMTNs are communicating dish antenna networks. Telemedicine
simply means the the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to provide healthcare delivery
2. Int J Inf & Commun Technol ISSN: 2252-8776
Satellite dish antenna control for distributed mobile telemedicine nodes (Bonaventure Onyeka Ekengwu)
207
and sharing of medical knowledge over a distance [3]–[6]. In Nigeria, it is one of the primary assignment of
the Nigerian’s communication satellite (NigComSat-1R) that is aimed at improving remote diagnosis and
providing cost efficient and good healthcare delivery [3], [6].
As a result of the distribution and mobility nature of telemedicine system in addition to the large
land mass of Nigeria, huge delay in propagation occurs during satellite communication between parabolic
antennas, which can cause poor quality or instability in system performance if not addressed. Hence, a
system that will compensate for this time delay variableness is expected to provide good positioning as well
as fast, accurate and precise line of sight (LOS) operation in terms of robust tracking [6]. In order to
compensate for this, conventional and robust proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers have been
used to provide command and positioning control of mobile temedicine dish antenna network mounted on
vehicles to point and lock to NigComSat-1R by [7], [8]. For DMTNs within Nigeria when communication is
via NigComSat-1R, the effect of PID controller on positioning control of dish antenna perforamnce has been
examined [3]. The performance response of PID compensated mobile satelllite dish antenna network used in
telemedicine within Nigeria has been improved in [9] by adding a low pass filter (LPF) in the input of the
antenna positioning control system. The performance characteristics of dish antena system in distributed
telemedicne mobile network has been simulated by adding a compensator in [10]. For distributed mobile
telemedicine nodes, the effect of different controllers on performance of dish antenna Positioning system has
been examined in [11].
Actually, different control strategies have been implemented to position dish antenna for satellite
communication. A control system for realizing stable position of antenna in the presence of external
disturbance was developed in [12]. The use of random data generated for antena control servo system has
been done in [13]. Positioning control of deep space antenna based on weighted cultural artificial fish swarm
algorithm optimized PID controller has been presented in [14]. Satellite antenna systems using PID tuned
compensator that will provide robustness and effective tracking for direct current servo-based antenna and
positioning control system for servo based ground station satellite antenna have been presented in [15], [16].
The use of least square method (LSM) to tune the optimal level signal value (LSV) so as to solve the problem
of antenna alignment in point-to-point communition was performed by [17]. An active position compensator
has been developed in [18] for large beam waveguide antenna subject to wind disturbance. Deshpande and
Bhavikatti [19] antenna azimuth control system has been tuned by two algorithms. Azimuth position control
has been achieved in [20] based on gradient and Lyapunov strategies to adaptively tune differential amplifier
using model reference adaptive control (MRAC). Fractional order lead compensator has implemented for
antenna azimuth position [21].
In this paper, a satellite dish antenna positioning control system for DMTNs communicating via
NigComSat-1R that is located in International Telecommunication Union (ITU) region at 42.5o
East [3], [8],
[22] is examined. A full state feedback controller is proposed to compensate for time delay effect and
evaluate the positioning performance response of satellite dish antenna in DMTNs within Nigeria. Full state
feedback controller has been chosen in this paper because it provides the best performance compared to other
control technique in terms of oscillation and settling time [23], it can solve the problem of systems with time-
varying state space representation [24] or systems with multiple operating conditions as well as those with
multiple inputs and multiple outputs signal requirement [25], it offers flexibility of shaping the dynamics of
closed loop system to meet the desired specifications [26]. It should be noted that the goal of this paper is to
control or move the position of a dish antenna in a mobile telemedicine node in less than or equal to 4 s and
with very much reduced settling time and improved satellite signal tracking while overcoming the effect of
time delay during communication.
2. SYSTEM DESIGN
The main tools used in this paper are the MATLAB codes and the Simulink embedded blocks,
which were used for the modelling and simulations. The MATLAB codes were used to determine the
controllability matrix, observability matrix, the gain of the control law (or feedback gain matrix), the forward
path gain, and the gain of the observer. These values were then entered as parameters including the calculated
state matrix, input matrix and output matrix, in embedded Simulink blocks used in the modelling and
simulations. The delay dynamic was represented with the variable time delay block of the Simulink. Also in
this section, the approach adopted in modelling of the system is presented. The first approach was to study
the dynamic models of the existing system in transfer function (frequency domain representation) of the plant
and time delay. In order to present the method used in this study, a block diagram describing the operation of
each stage of the proposed system is shown in Figure 1.
3. ISSN: 2252-8776
Int J Inf & Commun Technol, Vol. 11, No. 3, December 2022: 206-217
208
Figure 1. Block diagram description of the proposed system
2.1. Transfer function model of system
The system transfer function was determined taking into consideration the dynamic equations of
dish structure and jack actuator. The dynamic of the dish structure was determined experimentally in terms of
the parameters of the dish structure moment of inertia, damping coefficient and spring constant, and similarly
for the jack actuator dynamics 3. Therefore, the dynamic equation for the dish antenna is by [9]:
𝐼𝐴
𝑑2𝜃𝐴
𝑑𝑡2 + 𝐵𝐴
𝑑𝜃𝐴
𝑑𝑡
+ 𝜏𝐴𝜃𝐴 = 𝜏𝐴𝜃𝑔 (1)
the Laplace transform of (1) assuming zero initial conditions [9]:
𝐺𝑝(𝑠) =
𝜃𝐴(𝑠)
𝜃𝑔(𝑠)
=
𝜏𝐴 𝐼𝐴
⁄
𝑠2+(𝐵𝐴 𝐼𝐴
⁄ )𝑠+(𝜏𝐴 𝐼𝐴
⁄ )
(2)
where 𝜃𝐴 is dish angular displacement, 𝜃𝑔 is gear output shaft angular displacement, 𝐼𝐴 is the moment of
inertia of dish structure (140.60 kgm2
), 𝐵𝐴 represents the damping coefficient (126.78 Nms/rad), 𝜏𝐴 is the
tortional spring stiffness (317.5 Nm/rad). Thus (2) becomes [7]:
𝐺𝑝(𝑠) =
2.2578
𝑠2+0.9016𝑠+2.2578
(3)
the transfer function of actuator motor and the gear ratio dynamic, 𝐾𝑔 are expressed in [7] as:
𝐺𝑚(𝑠) =
0.075
𝑠(1+0.015𝑠)
(4)
𝐾𝑔 =
1
30
(5)
The time delays for the forward path 𝐺𝑑1(𝑠), and feedback path 𝐺𝑑1(𝑠), are expressed as transfer
functions by [3]:
𝐺𝑑1(𝑠) = 𝑒−𝑇1𝑠
𝐺𝑑2(𝑠) = 𝑒−𝑇2𝑠} (6)
where 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are the feed forward time and feedback time in seconds respectively. Assuming 𝑇1 = 𝑇2, = 𝑇
then (6) can be expressed as in [3]:
𝐺𝑑1(𝑠) = 𝐺𝑑2(𝑠) = 𝐺𝑑(𝑠) = 𝑒−𝑇𝑠
(7)
This loop is represented by state space variable vectors
Desired
position
Jack actuator
gear
Forward path
gain
Actuator
motor
Dish antenna
structure
Feed forward
delay
Feedback
delay
Full state feedback
controller
Observer
system
Transducer
-
+
Output
position
4. Int J Inf & Commun Technol ISSN: 2252-8776
Satellite dish antenna control for distributed mobile telemedicine nodes (Bonaventure Onyeka Ekengwu)
209
The minimum and maximum time delays were determined to be 0.2469 s and 0.2502 s [3].
However, a value T = 0.25 s was used in this paper. The closed loop diagram of the system with the transfer
functions of actuator motor, 𝐺𝑚(𝑠), dish antenna structure, 𝐺𝑝(𝑠), the gear ratio, 𝐾𝑔, feed forward time delay,
𝐺𝑑1(𝑠), and feedback time delay𝐺𝑑2(𝑠) with unit gain feedback sensor is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Block diagram of closed system
The open loop transfer function without considering the time delay and the closed loop transfer
function with time delay compensation for the system are by [3], [7] as in (8) and (9).
𝜃𝐴(𝑠)
𝑉(𝑠)
=
3.76
𝑠4+67.56𝑠3+62.36𝑠2+150.52𝑠
(8)
𝜃𝐴(𝑠)
𝑉(𝑠)
=
3.76𝑒−𝑇𝑠
𝑠5+67.56𝑠4+62.36𝑠3+150.52𝑠2+3.76𝑒−𝑇𝑠 (9)
where 𝑉(𝑠) is the input voltage and that is represented as the reference forcing step input.
2.2. State space model
Implementing a full sate feedback controller requires that that the variables of the system be
represented in terms of state space model. Therefore, the transfer function (8) is transformed into an
equivalent state variable equation is this subsection. Generally, a linear state space system is by:
𝑥̇ = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑢 (10)
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑢 (11)
where A, B, C, and D are the state matrix, input matrix, output matrix, and direct transition matrix.
Expressing (8) as in (12) and assuming zero initial conditions, the space equation for the system is as shown
in (13) and (14):
𝑌(𝑠)
𝑈(𝑠)
=
3.76
𝑠4+67.56𝑠3+62.36𝑠2+150.52𝑠
(12)
[
𝑥̇1
𝑥̇2
𝑥̇3
𝑥̇4
] = [
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 −150.52 −62.36 −67.56
] [
𝑥1
𝑥2
𝑥3
𝑥4
] + [
0
0
0
3.76
] 𝑢(𝑡) (13)
𝑦 = [1 0 0 0][𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4]𝑇
(14)
where:
𝐴 = [
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 −150.52 −62.36 −67.56
], 𝐵 = [
0
0
0
3.76
], 𝐶 = [1 0 0 0], 𝐷 = 0.
)
(s
A
s
T
d e
(s)
G 1
1
−
= 30
1
=
g
K 2578
2
9016
0
2578
2
2
.
s
.
s
.
(s)
Gp
+
+
=
s
T
d e
(s)
G 2
2
−
=
( )
s
.
s
.
(s)
Gm
015
0
1
075
0
+
=
)
(s
V
5. ISSN: 2252-8776
Int J Inf & Commun Technol, Vol. 11, No. 3, December 2022: 206-217
210
3. METHOD
In this section, the necessary approaches to designing a full state feedback controller are presented.
These approaches include: determining controllability and observability of the system, designing the control
law with the feedback gain, K, the forward path gain, and observer design.
3.1. Controllability and observability
The first step to designing a full state controller is to determine the controllability and observability
of the system. The equations for determining the controllability matrix and observability matrix are by:
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝐴2
𝐵 . . . . 𝐴𝑛−1
𝐵] (15)
𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [𝐶 𝐶𝐴 𝐶𝐴2
. . . . 𝐶𝐴𝑛−1]𝑇
(16)
solving (14) and (15) as shown in:
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [
0 0 0 0
0 0 4 300.
0 3.76 −254 16900
3.76 −254.0256 16927 1128300
], Rank = 4, 𝑂𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 = [
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
], Rank = 4.
3.2. Design of control law
A full state variable feedback is a pole placement design technique whereby all desired poles are
selected at the beginning of the design process. In order to begin with the design of the control law, Figure 3
is presented, it is initially assumed that the reference input is zero, and hence the control law is simply by:
𝑢 = −𝐾𝑥 (17)
Figure 3. Structure of full state feedback control system
where, 𝑢, 𝐾, 𝑥 are the control input, feedback gain, and state variable. Substituting (17) into (10):
𝑥̇ = (𝐴 − 𝐵𝐾)𝑥, (18)
the eigenvalues of (𝐴 − 𝐵𝐾) are determined in order to obtain the elements of the forward path gain, K by:
𝐾 = [𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾3 𝐾4] (19)
therefore, the eigenvalues,𝜆𝑖 (where 𝑖 = 1, 2, 3, 4) are shown in:
(𝐴 − 𝐵𝐾) = [
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
−3.76𝐾1 −150.52 − 3. .76𝐾2 −62.36 − 3.76𝐾3 −67.56 − 3.76𝐾4
] (20)
𝑑𝑒𝑡[𝜆𝐼 − (𝐴 − 𝐵𝐾)] = |
𝜆 −1 0 0
0 𝜆 −1 0
0 0 𝜆 −1
3.76𝐾1 150.52 + 3.76𝐾2 62.36 + 3.76𝐾3 𝜆 + 67.56 + 3.76𝐾4
| = 0 (21)
K
B
A
C
r
x
x y
Kf
e
6. Int J Inf & Commun Technol ISSN: 2252-8776
Satellite dish antenna control for distributed mobile telemedicine nodes (Bonaventure Onyeka Ekengwu)
211
Solving (21) as shown in:
𝜆4
+ 𝜆3(67.56 + 3.76𝐾4) + 𝜆2(62.36 + 3.76𝐾3) + 𝜆(150.52 + 3.76𝐾2) + 3.76𝐾1 = 0 (22)
choosing a desired characteristic (23) by:
𝐸𝑐ℎ = (𝜆2
+ 2𝜁𝜔𝑛𝜆 + 𝜔𝑛
2) (𝜆2
+ 𝑎𝜆 + 𝑏) (23)
Selection is made by taking a damping ratio 𝜁 = 0.69 for minimal overshoot, a settling time,
𝑇𝑠 = 1 𝑠 and natural frequency, 𝜔𝑛 = 5.77, while the constants a, b, are chosen as (16, 100) respectively.
Substituting these values in (23):
𝐸𝑐ℎ = 𝜆4
+ 𝜆3(7.963 + 𝑎) + 𝜆2(33.293 + 7.963𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝜆(33.293𝑎 + 7.963) + 33.293𝑏 (24)
In (22) and (24) as shown in:
67.56 + 3.76𝐾4 = 7.963 + 𝑎 ⇒ 𝐾4 = −11.60
62.36 + 3.76K3 = 33.293 + 7.963a + b ⇒ 𝐾3 = 52.75
150.52 + 3.76K2 = 33.293 + 7.963a + b ⇒ 𝐾2 = −313.4
3.76K1 = 33.293b ⇒ 𝐾1 = 885.5
thus, (19) can now be expressed as in (25), and the control law in (17) is now presented as in (26):
𝐾 = [885.5 313.4 52.75 −11.60] (25)
𝑢 = [885.5 313.4 52.75 −11.60]𝑥 (26)
With the control law designed, the full state feedback control loop can now be implemented, but the
problem of using the full state feedback gain, K, alone is that the chances of tracking the desired input is not
certain. Hence, to solve this problem, a forward path gain 𝐾𝑓 is designed as shown in Figure 3. Considering
Figure 3, the control command can be expressed by:
𝑢 = 𝐾𝑓𝑟 − 𝐾𝑥 (27)
where r is the desired or reference input. Substituting (27) into (10):
𝑥̇ = (𝐴 − 𝐵𝐾)𝑥 + 𝐵𝐾𝑓𝑟 (28)
the value of f
K is calculated to be 885.5.
3.3. Design of observer
Figure 4 is an illustration of state feedback employing an observer, and the mathematical theory of
calculating and selecting observer gains is subsequently presented. Observers are designed as part of full state
feedback control system when it is not possible to measure all the states of the plant or can only be partially
measured or reducing the number of measured states will be cost effective. Hence, the observer state equation
can be described from Figure 4 as shown in (29) and (30).
𝑥̇
̂ = 𝐴𝑥
̂ + 𝐵𝑢 + 𝐿(𝑦 − 𝑦
̂) (29)
𝑦
̂ = 𝐶𝑥
̂ (30)
where 𝑢 = 𝐾𝑓𝑟 − 𝐾𝑥
̂, and L is the gain of the observer by:
𝐿 = [𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿4] (31)
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Int J Inf & Commun Technol, Vol. 11, No. 3, December 2022: 206-217
212
Figure 4. Full state feedback with observer
The objective of an observer is to reduce the error between the actual and the estimated states to
zero. That is error, 𝑒 = 𝑥 − 𝑥
̂ → 0. Therefore:
𝑒̇ = 𝑥̇ − 𝑥
̂̇ = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑢 − (𝐴𝑥
̂ + 𝐵𝑢 + 𝐿(𝑦 − 𝑦
̂)) = (𝐴 − 𝐿𝐶)(𝑥 − 𝑥
̂) (32)
𝑒̇ = (𝐴 − 𝐿𝐶)𝑒 (33)
The poles, 𝑝1, 𝑝2, 𝑝3, 𝑝4 of the system can be obtained by solving the characteristics by (24) to
determine the eigenvalues. Hence, substituting the values of K, in (25) into (24):
𝜆4
+ 23.944λ3
+ 260.7λ2
+ 1328.904λ + 3329.48 = 0 (34)
solving (34):
𝜆1 = 𝑝1 = −7.9915 + 6.0318𝑗, 𝜆2 = 𝑝2 = −7.9915 − 6.0318𝑗, 𝜆3 = 𝑝3 = −3.9805 + 4.1676𝑗,
𝜆4 = 𝑝4 = −3.9805 − 4.1676𝑗. The values of the gains of L are computed using the MATLAB expression:
𝐿 = 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒(𝐴′
, 𝐶′
, 10 ∗ 𝑝)and this: 𝐿 = [2000 14400 345500 9030600].
With the observer gain obtained, the proposed full state feedback controller using forward path gain
and an observer (FSFB+Obsv) is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Simulink model of proposed dish antenna position control system
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Results
The simulation results of the position control of dish antenna for distributed mobile telemedicine
nodes using state feedback controller designed in MATLAB/Simulink environment are presented in this
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Satellite dish antenna control for distributed mobile telemedicine nodes (Bonaventure Onyeka Ekengwu)
213
section. The simulation is conducted base on five scenarios with respect to unit step forcing input. These
scenarios are: step response performance without the control law (uncompensated system) in Figure 6, step
response performance with feedback gain only (FSFB without FG) in Figure 7, step response performance
with feedback gain and forward gain (FSFB with FB) in Figure 8, step response performance of full state
feedback plus observer (FSFB+Obsv) in Figure 9, and lastly is the step response performance comparison
with previous system in Figure 10. Table 1 is the numerical summary of the simulation plots. The expression
in (35) is used to compute the percentage improvement of the proposed FSFB+Obsv against existing system.
Improvement = (
Previous value−New value
Previous value
) × 100 (35)
Figure 6. Step response of uncompensated system Figure 7. Step response with full state feedback gain only
Figure 8. Step response with full state feedback with
forward gain
Figure 9. Step response with full state feedback plus
observer
Figure 10. Step response comparison of different controllers
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214
Table 1. Summary of numerical performance analysis for different control scenarios
System condition Rise time
(s)
Settling
time (s)
Time to peak
overshoot (s)
Overshoot
(%)
Response to a step
input
Remark
Uncompensated 87.1 155 300 0 Able to track desired
input but sluggish due
to time delay
Unsatisfactory
FSFB without FG 0.42 1.22 0.945 4.91 Not able to track
desired input
Unsatisfactory
FSFB with FG 0.42 1.22 0.945 4.91 Able to track desired
input
Satisfactory
FSFB + Obsv 0.39 1.31 0.931 10.7 Able to track desired
input
Satisfactory
PID controller 1.4 17.6 3.57 33.1 Able to track desired
input
Needs overshoot
and settling time
improvement (still
suffers from
instability)
PID plus LPF 5.54 15.3 10.67 3.98 Able to track desired
input
Needs rise time
and settling time
improvement
4.2. Discussion
The simulation result in Figure 6 clearly shows from the step response performance that the
uncompensated system suffers from the effect of time delay, which largely affects the rise time and settling
time as the value of these time domain parameters are very high. Thus, looking at Table 1, the system shows
promising performance in terms of peak overshoot (0%), but this benefit is defeated because it will take a
long time (87.1 s) for the system to respond to input signal requiring the dish antenna to be positioned, and
even after responding it takes 155 s to reach a steady state or stabilizes for efficient line of sight
communication (with respect to tracking desired position, which in this case is unit step input) in
telemedicine node operation. Figures 7-9 are the simulation plots of three different cases for full state
feedback positioning control of dish antenna in telemedicine node. The application of the control law with
feedback gain only was not able to ensure the tracking of unit step input but reached a final value of 0.00113
degree as shown in Figure 7. Though the time domain performance parameters seem very promising as
shown in Table 1 (FSFB without forward path gain), the control of the dish antenna in this case cannot
provide efficient satellite communication for proper telemedicine node services. This is unsatisfactory
because the desired position for better satellite communication is not realized using the full state feedback
controller in this scenario. With the introduction of a forward path gain, the performance of full state
feedback controller was enhanced as a result; the desired position was tracked while achieving a rise time of
0.42 s, settling time of 1.22 s, and peak overshoot of 4.91% as shown in Table 1 (FSFB with FG). It suffices
to say that by adding the forward path gain the full state feedback controller can effectively position dish
antenna at the desired location for improved and quality satellite communication in mobile telemedicine
node. Also, the addition of observer (FSFB+Obsv) improved the system performance response to unit step
input as shown in Figure 9 by providing a rise time of 0.39 s, settling time of 1.31 s and overshoot of 10.7%
Table 1 in addition to offering an efficient tracking and positioning of the dish antenna for effective LOS
communication.
In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system in this paper, its step response
performance is compared with existing systems proposed by [3], [9]. The existing systems used PID
controller and PID plus LPF aided control technique to improve the tracking performance of a DMTNs
studied in this research. The performance comparison of the existing systems and the proposed full state
feedback control system are shown in Figure 10. The step response performance characteristics in time
domain for both existing and proposed systems are presented in Table 1 such that PID controller proposed in
[3] yielded a rise time of 1.4 s, settling time of 17.6 s, peak time of 3.57 s, and overshoot of 33.1%, while
PID plus LPF [8] yielded rise time of 5.54 s, settling time of 15.3 s, peak time of 10.67 and overshoot of
3.98% respectively. It can also be said from the numerical values of the simulation results in Table 1 that
system with proposed full sate feedback plus observer controller has both better transient and steady states
response than the system with either PID controller or the system with LPF aided PID controller because of
the lower value of system time domain performance response parameters. The only time domain parameter
that makes the PID plus LPF appears to outperform the proposed system is the percentage overshoot, which
is 3.98% against 10.7%. However, there will be no negative effect caused by this on the proposed system
response as it would have risen and settled before the LPF aided PID control system even rises considering
the step response in Figure 10 and the rise time and settling time as shown in Table 1. Generally, the major
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Satellite dish antenna control for distributed mobile telemedicine nodes (Bonaventure Onyeka Ekengwu)
215
observation regarding the performance of the proposed FSFB+Obsv is that it provided very fast response to
satellite communication for the antenna positioning system in terms of reduced rise time (0.39 s), which is
99.6% improvement against the rise time (87.1 s) of the uncompensated system, 72.1 % improvement against
the rise time (1.4 s) of PID controller and 93% improvement against the rise time (5.54 s) of PID plus LPF.
Also, the proposed strategy offered very much urgent stabilization of the antenna positioning system in terms
of reduced settling time (1.31 s), which is 99.2% improvement against the settling time (87.1 s) of the
uncompensated system, 92.6 % improvement against the settling time (1.4 s) of PID controller and 91.4%
improvement against the settling time (5.54 s) of PID plus LPF.
5. CONCLUSION
Simulations have been conducted and it was observed that a state feedback controller using forward
path gain and an observer successfully allowed the dish antenna plant to follow step angle inputs represented
by a step function. Since the dish antenna at the node is usually used to send or receive medical information
by the mobile telemedicine nodes, the quality of performance of such satellite tracking antenna will depend
mainly on how effective the position of the antenna can be controlled. This means that good communication
with satellite by antenna node in the telemedicine network depends on the ability to position the antenna to
urgently locate and track satellite signal and maintain desired LOS for improved signal transmission and
reception. This is only achievable when dish antenna is properly positioned with the aid of enhanced control
strategy. In this paper, quality LOS was taken to mean the ability of dish antenna to track unit step input with
fast response time of less than or equal to 4 s and stabilizing at a very much reduced time (settling time). In
respect to this, the full state feedback controller with forward gain and an observer proposed was able to
provide improved position control system for dish antenna in terms of effective tracking of unit step input. It
also ensures enhanced performance in terms of quality and timeliness in sending or receiving of healthcare
information based on the fast (or better transient) response time achieved considering the improved rise time,
settling time and percentage overshoot and zero steady state error provided by the proposed system. Authors
are currently working on intelligent control algorithm for the system and suggest that other prospective
control strategies such as optimal controllers be employed in future study.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge the contributions of Engineering Dr. Chimaihe Barnabas Mbachu and
Engineering Prof. Chris A. Nwabueze of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University (COOU), Uli, for their painstaking effort in proof reading this
manuscript and making corrections where necessary.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Bonaventure Onyeka Ekengwu was born in Awka, Nigeria. He obtained his
B.Eng and M.Eng degrees from Anambra State University, Uli, (now Chukwuemeka
Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli) in 2010 and 2016 respectively. He received his Ph.D in
Electrical and Electronic from the same institution in 2021. He is a lecturer in the Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN). His research interests
include electronics and telecommunication. He has published peer-reviewed research articles
in reputable journals, presented papers in local, and international conferences. He can be
contacted at email: bonaventure.ekengwu@unn.edu.ng.
Paulinus Chinaenye Eze was born in Nigeria. He received the B.Eng. degree in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University
(COOU) (formerly Anambra State University), Uli, in 2010 and M.Eng degree in Electrical
and Electronic Engineering (option in Control Systems Engineering) from Federal University
of Technology, Owerri (FUTO), in 2018 and currently pursuing Ph.D degree (in Control
Systems Engineering) in the same department and institution. He is working as an academic
staff in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Covenant Polytechnic
(COVPOLY), Aba, Nigeria. His current research interests include control of linear/non-linear
systems, intelligent control and robotic system application, signal processing, and renewable
energy systems. He has published peer-reviewed research articles in reputable journals and
presented papers in local and international conferences. He can be contacted at email:
paulinuseze1@gmail.com.
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Christopher Nnaemeka Asiegbu was born in Enugu, Nigeria. He obtained his
B.Eng. and M.Eng. from University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN), in 2011 and 2017. He lectures
in the Department of Electronic Engineering, UNN. His research interest is
Telecommunication Engineering. He can be contacted at email: nnaemeka.asiegbu@unn.edu.ng.
Samuel Chukwuemeka Olisa holds the following degrees from the Department
of Electronic Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka where he is an academic staff:
B.Eng and M.Eng obtained in 2012 and 2016 respectively. He is currently undergoing his
Ph.D studies at the School of Transportation, Aerospace, Energy and Manufacturing
Engineering, Cranfield University, United Kingdom. His research interest includes: signal
processing, biometrics, system prognosis and diagnosis, structural health monitoring (SHM),
guided wave ultrasonic testing (GWUT), ultrasonics, consumer electronics design, renewable
energy and new energy systems. He is a COREN registered engineer, member of society of
petroleum engineers (SPE), and member of the Nigerian Institution of Electrical and
Electronics (NIEEE). He has published peer-reviewed research articles in reputable journals
and presented papers in national and international conferences. He can be contacted at email:
samuel.olisa@unn.edu.ng.
Chimezie Felix Udechukwu was born Kano, Nigeria. He graduated from Enugu
State university of Science and Technology in 2011 with B.Eng and holds masters degree
(M.Eng.) in Electronics Engineering (Communication) from the same institution in 2016.
His research interst is communication. He can be contacted at email: felix.udechukwu@unn.edu.ng.