This document discusses various methods of protecting and managing rural landscapes in the UK, including National Parks, Environmentally Sensitive Areas, and Site of Special Scientific Interest designations. It provides examples of each, such as the success of the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme in restoring stone walls and farm buildings. Conflicts between different land uses, like farming and conservation or tourism, are also examined. Case studies on karst landscapes in Yorkshire Dales and coastal areas in Dorset are previewed to illustrate formation processes and potential opportunities and challenges.

1. RURAL LAND RESOURCES CONTENTS PART 4- Glaciation case study – Lake District PART 2- Karst case study –Yorkshire Dales PART 3- Coastal case study – Dorset coast PART 1- Caring and sharing the landscape. National Parks & other protection policies.

3. More money to spend on holidays and hobbies - AFFLUENCE More time away from work- hourly and annually –LEISURE TIME Better transport- public and private-MOBILITY More interest in the country-side and nature Why are people going to the countryside more? Advertising Advertising

4. Eg; ESA’s Green belts NNR’s PART 1 Are National Parks the only way of protecting the countryside? No! there are other methods, some of which are found in National Parks as well! You can be asked about any of these protective bodies in the Exam!

11. Protecting & Conserving our Rural Land Resources Where do they get their funding from?

14. Why are the National Parks where they are? 1. They are in areas with great scenery. 2. They are in relatively unpopulated areas. 3. They are within easy travelling distance of major urban areas. 4. They are areas that will benefit from leisure-generated income.

16. Who owns the land in National Parks? What do each of these owners do with the land?

19. To manage and minimise conflicts, allowing all land users a say in the running of the land, many grant & subsidy-based rural land protection schemes are available ESA’s EU farm production quotas Set aside Farm diversification grant scheme Woodland grant scheme Farm woodland scheme

21. NOV 2008 - ENVIRONMENT MINISTER HILARY BENN FORCED A U-TURN IN BRUSSELS THIS MORNING - BRITAIN & OTHER COUNTRIES CAN MAKE PAYMENTS TO FARMERS CONDITIONAL ON LAND BEING LEFT FOR BIRDS LIKE SKYLARKS, YELLOWHAMMERS & LINNETS . NOV 2007 – set aside subsidy suspended due to increased cereal prices

24. Woodland grant scheme & farm woodland scheme were replaced in 2005 by the ENGLISH WOODLAND GRANT SCHEME (EWGS)

25. Like with everything else, there are good and bad aspects of it. Look at the next slide to get an idea! With all this protection, are National Parks therefore great places to live in?

26. OPPORTUNITIES LIMITATIONS There are about six headings that could be useful here;- F I (mostly Q ) H E P F W Supply T There are about six headings that could be useful here;- W and C R S D G R / inaccessibility We will re-visit this in our three case studies later in the topic.

28. Case study notes In the booklet are the notes for TWO of the areas. They set the geographical scene and provide outlines of the conflicts to be studied. They are shown in powerpoint presentations. .

29. For the THIRD area ( The Lake District) you will be asked to answer a past paper question, using information from the LD visit & other sources of information recommended to you.

30. Case study of a Karst (carboniferous limestone) area THE YORKSHIRE DALES

31. Motorway Links to the Yorkshire Dales National park

32. Social opportunities-leisure attractions

33. Economic Opportunities- ----FARMING

38. Quarrying - Conflicts

40. Tourism Conflicts

46. Tourists carrying out different activities come into conflict with each other----

48. Some other things to do around Malham Yorkshire Dales Trekking centre where people can learn to ride the native horse breed the Dales pony. Town End Farm Shop and Tea room Sells local produce.

50. The tourism industry in Malham is very important to the local economy, providing lots of jobs to the locals, in areas such as: Serviced and self catering accommodation. Cafes, pubs and bars. Food and specialist shops. Garages .

51. Case study area 2- Dorset Coast LOCATION This area lies on the south coast of England , between the settlements of Lyme Regis in the east and Bournemouth in the west , in the county of Dorset. The southern boundary is the English Channel ,to the north is Somerset & Wiltshire, Hampshire to the east & Devon to the west. The area is about 180kms to the SW of London, accessed by the M3 to Southampton, 80km to the to the northeast, at Southampton.

52. M3

53. Lyme Regis Portland Bill Swanage Bournemouth

55. West Bay Depositional coastline

56. 2. From Portland Bill eastwards towards Swanage. Here there is an erosional coastline , with tall, more resistant chalk cliffs being eroded and weathered. Mass movements occur here frequently. The conflicts revolve around the management of tourism so that it maximises the economic and social opportunities yet minimises the environmental degradation of the scenery. The main conflict centres around Lulworth Cove.

57. LULWORTH COVE

58. Do I have to learn these facts? Here is the presentation about the Lulworth Cove case study. It starts with an outline of the landscape and some tourism facts No, but any facts that you can quote will gain you ticks in assessments. It’s up to you !

62. What attracts visitors to Lulworth ?

64. The Jurassic Coast : Social and Economic Opportunities VV ‘05

66. Farming

67. Agriculture is the major land use along the Jurassic coastline. Most of the cliff top pastures support sheep grazing and dairying. The eastern end of the coastline is underlain by chalk and grazing helps to keep the turf short and support chalk downland plants.

68. Port Functions

69. Good natural harbours along the Jurassic coast hosted a large fishing fleet in the past. Today, residual fishing activity continues from ports such as Weymouth, Lyme Regis and here in picturesque Beer in East Devon. Fishing boats, Beer The growth of tourism has acted as a stimulus for the development of leisure sailing activities. Developments such as this large marina at Weymouth have appeared as a consequence . Weymouth

70. Military Land Use

71. There is a long history of military use of the Jurassic Coast : Historically, the most important site was the naval base at Portland but this closed in 1999. The Army Gunnery School at Lulworth (established during WW1) is now the most significant military installation . 30,000 hectares of land to the east of Lulworth are used for firing ranges including heavy tank fire. The ranges occupy cliff top land which would is not suited to arable farming. Adjacent coastal waters do not encroach on major shipping lanes .

72. Protected Land

73. The unique quality of the landscape and its wildlife habitats merit protection by many different conservation agencies . The local economy benefits through the creation of associated jobs and the visitors which are attracted to the area.

74. Tourists M.O.D . Fishermen Farmers Locals Local Estate Who uses the land around Lulworth ?

75. Conflicts of Land Use in and around the Lulworth ‘Honeypot’ VV ‘05

77. Case study of tourism-related conflicts in and around Lulworth

79. Examples of Conflicts: The M.O.D. v Tourists Tourists are denied access to large areas around Lulworth for much of the year because of necessary military activity What might the MOD complain about regarding the tourists?

81. The MOD does permit access to the ranges at various times. However, problems of access mean there are fewer visitors. However, this helps to preserve the downland and heathland habitats and the ranges have become a reserve for wildlife and an attraction for tourists. MOD v Tourists Habitat preservation

83. Tourists v the Local Community Congestion, noise and pollution

84. Local people complain about …… Congestion : the road to Lulworth Cove is narrow and it is a ‘dead end’ so this part of the village has to absorb all traffic. Inconsiderate parking : creates access problems for local people Noise and litter : the traditional character of the village is spoiled during the summer tourist months by vehicle noise and indiscriminate litter dropping.

85. Litter : this creates visual pollution and is a threat to wildlife Visual intrusion : the holiday park which is managed by the Lulworth Estate is unsightly and out of keeping with the landscape

86. Unsightly tourist shops : these are not in keeping with the character of the village. Local people also complain that other shops raise prices during the tourist season. Second homes : many houses are bought as second homes and lie empty for much of the year. House prices become inflated meaning that it is difficult for local people to buy property.

87. Tourists v Local Community The tourist industry provides employment for local people,brings money & improved services into the local economy

90. Farmers v Conservationists High stocking rates threaten downland (chalkland)vegetation

91. Farmers v Conservationists Farmers are encouraged to join schemes such as Countryside Stewardship. Farmers receive payments in return for lower stocking rates and for work to restore chalk grassland. They also have to grant educational access to their land. Managed grassland in ‘Scratchy Bottom’ dry valley Most of the tenant farmers on the Lulworth Estate receive Countryside Stewardship grants.

92. Environmentalists and conservation groups complain that tourists cause ….. Footpath erosion : This is particularly obvious on the path from Lulworth to Durdle Door -one of the most heavily walked paths in Britain Chalk grassland vegetation is very fragile. Trampling reveals thin soils which are easily eroded. The steep slopes above Lulworth and down to Durdle Door increase erosion rates.

93. Resolving the conflicts between tourists and environmentalists Tourist car parking revenue is used by Lulworth Estate to fund : 1. Free a dmission to the Heritage Centre which offers a range of displays, including interpretative boards to encourage environmental conservation through public education. Also a programme of talks and guided walks 2. The Countryside Ranger Service - two full time rangers employed to undertake a wide range of coastal management duties.

94. 3. Footpath maintenance – much work has been carried out to halt and prevent further erosion. Lulworth to Durdle Door path been rerouted, reseeded and new waymarking inserted. The existing path has been reinforced with local limestone cobbles and steps New timber steps have been built on the steep paths at Durdle Door

95. Other environmentally friendly policies employed by the estate in its management of tourism ……. Durdle Door beach is intentionally un-commercial The one ice cream kiosk has to be towed away every night Litter bins are not provided – visitors are encouraged to take litter away Climbing on the cliffs is banned to prevent damage to the fragile chalk and limit disturbance to wildlife Fossil collecting is not permitted on the cliffs There are plans to visually screen the holiday park

96. How effective is the path maintenance? Resurfacing encourages more walkers! The whiteness of the path is an unnatural scar on the landscape. Steps are unnatural and walkers often choose to avoid them by walking on the grass verge

97. Local landowner v Environmentalists and Local Residents This large and very visible holiday park, run by the Lulworth Estate, is seen by many to be a blot on the landscape