This document discusses a model for sustainable rural economic development in a knowledge economy. It proposes avoiding foreign direct investment (FDI) that could lead to economic discontinuities. Harnessing human capital and knowledge through education and access to information is key. Developing value chains within rural communities can boost trust and economic opportunities. Successful implementation requires making knowledge application and sharing a reality across rural networks.
The document provides an overview of the agricultural reforms in China and the transition from collective farming to rural reforms from 1979-1984. It discusses the key features of the agricultural collectives system, including pooled land ownership, use of collectives as the basic accounting unit, and distribution of income based on work points. It also examines the emergence of rural industrialization through township and village enterprises (TVEs) and provides examples of different models of TVE development, including those in Southern Jiangsu, Wenzhou, and the Pearl River Delta region.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
Tourism & Urban Transformation - Miguel RuanoMiguel Ruano
The document summarizes global tourism trends from 2005-2017. It finds that international tourist arrivals grew from 808 million in 2005 to over 1 billion in 2010 and are forecasted to reach 1.6 billion by 2020. Europe received over half of all international tourists in 2005 while Asia/Pacific saw the fastest growth. The top tourism earners and spenders are also listed, with the US ranking first in both categories. The travel and tourism industry is forecasted to continue strong growth, contributing over 10% of global GDP and over 230 million jobs by 2017. China, India, and other developing nations are expected to see the most jobs created in the tourism sector in the coming years.
Malaysia has achieved most UN Millennium Development Goals through focused programs to eradicate poverty and improve quality of life. Poverty rates declined significantly from 49.3% in 1970 to 5.7% in 2004 through rural development programs, income generation, and direct assistance. Quality of life indicators like life expectancy, literacy and access to basic services have greatly improved and are now at levels of advanced economies. Economic growth averaged over 7% from 1970-1980 due to a shift from agriculture to manufacturing and exports of manufactured goods rather than raw materials. Political stability, effective economic policies and development strategies contributed to Malaysia's success in reducing poverty and advancing socially.
This document summarizes Ireland's progress toward becoming a knowledge-based economy as well as ongoing challenges. Key points:
- Ireland has made progress increasing investment in R&D and the percentage of the population with tertiary education to approach EU averages, positioning it as an innovation "follower."
- Metrics now show Ireland on par with the EU-15 average, though the target is to match leading innovative countries like Finland, Sweden, and Denmark.
- Ongoing challenges include effectively linking public research to both foreign-owned and indigenous business sectors and maintaining momentum to reach innovation leader status within about 10 years.
This document provides demographic and statistical data for Catalonia, Spain, and the European Union (EU-27) for years 2007-2008. Some key figures:
- Population of Catalonia in 2008 was 7.4 million, with a density of 229 inhabitants/km2.
- The population is aging - those aged 65-79 made up 11.5% of the population in 2008.
- Unemployment rates were higher than the EU average, especially for those under 25 (32.8% in Catalonia).
- Life expectancy is above the EU average, at 81.4 years for males and 84.5 years for females in Catalonia.
- The economy relies heavily on services,
This document provides demographic and economic statistics for Catalonia, Spain, and the European Union (EU-27) for the years 2005-2010. Some key points:
- Catalonia's population in 2009 was 7.5 million, with a density of 230 inhabitants per square kilometer. 15.2% of the population was aged 0-14 and 11.5% was over 65.
- Catalonia's GDP was 206.9 billion Euros in 2009, with a per capita GDP of 28,046 Euros. The main economic sectors were services, industry, and construction.
- Exports from Catalonia in 2009 totaled 41.2 billion Euros, with main trade partners being France
The document provides an overview of the agricultural reforms in China and the transition from collective farming to rural reforms from 1979-1984. It discusses the key features of the agricultural collectives system, including pooled land ownership, use of collectives as the basic accounting unit, and distribution of income based on work points. It also examines the emergence of rural industrialization through township and village enterprises (TVEs) and provides examples of different models of TVE development, including those in Southern Jiangsu, Wenzhou, and the Pearl River Delta region.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
Tourism & Urban Transformation - Miguel RuanoMiguel Ruano
The document summarizes global tourism trends from 2005-2017. It finds that international tourist arrivals grew from 808 million in 2005 to over 1 billion in 2010 and are forecasted to reach 1.6 billion by 2020. Europe received over half of all international tourists in 2005 while Asia/Pacific saw the fastest growth. The top tourism earners and spenders are also listed, with the US ranking first in both categories. The travel and tourism industry is forecasted to continue strong growth, contributing over 10% of global GDP and over 230 million jobs by 2017. China, India, and other developing nations are expected to see the most jobs created in the tourism sector in the coming years.
Malaysia has achieved most UN Millennium Development Goals through focused programs to eradicate poverty and improve quality of life. Poverty rates declined significantly from 49.3% in 1970 to 5.7% in 2004 through rural development programs, income generation, and direct assistance. Quality of life indicators like life expectancy, literacy and access to basic services have greatly improved and are now at levels of advanced economies. Economic growth averaged over 7% from 1970-1980 due to a shift from agriculture to manufacturing and exports of manufactured goods rather than raw materials. Political stability, effective economic policies and development strategies contributed to Malaysia's success in reducing poverty and advancing socially.
This document summarizes Ireland's progress toward becoming a knowledge-based economy as well as ongoing challenges. Key points:
- Ireland has made progress increasing investment in R&D and the percentage of the population with tertiary education to approach EU averages, positioning it as an innovation "follower."
- Metrics now show Ireland on par with the EU-15 average, though the target is to match leading innovative countries like Finland, Sweden, and Denmark.
- Ongoing challenges include effectively linking public research to both foreign-owned and indigenous business sectors and maintaining momentum to reach innovation leader status within about 10 years.
This document provides demographic and statistical data for Catalonia, Spain, and the European Union (EU-27) for years 2007-2008. Some key figures:
- Population of Catalonia in 2008 was 7.4 million, with a density of 229 inhabitants/km2.
- The population is aging - those aged 65-79 made up 11.5% of the population in 2008.
- Unemployment rates were higher than the EU average, especially for those under 25 (32.8% in Catalonia).
- Life expectancy is above the EU average, at 81.4 years for males and 84.5 years for females in Catalonia.
- The economy relies heavily on services,
This document provides demographic and economic statistics for Catalonia, Spain, and the European Union (EU-27) for the years 2005-2010. Some key points:
- Catalonia's population in 2009 was 7.5 million, with a density of 230 inhabitants per square kilometer. 15.2% of the population was aged 0-14 and 11.5% was over 65.
- Catalonia's GDP was 206.9 billion Euros in 2009, with a per capita GDP of 28,046 Euros. The main economic sectors were services, industry, and construction.
- Exports from Catalonia in 2009 totaled 41.2 billion Euros, with main trade partners being France
The document discusses the relationship between economic growth, environmental protection, and technological progress. It argues that while technological progress is often seen as decoupling economic growth from environmental impacts, in reality technological progress and economic growth are interlinked and both depend on natural capital stocks. Even with efficiency gains from technological progress, rising production and consumption will continue to increase environmental pressures unless the overall scale of the economy remains within ecological limits. A steady state economy with stable or mildly fluctuating production and consumption is needed for long-term sustainability.
1) The document analyzes the impacts of agricultural growth and rural welfare in Pakistan using economy-wide modeling.
2) It finds that slowing growth in the agriculture and energy sectors could increase poverty rates, as these sectors are major pillars of Pakistan's development strategy.
3) In particular, slowing the increase in electricity supply was found to have the largest impact on poverty, even if it did not have the largest impact on overall economic growth. Agricultural growth significantly raises rural and urban incomes and reduces poverty.
This document provides an overview of Canada's economy and investment opportunities. The key points are:
1) Canada has a stable and dynamic economy, with the world's soundest banking system, low debt levels, and access to large markets through trade agreements.
2) Canada compares favorably to other countries in measures of economic freedom, banking stability, and labor market efficiency.
3) Canada has a resilient economy due to its large services sector, diversified industries beyond energy, and smaller energy sector relative to its population compared to other resource-rich countries.
This presentation provides an overview of Greek international trade. Included are Greece's top trading partners in goods and services as, well as highlighting the current trade with the Balkans region.
PPT Rizzardini "HAART, sostenibilità di un miracolo"StopTb Italia
This document discusses the sustainability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV/AIDS treatment. It begins by recounting the history of HAART from initial hope to "miracle" outcomes. However, it notes the global economic crisis challenges sustainability of healthcare systems. Charts show rising healthcare costs as a percentage of GDP in many nations by 2030 and 2050. Italy faces a large national debt and rising healthcare spending. The document questions if the HAART miracle can continue given these economic pressures and need to control costs.
This document provides demographic, social, and economic statistics for Catalonia, Spain, and the European Union for the years 2007 and earlier where noted. Some key figures:
- Catalonia's population in 2007 was 7.35 million with a density of 229 inhabitants per square kilometer.
- The unemployment rate in Catalonia was 6.5% in 2007 compared to 7.1% in Spain and 8.3% in the EU.
- GDP in Catalonia was 208.6 billion euros in 2007 with a per capita GDP of 29,092 euros.
- Exports from Catalonia totaled 49.95 billion euros in 2007, with the external trade ratio at 79.3%.
Presented at the 66th session of the WHO Regional Committee for Europe by:
Dr Oleg Chestnov, Assistant Director-General, WHO
Dr Jill Farrington, Acting Head, NCD Project Office, Moscow
Dr Gauden Galea, Director, Noncommunicable Diseases and
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In terms of climate, soil, water resources, labor, and product diversity Turkey has favorable conditions for organic agriculture. In every region of the country, some products can be grown organically within the present agricultural systems. The most produced organic commodities in Tukey include pistachios, pears, sunflowers, almonds, green peppers, wheat, walnuts, tea, rice, strawberry, tomatoes, apples, hazelnuts, carrots, figs, watermelon, melon, apricots, chestnuts, cherry, lemon, mandarin, lentil, maize, pomegranate, chickpea, cottonseeds, potatoes, orange, onion, soybean, grape, sour cherry, oat, and olives.
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This document provides demographic and statistical data for Catalonia, Spain, and the European Union (EU-27). Some key points:
- The population of Catalonia in 2010 was 7.5 million, with a density of 234 inhabitants per square kilometer.
- In 2009, the unemployment rate in Catalonia was 17.8%, higher than Spain (12.2%) and the EU (8.6%).
- Catalonia's GDP per capita in 2010 was €28,262, higher than Spain but lower than the EU average.
- In 2009, municipal waste production in Catalonia was 575 kg per person, higher than Spain but lower than the EU average.
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Agrilogistics losses bu Buck Consultants International kai-lnv
This document summarizes an analysis of agricultural logistics losses for five crops in Egypt: green beans, grapes, capsicum, tomatoes, and onions. The key findings are:
1. Average losses across the five crops are 19%, amounting to 2.4 million metric tons valued at EUR 265 million. This lost food could feed nearly 900,000 people annually.
2. Most losses (79%) occur on farms (53%) and local markets (26%), compared to 4% at the export stage. Reducing losses at early stages would have the biggest impact.
3. Common causes of losses include improper product handling, transportation inefficiencies, and suboptimal processing and storage. Opportunities
What the milling/ baking industries will need from wheat in 2025CIMMYT
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The document summarizes the 2011 APIMEC meeting agenda and provides information on Eucatex's operations. It discusses Eucatex's 60-year history and investments. It provides key operating data for 2010, including revenue, production volumes, capacity utilization and market share for each production unit. It also discusses Eucatex's sustainability initiatives around forest management and wood recycling. Financial highlights for 2010 include revenue growth of 19% and EBITDA growth of 34% compared to 2009.
Irish economic policy objectives include achieving balanced economic growth through increasing efficiency and equity. Economic growth is measured using GDP and GNP per capita, with the goal of nominal growth in real terms. Inflation and maintaining price stability are also objectives, with the European Central Bank targeting under 2% inflation. Competitiveness is important for Ireland's small, open economy and policies aim to improve education and reduce business costs while investing in infrastructure and transitioning to renewable energy sources.
Estonia has experienced strong economic growth and development over the past 20 years, becoming one of the most economically free and competitive countries globally by 2007-2008. However, more recently the country has faced challenges as wages have grown faster than productivity and competitiveness, and the economy relies too heavily on low value-added sectors. To continue its success, Estonia needs businesses and individuals to embrace continuous learning, creativity and innovation; improve efficiency and competitiveness; reform education; and increase cooperation at all levels, with support from the EU and by learning from past reforms and changes.
The employment rate in the OECD area increased slightly to 68.4% in the third quarter of 2018, with 570 million people employed. The euro area employment rate also increased to 67.4%. Several countries saw increases of 0.5 percentage points or more, while the rate declined slightly in a few others like the UK, Korea, and Chile. The gender gap in employment rates continued to decline for the OECD area as a whole.
The pharmaceutical industry is a key driver of scientific and medical progress. It invests billions annually in research and development to develop new medicines. In Europe, the industry invested an estimated €33.6 billion in R&D in 2015 and directly employs over 745,000 people. However, the industry faces challenges from fiscal austerity in Europe and increasing competition from emerging markets with fast-growing pharmaceutical sectors like Brazil and China.
Professor Roy Green from UTS speaks on Australia's manufacturing strengths at the Hunter AiGroup Future of Manufacturing & Engineering Summit on 29 July 2014
A new view of how to build vital, vibrant and viable rural economies through comparative advantage at the local level. Clustering of comparative advantages can develop regional and national advantages over the more convention downward policy diredctives fron nations states and CAP reform.
The document discusses issues related to implementing green and sustainable practices in rural economies. It notes challenges such as food security, inconsistent regulations, and high costs of renewable energy. It advocates for supporting rural job creation through diversification of farm income streams and environmental protection. Examples of strategies discussed include developing rural enterprise networks, advising on sustainable building practices, and demonstrating environmental village plans. The document emphasizes taking an integrated approach to rural business support.
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In terms of climate, soil, water resources, labor, and product diversity Turkey has favorable conditions for organic agriculture. In every region of the country, some products can be grown organically within the present agricultural systems. The most produced organic commodities in Tukey include pistachios, pears, sunflowers, almonds, green peppers, wheat, walnuts, tea, rice, strawberry, tomatoes, apples, hazelnuts, carrots, figs, watermelon, melon, apricots, chestnuts, cherry, lemon, mandarin, lentil, maize, pomegranate, chickpea, cottonseeds, potatoes, orange, onion, soybean, grape, sour cherry, oat, and olives.
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Rural development in a Knowledge Economy
1. Sustainable Rural Economies in a Knowledge Economy A model for post-industrial sustainable rural economic development Dr James MacAskill Bucharest, October 2010
11. EU Enlargement 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 1970 = 0yrs GMP per capita $ 1970 group 1973 group 1981 group 1986 group 1995 group 2004 group 2007 group Expon. (1986 group) Expon. (2004 group) Expon. (1995 group) Impact of accession
12. EU Enlargement 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 1970 = 0yrs GMP per capita $ 1970 group 1973 group 1981 group 1986 group 1995 group 2004 group 2007 group Expon. (1986 group) Expon. (2004 group) Expon. (1995 group) Impact of accession
13. Growth of GDP per head 20002004 and GDP per head 2004 Cited in REFORMING EU COHESION POLICYA reappraisal of the performance of theStructural Funds, John Bachtler and Grzegorz Gorzelak Policy Studies, Vol. 28, No 4, 2007
15. Thank You Currently: Dean, St James’s Business School St James’s House 23 King Street St James’s London SW1Y 6QY [email_address] www.bite.ac.uk/sbs
Editor's Notes
Thank you to the organising committee for the invitation to speak to you today. Transfer of knowledge economy in sustainable development and environmental protection Bucharest 8 th and 9 th October 2010
In looking at a model for sustainable rural development I will cover these points. As you will see it is a diverse canter around some of the key elements that influence how you choose to put your model together. What I would like to do today is identify some of the steps in developing any model trying to address sustainable rural economic development be built around ? A knowledge economy is a factor of access and relevance of knowledge. Given today’s digital revolution filtering and processing this information and translating into knowledge is a key elements if an assumed one in the current presentation. In doing so I will call upon my experience of running a variety of projects from the mid 90’s until today. Most of my work has been associated with markets that are in transition or are indeed fractured that is to say there has been a single or a series of dramatic discontinuities that has caused the existing market to fail. The list contains some of the major pragmatic drivers for change and in responding to these changes. The hardest lesson I learnt was to ensure you get the right champion and the right team together or you can seriously burn resources and ultimately end up failing.
The pace of change towards knowledge economies and the migration of production economies eastwards can be seen from the FDI league table. If you look at the ratio of FDI projects across Europe and the numbers of jobs created it reflects this migration and the implied value of the jobs created. These large FDI decisions tend to be single supply chain investments that trigger the growth of small just-in-time suppliers to these large economic investments. However, significant and profitable as some of these investments are on the local and regional economies, they are only sustainable in a local economic sense provided they also trigger a diversification of skills and markets for the suppliers locally and regionally. Otherwise as the FDI move further East the absence of a skills or knowledge legacy will prevent a timely economic rebound. If this embryonic knowledge economy is overly dependent on a single supply chain and does not capture knowledge and the ability to market its new skills then the fate of the local and regional economy is determined by the corporate decisions made in other countries. Think about the EU / USA car industry.
The withdrawal of FDI can dramatic and lead to immediate social and human capital issues of retaining expertise, in decreasing disposable income that deflates the economy or in general high local unemployment.
Global market swings influence the choice of market and the risk associated with the investment. Fortunately and consistently over the last three years CEEC along with China have been at the top of the FDI list. However, the fragility and security of these investments is highlighted by the retained growth in more stable economies. These make beneficiary economies vulnerable if they do not develop higher level skills and diversified knowledge based economy. While China now delivers the vast majority of global manufactured products where can it expand to other than stimulate internal level of consumption. So against this backdrop it can be seen that there is going to be a growing dependency on human capital and the potential to re-invent competitiveness based on the impact of these changes. In advanced economies over 50% of GDP will come from knowledge based industries and over 70% of company value might be assigned to knowledge or skill based assets. Therefore, a model that can create vital, viable and vibrant rural economies must support the diffusion of knowledge with a more diversified and sustainable economy while minimising single supply chain dependences.
In moving towards a rurally based knowledge economy it is a good idea to establish sources for the knowledge you might require. A range of sources are available but there are definite communities of practice that can provide appropriate knowledge. This knowledge can be local or global relevant and networks or communities of practice need to be viewed similarly. Of course all knowledge is good but comparative knowledge for economic development should be part of a quest. Howells (2002) [1] defines knowledge as “a dynamic framework or structure from which information can be stored, processed and understood” (Howells,J.R.L (2002) Tacit knowledge, innovation and economic geography. Urban Studies 39(5/6), 871-94) It is important to appreciate in a knowledge economy, knowledge is a product, while in a knowledge-based economy, knowledge is a tool. Both are relevant to transition economies.
Stokes model provides a basis for shaping the quest as a factor of the ultimate use for the knowledge obtained. This proves valuable when beginning to understand the drivers for change and how to influence the participants and the sources of knowledge to lay the foundations for how businesses and universities can work together to provide solutions for the quest. Understanding the relationship between these components of a knowledge economy will determine the success or failure for any collaborative model of sustainable rural economic development. For knowledge economies to work efficiently they require “gatekeeper” to work across boundaries of knowledge and technology to ensure informal and formal diffusion of knowledge. This role can also act as a barrier where knowledge retained is seen as power or an opportunity to broker a deal. Therefore, it is important to establish trust and value chains in this diffusion process to ensure that it is not abused. The importance of implicit and explicit knowledge in creating comparable and competitive advantage at local and regional levels will be touched on later. But suffice to say that explicit knowledge without the tacit understanding of how to make it work will again prove an unsatisfactory model. Gaining access to both is critical and lays the foundations for creating opportunities to “learn by doing”.
Repeated cycles of boom and bust have dramatic impact on urbanisation promoting migration from, sometimes to, rural communities and the consequential deskilling and the aging of the populations. In my experience social capital migrations directly follow persecution, market liberalisation or fracture and the deskilling and age profiles are similar across all the EU regions. However, accession states whether from 1973 or 2007 have all benefited from access to the larger market opportunities presented by the EU but it has also brought broader exposure to greater political risk offered through EU membership. Nevertheless growth rates in GDP have been consistent and can be accelerated by accession to the EU knowledge economy provided the opportunity to build a diversified skills and knowledge based economy is grasped.
However, in contrast the consequence of these shifts has been a continued dramatic if complex resultant decline in the value of agriculture to the economy despite failures in local supply to meet consumption requirements that results in the importation of food. Thus any model for sustainable rural economic development must balance the diminishing contribution agriculture currently makes to the rural economy and supplant it with other added value products and services to build a vital, viable and vibrant rural economy through greater awareness of global market economies and the ability to access these markets and arbitrage opportunities.
To create economic growth, firms will seek knowledge and clusters of expertise can assist in sharing or accessing local and tacit knowledge making proximity an important driver in the ability to generate competitive advantage. By implication differences in GDP provide regional and local opportunities to exploit these differences to the benefit of rural economies by adding value to existing natural products, agri-tourism new product development or accessing markets more effectively and more cost competitively. Here you can see the effect on accession on the clustering of each accession group. It is obvious that there is no clear natural tendency for convergence in the near term at least on this index measure. Thus in terms of comparative advantage it would seem apparent that certain clusters of regions have existing clear advantages when compared to other regions and provided that within regions there are strong knowledge diffusion structures then these advantages can be clustered effectively and a significant competitive advantage can be delivered.
In promoting a knowledge based rural economy it will be the ability to leap frog conventional societal or technological progression with a dynamic innovative approach to the economy or market that will promote the development of competitive advantage. This has implications over how the convergence of regional economies manifests itself in the market and the ability of regions to capitalise on these differences.
From that series of slides there are indications for the gap between 1986 cluster of accession states being 7 to 10 years behind the 1970’s and 1995 cluster and the 2007 cluster being between 15 and 20 years behind this cluster offering enormous opportunities to develop competitive advantages within regions and across regions and leapfrog traditional approaches.
Convergence then is highly variable and wrapped up in the growth of urbanisation across the EU and through regional variations in the development of larger city states on the surrounding economy. Thus while the newer regions are growing faster from a lower base compared to the older EU members there is a wider disparity in growth across the newer states regions. This re-enforces the impact of regional diversity and the opportunity to build sustainable competitive advantages between and within member states. As knowledge based societies tend to migrate to the most developed nodes of this activity or expertise. Therefore local credible strengths can be developed as effective nodes of knowledge that can be exploited. Thus the holistic model developed from my experiential journey re-enforces these points and is self adapting. The benefits accrue to all parties equally and real changes to the ability to fully exploit social and human capital through tangible The be effective the Model must set out clear understanding of : Discontinuity or market fracture that exists Potential Quest in response Who the Partners and Champions will or need to be across multi-agency levels The shape of the initial cluster and determines gaps in the available or accessible information and knowledge Begin process of harnessing human and social capital towards quest Build trust and value within cluster and beyond cluster Facilitate access to knowledge and databases information so as to allow the development of business plans and generate collaborative outcomes satisfying quest
The holistic and simple model has proved reliable in creating sustainable business clusters in transition economies through its adaptability to any given discontinuity and flexibility in its response to the quest identified. In the Baltic States, United Kingdom, Romania and trans-national partnerships within a number of Interreg programmes the model has proved effective. The model both creates knowledge, tacit and explicit, and retains and exploits it within the group. Therefore. being better able to utilise it for competitive advantage. It successfully has successfully developed multi-agency approaches to providing sustainable programmes. Thus in Estonia partnerships were developed between food and beverage companies, state ministries, 6 regional and county administrations and with public and private learning including local agricultural colleges and development partners. A solution to the quest was successfully delivered for well over 10 years that provided improvements to the branded quality of food products, developed greater access to markets and awareness in regional and national markets and successfully launched 4 in-store supermarket outlets for the clusters products. Participants were able to share logistics chains, and packaging chains through collaborative structures that produced scales of economy and had access to a regional development fund to support their growth and expansion. A range of knowledge transfer activities ensured access to relevant knowledge for product development. The UK cluster provided business diversification support to farm businesses in England at risk of bankruptcy to tackle wide spread underperformance on farm business accounts. The multi-agency approach again included regional development agencies, trade associations, private and public training groups, local authorities, 6 regional agricultural colleges and supported through regional development funds and the ESF. The model successfully delivered a sustainable approach to business diversification and facilitated the transition of farm businesses by increasing non-farming income streams of greater than 50% of farm income to support their continued survival. In Romania the multi-agency approach, on this occasion including the Word bank, paralleled those above and successfully delivered the initial collaboration of over 100 farm businesses who were able to combine some 25,000 ha of land. This collaboration provided access to information and technology sharing to facilitate improved storage and production methods. These scales of economy savings were targeted at improving access to markets and in improving value chains. The collaboration was able to successfully access significant SAPARD funding to make further scales of economy savings, upgrade technology and support diversification and business integration. The success of the programme gave confidence to the partners to undertake the formation of a second collaborative partnership to share their knowledge with others. This cascade of knowledge further supports the sustainability of the programmes and demonstrates real value of developing knowledge based economies to support