Running Head: MEDICAL TOURISM 1 MEDICAL TOURISM 2 Medical Tourism Student's Name Professor's Name Course Title Institution Date Medical Tourism Application The decision to seek medication in countries like India or out of the United States can be critically supported or dismissed through ethical theories. Consequential, act utilitarianism and deontology theory provide thorough explanation on the decision to seek foreign medications. Consequentialism theory holds that people make choices or act depending on the morally affairs they bring about (Attfield, 2012). Moral concept does not play a bigger role under consequentialism, the intrinsically value that comes with an act or a decision plays a significant role to the decision maker. The intrinsically valuable state of affairs referred as collectively the good asserts the choices people make in life. Consequentialism posit that the more an action increases the good, the more an action becomes morally right to make and execute. In practice, the said good exists prior in consideration to the right (Attfield, 2012). However, in real sense some consequentialists exhibits a monist behaviors about the good. Consequentialism assumes that morally upright decision increases either directly or indirectly the good associated with the action or the decision (Attfield, 2012). Consequentialists assumes in unison that the good remain agent neutral meaning that valuable states of affairs are those that all agents are reasonable to achieve without means of achievement. However, application of consequentialism comes with various challenges cutting across high demand and low demand features. Consequentialists have no realm of moral permissions nor realm of going beyond one’s moral duty. Neither does it have moral of indifference (Attfield, 2012). Consequentialists have no space for partial shows to a project or a given decision. Another funny concept of the theory magnify when an idea or action violated what is morally right as per the set laws of the land. Often, it kills, beat, lie or deprive the material goods to provide a greater benefits to others. In relation to consequentialism, Amy has the authority to figure out the greatest good from the act. Morality of her decision exists if the decision comes with the greatest good (Attfield, 2012). The ethical concern in the study is the cost effective of getting treatment in India in comparison to America. India has the best infrastructure as well as the best records in the surgery success. Meaning there exist high possibility of her getting effective treatment at a relatively cheaper. The reason behind going abroad the country to a foreign does not get its ethical judgement based on what the society uphold as right but on the probable consequentia ...

1. Running Head: MEDICAL TOURISM
1
MEDICAL TOURISM
2
Medical Tourism
Student's Name
Professor's Name
Course Title
Institution
Date
Medical Tourism
Application
The decision to seek medication in countries like India or out of
the United States can be critically supported or dismissed
through ethical theories. Consequential, act utilitarianism and
deontology theory provide thorough explanation on the decision
to seek foreign medications.
Consequentialism theory holds that people make choices or act
depending on the morally affairs they bring about (Attfield,
2012). Moral concept does not play a bigger role under

2. consequentialism, the intrinsically value that comes with an act
or a decision plays a significant role to the decision maker. The
intrinsically valuable state of affairs referred as collectively the
good asserts the choices people make in life. Consequentialism
posit that the more an action increases the good, the more an
action becomes morally right to make and execute. In practice,
the said good exists prior in consideration to the right (Attfield,
2012). However, in real sense some consequentialists exhibits a
monist behaviors about the good.
Consequentialism assumes that morally upright decision
increases either directly or indirectly the good associated with
the action or the decision (Attfield, 2012). Consequentialists
assumes in unison that the good remain agent neutral meaning
that valuable states of affairs are those that all agents are
reasonable to achieve without means of achievement. However,
application of consequentialism comes with various challenges
cutting across high demand and low demand features.
Consequentialists have no realm of moral permissions nor realm
of going beyond one’s moral duty. Neither does it have moral of
indifference (Attfield, 2012). Consequentialists have no space
for partial shows to a project or a given decision. Another funny
concept of the theory magnify when an idea or action violated
what is morally right as per the set laws of the land. Often, it
kills, beat, lie or deprive the material goods to provide a greater
benefits to others.
In relation to consequentialism, Amy has the authority to figure
out the greatest good from the act. Morality of her decision
exists if the decision comes with the greatest good (Attfield,
2012). The ethical concern in the study is the cost effective of
getting treatment in India in comparison to America. India has
the best infrastructure as well as the best records in the surgery
success. Meaning there exist high possibility of her getting
effective treatment at a relatively cheaper. The reason behind
going abroad the country to a foreign does not get its ethical
judgement based on what the society uphold as right but on the
probable consequential value once the act happens.

3. Deontological theories defines the ethical concept of an action
not by the welfare it brings as in the case of consequentialism
(Dierksmeier, 2013). It holds that some actions or decisions
cannot be justified by their effects no matter how morally good
their consequences are. These kind of decisions or actions are
forbidden morally. According to deontological an act remains
morally right due to its conformity with the societal norm. The
norms are to be obeyed by any moral agent therefore, the act
must value the right over good (Dierksmeier, 2013). It posits
that in situations where an act does not have accordance with
the right, it may not be undertaken regardless of the level of
good it may produce. The analogous concept illustrates that an
action may have less good associated but it has to be undertaken
due to the acceptance to be done.
Kant deontological concept applies rationality as a unique gift
offered to humanity by God. He expect people to act not on
other reason but on the guiding principles of a society that
defines the right and the wrong to sustain and maintain moral
law (Dierksmeier, 2013). According to Kant, human
inclinations, emotions, and consequences should define the
moral action of an individual, an individual should get
motivated by the need to think rationally before doing
something.
Morality to Kant, remains a framework to guide the rationale of
rules that determines the actions of an individual independent of
personal intentions and desires. It is the human will that
determines the moral worth of an action and it remains the only
good thing with no qualification. Good will can be practiced
only by acting in loyalty to moral duty or law. Moral law has
the maxims guiding the behaviors (Dierksmeier, 2013).
Kant bases his reasoning on the categorical imperatives point of
view by stating that a true moral preposition has to be tied to
any particularly situation or conditions inclusive of the identity
of a decision maker (Dierksmeier, 2013). This demands for a
disconnection of a moral maxim for a particular physical details
surrounding the preposition and thereby applicable to any

4. rational human being. Therefore, Kant provide a chance not to
act according to a maxim that can lead to a contradiction to
logical reasoning.
Second concept of Kant’s categorical imperative is the idea of
having an imperfect duties based on pure reason but allow for
interpretation in regard to their performance under the reason of
human subjective preference due to their binding effect. These
imperfect duties are circumstantial in the sense that one cannot
reasonably exist in a constant stage of duty performance. The
imperfect duties according to Kant are never completed
(Dierksmeier, 2013). The first formulation of the imperative
requires one to impose on others what he could prefer to be
pose on him.
The second formulation orders an individual to act in a way of
treating humanity by considering not only the principle but also
the end. The end of an action has to be objective by being
persuade categorical. The success happens due a free will
because autonomous will acts as the source of rational action.
Therefore, this stage allows not someone to treat another as a
means to an end, one has to maintain her moral duty to end that
is equal to all people (Dierksmeier, 2013).
The third formulation of categorical imperative implies that
every rationale individual will behave as if he were through his
maxim always as a legislative member through a universal
kingdom of ends (Dierksmeier, 2013). Kant explains that people
in their actions or decision should treat themselves and others
as ends not as means by acting by maxim that harmonize with a
kingdom of ends not mere means. Therefore, Amy as she make
up her decision of either going for a foreign treatment or
domestic in regard to cost effectiveness and increased
probability of receiving the best services thereby surety of the
life, she has factor in the universal principle in the kingdom of
the ends not just using her decision as a mere means of success.
Swan has to contemplate whether the decision according to
maxim contradict the logical reasoning, in case it does then she
has to alter her decision even though she will use a lot of cash

5. to get treatment in the United States. She has to abide and
remain within the guidance of a maxim of what the society
considers ethical.
However, according to act utilitarianism, an act is morally
correct based on its rightness or wrongness as determined by
weighing its consequences (Hursthouse, 2013). It determines
ethicality or morality by the pleasure or happiness one drives as
a consequence of an act or a decision (Manias et al., 2013).
Therefore, to utilitarian an act will forever remain ethical by
producing equal or increased utility over other potential
decisions. Act utilitarianism bases more concern on the
happiness or pleasure of the outcome associated with the act
without putting much focus on the societal norms on whether
the decision violates what majority perceive moral or immoral
(Hursthouse, 2013.
Swan while operating under act utilitarian is has the
justification of her decision to go for treatment in India if that
remains the only way from her to achieve the most level of
happiness or pleasure compared to getting treatment
domestically. She aims at affordable cost of treatment as well as
enjoying the best infrastructural system while obtaining
treatment which India has as compared to US (Lee, 2012). The
Indian private surgical hospitals have a better mortality rates
factors that if considered will justify Swan decision to get the
treatment in India.
Decision making
Swan, being interested in life attainment through improved
health status at affordable costs of treatment should decide to
get her treatment in India. She lacks insurance, loves travelling
and photography as well the statistics on the India private
hospital mortality rate is better compared to United States’
record. Her decision should be justified by the end consequence
depending on the level of happiness or pleasure she gets, not
just by a mere societal assumption on ethical universal
acceptance of a decision (Hursthouse, 2013). For an instance, if
she decides to get treatment in US. At an expensive cost with no

6. surety of survival does she attain happiness or pleasure?
Definitely no, thus going to India for treatment comes with a
significant and high level of happiness and pleasure compared
to the alternative decisions.
Evaluation
Even though Swan should decide for Indian treatment as the
best decision with recommended pleasure or happiness as
consequences in comparison to alternative decisions, there are
limitations of the morality of the decision. Making a decision
that favors treatment in the states helps develop hospitals in the
states and create a sense of trust and believe on the country’s
medical sector which is a morally right thing as the country’s
norm outlines. People should have trust on their infrastructural
systems as well as ensuring that decisions made concur with the
demands on the sectors like medical. Another fact rotates
around the general ethical layout of a society. People should not
get propelled only by the end result over the decision, but by
the fact that there exist a coherent and inherent rightness of an
act. Cost if a factor to Swan, services offered by the private
India hospital as well, life becomes paramount in comparison to
what a society may values in the name of ethics and its
violation, if practiced yet no life after the practice, no one dare
chose such alternatives (Jagyasi, 2014).
Reflection
Decision making on a serious issue in line with ethical theories
to some extent does not need over reliance over one ethical
theory to justify a decision. Some situations are tricky and
critically, they bound to pleasure as well to the moral
uprightness of a society. Always regardless of the
consequences, it seems accepted and abide by the natural set
laws of a society to justify what one decides to do, however, as
human beings with a desire to remain happy and attain pleasure
in whatever act one opt for, it seems significant to evaluate on
the end outcome of a decision before acting.
It seem appropriate to consider the situation and the
circumstance under which one has to decide, in case of health

7. issues, it is justifiable to go for a treatment at the place or a
country that will offer you with certain and reliable medical
services as well as improves hope to life. I consider such
situations not restricted with the general scope of societal ethics
and values guiding behaviors or decisions.
References
Attfield, R. (2012). Ethics: an overview. Bloomsbury
Publishing.
Dierksmeier, C. (2013). Kant on virtue. Journal of business
ethics, 113(4), 597-609.
Hursthouse, R. (2013). Normative virtue ethics. ETHICA, 645.
Jagyasi, D.P.(2014). Is medical tourism cost effective in India?
Retrieved from
http://www.medicaltourism.com/blog/is-medical-tourism-cost-
effective-in-India/.
Lee, M.S. (2012). Medical Tourism Raises Ethical Concern.
Retrieved from
http://www.the crimson.com/article/2012/10/26/medical-
tourism-book/.
Manias, N., Monroe, D., &Till, J. E. (2013). Ethics Applied (7th
ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson
Learning
Solution
s. Page 92.
Running head: SAMPLE PAPER1
SAMPLE PAPER4

8. A Sample Paper for the Purpose of Correct Formatting
Student Name
Liberty University
Paper Title
Per the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (APA, 2013), the header on the cover/title page is
different from the headers on the rest of the paper. Only the
cover page header includes the words “Running head.”The
header is flush left but the page numbers are flush right. Make
sure the header font is the same as the rest of the paper. Use
Times New Roman, 12-point regular font throughout. Margins
should be one inch on top, bottom, and sides.
When writing a regular, full-length paper, page two will be the
abstract page, containing an abstract or summary of the paper
150–250 words in length. However, since the reflective
journaling entries are only 400-500 words, no abstract is
expected; thus the paper begins on page two. Note that the
entire paper must be double-spaced. Indent new paragraphs by

9. one tab, i.e. half an inch. Do not add any extra spacing between
paragraphs, before or after headings. Since MS Word has a
default setting that adds 10 points before each new paragraph,
you need to change this setting under the Paragraph tab. Use
paragraphs to organize the content while making sure
transitions between subtopics are both clear and smooth.
As you reflect on your assigned readings of the course
literature, you may articulate these reflections in first person (I,
me, we, us, our). This is not generally permitted in scholarly
papers, but appropriate for journaling, as well as in the
discussion board posts in HSCO 508. Your reflections must be
linked to the literature by paraphrasing (rephrasing the author’s
idea in your own words) or by quoting their exact words. Both
need to be cited. For example, Adams and Brown (2001)
suggested that wring develops one’s thinking; however, they
also said, “think before you write” (Adams & Brown, 2001, p.
3). Direct quotes should be used sparingly in scholarly writing.
Only cite the author’s last name, unless you need to
differentiate two resources with the same authors’ last names
published in the same year. The year of publication should
always follow the author’s name, whether in narrative or
parenthetical format, i.e. Eagan (2015), or (Eagan, 2015). Page
numbers should be included for any quoted printed books,
articles, etc., and paragraph numbers should be used in the
absence of page numbers (for websites, ebooks without page

10. numbers, etc.). For example: (Eagan, 2015, pp. 12-13) and
(Carlisle, 2012, para. 8). Cite your source every single time you
refer to it (APA, 2013, pp. 15-16).
The names of articles, books, etc. are normally not included in
text, but if they are, italicize these. You may also use italics
sparingly for emphasis or keyterms that are not from the
literature. Keep in mind that quotation marks are only used for
quotes in APA, whether from literature or a source identified in
text, i.e. my husband often tells me, “it’s not what you say; it’s
how you say it.” Use single quotation marks for quotes within
quotes.
References
Adams, B., & Brown P. (2001). Pericles and the giant. The
Journal of Namesakes, 12(8), 3-10. doi:001.118.13601572
American Psychological Association. (2013). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
Carlisle, M. A. (n.d.). Erin and the perfect pitch. Journal of
Music, 21(3), 16-17. Retrieved from http://make-sure-it-goes-
to-the-exact-webpage-of-the-source-otherwise-don’t-include
Eagan, J. (2015). What not to do. In R. L. Heath (Ed.)
Handbook of Public Relations (pp. 2-25). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.

11. Running head: MEDICAL TOURISM
MEDICAL TOURISM6
Abstract

12. Identification
The process of identification involves the awareness that
decision needs to be made but also the recognition of the ethical
implications of that decision (Nicholas Manias, 2013). The
central ethical issue of the case study is cost savings. In this
dilemma, Amy has to decide whether to outsource her medical
treatment, that is, cosmetic medical procedure or not. Moreover,
we have other ethical issues such as availability, quality, and

13. accessibility.
What should Amy do about her medical treatment?
Research
According to the case study concerning the medical tourism,
many people prefer outsourcing the medical treatment in the
name of lowering the cost of treatment. The key motivator for
the patients to seek medication abroad is due to the fact that
they want to save excessive of funds during treatment
(Matheson, 2009). Availability of healthcare that is affordable
is an act the appeals patients so much especially those patients
who do not have medical insurance in their countries.
Therefore, in our case, it would be advisable if Amy prefers to
seek medication abroad, that is, outside America, because firstly
she like travelling so it will not complicate her career and also
she like starting a photography studio thus she will have that
moment of taking photographs in her treatment journey.
Moreover, it will be encouraging if she seeks for her cosmetic
medical procedure or cosmetic surgeries because of various
reasons; one, it will be costly for her to receive medication in
the United States because she is uninsured, that is, she has no
medical insurance (Matheson, 2009). Also, she does not have an
adequate amount of money to cater for her entire medication in
U.S. On top of outsourced medication being cheaper compared
to the in U.S., India has a good reputation and true history
about having the best health industry worldwide. India had got

14. the best specialists, nurses, best technology to cater for a
various number of diseases that patients may be suffering from.
Moreover, it is evident that if a patient from the United
Kingdom plans to visit India for medical tourism, he or she has
high chances of saving better unlike if he or she agrees to seek
for medical service in his or her country. Additionally,
nowadays when we consider the international travels, they are
trouble-free and they price of moving from one continent to
another for medication is affordable (Jagyasi, 2014). Improved
communication channels and opportunities have also
contributed a lot in finding and contacting medical services and
center overseas.
Analysis
Stakeholders
Option1
Option2
Option 3
Seeking from medication abroad and country
If one finds it impossible seeking for medical treatment abroad,
one can acquire the medical insurance to be catering for his or
her medication
Moreover, one may choose to become a foreign medical tourist
so that one can enjoy the benefits of the Indian Public funding

15. which have channeled into Indian private medical institutions
United State citizens
This option might affect a large number of people, people
dwelling in countries such as US and other countries that charge
high prices for medication will suffer a lot since they are not
financially stable to cater for the medical services
This option will prompt large number of Americans to seek for
medical insurance in their states since they fear the prices
charged for treatment if one lacks medical insurance. Moreover,
they may be a in a position to protect themselves from
infections in foreign countries.
The whole process will require a lot of money, that is, for flight
and catering other services like food, shelter and also the
treatment.
Amy
If Amy seeks for medical treatment abroad this will help in
cutting cost for her treatment. She will be able to save.
Amy opted to seek medical abroad due lack of medical
insurance but if she acquires it, then there will be no need of
going abroad to seek medication.
If Amy becomes a frequent foreign tourist for medication, she
will be in a position of receiving the benefits offered by the
Indian Public funding
Amy’s family
Rising the cost for her treatment in foreign countries

16. This lessens the burden of a family since if each one of the
Amy’s family has medical insurance there will no need of
seeking medication services abroad.
Amy’s family will lack her presence of the time especially if
she has husband and children. Moreover, Amy’s family might
save more because if she continue receiving medication from
abroad, then it means she will enjoy subsidized treatment
Government
May lack money from health sector if majority of people seek
medication abroad
If people get medical insurance the government will able to get
tax charges from those medical insurance and thus be in a
position to continue improving the health sector.
No way government will be affected by the benefits offered in
foreign countries
Applications
I will be using the Act Utilitarian and the Natural Rights
theories.
References
Jagyasi, D.P.(2014). Is medical tourism cost effective in India?
Retrieved from
http://www.medicaltourism.com/blog/is-medical-tourism-cost-
effective-in-India/.
Lee, M.S. (2012). Medical Tourism Raises Ethical Concern.

17. Retrieved from
http://www.the crimson.com/article/2012/10/26/medical-
tourism-book/.
Manias, N., Monroe, D., &Till, J. E. (2013). Ethics Applied
(7.0th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson
Learning