Running Head: APA 1
Surname 4
Subject
Name
Professor
Date
Question 1
There are three contributions that the author (Savage, 2001 page 101) believes that Egypt should use the study about early complex societies which are significant in the progress of success in development of social welfare in the ancient Egypt. One of the contributions is growth on the appreciation of understanding in the meaning of Predynastic culture which caters for appreciation of growth in the social and economic nature. The second contribution is on the development of chronological distinction that refines different complexity understanding and appreciation. The third contribution is on the emphasis of social and political positive advancements that are responsible for complex societies and welfare development in Egypt. The gradual development caters for appreciation of the three achievements and trends that are able to create complex integration and development of different policies that has ensured successful and gradual development of a competent society in Egypt.
Question 2
Savage argues that the proto-kings of the Ancient Egypt were economically motivated. The rulers were motivated by the urge to expand their influence in the Upper Egypt in a more economical that political policy. The desire to control inter-polity conflicts led to the urge to control trade. The Canaanite materials were located at Delta sites of Maadi which are significant archaeological sites as well as Minshat Omar. The upper part of Egypt recorded unique characteristics of Predynastic periods which mixed the nature with the existence of Canaanite materials. The trade colony held its hand at the unique stations of Tell Ma’ ahaz and Taur Ikbeinah locations. The efforts by the kings to extend their territories and rule came with the urge to monopolize trade and the routes followed by the traders through to Asia (Savage, 2001, page 112). The creation of the larger polity led to increased cataracts in the south of Mediterranean. The Egyptian trading colonies extended to the Negev region where most of the trading activities were associated with the trade advancements. The desire to control the northern led to exertion of control through the trading routes. The establishment of Northern Egyptian colonies and pro-kings’ territories is associated with the growth of the Dynasties and the economic establishments that were based on trading and trade as a whole.
Question 3
Hierakonpolis was characterized by the existence of special archaeological materials such as the series of tombs that were revealed by Abydos which can be connected to the changing conditions at the dynasties in Egypt. The Badarian settlements were some of the archaeological sites that were present in the upper region of Hierakonpolis. Through the Nagada II and Nagada III, there was huge impacts and influence that led to political controls of Hierakonpolis. Later, the Hierakonpolis polity was absorbed by the Abydos region. T ...
Here is a potential essay analyzing how the red convertible represents brotherhood in the short story "The Red Convertible":
The red convertible in Louise Erdrich's short story "The Red Convertible" serves as a symbol of the brotherhood between Henry and Lyman. At the beginning of the story, the convertible represents the joy, freedom, and optimism the brothers share. However, as the story progresses and the brothers experience the horrors of the Vietnam War, the convertible comes to take on new symbolic meanings related to their deteriorating relationship.
In the early scenes when the brothers are driving around in the convertible back home in the States, the red car symbolizes their youth, adventure, and unbreakable
Egypt is located in northern Africa along the Nile River valley. The ancient Egyptian civilization flourished here due to the fertile soil provided by annual flooding of the Nile. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with pharaohs and nobles at the top ruling over priests, skilled workers, and farmers. Farming and irrigation systems developed along the Nile allowed Egyptians to produce surplus crops, supporting large cities and advancement in other areas. Egyptian religion was polytheistic and involved mummification of the dead and judgment of the soul in the afterlife.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from the Minoans and Mycenaeans to the rise of Alexander the Great. It covers early Aegean cultures like the Minoans and Mycenaeans, the development of city-states and Greek mythology. Major topics include the Persian Wars, the Golden Age of Athens under Pericles, and the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta that resulted in Sparta's victory. The document contains 10 sections and provides a table of contents to guide the reader through the various topics in ancient Greek history.
Egyptian civilization developed along the fertile banks of the Nile River, which provided reliable annual flooding and fertile soil. This allowed Egypt to develop strong agricultural capabilities. Egypt was also protected geographically, making invasion difficult. Around 3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under a single ruler, further strengthening Egyptian civilization. Key periods included the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Egyptian civilization made major contributions, including developing hieroglyphic writing, advancing astronomy and medicine, and discovering mathematical concepts like the 360-degree circle.
First civilizations of africa and asiaryandavidcox
This document provides a summary of Chapter 2 from a World History textbook. It covers the early civilizations that emerged in Africa and Asia between 3200 BC and 500 BC. The chapter is divided into 5 sections that discuss the ancient kingdoms of the Nile River Valley, Egyptian civilization, the city-states of ancient Sumer, the rise of empires in Mesopotamia through invaders and trade, and the roots of Judaism. Key topics covered include the importance of geography in influencing civilizations, religious beliefs and social structures in Egypt and Sumer, technological and cultural advances made, and the spread of ideas through conquest and migration.
1. The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from 3500 BCE to 100 BCE, covering major periods and developments.
2. It describes the rise and fall of early Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations on Crete and the mainland, followed by the emergence of city-states and the polis system.
3. The height of Greek classical culture is examined, including the conflicts with Persia, growth of Athenian democracy and arts, and flourishing of philosophy with thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
National Geographic Society (NGS) was founded in 1888 and has evolved considerably over 128 years to adapt to changing environments and audiences. Its organizational structure and mission have changed over time to remain financially aligned, such as creating a new e-commerce VP position. While NGS's unique content and leadership led to past success, new digital developments have revealed cultural and structural deficiencies like a lack of coordination between groups. Examining NGS's current structure using frameworks indicates weaknesses that prove detrimental when applying various tests.
The document discusses how environmental factors influenced the development of ancient Egyptian civilization. Specifically, it analyzes how the flooding patterns and geography of the Nile river valley contributed to Egyptians developing centralized governance, urbanization, and constructing monumental pyramid structures during the Old Kingdom. While the Nile's floods enabled agriculture and unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, the irregular flooding also necessitated coordination between communities and establishment of bureaucracy to manage resources. Over time, this bureaucratic system expanded and perpetuated itself, though later architectural styles of pyramids and tombs had more to do with cultural traditions than the environment. A comparison is also drawn to the slower urbanization of Iron Age Europe, which lacked similar geographical pressures or incentives for large
Here is a potential essay analyzing how the red convertible represents brotherhood in the short story "The Red Convertible":
The red convertible in Louise Erdrich's short story "The Red Convertible" serves as a symbol of the brotherhood between Henry and Lyman. At the beginning of the story, the convertible represents the joy, freedom, and optimism the brothers share. However, as the story progresses and the brothers experience the horrors of the Vietnam War, the convertible comes to take on new symbolic meanings related to their deteriorating relationship.
In the early scenes when the brothers are driving around in the convertible back home in the States, the red car symbolizes their youth, adventure, and unbreakable
Egypt is located in northern Africa along the Nile River valley. The ancient Egyptian civilization flourished here due to the fertile soil provided by annual flooding of the Nile. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with pharaohs and nobles at the top ruling over priests, skilled workers, and farmers. Farming and irrigation systems developed along the Nile allowed Egyptians to produce surplus crops, supporting large cities and advancement in other areas. Egyptian religion was polytheistic and involved mummification of the dead and judgment of the soul in the afterlife.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from the Minoans and Mycenaeans to the rise of Alexander the Great. It covers early Aegean cultures like the Minoans and Mycenaeans, the development of city-states and Greek mythology. Major topics include the Persian Wars, the Golden Age of Athens under Pericles, and the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta that resulted in Sparta's victory. The document contains 10 sections and provides a table of contents to guide the reader through the various topics in ancient Greek history.
Egyptian civilization developed along the fertile banks of the Nile River, which provided reliable annual flooding and fertile soil. This allowed Egypt to develop strong agricultural capabilities. Egypt was also protected geographically, making invasion difficult. Around 3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under a single ruler, further strengthening Egyptian civilization. Key periods included the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Egyptian civilization made major contributions, including developing hieroglyphic writing, advancing astronomy and medicine, and discovering mathematical concepts like the 360-degree circle.
First civilizations of africa and asiaryandavidcox
This document provides a summary of Chapter 2 from a World History textbook. It covers the early civilizations that emerged in Africa and Asia between 3200 BC and 500 BC. The chapter is divided into 5 sections that discuss the ancient kingdoms of the Nile River Valley, Egyptian civilization, the city-states of ancient Sumer, the rise of empires in Mesopotamia through invaders and trade, and the roots of Judaism. Key topics covered include the importance of geography in influencing civilizations, religious beliefs and social structures in Egypt and Sumer, technological and cultural advances made, and the spread of ideas through conquest and migration.
1. The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from 3500 BCE to 100 BCE, covering major periods and developments.
2. It describes the rise and fall of early Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations on Crete and the mainland, followed by the emergence of city-states and the polis system.
3. The height of Greek classical culture is examined, including the conflicts with Persia, growth of Athenian democracy and arts, and flourishing of philosophy with thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
National Geographic Society (NGS) was founded in 1888 and has evolved considerably over 128 years to adapt to changing environments and audiences. Its organizational structure and mission have changed over time to remain financially aligned, such as creating a new e-commerce VP position. While NGS's unique content and leadership led to past success, new digital developments have revealed cultural and structural deficiencies like a lack of coordination between groups. Examining NGS's current structure using frameworks indicates weaknesses that prove detrimental when applying various tests.
The document discusses how environmental factors influenced the development of ancient Egyptian civilization. Specifically, it analyzes how the flooding patterns and geography of the Nile river valley contributed to Egyptians developing centralized governance, urbanization, and constructing monumental pyramid structures during the Old Kingdom. While the Nile's floods enabled agriculture and unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, the irregular flooding also necessitated coordination between communities and establishment of bureaucracy to manage resources. Over time, this bureaucratic system expanded and perpetuated itself, though later architectural styles of pyramids and tombs had more to do with cultural traditions than the environment. A comparison is also drawn to the slower urbanization of Iron Age Europe, which lacked similar geographical pressures or incentives for large
Through this theme, students will learn about the nature of power held by the pharaohs in Ancient Egypt from the Archaic, Old, and Middle Kingdoms to the New Kingdom. They will investigate changes and continuities over time in pharaonic power, as well as major aspects of culture during these periods. The syllabus aims to provide an understanding of the rise and decline of the pharaohs throughout Egyptian history.
Running head THE ANCIENT EGYPT CULTURAL1THE ANCIENT EGYPT .docxtodd521
Running head: THE ANCIENT EGYPT CULTURAL 1
THE ANCIENT EGYPT CULTURAL 5
The Ancient Egypt Cultural
Jessica Andino
West Coast University
In every community or region in the world there exist a unique historical record that helps that particular community or region to get an understanding of their early life, religion belief context, traditional ways of life and the overall concept of the culture. It is through history that human being understands how to overcome challenges as well as predict the like shortcoming/ risks associated with particular human activities. Therefore history is the core pillar that fosters the development, acquiring of knowledge and improvement of creative thinking. This article gives a brief and precise account of ancient Egypt, primarily focusing on the cultural factors such as artistic, cultural values, religion, distribution of roles and acculturation.
The history of ancient Egypt has eight main periods which includes the Old Kingdom as the earliest era, followed by the first intermediate period, the middle kingdom, second intermediate, new kingdom, third intermediate, late period and finally the Ptolemaic period (Lichtheim, 2019). In every period the ruling was under a king given the title 'Pharaoh', and each of these kings had supreme kingship office authority with a spiritual aspect of divinity as the god Horus. Still, under the divinity and culture realm, ancient Egypt had a regular and stable way of carrying forward their activities promoting holiness according to their region and upholding moral behaviour in their daily life. Throughout its history, ancient Egyptians used imagery symbols and sculptures to promote cultural morals, kingship royalty, religious/cultural beliefs as well as maintaining the legacy of their ancestors.
The ancient culture is dominated with collectivism aspect in different factors of the society. For example, the entire community hard a universal perspective about kingship in which Pharaoh is highly respected and viewed as a god with a divine spiritual responsibility for every Egyptian (Minkov et al., 2017). The culture also demonstrates collectivism in ethical responsibility since every Egyptian considers himself or herself as a co-worker with the gods. A good example that shows their collectivism includes the belief that they should celebrate and give thanks to the gods. The Egyptian had a collective perspective of their homeland as a source for their salvations in every activity they undertook.
The cultural of the ancient Egyptian also has a powerful artistic and innovation skills, especially in architectural works. They are the one responsible for inventing construction equipment such as the ramp and the lever, which were mainly used during the construction of the pyramids and temples (Laboury, 2017). They also had excellent skills in painting and development of sculptures such as the Narmer Palette royal monuments, Ptah sculpture and other sculpture that demonstr.
The document discusses the sociopolitical evolution of early civilizations and the development of democracy. It describes how the rise of early civilizations like Mesopotamia contributed to developments in writing, trade, and new political systems. In Greece, tensions grew between social classes and city-states, leading to oligarchic and tyrannical rule before citizens collectively established the first democratic governments. This marked the beginnings of democratization and the spread of democratic values in ancient societies.
Chapter 1 Before HistoryPre-human hominids are universally de.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 1: Before History
Pre-human hominids are universally deemed as the ancestors of the human race. Their occurrence is dated to be four to five million years ago, while the human race itself emerged nearly too hundred thousand years ago. Over the years, it has been keenly noted that humans share specific DNA composition with other primates. It is only a slight difference in the genetic makeup and body chemistry that makes humans have more intelligence than these other species, making them more adaptable to their environment and therefore give them a greater ability to control the natural world. This intelligence has seen the humans have greater potential for advanced and sophisticated social-cultural abilities that other species cannot measure up to. These unique and advanced abilities possessed by humans include well devised tools, technologies cooperation and communication skills.
The Paleolithic society, which is commonly known as the Old Stone Age is the longest era in the history of the human race on the planet. It is majorly characterized with hunting and gathering. It existed long before ancient agriculture emerged, and therefore it lived on looking for edible stuff from the wild life, both edible fruits and animal, hence their hunting and gathering lifestyle. Theirs was a completely liberal life, as there was nobody’s possession ever. No wealth, no private property. One very outstanding characteristic of this early man is the ability to communicate. There was a well-structured and powerful language that enabled them to communicate very important messages. For this reason, it was possible to pass information and knowledge to the next generation. The new generations would thus improve the knowledge and as it accumulated over the years, humans were able to give a good take on the various aspect of life they live. One common link between generation and creativity is the early cave paintings. This ability to communicate abstractly is the major skill that humans have banked on in realizing their present control over the natural world.
The Neolithic or the New Stone Age era proceeded the Paleolithic. It marks the transition from the hunting and gathering lifestyle of the Old Stone Age into a more civilized agricultural society. Human in this era lived in distinct communities which domesticated animals and grew crops. This is cited to have been taking place at around 9000 B.C.E. They lived together and their population grew over time. Unlike in the Old Stone Age, there was the aspect of ownership of property, hence personal wealth. The ownership of land was the major one, and it dictated the owner’s economic and political power. There were hierarchies of authority in aspects such as religion and government, a clear indication of an organized and civilized society. Just like the Old Stone Age, the New Stone Age gave interest in fertility as an important feature of their religion.
Later, within a period of four thousand years, the agricul ...
The document provides an overview of a unit on the rise of democracy. It discusses how Greece's physical geography of isolated city-states led to the development of the first democratic societies. The poor soil forced Greeks to colonize the Mediterranean coast and engage in trade, establishing a mercantile economy. This economy led to the rise of a middle class that grew more powerful than kings and demanded equal political power, establishing the concept of citizenship and democracy in Greek city-states. The unit will examine the rise and fall of ancient Greek and Roman democracies and subsequent developments through modern democratic revolutions.
GEA S 2018 Steger chap 2 show.pptGlobalization in history i.docxhanneloremccaffery
GEA S 2018 Steger chap 2 show.ppt
Globalization in history: is globalization a new phenomenon?
Manfred B. Steger, Globalization, chap. 2
Chap. 2 “Globalization in history: is globalization a new phenomenon?”
Our focus: Understanding globalization through the foods we eat
World cuisine/Culinary culture
Tues. 2/6 Sidney W. Mintz, “Asia’s Contributions to World Cuisine,” japanfocus.org (2009)
Thurs. 2/8 Matthew Allen & Rumi Sakamoto, “Sushi reverses course: consuming American sushi in Tokyo.” japanfocus.org (2011)
Chap. 2 Recitation on Wed. Feb. 14
Response paper due Tues. Feb. 13 at 10:00 pm
Chap. 1 Recitation: “Globalization: a contested concept”
Steger’s theory of globalization: Global-local nexus
Beijing Olympics 2008 in East Asian context
North Korean Mass Games and Third Worldism in Guyana 1980-92
Global-local nexus
Global
International
"West"
Local
National
“Rest”
Tools for analysis
Globalization is defined by the links between dichotomies
Binaries (global/local) are not exclusive but work together
Global-Local Nexus is a Horizontal relationship, not Vertical
Globalization is multi-dimensional
“Parable of the elephant”
Globality (social condition) is uneven
Global imaginary (consciousness of ourselves and others) is product of our existence & participation on the global stage
Electronic devices OFF
Chap 2 Globalization in history
Is globalization a new phenomenon?
“Where do we begin?”
Post-1989? Some scholars limit globalization to post-1989 to focus on the recent quantum leap in the pace of change.
19th century? Other scholars look to the Industrial Revolution and other developments in the 19th c.
16th century? Others look to 16th c. and the emergence of modernity, when trade routes first connected Eurasia, Africa, and America.
Prehistory? Finally, a few say these processes have been unfolding for thousands of years.
“Parable of the elephant”: each perspective contains important insights.
Globalization unfolds over time
There are deep, historical roots for the current increase in economic & social interdependence and rise in the global imaginary.
New technologies stand upon earlier innovations from earlier centuries.
Globalization unfolds over time
The dynamic (or direction) of globalization processes changes over time
Clickers ON
Question
What term does Steger use to describe the “dynamic” (or direction) of globalization in the pre-historic period?
Divergence
Convergence
Homogenous
Civilized
Steger
“Perhaps the best way to characterize the dynamic of this earliest phase of globalization would be to call it ‘the great divergence’—people and social connections stemming from a single origin but moving and diversifying greatly over time and space.” (p. 24)
Question
What term does Steger use to describe the “dynamic” (or direction) of globalization in the contemporary period?
Dive ...
Political & Economic Development Of Bronze Age Civilization Of Minoan .pdfuplevelway
The Minoan civilization, which flourished on the island of Crete during the Bronze Age (circa 2600 BCE to 1100 BCE), is known for its advanced political and economic developments. The Minoans were innovative in various aspects of governance, trade, and economic organization. Here is an overview of the political and economic development of the Bronze Age Minoan civilization:
Political Development:
Political Organization:
The political organization of the Minoan civilization is often characterized as a loose, decentralized system. Unlike contemporary civilizations in the Near East, there is no clear evidence of large palatial centers dominating the landscape.
The absence of monumental fortifications in Minoan cities suggests a relatively peaceful coexistence and a lack of significant military threats. The focus on sea trade and maritime activities might have influenced their approach to defense and governance.
Palaces:
Minoan palaces were central to political and administrative functions. The most famous of these is the Palace of Knossos, known for its intricate layout and architectural complexity. These palaces served as administrative centers, economic hubs, and potentially as residences for rulers.
Administrative System:
The exact nature of Minoan governance remains a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists. It is likely that decision-making was not concentrated in the hands of a single monarch but involved a network of elites and officials.
The Linear A script, used for record-keeping, has not been deciphered, limiting our understanding of Minoan administrative texts.
Maritime Influence:
The Minoans were skilled seafarers, and their maritime activities played a significant role in their political and economic influence. They established trade connections with Egypt, the Cycladic islands, mainland Greece, Anatolia, and other regions, contributing to their prosperity.
Religious Influence:
Religion and religious practices were likely intertwined with political authority. Minoan religious rituals, as depicted in frescoes and archaeological findings, may have played a role in legitimizing political power.
Economic Development:
Trade and Commerce:
The Minoans were major participants in maritime trade. Their control over key trade routes allowed them to engage in the exchange of goods such as pottery, textiles, metals, and agricultural products.
The presence of Minoan artifacts in various regions suggests a wide-ranging trade network, with Crete serving as a hub for both local and international commerce.
Agriculture:
Agriculture was a significant component of the Minoan economy. The fertile soil of Crete supported the cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, olives, and grapes
Essays Write a response of about a paragraph in length to answer .docxjenkinsmandie
Essays
: Write a response of about a paragraph in length to answer any
SIX (6)
of the following questions.
1.)
What conditions led to the rise of the Uruk? How was Uruk society organized and what kinds of structures were they famous for building? Where did the Uruk found colonies and what was the reason for the Uruk taking this action?
2.)
Historians and archaeologists have different systems that they use to date different civilizations. Where did historians and archaeologists get the system that they use to date the Egyptians? How does this chronological system divide up and make sense of Egyptian history?
3.)
What are the differences between and relative advantages of cuneiform and hieroglyphics as systems of writing? Who are the most famous users of each system and what kinds of information do these early writing systems preserve?
4.)
Following the Bronze Age collapse, Neo-Assyria and Neo-Babylonia arose to unite the Ancient Near East. What are some of the factors which enable them to build bigger and stronger empires than their predecessors?
5.)
Egypt is most famous for building pyramids, but for most of their history, underground tombs were their most common form of grand architecture. What is the shared purpose of both structures and how does this reflect a major concern in Egyptian culture? What factors caused the Egyptians to switch from pyramid-building to tomb-building and what are some of the advantages that the Egyptians sought to gain from this transition?
6.)
The
Enuma Elish
is the Babylonian creation myth. What kinds of changes do scholars note between the story as told in the
Enuma Elish
and earlier stories about creation that we know were told in Mesopotamia? Why were these changes made and what is the historical context of the world in which the
Enuma Elish
in its current form was composed, approximately 1800-1700 BCE?
7.)
The Battle of Kadesh is the first battle for which we have detailed information and the Treaty of Kadesh, some 12 years later, is the first surviving international agreement between two empires. Describe the following three elements of the treaty and explain what purpose each would serve: 1) mutually exclusive borders, 2) defensive alliance, 3) extradition
8.)
In the years after about 900, we see that there is an explosion of activity in the Ancient Near East. What factors contributed to this resurgence of activity? What were the two dominant powers which dominated the region imperially down until the 6
th
Century BCE and what power ultimately ended this period of competition?
9.)
What is the earliest Indian civilization, where were they primarily located, and what are some of their key characteristics? Under what name does this group of people seem to have entered Indian cultural memory?
10.)
There is a long-standing scholarly dispute about the so-called Aryan migration/invasion into India. Briefly describe the cases that scholars make for an Aryan/Indo-European migration or invasion a.
1. Explain James Q. Wilsons three types of policing. 2. What.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. Explain James Q. Wilson's three types of policing.
2. What are the four citizen expectations, as proposed by John C. Meyer?
3. Discuss four reasons the public calls the police in situations not involving a crime.
NOTE: Each answer should be at least 75 words in length, total needed 150 for both.
.
1. What is the underlying problem in this case from CEO Brian Niccol.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. What is the underlying problem in this case from CEO Brian Niccol’s perspective? (2marks)
2. What type of change Niccol need to inspire- reactive or proactive? Explain
3. Using Fig 10.1 on page 380, describe what forces for change exist both inside and outside Chipotle.)4. Utilize Lewin’s change model (Fig 10.2 on page 384) as a blueprint and describe how Niccol can inspire change at Chipotle?
.
1. List and discuss the heat sources identified by the NFPA as being.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. List and discuss the heat sources identified by the NFPA as being the primary causes of ignition for residential fires.
2. Define stratification, and explain how this phenomenon is predicted. How can stratification be defeated? How are fires detected where stratification is predicted to occur?
#1
This week I have chosen to discuss common heat sources identified by the NFPA in being common causes of ignition in home fires. The NFPA published the
Home Structure Fires
report in October of 2019 that outlines these fires and supports the conclusions with data from 2018. The following heat sources were listed as common denominators in home structure fires:
Cooking
Heating
Electrical distribution and lighting
Intentional
Smoking materials
Home fires are responsible for seventy-nine percent of fire fatalities and seventy-three percent of fire injuries (Ahrens, 2019). These ignition sources have proven to be the most prevalent forms of starting these types of fires. In addition, it was reported that most fire fatalities were males over the age of 55 (Ahrens, 2019). These fires are generally occurring in the colder months between November and March during the hours of 5 PM to 8 PM when, “… many people are coming home from work, are preparing dinner, or are engaging in other household activities” (Ahrens, 2019).
These ignition sources are common in many households. Cooking fires can vary greatly from stove tops, ovens, grease, toasters, empty coffee pots on heaters, tea pots, etc. Smoking materials, however, are isolated to pipes, cigarettes, and their associated equipment (lighters, matches, etc.). Heating sources, just like cooking fires, have several different ignition source types to include furnaces, stoves (pellet, gas, oil, etc.), chimney ignition, etc. Electrical distribution and lighting malfunctions or surges caused roughly 7 percent of home structure fires and accounted for ten percent of residential deaths (Ahrens, 2019). Lastly, intentionally set residential fires accounted huge amounts of property loss and resulted in 380 fatalities, sixty four percent were linked to suicide (Ahrens, 2019).
It is critical that during home fire safety visits and non-emergent medical calls that fire departments take the time to address these matters with their citizens. Most fire deaths occurred while victims were asleep, are physically disabled (mostly geriatric), or impaired by alcohol or drugs (Ahrens, 2019). These fires are preventable and should be addressed in the public setting when appropriate.
#2
This week is closer to what I deal with on the front lines. My departments district is 95 % residential. By the NF PA the leading reasons for home fires are Cooking, Heating, electrical distribution and lighting, Intentional and Smoking Materials.
Cooking - We see thing a lot in my area. people are cooking and forget about it. when they have the Oh Crap moment is when the smoke is rolling in to a second room. We once had someone .
1. What is kinesics2. What is the difference between using time.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. What is kinesics?
2. What is the difference between using time monochronically and polychronically?
3. How does culture influence how nonverbal communication is interpreted?
4. List four (4) ways to improve cross-cultural nonverbal communication.
YouTube URL:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGVSIkEi3mM
Based on the video which of the four categories of space does Elaine's boyfriend violate? As a viewer we find this "close talker" situation funny, however what would happen if this incident occurred in real life? What factors make nonverbal communication difficult to interpret?
.
1. List two (2) gender related listening differences that have been .docxcarlstromcurtis
1. List two (2) gender related listening differences that have been documented by researchers.
2. List three (3) barriers that reduce our ability to listen.
3. What are soundscapes in terms of listening?
4. What are two (2) ways of improving our listening skills?
5. The television interviewer and personality, Larry King, once said about listening: "I remind myself every morning: Nothing I say this day will teach me anything. So, if I'm going to learn, I must do it by listening." Briefly discuss your opinion on his statement.
.
1. In some places, technology has reached the point where a tria.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. In some places, technology has reached the point where a trial could be conducted by a teleconference. The defendant could be left at the local jail and could watch the entire trial on a monitor. The state would not be forced to transport him back and forth every day and would save considerable money in transport and security costs. Is this a good idea? Is this idea Constitutional? Why or why not?
2. In civil trials, the witnesses are usually deposed before trial. Attorneys for both sides are present at the deposition and ask all the questions that they wish. Wouldn’t this be a good idea for criminal trials as well? Witnesses could simply testify through their written depositions or even by videotaped depositions and not be forced to appear at trial. Are there any problems with this scenario?
3. Defendants with the financial resources can hire private investigators and others to help investigate the jury and witnesses. Poorer defendants do not have that option. Does this contribute to lopsided justice where the rich get better justice than the poor?
.
1. Describe Digital Literacy (how to know what is real on the web). .docxcarlstromcurtis
1. Describe Digital Literacy (how to know what is real on the web).
2.
None of these people exist
. What does this mean to you?
3. Why is Wikipedia more reliable than a paper encyclopedia?
4. How useful are crowd sources answers?
5. What are some drawbacks to crowd sourced answers?
6. Do people generally utilize the diversity of sources on the Internet effectively?
7. How reliant are we and how reliant should we be on getting our news from social media?
8. How do humans remain vigilant when we turn over authority to computers? Have you tried to navigate without gps?
9. If models are simplifications or reality, why do we rely on them?
10. Why was this
mode
l, used by Amazon for hiring, wrong?
11. Why did Skynet declare war on the human race?
.
1. Define the following terms poster session, conference proce.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. Define the following terms: poster session, conference proceedings, manuscript, paper, and journal article.
2. State what can be gained by presenting at a conference or by participating in a poster session.
3. List some qualities of good presentations at conferences
4. When would a researcher use IMRAD? What does IMRAD stand for?
5. Who reviews the rigor of the submissions to research journals?
6. Explain the parts of a manuscript.
7. What is publication bias?
8. Differentiate explicit and implicit rules for journals.
.
1. What is disparate-impact discrimination under Title VII an.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. What is "disparate-impact" discrimination under Title VII and how does it differ from "disparate-treatment" discrimination?
2. Do you believe that an employer that refuses to hire felons - regardless of the nature of the felony, the nature of the job, or the length of time that has passed since the conviction - should be subject to liability for disparate-impact discrimination? What defenses might an employer use to defend itself against a lawsuit challenging the legality of its policy against hiring felons?
.
1. What are your 5 favorite apps and why. Be specific and det.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. What are your 5 favorite apps and why. Be specific and detailed...how often do you use them and what do they do?
As and example, for me I would have to have:
A. Google Maps (I use it to find places, connect to their locations and phone numbers and web sites...it also links to Yelp which I also use).
B. Facebook....including marketplace and several Facebook groups for social, information and communication.
C. Amazon Prime
D. Apple Music
E. Life 360 - helps keep up with my wife and kids
Also useful are: The Score, The Weather Channel, Ebay, Chick-Fil-A, Dictionary, Holy Bible, YouTube, my banking apps (probably most used of all), Compass and Picture This (take a picture of the leaf of a plant and it identifies it).
2. What was your average daily time on your phone this week and last week.
3. What is your primary source of communication on a daily basis: phone call, text, email, social media (which one)?
Count how many of each over 1 week: phone calls, texts, emails, social media...not exactly but close.
(Just for reference, I don't delete my emails but I have 94,522 emails on my phone...including ads and junk).
4. How often do you check your email? How often do you check your MyLeo email?
5. At the bottom of page 427 there are survey results for what people would give up rather than give up than going without their smartphones. Which ones would you be willing to give up rather than give up your smartphone?
.
1. What does it mean to pierce the corporate veil Use your .docxcarlstromcurtis
1. What does it mean to "pierce the corporate veil"? Use your own words to describe it.
2. Describe two potentially negative consequences - to society at large - from the rule allowing a court to pierce the corporate veil under certain circumstances.
3. Describe two potentially positive consequences - to society at large - from the rule allowing a court to pierce the corporate veil under certain circumstances.
.
1. What are your personal experiences of the educational system D.docxcarlstromcurtis
This document asks the reader to summarize their personal experiences with the educational system and whether they see education as equalizing or perpetuating the status quo, citing an example from the article "Savage Inequalities: Children in U.S. Schools" by Jonathan Kozol to support their perspective. It also asks the reader to define and apply the Sociological Imagination to their analysis by examining how the history of society is linked to their own biography.
1. The reading discusses the efforts to revitalize city areas t.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. The reading discusses the efforts to revitalize city areas that have historically been less affluent, the process of gentrification. What are the potential effects of gentrification on the economy and current residents of the neighborhood? NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) protests occur when concerned citizens band together to speak up against something that will impact them negatively. Who is more likely to be involved in NIMBY protests and where do they occur? Give an example of a NIMBY protest and whether you support it or not. In your post, also share a recent news piece (within the last 3 months) related to a NIMBY protest or gentrification. Provide a link to the story (a citation is not required).
2. Consider what you have learned about collective behavior, social movements, and social change this week. How is the global expansion of social media likely to affect how people pursue social change? How has it done so already? Use specific examples from the media (including a link to information about a recent social movement) as you analyze social movements, social change, technology, and the media. A full citation is not required for the link.
The Week 8 Forum meets the following course objectives:
Apply a sociological perspective to the social world.
Analyze contemporary social issues using the sociological imagination and use sociological theories and concepts to analyze everyday life.
Explain collective behavior, social movements, and social change.
.
1. Respond to the Question Is auscultation of bowel sounds us.docxcarlstromcurtis
The document is a personal narrative describing the author's childhood experiences growing up in poverty in a St. Louis ghetto. Key events include witnessing an attack on her brother by an intruder, fleeing with her family to her grandparents' home, and later being separated from her siblings and placed in foster care. The author reflects on how moving to wealthier areas shaped her understanding of poverty, and how education became a means of transcending poverty. Though challenging aspects are acknowledged, the narrative overall portrays the ghetto in a positive light as a place that cultivated resilience and community.
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Through this theme, students will learn about the nature of power held by the pharaohs in Ancient Egypt from the Archaic, Old, and Middle Kingdoms to the New Kingdom. They will investigate changes and continuities over time in pharaonic power, as well as major aspects of culture during these periods. The syllabus aims to provide an understanding of the rise and decline of the pharaohs throughout Egyptian history.
Running head THE ANCIENT EGYPT CULTURAL1THE ANCIENT EGYPT .docxtodd521
Running head: THE ANCIENT EGYPT CULTURAL 1
THE ANCIENT EGYPT CULTURAL 5
The Ancient Egypt Cultural
Jessica Andino
West Coast University
In every community or region in the world there exist a unique historical record that helps that particular community or region to get an understanding of their early life, religion belief context, traditional ways of life and the overall concept of the culture. It is through history that human being understands how to overcome challenges as well as predict the like shortcoming/ risks associated with particular human activities. Therefore history is the core pillar that fosters the development, acquiring of knowledge and improvement of creative thinking. This article gives a brief and precise account of ancient Egypt, primarily focusing on the cultural factors such as artistic, cultural values, religion, distribution of roles and acculturation.
The history of ancient Egypt has eight main periods which includes the Old Kingdom as the earliest era, followed by the first intermediate period, the middle kingdom, second intermediate, new kingdom, third intermediate, late period and finally the Ptolemaic period (Lichtheim, 2019). In every period the ruling was under a king given the title 'Pharaoh', and each of these kings had supreme kingship office authority with a spiritual aspect of divinity as the god Horus. Still, under the divinity and culture realm, ancient Egypt had a regular and stable way of carrying forward their activities promoting holiness according to their region and upholding moral behaviour in their daily life. Throughout its history, ancient Egyptians used imagery symbols and sculptures to promote cultural morals, kingship royalty, religious/cultural beliefs as well as maintaining the legacy of their ancestors.
The ancient culture is dominated with collectivism aspect in different factors of the society. For example, the entire community hard a universal perspective about kingship in which Pharaoh is highly respected and viewed as a god with a divine spiritual responsibility for every Egyptian (Minkov et al., 2017). The culture also demonstrates collectivism in ethical responsibility since every Egyptian considers himself or herself as a co-worker with the gods. A good example that shows their collectivism includes the belief that they should celebrate and give thanks to the gods. The Egyptian had a collective perspective of their homeland as a source for their salvations in every activity they undertook.
The cultural of the ancient Egyptian also has a powerful artistic and innovation skills, especially in architectural works. They are the one responsible for inventing construction equipment such as the ramp and the lever, which were mainly used during the construction of the pyramids and temples (Laboury, 2017). They also had excellent skills in painting and development of sculptures such as the Narmer Palette royal monuments, Ptah sculpture and other sculpture that demonstr.
The document discusses the sociopolitical evolution of early civilizations and the development of democracy. It describes how the rise of early civilizations like Mesopotamia contributed to developments in writing, trade, and new political systems. In Greece, tensions grew between social classes and city-states, leading to oligarchic and tyrannical rule before citizens collectively established the first democratic governments. This marked the beginnings of democratization and the spread of democratic values in ancient societies.
Chapter 1 Before HistoryPre-human hominids are universally de.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 1: Before History
Pre-human hominids are universally deemed as the ancestors of the human race. Their occurrence is dated to be four to five million years ago, while the human race itself emerged nearly too hundred thousand years ago. Over the years, it has been keenly noted that humans share specific DNA composition with other primates. It is only a slight difference in the genetic makeup and body chemistry that makes humans have more intelligence than these other species, making them more adaptable to their environment and therefore give them a greater ability to control the natural world. This intelligence has seen the humans have greater potential for advanced and sophisticated social-cultural abilities that other species cannot measure up to. These unique and advanced abilities possessed by humans include well devised tools, technologies cooperation and communication skills.
The Paleolithic society, which is commonly known as the Old Stone Age is the longest era in the history of the human race on the planet. It is majorly characterized with hunting and gathering. It existed long before ancient agriculture emerged, and therefore it lived on looking for edible stuff from the wild life, both edible fruits and animal, hence their hunting and gathering lifestyle. Theirs was a completely liberal life, as there was nobody’s possession ever. No wealth, no private property. One very outstanding characteristic of this early man is the ability to communicate. There was a well-structured and powerful language that enabled them to communicate very important messages. For this reason, it was possible to pass information and knowledge to the next generation. The new generations would thus improve the knowledge and as it accumulated over the years, humans were able to give a good take on the various aspect of life they live. One common link between generation and creativity is the early cave paintings. This ability to communicate abstractly is the major skill that humans have banked on in realizing their present control over the natural world.
The Neolithic or the New Stone Age era proceeded the Paleolithic. It marks the transition from the hunting and gathering lifestyle of the Old Stone Age into a more civilized agricultural society. Human in this era lived in distinct communities which domesticated animals and grew crops. This is cited to have been taking place at around 9000 B.C.E. They lived together and their population grew over time. Unlike in the Old Stone Age, there was the aspect of ownership of property, hence personal wealth. The ownership of land was the major one, and it dictated the owner’s economic and political power. There were hierarchies of authority in aspects such as religion and government, a clear indication of an organized and civilized society. Just like the Old Stone Age, the New Stone Age gave interest in fertility as an important feature of their religion.
Later, within a period of four thousand years, the agricul ...
The document provides an overview of a unit on the rise of democracy. It discusses how Greece's physical geography of isolated city-states led to the development of the first democratic societies. The poor soil forced Greeks to colonize the Mediterranean coast and engage in trade, establishing a mercantile economy. This economy led to the rise of a middle class that grew more powerful than kings and demanded equal political power, establishing the concept of citizenship and democracy in Greek city-states. The unit will examine the rise and fall of ancient Greek and Roman democracies and subsequent developments through modern democratic revolutions.
GEA S 2018 Steger chap 2 show.pptGlobalization in history i.docxhanneloremccaffery
GEA S 2018 Steger chap 2 show.ppt
Globalization in history: is globalization a new phenomenon?
Manfred B. Steger, Globalization, chap. 2
Chap. 2 “Globalization in history: is globalization a new phenomenon?”
Our focus: Understanding globalization through the foods we eat
World cuisine/Culinary culture
Tues. 2/6 Sidney W. Mintz, “Asia’s Contributions to World Cuisine,” japanfocus.org (2009)
Thurs. 2/8 Matthew Allen & Rumi Sakamoto, “Sushi reverses course: consuming American sushi in Tokyo.” japanfocus.org (2011)
Chap. 2 Recitation on Wed. Feb. 14
Response paper due Tues. Feb. 13 at 10:00 pm
Chap. 1 Recitation: “Globalization: a contested concept”
Steger’s theory of globalization: Global-local nexus
Beijing Olympics 2008 in East Asian context
North Korean Mass Games and Third Worldism in Guyana 1980-92
Global-local nexus
Global
International
"West"
Local
National
“Rest”
Tools for analysis
Globalization is defined by the links between dichotomies
Binaries (global/local) are not exclusive but work together
Global-Local Nexus is a Horizontal relationship, not Vertical
Globalization is multi-dimensional
“Parable of the elephant”
Globality (social condition) is uneven
Global imaginary (consciousness of ourselves and others) is product of our existence & participation on the global stage
Electronic devices OFF
Chap 2 Globalization in history
Is globalization a new phenomenon?
“Where do we begin?”
Post-1989? Some scholars limit globalization to post-1989 to focus on the recent quantum leap in the pace of change.
19th century? Other scholars look to the Industrial Revolution and other developments in the 19th c.
16th century? Others look to 16th c. and the emergence of modernity, when trade routes first connected Eurasia, Africa, and America.
Prehistory? Finally, a few say these processes have been unfolding for thousands of years.
“Parable of the elephant”: each perspective contains important insights.
Globalization unfolds over time
There are deep, historical roots for the current increase in economic & social interdependence and rise in the global imaginary.
New technologies stand upon earlier innovations from earlier centuries.
Globalization unfolds over time
The dynamic (or direction) of globalization processes changes over time
Clickers ON
Question
What term does Steger use to describe the “dynamic” (or direction) of globalization in the pre-historic period?
Divergence
Convergence
Homogenous
Civilized
Steger
“Perhaps the best way to characterize the dynamic of this earliest phase of globalization would be to call it ‘the great divergence’—people and social connections stemming from a single origin but moving and diversifying greatly over time and space.” (p. 24)
Question
What term does Steger use to describe the “dynamic” (or direction) of globalization in the contemporary period?
Dive ...
Political & Economic Development Of Bronze Age Civilization Of Minoan .pdfuplevelway
The Minoan civilization, which flourished on the island of Crete during the Bronze Age (circa 2600 BCE to 1100 BCE), is known for its advanced political and economic developments. The Minoans were innovative in various aspects of governance, trade, and economic organization. Here is an overview of the political and economic development of the Bronze Age Minoan civilization:
Political Development:
Political Organization:
The political organization of the Minoan civilization is often characterized as a loose, decentralized system. Unlike contemporary civilizations in the Near East, there is no clear evidence of large palatial centers dominating the landscape.
The absence of monumental fortifications in Minoan cities suggests a relatively peaceful coexistence and a lack of significant military threats. The focus on sea trade and maritime activities might have influenced their approach to defense and governance.
Palaces:
Minoan palaces were central to political and administrative functions. The most famous of these is the Palace of Knossos, known for its intricate layout and architectural complexity. These palaces served as administrative centers, economic hubs, and potentially as residences for rulers.
Administrative System:
The exact nature of Minoan governance remains a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists. It is likely that decision-making was not concentrated in the hands of a single monarch but involved a network of elites and officials.
The Linear A script, used for record-keeping, has not been deciphered, limiting our understanding of Minoan administrative texts.
Maritime Influence:
The Minoans were skilled seafarers, and their maritime activities played a significant role in their political and economic influence. They established trade connections with Egypt, the Cycladic islands, mainland Greece, Anatolia, and other regions, contributing to their prosperity.
Religious Influence:
Religion and religious practices were likely intertwined with political authority. Minoan religious rituals, as depicted in frescoes and archaeological findings, may have played a role in legitimizing political power.
Economic Development:
Trade and Commerce:
The Minoans were major participants in maritime trade. Their control over key trade routes allowed them to engage in the exchange of goods such as pottery, textiles, metals, and agricultural products.
The presence of Minoan artifacts in various regions suggests a wide-ranging trade network, with Crete serving as a hub for both local and international commerce.
Agriculture:
Agriculture was a significant component of the Minoan economy. The fertile soil of Crete supported the cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, olives, and grapes
Essays Write a response of about a paragraph in length to answer .docxjenkinsmandie
Essays
: Write a response of about a paragraph in length to answer any
SIX (6)
of the following questions.
1.)
What conditions led to the rise of the Uruk? How was Uruk society organized and what kinds of structures were they famous for building? Where did the Uruk found colonies and what was the reason for the Uruk taking this action?
2.)
Historians and archaeologists have different systems that they use to date different civilizations. Where did historians and archaeologists get the system that they use to date the Egyptians? How does this chronological system divide up and make sense of Egyptian history?
3.)
What are the differences between and relative advantages of cuneiform and hieroglyphics as systems of writing? Who are the most famous users of each system and what kinds of information do these early writing systems preserve?
4.)
Following the Bronze Age collapse, Neo-Assyria and Neo-Babylonia arose to unite the Ancient Near East. What are some of the factors which enable them to build bigger and stronger empires than their predecessors?
5.)
Egypt is most famous for building pyramids, but for most of their history, underground tombs were their most common form of grand architecture. What is the shared purpose of both structures and how does this reflect a major concern in Egyptian culture? What factors caused the Egyptians to switch from pyramid-building to tomb-building and what are some of the advantages that the Egyptians sought to gain from this transition?
6.)
The
Enuma Elish
is the Babylonian creation myth. What kinds of changes do scholars note between the story as told in the
Enuma Elish
and earlier stories about creation that we know were told in Mesopotamia? Why were these changes made and what is the historical context of the world in which the
Enuma Elish
in its current form was composed, approximately 1800-1700 BCE?
7.)
The Battle of Kadesh is the first battle for which we have detailed information and the Treaty of Kadesh, some 12 years later, is the first surviving international agreement between two empires. Describe the following three elements of the treaty and explain what purpose each would serve: 1) mutually exclusive borders, 2) defensive alliance, 3) extradition
8.)
In the years after about 900, we see that there is an explosion of activity in the Ancient Near East. What factors contributed to this resurgence of activity? What were the two dominant powers which dominated the region imperially down until the 6
th
Century BCE and what power ultimately ended this period of competition?
9.)
What is the earliest Indian civilization, where were they primarily located, and what are some of their key characteristics? Under what name does this group of people seem to have entered Indian cultural memory?
10.)
There is a long-standing scholarly dispute about the so-called Aryan migration/invasion into India. Briefly describe the cases that scholars make for an Aryan/Indo-European migration or invasion a.
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1. Explain James Q. Wilsons three types of policing. 2. What.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. Explain James Q. Wilson's three types of policing.
2. What are the four citizen expectations, as proposed by John C. Meyer?
3. Discuss four reasons the public calls the police in situations not involving a crime.
NOTE: Each answer should be at least 75 words in length, total needed 150 for both.
.
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1. What is the underlying problem in this case from CEO Brian Niccol’s perspective? (2marks)
2. What type of change Niccol need to inspire- reactive or proactive? Explain
3. Using Fig 10.1 on page 380, describe what forces for change exist both inside and outside Chipotle.)4. Utilize Lewin’s change model (Fig 10.2 on page 384) as a blueprint and describe how Niccol can inspire change at Chipotle?
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1. List and discuss the heat sources identified by the NFPA as being the primary causes of ignition for residential fires.
2. Define stratification, and explain how this phenomenon is predicted. How can stratification be defeated? How are fires detected where stratification is predicted to occur?
#1
This week I have chosen to discuss common heat sources identified by the NFPA in being common causes of ignition in home fires. The NFPA published the
Home Structure Fires
report in October of 2019 that outlines these fires and supports the conclusions with data from 2018. The following heat sources were listed as common denominators in home structure fires:
Cooking
Heating
Electrical distribution and lighting
Intentional
Smoking materials
Home fires are responsible for seventy-nine percent of fire fatalities and seventy-three percent of fire injuries (Ahrens, 2019). These ignition sources have proven to be the most prevalent forms of starting these types of fires. In addition, it was reported that most fire fatalities were males over the age of 55 (Ahrens, 2019). These fires are generally occurring in the colder months between November and March during the hours of 5 PM to 8 PM when, “… many people are coming home from work, are preparing dinner, or are engaging in other household activities” (Ahrens, 2019).
These ignition sources are common in many households. Cooking fires can vary greatly from stove tops, ovens, grease, toasters, empty coffee pots on heaters, tea pots, etc. Smoking materials, however, are isolated to pipes, cigarettes, and their associated equipment (lighters, matches, etc.). Heating sources, just like cooking fires, have several different ignition source types to include furnaces, stoves (pellet, gas, oil, etc.), chimney ignition, etc. Electrical distribution and lighting malfunctions or surges caused roughly 7 percent of home structure fires and accounted for ten percent of residential deaths (Ahrens, 2019). Lastly, intentionally set residential fires accounted huge amounts of property loss and resulted in 380 fatalities, sixty four percent were linked to suicide (Ahrens, 2019).
It is critical that during home fire safety visits and non-emergent medical calls that fire departments take the time to address these matters with their citizens. Most fire deaths occurred while victims were asleep, are physically disabled (mostly geriatric), or impaired by alcohol or drugs (Ahrens, 2019). These fires are preventable and should be addressed in the public setting when appropriate.
#2
This week is closer to what I deal with on the front lines. My departments district is 95 % residential. By the NF PA the leading reasons for home fires are Cooking, Heating, electrical distribution and lighting, Intentional and Smoking Materials.
Cooking - We see thing a lot in my area. people are cooking and forget about it. when they have the Oh Crap moment is when the smoke is rolling in to a second room. We once had someone .
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1. What is kinesics?
2. What is the difference between using time monochronically and polychronically?
3. How does culture influence how nonverbal communication is interpreted?
4. List four (4) ways to improve cross-cultural nonverbal communication.
YouTube URL:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGVSIkEi3mM
Based on the video which of the four categories of space does Elaine's boyfriend violate? As a viewer we find this "close talker" situation funny, however what would happen if this incident occurred in real life? What factors make nonverbal communication difficult to interpret?
.
1. List two (2) gender related listening differences that have been .docxcarlstromcurtis
1. List two (2) gender related listening differences that have been documented by researchers.
2. List three (3) barriers that reduce our ability to listen.
3. What are soundscapes in terms of listening?
4. What are two (2) ways of improving our listening skills?
5. The television interviewer and personality, Larry King, once said about listening: "I remind myself every morning: Nothing I say this day will teach me anything. So, if I'm going to learn, I must do it by listening." Briefly discuss your opinion on his statement.
.
1. In some places, technology has reached the point where a tria.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. In some places, technology has reached the point where a trial could be conducted by a teleconference. The defendant could be left at the local jail and could watch the entire trial on a monitor. The state would not be forced to transport him back and forth every day and would save considerable money in transport and security costs. Is this a good idea? Is this idea Constitutional? Why or why not?
2. In civil trials, the witnesses are usually deposed before trial. Attorneys for both sides are present at the deposition and ask all the questions that they wish. Wouldn’t this be a good idea for criminal trials as well? Witnesses could simply testify through their written depositions or even by videotaped depositions and not be forced to appear at trial. Are there any problems with this scenario?
3. Defendants with the financial resources can hire private investigators and others to help investigate the jury and witnesses. Poorer defendants do not have that option. Does this contribute to lopsided justice where the rich get better justice than the poor?
.
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1. Describe Digital Literacy (how to know what is real on the web).
2.
None of these people exist
. What does this mean to you?
3. Why is Wikipedia more reliable than a paper encyclopedia?
4. How useful are crowd sources answers?
5. What are some drawbacks to crowd sourced answers?
6. Do people generally utilize the diversity of sources on the Internet effectively?
7. How reliant are we and how reliant should we be on getting our news from social media?
8. How do humans remain vigilant when we turn over authority to computers? Have you tried to navigate without gps?
9. If models are simplifications or reality, why do we rely on them?
10. Why was this
mode
l, used by Amazon for hiring, wrong?
11. Why did Skynet declare war on the human race?
.
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1. Define the following terms: poster session, conference proceedings, manuscript, paper, and journal article.
2. State what can be gained by presenting at a conference or by participating in a poster session.
3. List some qualities of good presentations at conferences
4. When would a researcher use IMRAD? What does IMRAD stand for?
5. Who reviews the rigor of the submissions to research journals?
6. Explain the parts of a manuscript.
7. What is publication bias?
8. Differentiate explicit and implicit rules for journals.
.
1. What is disparate-impact discrimination under Title VII an.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. What is "disparate-impact" discrimination under Title VII and how does it differ from "disparate-treatment" discrimination?
2. Do you believe that an employer that refuses to hire felons - regardless of the nature of the felony, the nature of the job, or the length of time that has passed since the conviction - should be subject to liability for disparate-impact discrimination? What defenses might an employer use to defend itself against a lawsuit challenging the legality of its policy against hiring felons?
.
1. What are your 5 favorite apps and why. Be specific and det.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. What are your 5 favorite apps and why. Be specific and detailed...how often do you use them and what do they do?
As and example, for me I would have to have:
A. Google Maps (I use it to find places, connect to their locations and phone numbers and web sites...it also links to Yelp which I also use).
B. Facebook....including marketplace and several Facebook groups for social, information and communication.
C. Amazon Prime
D. Apple Music
E. Life 360 - helps keep up with my wife and kids
Also useful are: The Score, The Weather Channel, Ebay, Chick-Fil-A, Dictionary, Holy Bible, YouTube, my banking apps (probably most used of all), Compass and Picture This (take a picture of the leaf of a plant and it identifies it).
2. What was your average daily time on your phone this week and last week.
3. What is your primary source of communication on a daily basis: phone call, text, email, social media (which one)?
Count how many of each over 1 week: phone calls, texts, emails, social media...not exactly but close.
(Just for reference, I don't delete my emails but I have 94,522 emails on my phone...including ads and junk).
4. How often do you check your email? How often do you check your MyLeo email?
5. At the bottom of page 427 there are survey results for what people would give up rather than give up than going without their smartphones. Which ones would you be willing to give up rather than give up your smartphone?
.
1. What does it mean to pierce the corporate veil Use your .docxcarlstromcurtis
1. What does it mean to "pierce the corporate veil"? Use your own words to describe it.
2. Describe two potentially negative consequences - to society at large - from the rule allowing a court to pierce the corporate veil under certain circumstances.
3. Describe two potentially positive consequences - to society at large - from the rule allowing a court to pierce the corporate veil under certain circumstances.
.
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This document asks the reader to summarize their personal experiences with the educational system and whether they see education as equalizing or perpetuating the status quo, citing an example from the article "Savage Inequalities: Children in U.S. Schools" by Jonathan Kozol to support their perspective. It also asks the reader to define and apply the Sociological Imagination to their analysis by examining how the history of society is linked to their own biography.
1. The reading discusses the efforts to revitalize city areas t.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. The reading discusses the efforts to revitalize city areas that have historically been less affluent, the process of gentrification. What are the potential effects of gentrification on the economy and current residents of the neighborhood? NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) protests occur when concerned citizens band together to speak up against something that will impact them negatively. Who is more likely to be involved in NIMBY protests and where do they occur? Give an example of a NIMBY protest and whether you support it or not. In your post, also share a recent news piece (within the last 3 months) related to a NIMBY protest or gentrification. Provide a link to the story (a citation is not required).
2. Consider what you have learned about collective behavior, social movements, and social change this week. How is the global expansion of social media likely to affect how people pursue social change? How has it done so already? Use specific examples from the media (including a link to information about a recent social movement) as you analyze social movements, social change, technology, and the media. A full citation is not required for the link.
The Week 8 Forum meets the following course objectives:
Apply a sociological perspective to the social world.
Analyze contemporary social issues using the sociological imagination and use sociological theories and concepts to analyze everyday life.
Explain collective behavior, social movements, and social change.
.
1. Respond to the Question Is auscultation of bowel sounds us.docxcarlstromcurtis
The document is a personal narrative describing the author's childhood experiences growing up in poverty in a St. Louis ghetto. Key events include witnessing an attack on her brother by an intruder, fleeing with her family to her grandparents' home, and later being separated from her siblings and placed in foster care. The author reflects on how moving to wealthier areas shaped her understanding of poverty, and how education became a means of transcending poverty. Though challenging aspects are acknowledged, the narrative overall portrays the ghetto in a positive light as a place that cultivated resilience and community.
1. Provide a precise definition for human capital”. 2. What .docxcarlstromcurtis
1. Provide a precise definition for “human capital”.
2. What managerial decisions/actions have you seen that support and increase the value of human capital?
3. What organization actions might further improve the value of human capital?
4. Please use class material to support your answer.(see attached study guide)
(at least 15 sentences$
ALSO PLEASE REPLY TO ANOTHER STUDENTS COMMENT BELOW
Judith:
Human capital is the value of workers knowledge, skills, and their experience. Their assets can be the education and training they received. Also, their assets can be the intellectual skills that they have. Also. organizations feel that employees being loyal by having longevity and punctuality with the organization.shows value, which is also considered human capital.
.
1. Locate a recent (within six months) article on Net Neutralit.docxcarlstromcurtis
1. Locate a recent (within six months) article on Net Neutrality. Summarize the article in a few short paragraphs and then discuss your personal view as it relates to the article. Post a link to the article as well.
2. IoT—if you have an IoT device in your home, in your car, or a wearable that you are familiar with, describe how you use this device, what companion app(s) are required, and do you find it beneficial or not (why or why not)? If you don’t have an IoT device, do some research and select an appliance/device/product that utilizes IoT. Highlight the product, detail how it works in terms of IoT and describe how you would use this product.
.
1. How Subtle Sex Discrimination Works by Nijole V. Benokra.docxcarlstromcurtis
1.
"How Subtle Sex Discrimination Works" by Nijole V. Benokraitis (Links to an external site.)
Identify which article you picked and summarize the information.
2. Choose a a concept from Introduction to Sociology 2e (any chapter), a Sociological theory, or the Sociological Imagination to analyze what you read. Define your concept, theory, or Sociological Imagination. (Please use a sociological theory)
3. Analyze the reading with Sociology.
please use citations when providing examples from the article, please write 2-3 paragraphs double spaced.
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1. Define Culture, Family, and Community and discuss how they a.docxcarlstromcurtis
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using a named source.
2. Give the meaning of each term/concept
using your own words.
3. Give
two examples
of each term/concept.
Discrete Random Variable
Continuous Random Variable
Probability Distribution
Binomial Coefficient (page 248 of text)
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B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
Running Head APA1Surname 4SubjectNameProfess.docx
1. Running Head: APA 1
Surname 4
Subject
Name
Professor
Date
Question 1
There are three contributions that the author (Savage, 2001 page
101) believes that Egypt should use the study about early
complex societies which are significant in the progress of
success in development of social welfare in the ancient Egypt.
One of the contributions is growth on the appreciation of
understanding in the meaning of Predynastic culture which
caters for appreciation of growth in the social and economic
nature. The second contribution is on the development of
chronological distinction that refines different complexity
understanding and appreciation. The third contribution is on the
emphasis of social and political positive advancements that are
responsible for complex societies and welfare development in
Egypt. The gradual development caters for appreciation of the
three achievements and trends that are able to create complex
integration and development of different policies that has
ensured successful and gradual development of a competent
society in Egypt.
Question 2
Savage argues that the proto-kings of the Ancient Egypt were
economically motivated. The rulers were motivated by the urge
to expand their influence in the Upper Egypt in a more
economical that political policy. The desire to control inter-
polity conflicts led to the urge to control trade. The Canaanite
materials were located at Delta sites of Maadi which are
significant archaeological sites as well as Minshat Omar. The
2. upper part of Egypt recorded unique characteristics of
Predynastic periods which mixed the nature with the existence
of Canaanite materials. The trade colony held its hand at the
unique stations of Tell Ma’ ahaz and Taur Ikbeinah locations.
The efforts by the kings to extend their territories and rule came
with the urge to monopolize trade and the routes followed by
the traders through to Asia (Savage, 2001, page 112). The
creation of the larger polity led to increased cataracts in the
south of Mediterranean. The Egyptian trading colonies extended
to the Negev region where most of the trading activities were
associated with the trade advancements. The desire to control
the northern led to exertion of control through the trading
routes. The establishment of Northern Egyptian colonies and
pro-kings’ territories is associated with the growth of the
Dynasties and the economic establishments that were based on
trading and trade as a whole.
Question 3
Hierakonpolis was characterized by the existence of special
archaeological materials such as the series of tombs that were
revealed by Abydos which can be connected to the changing
conditions at the dynasties in Egypt. The Badarian settlements
were some of the archaeological sites that were present in the
upper region of Hierakonpolis. Through the Nagada II and
Nagada III, there was huge impacts and influence that led to
political controls of Hierakonpolis. Later, the Hierakonpolis
polity was absorbed by the Abydos region. The availability of
cemeteries, settlements and other sites that represented the
industrial marks at Wadi Abul Suffian at Hierakonpolis. The
Predynastic settlements at the river also marked the
archaeological significance. The settlements at the
Hierakonpolis also proved the existence of archaeological sites
such as region of Nile levees.
The Nile River Valley had slight settlements of Armant that
encompassed the Nagada region. The archaeological sites and
settlements at Nagada region felt the heart of Nagada culture.
The Nagada culture is remarkably present at Hierakonpolis
3. which was later transformed by the Predynastic Delta
suggestions. The existence of the Predynastic settlements also
suggested the natural levees at the Nile that marked the
archaeological loci of Predynastic settlements. The Armant had
unique features that marked structural advancements and trash
pits which consisted of small sites and other settlements at
Nagada region. The presence of blocks of Nile mud on the sites
consisted of significant bonds that formed different patterns.
The Abydos region also marked different sites that were located
at the Dynastic period that extended from Asyut south to Hu of
the Nile Valley. The Nagada culture was also extended to the
Abydos region especially at the Qena bend of the valley where
presence of Nagada II and Nagada I were found. The settlement
patterns located at the region basically concentrated on
revealing the existence of Predynastic cemeteries. The existence
of fewer settlement sites of Nagada I, II and Hierakonpolis
regions largely revealed the presence of archaeological sites.
The presence of Predynastic sites and settlements at the banks
of the Nile Valley also marked the patterns of archeology.
Question 4
Savage (2001, page 101-103) felt that the Dynasty of
Egypt should singly unify the polities through encompassing of
the Delta which ran through systematic unification. The
development of the Upper Egypt ran through encompassing the
Delta and its territories in order to claim superiority. The proto
kings of the Upper Egypt generally run different operations that
addressed the investigations that were carried out on different
excavation which allowed the Upper Egypt to run systems of
domination and settlements which saw its success in colonizing
the Delta and eventually the lower part of Egypt. The
settlements at the Delta before the colonization eventually
ruined the operations which in turn express the feelings of the
author before the split of the Dynastic Egypt had peaceful
integration and relations (2001, page 103). The Unification of
the Dynasty which consisted of the Upper and lower Egypt
which constituted of the blocks that had not balanced the
4. operations. The author feels the essence of the split and the
Upper Egypt outdoing the south in terms of excavation and
economic integration. The development extended the territorial
settlements and deliverance that supplemented the excavations
in the Upper Egypt which left most cemeteries and other
settlement points at uncovering in the Delta (Wilkinson, 1999,
page 36).
Question 5
After watching the video by “The Scorpion King” it is
evident that economic factors alongside the military factors
concentrated on underlying the unification (National
Geographic, 2015). Similarly, according to the information
revealed from Savage, 2001, it is also clear that both military
and economic factors underlie unification. Explain the answer,
don’t just quote from them … What lead you to believe that it is
both Economic and military factors ? Don’t just quote it is Clear
…Explain why is it clear that both military and economic
factors underlie unification then make a conclusion.
References
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh9ByB2jVU4
National Geographic 2015 “The Real Scorpion King,” [video]
Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh9ByB2jVU4.
5. Savage (2001) Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of
Predynastic Egypt,” Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 9,
pp. 101-155.
Wilkinson, T. 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt, New York:
Routledge.
Include the following information in your report:
· What are the chronic illness trends of each country?
· What is the incidence and prevalence of elderly consumers of
long-term care in the United States as compared to your chosen
developing country?
· How does each country expect these numbers to change in the
next ten years?
· What are the main characteristics of the elderly population in
both the countries? Is there any difference in the long-term
health care needs of consumers in both the countries? Provide a
rationale for your answer.
· Who are the institutional and non-institutional caregivers in
both the countries? Support your answer with relevant
examples. Explain the factors that affect care giving in each
country.
· Is there any difference in the status of quality of care of the
elderly consumers in the United States as compared to the
developing country?
· Is there any difference in the health care cost provided in the
United States as compared to the developing country? Define
any social support that may exist to cover health care in both
countries.
Running Head: APA 1
ASSIGNMENT 2
6. There are three contributions that the author (Savage, 2001 page
101) believes that Egypt should use in the study about early
complex societies which are significant in the progress and
success in development of social welfare in ancient Egypt. One
of the contributions is growth on the appreciation of
understanding in the meaning of Predynastic culture which
caters for appreciation of growth in the social and economic
nature. The second contribution is on the development of
chronological distinction that refines different complexity
understanding and appreciation. The third contribution is on the
emphasis of social and political positive advancements that are
responsible for complex societies and welfare development in
Egypt. The gradual development caters for appreciation of the
three achievements and trends that are able to create complex
integration and development of different policies that has
ensured successful and gradual development of a competent
society in Egypt.
The proto-kings of Egypt basically concentrated on farming and
other agricultural revolution there really is no “agricultural
revolution.” Agricultural practices evolve gradually as people
become more reliant on domesticated plants that basically
concentrated on expansion of the influence in the northern parts
of the country. Petrie Petrie was an archaeologist working in the
19th-early 20th century. He was not a Predynastic king was one
of the ancient kings who played a vital role in the determination
of the invention that helped solve the ceramic seriation which
provided an essential framework for the history of the upper
Egyptian progression How does this relate to the assignment
here?. The extensive generation allowed for extreme
Predynastic nature that contributed into successful excavation in
the upper Egypt in the sense that every king spurred into several
calibration such as in Nagada, Armant, Badari, Ballas and other
areas of the north This sentence doesn’t make sense. The
contribution of Petrie cannot be taken for granted in the sense
that it cleared the Upper Egyptian land in order to give larger
attention in the delivery of settlement sites that are able to spur
7. unique excavation on upper lands such as Mahasna, Matmar,
Mostagedda, Naga-ed-D-er(2001, page 101). There was little
attention at the northern parts which diverted the attention of
superior leaders and proto-kings in order to convert the earlier
attention and settlement. Quibell and Green changed the
perception through diversification of work and attention into the
upperland especially at Hierakonpolis, the excavations at
Hemamieh which were run by Gertrude Caton Thompson and
the activities by Petrie which revealed the investigation at
Nagada South Town which were a major exception
(Savage,2001, page 102). They were diverse efforts and
motivation of the leaders towards developing the Upper
Egyptian soils through the Predynastic revolutions. Don’t worry
about this historic background, focus on the questions. The
information to answer question 2 is on p. 112. Savage argues
that the proto-kings of Egypt were economically motivated.
Hierakonpolis was characterized by the existence of special
archaeological materials such as the series of tombs that were
revealed by Abydos which can be connected to the changing
conditions at the dynasties in Egypt I don’t understand this
sentence. The Hierakonpolis had royal names found on pots and
pottery objects which included of the Scorpion which is a
significant archeological material. The discoveries of Narmer
Palette at Hierakonpolis which also transformed to the
significant integration of archaeological support. The presence
of Narmer as a historical figure is archaeological in nature and
it is clear that the presence of his tomb after excavation of the
Abydos which clearly outlines the potsherds that clearly
highlighted other objects and factors from Tell Erani that
existed in northern Hierakonpolis(2001, page 102). According
to the model by Kemp, it is evident that envisions of the gradual
processes generally highlighted the political nature of the Upper
Egypt which run through systems of middle Predynastic that
configured different and unique alterations that were basically
centered at the Hierakonpolis, Nagada, and This (near Abydos).
The information for Question 3 is on pp. 113-120. You should
8. summarize the archaeological characteristics of Hierakonpolis,
This and Nagada in 3 separate paragraphs.
The archaeological Predynastic occurrences at different polities
which merged to form the Upper Egypt that was ruled by the
strong and able proto-kings as the Upper Egypt continued to
expand its territories slowly and diversely towards assimilation
and encompassing of the lower regions. The polities at the
Upper Egypt generally concentrated on escalating the large
orientations and differentiation that reveal the impact of
different suggestions that implied the nature of the social
occurrences and existence at Predynastic Egypt. At
Hierakonpolis, it is evident that there were unique alterations
and archeological provisions that suggested the existence of
painted Tombs ate Hierakonpolis which were proved by
Hoffman in the chiefdom. The descriptions of Predynastic
occurrences ran through systems of hierarchical leadership such
as in the upper Egypt under Nagada.
Savage (2001, page 101-103) felt that the Dynasty of
Egypt should singly unify the polities through encompassing of
the Delta which ran through systematic unification. The
development of the Upper Egypt ran through encompassing the
Delta and its territories in order to claim superiority. The proto
kings of the Upper Egypt generally run different operations that
addressed the investigations that were carried out on different
excavation which allowed the Upper Egypt to run systems of
domination and settlements which saw its success in colonizing
the Delta and eventually the lower part of Egypt. The
settlements at the Delta before the colonization eventually
ruined the operations which in turn express the feelings of the
author before the split of the Dynastic Egypt had peaceful
integration and relations(2001, page 103). The Unification of
the Dynasty which consisted of the Upper and lower Egypt
which constituted of the blocks that had not balanced the
operations. The author feels the essence of the split and the
Upper Egypt outdoing the south in terms of excavation and
economic integration. The development extended the territorial
9. settlements and deliverance that supplemented the excavations
in the Upper Egypt which left most cemeteries and other
settlement points at uncovering in the Delta.
After watching the video by “The Scorpion King” it is
evident that unification was more of a military based operation
rather than subsidized and ran by economic factors in extensive
conclusion (National Geographic, 2015) Why do you favor this
information over the information in Savage? It is most likely
that military and economic factors underlie the unification . The
Scorpion King video can be assessed to understand the
discovery of the extensive video which saw that the operations
of Egyptian civilization actually occurred at the invasion of the
territorial categories and external routes by the foreigners who
had their own intensions and motives to benefit in overtaking
the kings and authorities at Egypt. The Scorpion King lived at
the ancient times beyond the bronze ages.
References
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh9ByB2jVU4
National Geographic 2015 “The Real Scorpion King,” [video]
Youtube.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh9ByB2jVU4.
Savage (2001) Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of
Predynastic Egypt,” Journal of Archaeological Research, vol. 9,
pp. 101-155.
Wilkinson, T. 1999 Early Dynastic Egypt, New York:
Routledge. Didn’t see that you actually referred to this in your
essay.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh9ByB2jVU4
10. P1: VENDOR/GCX P2: GCR
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Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2001
Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology
of Predynastic Egypt
Stephen H. Savage1
The traditional explanation of the origin of Egypt credits the
legendary Menes
with founding the state through the conquest of the Delta
region, but this is more
of a political legend than explanation. Anthropological
archaeologists and Egyp-
tologists are bringing new methods and questions to their search
for an adequate
explanation for the development of one of the world’s first
territorial states. Early
investigations of cemetery sites in Upper Egypt and settlements
in the Delta have
been supplemented by the excavation of more Upper Egyptian
settlement sites,
while cemeteries and other important settlements are now being
uncovered in
the Delta. Three trends are particularly important for the
development of social
complexity in ancient Egypt: (1) a growing appreciation of
regional differences in
Predynastic culture; (2) chronological refinements; and (3) an
emphasis on group
social and political developments, and trade. A consensus
appears to be develop-
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102 Savage
about the prehistory of ancient Egypt (Fig. 1) and the
development of one of the
world’s first states. Some archaeological discoveries have
supported the traditional
account; others have forced revisions (while still keeping the
general outline). In
the late 1800s and early 1900s, many cemeteries in Upper Egypt
were cleared, and
settlement sites in Middle and Lower Egypt were investigated,
especially those
thought to have a biblical connection (Trigger, 1989, p. 103).
Significant advances
in chronology were made early on; Petrie’s (Petrie, 1901)
invention of ceramic se-
riation provided the first framework for Egyptian prehistory and
spurred an entire
generation of fieldwork. Petrie’s chronological work placed the
Predynastic period
(identified earlier by Morgan [1897]) on solid ground; he
defined three subperi-
ods, the Amratian, Gerzean and Semainean (or “Protodynastic”),
and “Sequence
Dates,” based on his division of 900 Nagada graves into 50
groups of 18 graves
each.
Petrie’s contribution spurred several decades of digging in
Egypt. Many ceme-
teries were excavated, or “cleared,” in Upper Egypt, including
13. Nagada and Ballas
(Petrie and Quibell, 1896), Armant (Mond and Meyers, 1937),
Badari (Brunton
and Caton Thompson, 1928), Harageh (Engelbach and Gunn,
1923), Mahasna
(Ayrton and Loat, 1911), Matmar (Brunton, 1948), Mostagedda
(Brunton, 1937),
and Naga-ed-Dˆer (Lythgoe, 1905; Lythgoe and Dunham, 1965).
Little attention
was paid to settlement sites in Upper Egypt in these early
decades, though Quibell
and Green’s work at Hierakonpolis (Quibell, 1900; Quibell and
Green, 1901),
Gertrude Caton Thompson’s careful excavations at Hemamieh
(Brunton and Caton
Thompson, 1928), and Petrie’s early investigation at Nagada
South Town (Petrie
and Quibell, 1896) were notable exceptions.
In contrast to a largely cemetery-based archaeology of the
Upper Egyptian
Predynastic, early efforts in Lower Egypt concentrated more on
settlement sites
such as Merimde (Junker, 1929, 1930), el Omari (Bovier-
Lapierre, 1926a, 1926b),
Maadi (Menghin, 1931, 1932, 1934; Menghin and Amer, 1932,
1936), and the
Fayum (Caton Thompson, 1927, 1934). These projects revealed
a Lower Egyptian
Predynastic culture different from the valley tradition further
south. Ceramics,
lithics, burial practices (when cemeteries were found), and
house forms (where
they could be compared) all differed from those discovered by
Petrie and his
colleagues (see Hoffman, 1984).
14. By the middle of the twentieth century, though, other concerns
had pre-
empted Predynastic archaeology, World War II, Egyptian
independence, and the
Arab–Israeli wars interrupted fieldwork, while the rising tide of
nationalism in
the Middle East encouraged an emphasis on Islamic archaeology
more than the
earlier periods (Trigger, 1989, p. 183). In spite of these
distractions, several im-
portant contributions occurred during this period. Baumgartel
(1955) discussed
her research with Petrie’s collections and stressed a
Mesopotamian or Elamite ori-
gin of the “Dynastic Race.” Saad conducted extensive
excavations in the environs
of Helwan (Saad, 1947, 1951, 1957, 1969). Walter Emery’s
excavations in the
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Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt
103
Fig. 1. Location of major Predynastic sites and regional
subtraditions in relation to modern towns in Egypt.
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104 Savage
Saqqara region were put on hold during World War II and again
following the
1948 war with Israel, but he was able to complete the
excavation of a sequence of
large, 1st Dynasty cenotaphs or tombs (Emery, 1949, 1954,
1958).
The construction of the Aswan Dam shifted the center of
investigations to
Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia for several years and helped
revive prehistoric
archaeology (see Adams, 1992); Wendorf and his colleagues
(1968) illuminated
earlier periods in Egyptian prehistory that help set the stage for
later developments.
Arkel and Ucko’s (Arkel and Ucko, 1965) review of the
Predynastic collated much
of the previous work but was handicapped by the current state
of research. Trigger
(1968, p. 61) noted that “. . . for various reasons there have
been few systematic
excavations on prehistoric sites in Egypt in recent years and
most studies have
consisted of the reworking of old and rather badly published
evidence.”
In spite of these efforts, by the 1950s and 1960s advances in
anthropological
archaeology elsewhere seemed to have marginalized Egypt.
Near Eastern archae-
16. ology and Egyptology were often seen by outsiders as
essentially atheoretical and
still committed to the cultural historical, biblical, or classical
paradigms that had
played such important roles in their early development (Trigger,
1968, p. 61, 1989).
If Egyptologists were conscious of theoretical advances taking
place in anthropol-
ogy, they seemed to view them as having little relevance to
ancient Egypt. The need
for theoretical abstractions was obviated by detailed evidence
from hieroglyphics,
art, and political history, but anthropologists rarely possessed
the skills needed to
master these subjects. So by midcentury, many anthropological
archaeologists and
Egyptologists had come to view each other’s contributions as
largely irrelevant to
their own fields of inquiry. Although Egyptologists and
prehistorians recognized
that Egypt was one of the earliest examples of a “pristine,”
“territorial” state, it was
thought that she had little to contribute to a growing
anthropological interest in the
development of state-type societies elsewhere because of her
perceived unique-
ness. Egypt was viewed as a peculiar place, whose cultural
history was perhaps so
unique that it shed little new light on large theoretical issues
(Trigger, 1993, p. 2).
By the last decades of the twentieth century, these attitudes had
begun to
change. Renewed fieldwork in Egypt, led frequently by
anthropologically trained
archaeologists such as the late Michael Hoffman, showed that
17. the archaeology
of Predynastic Egypt was far more complicated than had been
assumed earlier.
Regional differences began to be appreciated, and these caused
some researchers
to reevaluate the chronological methods employed by earlier
generations of Egyp-
tologists. The complexity now revealed called for more
sophisticated models than
those provided by traditional Egyptology. Within anthropology,
postprocessualism
sought to reemphasize the links between archaeology and
history and encouraged
positivist archaeologists to pay less attention to general
analogies and more to
reading the past from specific cultural contexts. And while few
researchers work-
ing in Egypt applied this paradigm explicitly (for exceptions,
see Bard, 1992a;
Rice, 1990), it has affected a partial rapproachment between
Egyptologists and
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Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt
105
anthropologists (see the papers in Lustig, 1997; especially those
by O’Connor,
Adams, Wenke, and Trigger). As a result, anthropologists are
taking renewed in-
18. terest in early Egypt. Although unique in some ways, Egypt now
resembles early
civilizations in other regions. Trigger’s study (Trigger, 1993, p.
110) of seven early
states showed that
. . . a wide variety of economic behavior was associated with
early civilizations, the one
constant being the production of surpluses that the upper classes
appropriated through
a tributary relationship. Yet I have been able to discover only
one basic form of class
hierarchy, two general forms of political organization, and a
single basic religious paradigm
that constituted the supernatural counterpart to the tributary
relationship. I have documented
significant variation from one early civilization to another only
in terms of art styles and
cultural values.
Trigger’s cross-cultural comparison helps explain the older
conflicts between
anthropological archaeology and Egyptology, while showing
that an anthropolog-
ical approach can contribute to a study of ancient Egypt. The
“significant variation
in art styles and cultural values” that Trigger noted has formed
the cleavage plane
between anthropology and Egyptology in the past, since
Egyptology has focused
on the differences while anthropology has been more concerned
with the class
hierarchy, economic and political organization that share
similarities with other
early states. Thus the uniqueness of Egypt’s artistic expression
and cultural system
19. led Egyptologists to consider the civilization of the Nile Valley
to be something
apart. However, the fact that Trigger finds only a few cross-
cultural differences in
many aspects of ancient states means that the study of any early
civilization can
inform research on the others. So the study of the emergence of
the Egyptian state
may shed new light on the development of others elsewhere.
The early excavations continue to influence our understanding
of the Pre-
dynastic. We still know more about mortuary practices in Upper
Egypt than we
know about settlement sites, and we know more about
settlements in the north
than we know about cemeteries. But recent work has begun to
redress these im-
balances. Hierakonpolis (Harlan, 1985; Hoffman, 1982, 1987),
Nagada (Hassan,
1992), the Hu-Semaineh region (Bard, 1989, 1992b), the Badari
region (Holmes,
1993; Holmes and Friedman, 1994), and the Abydos-Thinis
region (Patch, 1991)
have all been the targets of regional archaeological survey and
excavation. In the
Delta, renewed work at Maadi and el Omari (Canevaet al., 1987;
Debono and
Mortenson, 1990; Rizkana, 1989), Heliopolis (Debono and
Mortenson, 1988),
and Merimde (Eiwanger, 1988, 1992) has added to our
understanding of these
early cultures, highlighting differences from each other and
from Upper Egypt. In
addition, new excavations at Tell Fara’in-Buto (Faltings and
K¨ohler, 1996; Way,
20. 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1992), Minshat abu
Omar (Kroeper, 1988,
1989), and Mendes (Friedman, 1991, 1992) have further defined
the Lower Egyp-
tian culture, its relations with Canaan, and its eclipse by the
Nagada culture of
Upper Egypt sometime in the Late Predynastic period.
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106 Savage
Since the 1970s fieldwork in the Predynastic has flourished, and
many im-
portant new contributions have been made. It is beyond the
scope of this paper
to consider them all, and readers are encouraged to consult the
abbreviated bib-
liography for some of the relevant publications. Following a
short discussion of
the traditional Predynastic chronology and a summary of earlier
views about how
ancient Egypt emerged from the Predynastic, I discuss three
developments that I
believe are central to the renewed contribution that Egypt can
bring to the study
of early complex societies. These are (1) a growing appreciation
of regional de-
velopments along the Nile Valley in the Predynastic; (2) a
refined chronological
framework that helps anchor not only Egyptian prehistory but
21. also the larger Near
East; and (3) the study of sociopolitical developments and trade,
which frames a
fresh understanding of the evolution of the Egyptian state.
These considerations
are not independent of each other. Many researchers are
beginning to appreciate
this fact, and a nascent consensus appears to be forming that
emphasizes the grad-
ual coalescence of a series of small polities, encouraged by
competition in the
mortuary regime and the effort to control foreign trade.
Predynastic Chronological Considerations
Chronological difficulties abound in the Predynastic. Petrie’s
Amratian,
Gerzean, and Semainan periods were replaced by Kaiser’s
(Kaiser, 1957) Nagada I,
II, and III, and a complicated set of 11 to 15 subphases. The
Semainan was gen-
erally rejected by Egyptologists, some of whom referred to the
last part of the
Predynastic as the “Protodynastic period” (see Kantor, 1944,
1992). An earlier
tradition, now called the “Badarian,” was foreseen by Petrie
(who had started his
Sequence Dates at 30 to leave room for it) but not documented
until Brunton
and Caton Thompson’s (Brunton and Caton Thompson, 1928)
work at Badari
and Hemmamiah. The growing appreciation of regional
differences along the
Nile, which I discuss later, has encouraged some researchers to
set aside chrono-
logical schemes that assumed similar cultural trajectories, in
22. favor of tying re-
gional chronologies together through external methods such as
radiocarbon dating.
Hassan’s (Hassan, 1985, 1988) radiocarbon-based chronology
recognizes four ab-
solute periods in the Nile Valley: (1) the Early Predynastic (ca.
5000–3900 B.C.),
(2) Middle Predynastic (ca. 3900–3650 B.C.), (3) Late
Predynastic (ca. 3650–
3300 B.C.), and (4) Terminal Predynastic (ca. 3300–3050 B.C.).
These periods are
roughly equivalent to the Badarian, Nagada I (Amratian),
Nagada II (Gerzean),
and Nagada III (Protodynastic).
The term “Dynasty 0” complicates the chronology as well. It
describes a politi-
cal period rather than a cultural period, sometime before the 1st
Dynasty (belonging
to the Nagada III or Protodynastic), during which some
researchers believe Egypt
had already been unified under the rule of Upper Egyptian
paramount chieftains
or kings (e. g., Kaiser and Dreyer, 1982). Renewed work at the
Umm el-Qaab near
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Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt
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23. Abydos has revealed a series of tombs belonging to rulers
attributed to Dynasty
0. Royal names have been found incised on pottery vessels,
including “Scorpion”
(not the “Scorpion” from the well-known “Scorpion Macehead”
discovered by
Quibell, 1900, at Hierakonpolis) and “Ka” (Kaiser and Dreyer,
1982, p. 263). Two
other, as yet undeciphered royal names are referred to as “King
A” (Brink, 1996)
and “King B” (Wilkinson, 1995, p. 206, 1999, pp. 52–58).
These new discoveries
document the power of the Thinite royal family before the
unification of Egypt,
although the term “Dynasty 0” implies a family of kings ruling
over the whole of
Egypt, and this has not yet been demonstrated.
The development of regional chronologies has fostered a
reinterpretation of
existing mortuary data. Where once variation in the mortuary
regime was thought
to reflect temporal development in a relatively straightforward
way, new research
suggests that Predynastic cemeteries are far more complicated
spaces where de-
scent group rivalries demanded different burial treatments.
These document the
existence of local and regional competition in the Predynastic,
setting the stage for
the unification of Egypt at the beginning of the 1st Dynasty (ca.
3050 B.C.).
The Origins of Ancient Egypt—Earlier Views
The Legend of Menes
24. In considering the origins of the Egyptian state, it is best to
start with the
Egyptians themselves. The traditional story was recorded by
Manetho, a priest
who lived during the late fourth and early third centuries B.C.
Looking back
over 2,500 years, Manetho desribed 30 dynasties who had ruled
Egypt. The first
two consisted of a family of rulers from This, who conquered
Lower Egypt (see
Trigger, 1983, p. 52) to found the state. Manetho names Menes
as the first king of
the 1st Dynasty. Before Menes, Manetho states that Egypt was
ruled by a series
of demigods from Upper and Lower Egypt; on the Pyramid
Texts of the late Old
Kingdom (ca. 2350–2150) they are called the “Divine Souls of
Nekhen” (ancient
Hierakonpolis) and “Divine Souls of Pe” (Buto in the northwest
Delta). “Together,
the Souls of Nekhen and Pe are considered to be collective
representations of the
deceased kings of the Predynastic Upper and Lower Egyptian
kingdoms whose
capitals were housed at Hierakonpolis and Buto respectively”
(Friedman, 1996,
p. 344).
The traditional explanation of Egypt’s beginning, like
Manetho’s dynastic
division of Egyptian history, is much more recent than the
events it describes.
There are no extant copies of Manetho’s text; it is described in
the writings of
Josephus from the middle of the first century A.D. However,
25. several lists of kings
from ancient Egypt appear to support Manetho’s system,
including the Palermo
Stone (which lists kings from the 5th Dynasty back before the
1st Dynasty,
and a series of mythological kings who had ruled over a
prehistoric, unified
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108 Savage
Egypt); the Karnak Tablet from the 18th Dynasty lists kings
back to Menes. The
Abydos Tablet from the reign of Seti I and the Saqqara Tablet
from the reign
of Rameses II (both 19th Dynasty) list rulers at least as far back
as the 1st Dy-
nasty. The Turin Papyrus, written sometime in the 19th
Dynasty, includes mythical,
semidivine kings before the 1st Dynasty (see Hoffman, 1984).
The name Menes
(or Meni) does not appear in the lists until the 18th Dynasty
(Vercoutter, 1992,
p. 199).
The discovery of the Narmer Palette at Hierakonpolis (Quibell,
1900) pro-
vided artistic, if not archaeological, support for the traditional
view; it also in-
troduced the difficulty of a Thinite versus Hierakonpolis origin
26. for the founder
of the Egyptian state. On one side of the palette, Narmer is
depicted wearing the
white crown of Upper Egypt, delivering the coup d’grace to a
helpless victim
identified with the sites of Buto and Sais in the northwestern
Delta; on the other
side of the palette, Narmer wears the red crown of Lower Egypt
and observes a
procession of standard bearers carrying nome symbols. The
main register on the
palette depicts two mythological “serpo-leopards” with their
necks intertwined.
The traditional interpretation of the iconography views the
intertwined beasts as a
symbol of political unification resulting from warfare.
There are many problems with the traditional view, which stem
primarily
from the lack of historical connections between the sources and
the events, dif-
ficulties related to the interpretation of specific finds, and a
tendency to read the
artifacts literally. Fairservis (1991) recently reevaluated the
meaning of the Narmer
Palette, concluding that it has nothing to do with the unification
of Upper and
Lower Egypt. Moreover, it is of uncertain archaeological
provenience, having
been found in the “main deposit” of the temple enclosure at
Hierakonpolis, where
Fairservis describes it as having been “‘junked’ by later
occupiers of the temple
area” (1991, p. 1). The cache of objects may be a foundation
deposit accompany-
ing the remodeling of the temple (Quibell, 1900), but the
27. remodeling may have
taken place as late as the 2nd or 3rd Dynasty, several centuries
after the event the
palette proports to describe. Wilkinson (1999) and Millet (1990)
further caution
against reading the Narmer Palette literally; Wilkinson indicates
that “it is perhaps
safer to ignore the palettes and maceheads as potential historical
sources” (1999,
p. 49).
The identification of Narmer as the first king of the 1st Dynasty
is fairly
secure, although his identification with the legendary Menes is
less certain. Menes
might have been Pharaoh Aha, Hor-Aha, or he might have been
Narmer. It is
clear, though, that Narmer was a historical figure, his tomb has
been excavated at
Abydos, and his name is found incised on potsherds and other
objects from Tell
Erani in the north (Ward, 1969) to Hierakonpolis in the south
(Wilkinson, 1999,
p. 69, lists numerous other examples).
The issue is not Narmer’s existence, but rather the role he may
have had in
bringing about the unification of Egypt. Dreyer’s reexcavation
around the tomb of
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28. Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt
109
Narmer at Abydos revealed a small ivory label on which Narmer
smites an enemy
identified with Buto by the papyrus reeds sprouting from his
head. Dreyer states
that it is “the same event as depicted on the Narmer Palette.
From this we may
conclude that the Narmer Palette indeed refers to an historical
event which took
place in a certain year” (Dreyer, in Davies and Friedman, 1998,
p. 35). Although
Wilkinson has cautioned against reading the Narmer Palette
literally, he agrees
that the label lends new weight to the historical interpretation
(1999, pp. 49, 68).
In any event, as Wenke (1991) points out, the traditional
description is more of a
political history than explanation. Recent research has shown
that there probably
was no unified polity in existence in Lower Egypt around 3100
B.C. (Kemp, 1989,
pp. 43, 44).
The “Dynastic Race” Hypothesis
Petrie (1939) believed that ancient Egypt was unified by an
invading “dynas-
tic race” that originated in the east, somewhere around ancient
Elam or Sumer,
and entered Upper Egypt via the Wadi Hammamat around the
beginning of the
Gerzean period (ca. 3500 B.C.), conquering the “primitive”
Egyptians. Influenced
29. by the appearance of Mesopotamian trade items and
architectural elements found
in Predynastic and Dynastic contexts, Petrie’s views were based
on the hyper-
diffusionism of his day. The idea was discarded by Massoulard
(1949) in favor
of indigenous development, though several researchers (e.g.,
Baumgartel, 1955;
Edwards, 1971; Emery, 1961) continued to espouse the older
view. Modern schol-
arship agrees with Massoulard (though see Rice, 1990, for an
exception).
Recent Views, Anthropological and Otherwise
Anthropologists have suggested several possible explanations
for the devel-
opment of the Egyptian state. Wittfogel’s (Wittfogel, 1952)
hydraulic hypothesis
attributed the rise of political power to the need to manage
expanding irrigation sys-
tems; Carneiro’s circumscription hypothesis (Carneiero, 1970,
also see Bard and
Carneiro, 1989) outlined a process of conflict over scarce
resources, leading finally
to the creation of a single state polity. Both of these ideas have
been rejected by later
scholarship. While Wittfogel’s notion may be applicable to
ancient Mesopotamia,
it appears that irrigation in the Nile Valley was not centrally
controlled because
basin agriculture, fed by the annual Nile flood, was the
dominant mode (see Hassan,
1988; Lamberg-Karlovsky and Sabloff, 1979). Likewise,
population pressure, or
circumscription, may not have played a significant role. Hassan
30. (1988, p. 165)
argues that the population of ancient Egypt was insufficient to
create much cir-
cumscription, as do Kemp (1989, p. 31) and Wilkinson (1999, p.
45). However,
Hoffman (1984, pp. 309, 310) suggests that population
concentration (though not
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110 Savage
necessarily actual growth) resulted in locally circumscribed
environments. Bard
and Carneiro emphasize that social circumscription may have
played as large
a part in creating interpolity friction; by the later Predynastic,
Upper Egypt was
essentially filled up with regional polities such that “the
splitting off of new groups
would have been less permissible” (1989, p. 21).
An explanation based on multiple causes seems better suited to
the available
data. A combination of factors, including trade (though Kemp,
1989, does not
think trade was an important factor), iconography, and
competition among descent
groups and larger polities appears to form the developmental
milieu out of which
a unified state in Egypt finally emerged (Hassan, 1988;
31. Lamberg-Karlovsky and
Sabloff, 1979; Trigger, 1983; Wilkinson, 1996, 1999).
Kemp’s (Kemp, 1989) research points to a gradual process of
coalescence,
in which many small polities formed along the Nile from
independent agricultural
villages in the Nagada I (Amratian) period, later being absorbed
into a series of
larger units in Nagada II that merged into the kingdoms of
Upper and Lower Egypt.
Kemp describes the process as a sort of Monopoly game, in
which everything began
relatively equal and ended when one family (the 1st Dynasty
rulers) controlled
virtually everything. The process may have begun as far back as
the Badarian
period (ca. 5500–4000 B.C.), when Anderson (1992) notes that
there were already
differences between elite and nonelite graves.
Predynastic Sociopolitical Units
The sociopolitical landscape of Egypt in the historic period
reinforces Kemp’s
explanation of the development of complexity. During the
historic period, Egypt
was divided into administrative districts called nomes.
Egyptologists have seen in
the nome structure what they believe to be the ancient remnants
of preunification
political and social structure. Breasted (1964, p. 66) noted that,
“These ‘nomes’
were presumably the early principalities, from which the local
princes who ruled
them in prehistoric days, had long disappeared.” Trigger agrees,
32. stating that “It
has also frequently been assumed that the original Egyptian
states were small
units equivalent to the nomes or districts that served as
administrative divisions of
the country in historic times. Out of the union of these tiny
states, two coherent,
independent kingdoms were thought to have emerged.. . . ”
(1983, pp. 44, 45).
Grimal (1992, p. 58) notes that “although the provinces were
not actually identified
as such until the time of Djoser [3rd Dynasty]. . . the emblems
representing each
of the nomes date back to the period before the unification of
Egypt. These were
the territories of the ancient provincial dynasties.. . . ” Kemp’s
model envisions a
gradual process of political unification of Upper Egypt; during
the early to middle
Predynastic small polities were gradually merged into three
larger configurations,
centered at Hierakonpolis, Nagada, and This (near Abydos).
During the middle to
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Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt
111
late Predynastic, Kemp believes these three polities merged into
what he called the
33. “proto-kingdom of Upper Egypt,” which then continued its
expansion northward
to encompass the “proto-kingdom of Lower Egypt.”
These …
Citation guidelines
Follow these guidelines when citing information from the
readings. When you refer material in the
reading, cite the page number where the material was taken (for
example Savage 2001:101) in the text.
Include the complete bibliographic reference at the end of your
paper.
Savage, Stephen
2001 “Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic
Egypt,” Journal of Archaeological
Research, vol. 9, pp. 101-155.
Wilkinson, T.
1999 Early Dynastic Egypt, New York: Routledge.
National Geographic
34. 2015 “The Real Scorpion King,” [video] Youtube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh9ByB2jVU4.
Grading rubric
25-22 points
Content- Student is able to clearly and comprehensively
summarize what the author is attempting to
demonstrate within the context of the provided background
material.
Organization- Student organizes the essay in a clear and logical
manner using paragraphs that follow a
logical progression. Essay starts with an introductory overview
paragraph followed by logically
sequenced paragraphs that flesh out the ideas in the introductory
paragraph. Essay ends with a concluding
paragraph summarizing the information presented and how it
bears on larger issues.
Spelling and grammar- Spelling and grammatical errors are
minimal to non-existent. Sentences are clear
and neither overly long or incomplete. Proper citation format is
used.
21-18 points
Content- Student understands what the author is attempting to
demonstrate, but leaves some terms
35. undefined and some background information is omitted.
Organization- Essay construction may not follow a logical
progression. Paragraphs may not be
comprised of a single idea that fleshes out the information in
the introductory paragraph. Essay may not
end with a summary concluding paragraph.
Spelling and grammar- Some spelling and grammatical errors
are present. Some sentences are difficult to
follow, are incomplete or overly long. Proper citation format is
used inconsistently.
17-14 points
Content- Student may not understand what the author is
attempting to demonstrate, leaves terms
undefined and omits important background information.
Organization- Paragraph structure is not used, essay
construction does not follow a logical progression.
Essay does not end with a summary concluding paragraph.
Spelling and grammar- Abundant spelling and grammatical
errors are present. Sentences are difficult to
follow. Proper citation format is not used.
36. Anth 363
Assignment 2
Due Monday, May 11th before 11:55p
25 points
Savage, Stephen
2001 “Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic
Egypt,” Journal of Archaeological
Research, vol. 9, pp. 101-155.
Learning outcome #2- Savage uses a combination of
archaeological evidence and early textual evidence
to illustrate the processes by which many Egypt’s disparate
population centers come to be controlled by a
single ruler.
Learning outcome #5- The “unification” is presented as being
primarily economically motivated. Trade
underlies the motivation to bring Egypt’s disparate populations
under the control of a single ruler. Social
37. complexity is demonstrated through the development of
administrative offices, and possibly taxation.
Your essay for this week is a summary of the issues presented
in this paper. I have provided you a basic
structure for summarizing the information from the reading. Use
these general questions to guide you in
reading the article. Your answers to these questions should be
linked together to form an essay. Further
information about organization and grading can be found in the
“Grading Rubric” on the second page.
Your essay should be ~3-4 pages long, double spaced and
printed on paper. When you refer material in
the reading, cite the page number where the material was taken
(for example Savage 2001:103) in the
text.
You may also want to refer to part 2 of the Wilkinson 1999
reading assigned for Week 6. Include the
complete bibliographic reference at the end of your paper.
Please answer in your own words, do not over-rely on quotes
from the reading.
1. What are the three contributions the author believes Egypt
38. can bring to the study of early complex
societies?
2. Why were early Egyptian “proto-kings” motivated to expand
their influence northward?
What evidence does the author provide to support his argument?
3. What kinds of archaeological materials are used to
differentiate the presumed polities of Hierakonpolis,
Nagada and This (Abydos)?
4. Does the author feel that early Dynastic Egypt was a single
unified polity encompassing the Delta at
the time of the Unification? Why or why not?
5. Watch “The Scorpion King” video posted for this week.
Conclude with your opinion; was the
“unification” more due to economic factors, or military factors?