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Rubber
Fig 1: Cross section of an adult rubber tree showing the composition of the bark and the position of the latex vessels in the soft bark tissue
NR : 2000 sps, 311 genera under 79 families  Botanical name: Hevea brasiliensis (Para Rubber)  Family: Euphorbiaceae  Chromosome number: 2n=36 RUBBER
 Origin : Brazil  Introduced to Tropical Asia in 1876 through Kew Garden in UK with the seeds brought from Brazil.  It is now commercially growing in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and South America  Commercial cultivation of rubber in India was started in 1902  Indonesia - maximum area (35.16 lakh ha)  Thailand - maximum production (20.33 lakh ton)  India is the fifth largest producer of rubber in the world  India: Kerala and Kanyakumari (98% area), Karnataka, Assam, Goa, MH, Odisa CENTRE OF ORIGIN
Uses • Preparation of different parts of automobiles. • Preparation of tyres of vehicles (52% of production), cycle tyres and tubes (12% of production). • Tread rubber (5%), footwear (11 %), belts and hoses @pipes (6 %), foam (4 %), others (10 %). • > 50,000 different products are prepared from rubber.
 Genus Hevea comprises of 10 species RUBBER- SPECIES DIVERSITY
SPECIES AND CULTIVARS  Hevea benthamiana  Hevea brasiliensis  Hevea camargoana (Dwarf growth habit)  Hevea camporam  Hevea guianensis  Hevea microphylla  Hevea nitida  Hevea pauciflora  Hevea rigidifolia  Hevea spruceana
Other rubber yielding plants • Manihot glaziovii : Cera rubber • Ficus elastica : Indian rubber • Castiolla elastica : Panama rubber • Parthenium argentatum :Guayul rubber • Taraxacum koksaghyz and Hevea brassiliensis : Para rubber • Hevea brassiliensis supplies more than 99% of world rubber, commercially cultivated • Guayul rubber is considered as an alternative for Para rubber
 Hevea brasiliensis - quick growing tree  Rarely exceeds 25 m height in plantations  But wild trees grows over 40 m  The trunk of the tree tapers from the base and is conical or cylindrical in shape. The young plants shows characteristic growth pattern of Rapid elongation and consolidated development. BOTANY
 The tree has a well-developed tap root, 2-5 m long after 3 years, with several long laterals roots.  The lateral roots emerge from the tap-root below the collar. They can reach up to 10 m and can make a dense network of feeder roots and root hairs in the upper soil layers. Root
Leaves  Young leaves are dark red in color, while other leaves are green on top and grayish- green underneath.  Leaves alternate, palmate and each leaf with 3 leaflets.  A fully grown leaf has a diameter of 15-20 cm
Trifoliate glabrous leaves, spirally arranged, reddish when young, green when mature. Bear three extra floral nectaries at the point where they give rise to leaflets. Nectar is secreted only on the new flush at the time of flowering. The leaflets have short petioles and are elliptic or obovate in shape with base acute and apex acuminate, margins entire and pinnate venation.
Inflorescence Inflorescence is many branched panicle, bearing flowers of both sex. (Unisexual) Inflorescence is borne in the axil of basal leaves of new shoots produced after wintering during December - January. Off-season flowering may also occur during september - october female flowers are large and are borne at the end of central and main branches of the inflorescence. male flowers are small and numerous, and are seen on the other parts of the inflorescence.
 Female flowers usually larger than the male ones  Pollination is done mainly by insects like bees, midges and thrips Flowering and pollination
 Both male and female flowers are shortly stalked and scented  Neither flower has petals but rather, they have five triangular lobes  Staminate flowers have two rings of five stamens each borne on a single stalk
Fruits • Only a small proportion of female flowers set fruit and of these 30-50% fall off after a month and even more fall will occurs during the later period • Fruit – three lobed capsule having woody endocarp and a thin leathery mesocarp containing three seeds • The dry capsule dehisces explosively, splitting the endocarp into 6 pieces and the seeds are thrown to about 15 m away
Fig 1: Cross section of an adult rubber tree showing the composition of the bark and the position of the latex vessels in the soft bark tissue
Fresh latex • Fresh latex consists of a colloidal suspension of rubber particles in an aqueous serum.
Rubber board of India • The Rubber Board is a statutory body constituted by the Government of India, under the Rubber Act 1947, for the overall development of the rubber industry in the country
There are 9 departments and 4 divisions in the Rubber Board of India The nine departments are: • Rubber Production Department • Rubber Research Institute of India • Processing and Product Development Department • Training Department • Administration Department • Finance and Accounts (F&A) Department • Licensing and Excise Duty Department • Statistics and Planning Department • Market and Promotion Department
The four divisions are : • Publicity and Public Relations Division • Planning Division • Vigilance Division • Internal Audit
Research stations Research stations under RRII under different agro-climatic situations  Agartala (Tripura)  Guwahati (Assam)  Tura (Meghalaya)  Kolsab (Mizoram) RRII has also set up Regional Research Stations at 1) Dapchari (Maharastra) 2) Kamakhyanagar (Odisha) 3) Nagarakatta (WB) 4) Sukma (Chattisgarh) 5) Parliar (TN) 6) Nettana (Karnataka) 7) Padiyoor (Kerala)
RRII - Rubber Research Institute of India (1995) Kottayam, Kerala The Central Experiment Station of the institute at chethackal, 50 km away from kottayam. It is affliated to RRII RRII, is a member of IRRDB (International Rubber Research and Development Board, Malaysia). RESEARCH CENTRES
IRRI, Indonesia - Indonesian Rubber Research Institute. Malaysian Rubber Board RRIM, Malaysia - Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia. RRISL, Sri Lanka - Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka. RRIV, Vietnam - Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam. Association of Natural rubber producing countries, Kuala lampur, Malaysia
Opt pH : 4 – 6.5 , but can tolerate 3.8 to 8 SOIL :
Climate • Warm humid climate • 10º C latitude on either side of the equator • Temp.: 21-35º C • RH : 70-95 % RF : 2000-3000 mm • Warm and sunny days: > 6 hours (all the months) • Altitude : 300 m above MSL • > 500 m above MSL – growth rate will be slow
•Primary clone: Mother tree is of unknown parentage, selection of mother tree is based on superior performance in the existing plantation. Eg. TJIR - I, G.T. I, G.I. 1, P.B. 86, P.R. 107 and P.B. 28/59 •Secondary clone: Mother tree is evolved by controlled pollination between 2 primary clones. Eg. RRIM 600 (TJIR I x PB 86), RRIM 628 (TJIR 1 X RRIM 527) and RRII 105 (TJIR I x GT – I) •Tertiary clone: Mother tree is evolved by controlled pollination in which at least one or both parents are secondary clones. Eg. RRIM 703 (RRIM 600 x RRIM 500) Clones
• In order to avoid potential risks involved in monoclone culture, a multiclone culture with the clones grouped into three categories as given below is followed
•The planting materials / clones that are approved by the Rubber Board are classified into three categories I, II, III. Description of categories: •Category I - It comprises of materials approved for large scale planting. •Category II - It comprises clones, which have shown their merit in performance in India over long or medium term periods. •Category III - In this, planting materials are divided into (a), (b), (c) and (d). Categories of clone
• Category III - In this planting materials are divided into (a), (b), (c) and (d). (a) - Approved for experimental planting (b) - Clones having promising localised performance are included (c) - Moderate clones with moderate clone performance are included (d) - Experimental clones with limited data are included
Clone Parentage Status RRII 105 Tjir 1 x GT 1 Category I RRII 414 RRII 105 x RRIC 100 Category I RRII 430 RRII 105 x RRIC 100 Category I RRII 5 Primary clone Category II RRII 203 PB 86 x Mil 3/2 Category II RRII 417 RRII 105 x RRIC 100 Category II RRII 422 RRII 105 x RRIC 100 Category II RRII 50 Primary clone Category III RRII 51 Primary clone Category III RRII 52 Primary clone Category III RRII 118 Mil 3/2 x Hil 28 Category III RRII 176 Mil 3/2 x PB 5/60 Category III RRII 208 Mil 3/2 x AVROS 255 Category III RRII 300 Tjir 1 x PR 107 Category III RRII 429 RRII 105 x RRIC 100 Category III Clones Released from RRII
RRII 105 Developed by : RRII Parentage Tjir 1 x Gl 1 Vigour : Average Girth increment on tapping : Average Trunk : Tall and straight Branching pattern : Good branching with strong union Canopy : Dense, mostly restricted to the top, dark green glossy leaves Virgin bark thickness : Above average Renewed bark thickness : Above average Number of latex vessel rows : Above average
…RRII 105 Incidence of major diseases and pests Pink disease– severe Powdery mildew - moderate to severe Abnormal leaf fall - mild Shoot rot - moderate to severe Leaf spot disease – severe Reaction to stresses Cold - average tolerance Drought - average tolerance with respect to yield, but growth is affected Wind - average tolerance Occurrence of TPD : High Special features : The highest yielding clone showing stability in yield (Wonder clone).
…RRII 105 Mean Yield of 5 Years Mean Yield of 10 Years Mean Yield of 15 Years Mean Yield of 20Years Small scale evaluation (g/tree/tap) 62.48 75.18 81.16 76.25 Large scale evaluation (g/tree/tap) 56.80 60.96 62.74 On farm evaluation (kg/ha/year) 1536 1710 2210
RRIM 600 Developed by : RRIM Parentage : Tjir 1 x PB 86 Vigour : Low Incidence of major diseases and pests Pink disease - severe Powdery mildew - mild Abnormal leaf fall – severe Reaction to stresses Cold - average tolerance Drought - average tolerance Wind- above average tolerance Occurrence of TPD : Average Special features : Not suited for areas where abnormal leaf fall caused by Phytophthora is prevalent
Mean Yield Particulars 5 Years 10 Years 15 Years 20 Years Large scale evaluation (g/tree/tap) 42.44 51.88 49.77 On farm evaluation (kg/ha/yr) 1186 1710 1379 1349 …RRIM 600
GT-1 • Outstanding clone from Indonesia • Higher yielder • 1356 kg / ha / year • Tolerant to pink disease, PM and wind damage • Withstand higher intensity of tapping • Suitable for small growers
PR 107 • Primary clone of Indonesia • Sturdy, wind resistant and average vigour • Commercial yield – 1044 kg / ha / year • Withstands higher tapping • Resistant to pink diseases, susceptible to Phytophthora Tjir – 1 • Indonesian primary clone with good vigour • Yellow colour latex • Susceptible to Phytophthora, pink disease and powdery mildew • 978 kg / ha / year
GL – 1 • Primary clone of Malaysia with below average vigour • Perform better in increased water table condition • 1127 kg/ha/year PB- 86 • Primary clone of Malaysia • Suitable for planting in expanded area • Perform s good in Kanyakumari district • 1129 kg/ha/year PB 5 / 51 • Primary clone of Malaysia • PB 56 × PB 24 • Resistance to wind damage • 1514 kg/ha/year
RRIM – 628 • Tjir – 1 × RRIM 527 • Tolerant to abnormal leaf fall and wind damage • 1051 kg/ha/year RRIM – 701 • Fairly increased yielder • Susceptible to pink disease and powdery mildew • 1042 kg/ha/year RRIM – 703 • RRIM – 600 × RRIM 500 • Resistant to powdery mildew • 1725 kg/ha/year
RRII – 118 • Increased vigour • Resistant to diseases • 880 kg/ha/year RRII – 203 • High yielding clone average tolerant to diseases • 3100 kg/ha/year RRII – 208 • High yielding clone average tolerant to diseases • 1685 kg/ha/year • Increased susceptibility to shoot rot • Promising clones – PB 609, PB 217, PB 235, PB 255, PR 261, PB 280, PB 311, RRIM 605, RRIM 623 • RRIM 600 – Good performance in Karnataka
New High Yielding Rubber Variety Released in Brazil • Researchers in Brazil have released variety of rubber that start producing latex in 5 years after planting instead of the normal 7 years. • The new varieties not only reduce the time for the first harvest by 30%, they also go on to yield significantly more latex than currently planted varieties. IAC 500 • Average of 1,731 kg of latex per hectare or which yields 52% more than the average yield in Malaysia.
New high yielding variety of rubber by RRII • The Rubber Board has released two hybrid clones viz., RRII 414 and RRII 430 which were evolved from the cross RRII 105 x RRII 100. • These varieties are likely to increase the yield by 15% to 40% per hectare. • The new varieties are found to be ready for tapping in six- and-half years.
Table 1 : SECONDARY CHARACTERS OF NEWLY RELEASED CLONES BY RUBBER BOARD Parameters RRII-414 RRII-430 RRII-105 Grith at opening High (>55cm) Above average (>50) Average Trunk Tall, Straight and Cylindrical with prominent leaf scar, slightly leaning Tall, Straight and Cylindrical stem with smooth bark Tall and Straight Number of latex vessel rows Above avg. in both virgin and renewed bark (>11) Above avg. in both virgin and renewed bark (>11) Above Average Occorane to wind damage Average Low Medium Occorane to T P D (Tapping Pannel Dryness) Low (based on observation on 12 trees over 11 year of Tapping) Low (based on observation on 12 trees over 11 year of Tapping) High Remarks Yield better than RRII-105 in the first years of tapping in the farm Trial and Comparable to that of RRII- 105 in the multi location
Table 2: PERFORMANCE OF RRII-400 SERIES CLONES Clone Yield(g/tree/tap) Girth at opening(CM) Improvement in yield Over RRII-105(%) SST(Mean Over 11 years) SST-Small Scale Trial LST(Mea n Over 4 years) LST- Large Scale Trial SST LST SST LST RRII-414 74.02 56.68 57.49 50.76 40 32.95 RRII-417 70.52 53.06 54.73 47.75 33 25.53 RRII-422 64.94 61.16 52.40 51.80 23 23.25 RRII-429 77.82 49.42 62.77 44.23 46 18.22 RRII-430 63.37 61.09 53.42 54.26 20 23.14 RRII-105 52.89 44.89 49.04 42.36 - -
PB 260 Developed by : Prang Besar estate Parentage : PB 5/51 x PB 49 Vigour : High Girth increment on tapping : Average Trunk : Tall and straight Branching pattern : Light branches balanced, branch union strong Canopy : Dense, pale green leaves Virgin bark thickness : Below average Renewed bark thickness : Below average Number of latex vessel rows : Average
…PB 260 Incidence of major diseases and pests Pink - moderate Powdery mildew - moderate Abnormal leaf fall- moderate Reaction to stresses Wind - Above average tolerance Occurrence of TPD : High Color of latex : White Special features : A high yielding clone having good secondary characters
RRII 414 • Developed by : RRII • Parentage : RRII 105 x RRIC 100 • Vigor : High • Girth increment on tapping : Average • Trunk : Tall, straight and cylindrical with prominent leaf scar, slightly leaning • Branching pattern : Very high heavy branches with strong union • Canopy : Open, broad and heavy • Virgin bark thickness : Above average • Renewed bark thickness : High • Number of latex vessel rows : Above average in both virgin and renewed bark
…RRII 414 Incidence of major diseases and pests Pink - moderate Powdery mildew - high Abnormal leaf fall - moderate Corynespora leaf fall - low Reaction to stresses Wind - average tolerence Occurrence of TPD : Low Color of latex : White Special features : Yield better than RRII 105 in the first year of tapping in the on-farm trial and comparable to that of RRII 105 in the multi location trials Yield : small scale (g/tree/tap) - 74.02
RRII 430 Developed by : RRII Parentage : RRII 105 x RRIC 100 Vigor : Above average Girth increment on tapping : Average Trunk : Tall straight cylindrical stem with smooth bark Branching pattern : Balanced branching with strong branch union. Moderate to heavy branches Canopy : Open broad and heavy with large glossy leaves Virgin bark thickness : High Renewed bark thickness : High Number of latex vessel rows : Above average in both virgin and renewed bark
…RRII 430 Incidence of major diseases and pests Pink disease - low Powdery mildew - very high Abnormal leaf fall - low Corynespora leaf fall – low Reaction to stresses Wind - high tolerance Occurrence of TPD : Low Color of latex : White Special features : Yield better than RRII 105 in the first year of tapping in on - farm trial and in multi location trials Yield small scale (g/tap/tree) : 63.37
GT 1 Country of origin : Indonesia Developed by : Gondang Tapen Estate Parentage : Primary clone Vigour : Average to above average Incidence of major diseases and pests Pink disease : Moderate Powdery mildew : Moderate to severe Abnormal leaf fall : Moderate Reaction to stresses Drought : Average tolerance Wind : Average tolerance Occurrence of TPD : Average Special features : Shows rising yield trend
PB 28/59 Country of origin : Malaysia Developed by : Prang Besar Estate Parentage : Primary clone Vigour : Average Incidence of major diseases and pests Pink : Severe Powdery mildew : Severe Abnormal leaf fall : Severe Reaction to stresses Wind : Below average tolerance Occurrence of TPD : High Special features : Adapted to the agroclimatic conditions of Kanyakumari region Yield :1369 kg/ha/year
PB 217 Country of origin : Malaysia Developed by : Prang Besar Estate Parentage : PB 5/51 x PB 6/9 Vigour : Average Incidence of major diseases and pests Pink disease : Severe Powdery mildew : Severe Abnormal leaf fall : Moderate Reaction to stresses Cold : Average tolerance Drought : Above average tolerance Occurrence of TPD : Low Special features : A hardy clone suitable for small growers. Shows good response to
Propagation Budding Brown budding Green budding Seeds
Polyclonal seed gardens • To get benefit of mixed clones in a population, polyclonal seed garden are maintained.  Good quality seeds are produced in the PCSG  No. of clones selected should be 3-6 in PCSG  Clones selected should be a high yielder, vigorous, resistant to pest and diseases  Should produce good no. of seeds, flowers simultaneously  Clones suitable for PCSG – RRIM 600, RRIM 605, RRIM 623, GT-1, PB 5/51, PB 28/59, Tjir-1
Seed • Seeds are collected from approved PCSG during July- September in South India • Viability of the rubber seed is short (8 weeks) - immediately sown • Raised nursery beds of river sand are prepared • Seeds are sown in a single layer touching one another and pressed firmly with the surface of the seeds are just visible above
Seed propagation Washing of seeds Germinated and un-germinated seeds Picking up of germinated seeds Sprouted seed Planting in nursery beds
 Nursery bed - protected by sun - providing a temporary shade. Nursery bed - moist (but not wet) – sprinkle with water  Seeds germinates within 6-10 days of sowing. Every day germinated seed should be picked and planted in the nursery or in the field.  Mulching with dry leaves or grass is very essential to conserve soil moisture during dry period, to suppress the weed growth and to guard against severe down pour. Mulching promotes better seedlings growth.
Nursery planting • The sprouted seeds are planted when the young root is less than 2 cm in length and before the young shoots start developing. • Delay in transplanting increases the chances of damage to tender roots. • Germinated seeds should be carefully handled. • Seeds picked from germination beds are usually carried in containers with water to prevent any damage during handling.
• Seedlings are transferred either to secondary nursery (60 x 45 cm) or polybag (30 x 30 cm) with a potting mixture of soil : sand : FYM in 3:1:1. • 10 - 18 months seedlings are collected and used for planting. • Seedling stumps : Seedlings prepared to a convenient size by pruning the stem and roots are called as seedling stumps
Budwood nursery • Buds required for bud grafting are collected from budwood obtained from the plants which are raised specially for this purpose • 2 types :  Brown budwood nursery Green budwood nursery
• Planting can be done with polybag plants / budded stumps / seed at stake followed by budding • During first year : only one shoot is allowed to grow and about one meter brown budwood can be obtained from this • From the second year onwards two / three shoots are allowed • Now, the budwood can be harvested by leaving about 15 cm from the base. From this portions shoots develop again in the subsequent seasons.
Budding • Principle : replacement of the shoot system of a plant with that of another more desirable plant
BUDDING Brown budding - Brown colored buds taken from bud wood of about 1 years growth budded onto stock plants of 10 months or more growth with 7.5 cm thickness at the base. Vigorously growing healthy stalks are best Buds found in axils of fallen leaves are used In S-India : Best season : April – May, Budding from 1 m budwood of 1 year growth with 20 buds (1.5 to 2 months). Maintained upto 6-8 months
Green budding - Both stock and bud wood for green budding are young. Seedlings which are 2 – 8 months old are used as a stock Buds are collected from 6-8 weeks old budwood Buds that are found above the scale leaves of the shoot are for budding Too dry or too wet condition are not preferred.
Marking of budding panel (Brown Budding) Insertion of bud patch
Marking of bud patch (Green Budding) Stripping of bud slip (Green Budding)
Separation of bud patch (Green Budding) Insertion of bud patch (Green Budding)
Planting • Found in sloppy and undulated hill lands. • Remove green shrubs, clear the land and open pits of 1 m3 with 12 kg FYM, top soil, 125 g rock phosphate. • June- July is the best season. • Square or triangular system of planting. • Pits 1m3 are dug out and filled with soil and compost.
Spacing Area Spacing No. of plants / ha Budded plants Hills 6.7 x 3.4 m 445 plants / ha Flat areas 4.9 x 4.9 m 420 plants / ha Triangular method 4.9 x 4.9 m 470 plants / ha Seedling plants Hills 6.1 x 3 m 539 plants / ha Flat areas 4.6 x 4.6 m 479 plants / ha
• Tapping is a process of controlled wounding during which thin shavings of bark are removed. • Latex is obtained from the bark of the rubber tree by tapping. • The aim of tapping is to cut open the latex vessels in the case of trees tapped for the first time or to remove the coagulum which blocks the cut ends of the latex vessels in the case of trees under regular tapping. • Budded plants : Tappable when they attain a girth of 50 cm at a height of 125 cm from the bud union with 30º slope. • In seedlings: The first opening for tapping is recommended at a height of 50 cm when the girth is 55 cm with 25º slope. Harvesting / Tapping
• Tapping should be done early in the morning as late tapping may cause decrease in flow of latex. In early morning, turgor pressure is very high and rapid flow of latex occurs. • Budded bark is more soften and thin compared to seedling. • Latex vessels in the bark run at 3 - 5º to the right and therefore a cut from high left to low right will open greater number of latex vessels. • Tapping depth : 1 mm close to cambium, since most latex vessels are concentrated near cambium. • Shallow tapping decreases the yield.
YIELD South India:  Annual yield – Seedling : 375 kg / ha  Budded plantations : 900-1000 kg/ ha
Processing of rubber The latex that flows from the rubber trees on tapping is channeled in to a container, generally coconut shell cups, attached to them. Latex collected in coconut shell cups is transferred to clean buckets, two to three hours after tapping.
Latex can be processed into: • Preserved field latex and latex concentrate • Sheet rubber • Block rubber • Crepe rubber
Preserved latex concentrates The latex is collected in the storage tank, from there it is brought to a centrifuge machine, rotating at 440rpm. Due to centrifugal action, liquid portion comes out. The upper layer, the concentrated latex is collected and brought to bulking tank and mixed with chemical and packed in drums. 60 % rubber present in it. Skim latex is taken to another tank and sulphuric acid is added and coagulated and milled to get skim crepe. It is of poor quality while the concentrated latex fetches very higher price.
Dry ribbed sheet rubber: Anti-coagulants (solutions of ammonia, formalin or sodium sulphite) are added to the cups to prevent the coagulation of latex before it reaches the factory. The latex so collected is bulked and then strained to remove the impurities. It is then diluted to a standard consistency of 12-15 % rubber. Special hydrometers like metrolac, latex meter are employed to measure the percentage of rubber. After dilution, the latex is strained through a 60 mesh screen for the second time. Then it is poured in to the special coagulating tanks or aluminium pans which is divided in to many compartments by thin aluminium sheets and acetic acid or formic acid is used for coagulation.
Slow coagulation produces a soft rubber which is easy to work on the rollers. The acid is to be added quickly and mixed thoroughly with the latex Froth formed is removed to avoid formation of bubbles on the surface of rubber sheets After coagulation , rubber sheets are repeatedly washed several times with changes of water and passed through hand or power operated rollers. In the roller excess water and dissolved impurities are pressed and squeezed out The surface of the rollers may be either smooth or grooved or zigzag or straight or diamond pattern, its impression is normally left on the surface of the sheets when they come out of the press
These sheets are hung in shade for two to three hours for dripping in a dust free place. They are then taken to smoke houses for thorough drying smoking of rubber sheets is done to dry the sheets properly and to avoid formation of blisters. In the smoke house, the sheets are smoked at a low temperature of 48- 50o C with fairly high humidity during the first day subsequently during 2nd to 4th day the temperature being 68o C with low relative humidity. They are taken out, graded and packed. Such products are known as smoked sheets or dry ribbed sheet rubber.
Various grade of rubber sheets are RMA IX RMA-1 RMA-2 RMA-3 RMA-4 RMA-5 High grade rubber sheets are clear, free from blisters, translucent and of a golden brown colour and fetch a better price.
RSS - Ribbed smoked sheets
ADS (Air dried sheets) This is similar to RSS (ribbed smoked sheets) More transparent, as they are manufactured in smoke - free rooms.
Rubber powder
SHEET RUBBER • Rubber sheets are folded to form bales (e.g. 60 cm x 60 cm and 100 - 113 kg per bale) compressed and wrapped in protective sheets • A protective coating and talcum are applied to the surface to protect against oxidation • To prevent the sheets from sticking to each other
MARKETING • Rubber Board to promote and facilitate production, processing and marketing of natural rubber undertakes stringent measures to ensure that the products marketed under the brand confirm to the specified quality standards.
STORAGE • Recommended storage duration for natural rubber 5-7 years • Recommended storage temperature for natural rubber 15 - 30 °C • Storage of latex concentrates : 6 - 12 months Temperature range : 5 - 35°C
TAPPING SYSTEMS Tapping system Method Intensity S2d2 Half spiral , tapping alternate days for 6 months and rest for 3 months. For budded plants 100 % S2d3 Half spiral, tapping at every 3 day for 6 months and rest for 3 months. Used for clonal seedling 67 % S2d1 Half spiral, daily tapping. Used by small growers. Favours brown blast incidence 200 %
INTENSIVE TAPPING Intensive tapping - old rubber trees for a few years prior to their removal The methods employed are Increased tapping frequency Extension of tapping cut Opening of double cuts Use of yield stimulants
Intensive tapping Intensive tapping in Malaysia
HIGH LEVEL TAPPING When tapping of renewed bark on basal panels becomes uneconomic, new cuts are opened at higher levels, 180 cm from bud union or even higher The tapper uses a small ladder to reach the cut
CONTROLLED UPWARD TAPPING  It is an improvement of ladder tapping  In CUT, instead of using ladder, a long handled modified gouge knife is used for upward tapping from ground  Controlled upward tapping (CUT) is practiced for longer exploitation of the virgin bark above basal panel  The tapping cut can be 1/4 spiral at an angle of 45°. Intensive tapping with stimulation
Puncture tapped tree
TYPES OF TAPPING KNIVES Michie Golledge: Popular and used for upward tapping Tapping with Michie- Golledge
TYPES OF TAPPING KNIVES Jebong knife - Commonly used in Malaysia More suitable for speedy and easier tapping but with a slightly higher bark consumption Tapping with Jebong knife
Rubber Needle Tapping is special tool for slitting rubber tree to get the latex, what make from alloy steel blade and wooden handle which is sharp and durable. Suitable for South - East Asian countries Rubber Tapping Needle
YIELD STIMULATION • Certain chemicals induce ethylene formation in the plant tissue while others generate ethylene directly by decomposition. eg., Ethephon • Under low frequency tapping systems, trees are stimulated from first year of tapping using ethephon (2.5%) by panel application.
Concentration : Market available ethephon usually contain 10% active ingredient It is diluted with palm oil, petroleum jelly, coconut oil or even with water to 5 or 10 % Different methods of application are : Bark application Panel application Groove application Ethephon is applied with a brush below the tapping cut to a width of 5 cm after scraping of the outer bark
RAIN GUARDING • Any suitable device fixed above the tapping panel to keep the panel, tapping cut and collection cup dry during rainy season is termed as rain guard. Three types of rain guards • Polythene skirt • Tapping shade • Guardian rain guard
Skirting
Collection of latex • The latex that flows from the rubber trees on tapping is channeled in to a container, generally coconut shell cups attached to them. • Latex transferred to clean buckets – 2 to 3 hours after tapping • The latex which gets dried up on the tapping panel (tree lace) and the collection cups (shell scrap) also form a part of the crop and are collected by the tappers in baskets just prior to tapping. • The latex split including overflown on the ground (earth scrap), when gets dried up, is also collected once in a month. • Normally 10-20 percent of the total crop constitutes the tree lace, shell scrap and earth scrap.
Tapping of panel and collection of latex
Modern rubber tapping instrument
Tapping Panel Dryness • Generally high yielding clones of natural rubber are susceptible to the physiological disorder commonly termed Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD) earlier referred to as Brown Blast. • It occurs when the harvesting of latex from the trees exceeds the physiological capacity of its regeneration. It is estimated that TPD leads to approximately 15-20% decrease in yield.
Symptoms • Excessive late dripping of latex simultaneous with a drop in the dry rubber content of the latex in the initial phase • In the later phase, total inhibition of rubber biosynthesis occurs and no latex is produced towards the final phase.
 Partial or total drying of tapping panel which gives the name to the disorder.  Besides cessation of latex flow, terminal symptoms like bulging, necrosis and cracking of the bark have been observed.  Some clone specific TPD symptoms characterised by sloughing in PB 28/59 and scaling observed in clone RRIM 605 are also noticed.  The symptoms are observed also on the root stock and root.  In most of the partially affected trees, dry portion is confined only to the roots below the dry portion in the scion.
Management practice to TPD • Giving tapping rest and changing the tapping panel. • Tapping rest has shown some result in reducing the TPD situation at least for a while and when the trees are reopened on a new panel, the trees may make full recovery.
• It is advantageous to follow 1/2 S d/3 tapping system to reduce the intensity of exploitation stress thereby reducing the TPD incidence. • Tapping can be resumed changing the tapping panel and following a low intensity tapping system.
Pest and disease
Abnormal leaf fall (Phytopthora meadii)
Bark rot (Phytophthora spp.)
Pink disease (Corticium salmonicolor)
Ashy coating noticed on tender leaves Management : Dusting 3-6 rounds at 0-15 days interval using 11-14kg of 325 mesh fine sulphur dust per round per hectare Powdery mildew (Oidium heveae)
Mealy bug
 Severly affected portion dry up and die. Management : Spray malathion at 0.2% concentration. Scale insect (Saissetia nigra)
Thank you

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Rubber for bsc (1).pptx hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

  • 1.
  • 3.
    Fig 1: Crosssection of an adult rubber tree showing the composition of the bark and the position of the latex vessels in the soft bark tissue
  • 4.
    NR : 2000sps, 311 genera under 79 families  Botanical name: Hevea brasiliensis (Para Rubber)  Family: Euphorbiaceae  Chromosome number: 2n=36 RUBBER
  • 5.
     Origin :Brazil  Introduced to Tropical Asia in 1876 through Kew Garden in UK with the seeds brought from Brazil.  It is now commercially growing in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and South America  Commercial cultivation of rubber in India was started in 1902  Indonesia - maximum area (35.16 lakh ha)  Thailand - maximum production (20.33 lakh ton)  India is the fifth largest producer of rubber in the world  India: Kerala and Kanyakumari (98% area), Karnataka, Assam, Goa, MH, Odisa CENTRE OF ORIGIN
  • 7.
    Uses • Preparation ofdifferent parts of automobiles. • Preparation of tyres of vehicles (52% of production), cycle tyres and tubes (12% of production). • Tread rubber (5%), footwear (11 %), belts and hoses @pipes (6 %), foam (4 %), others (10 %). • > 50,000 different products are prepared from rubber.
  • 8.
     Genus Heveacomprises of 10 species RUBBER- SPECIES DIVERSITY
  • 9.
    SPECIES AND CULTIVARS Hevea benthamiana  Hevea brasiliensis  Hevea camargoana (Dwarf growth habit)  Hevea camporam  Hevea guianensis  Hevea microphylla  Hevea nitida  Hevea pauciflora  Hevea rigidifolia  Hevea spruceana
  • 10.
    Other rubber yieldingplants • Manihot glaziovii : Cera rubber • Ficus elastica : Indian rubber • Castiolla elastica : Panama rubber • Parthenium argentatum :Guayul rubber • Taraxacum koksaghyz and Hevea brassiliensis : Para rubber • Hevea brassiliensis supplies more than 99% of world rubber, commercially cultivated • Guayul rubber is considered as an alternative for Para rubber
  • 11.
     Hevea brasiliensis- quick growing tree  Rarely exceeds 25 m height in plantations  But wild trees grows over 40 m  The trunk of the tree tapers from the base and is conical or cylindrical in shape. The young plants shows characteristic growth pattern of Rapid elongation and consolidated development. BOTANY
  • 12.
     The treehas a well-developed tap root, 2-5 m long after 3 years, with several long laterals roots.  The lateral roots emerge from the tap-root below the collar. They can reach up to 10 m and can make a dense network of feeder roots and root hairs in the upper soil layers. Root
  • 13.
    Leaves  Young leavesare dark red in color, while other leaves are green on top and grayish- green underneath.  Leaves alternate, palmate and each leaf with 3 leaflets.  A fully grown leaf has a diameter of 15-20 cm
  • 14.
    Trifoliate glabrous leaves,spirally arranged, reddish when young, green when mature. Bear three extra floral nectaries at the point where they give rise to leaflets. Nectar is secreted only on the new flush at the time of flowering. The leaflets have short petioles and are elliptic or obovate in shape with base acute and apex acuminate, margins entire and pinnate venation.
  • 16.
    Inflorescence Inflorescence is manybranched panicle, bearing flowers of both sex. (Unisexual) Inflorescence is borne in the axil of basal leaves of new shoots produced after wintering during December - January. Off-season flowering may also occur during september - october female flowers are large and are borne at the end of central and main branches of the inflorescence. male flowers are small and numerous, and are seen on the other parts of the inflorescence.
  • 17.
     Female flowersusually larger than the male ones  Pollination is done mainly by insects like bees, midges and thrips Flowering and pollination
  • 18.
     Both maleand female flowers are shortly stalked and scented  Neither flower has petals but rather, they have five triangular lobes  Staminate flowers have two rings of five stamens each borne on a single stalk
  • 20.
    Fruits • Only asmall proportion of female flowers set fruit and of these 30-50% fall off after a month and even more fall will occurs during the later period • Fruit – three lobed capsule having woody endocarp and a thin leathery mesocarp containing three seeds • The dry capsule dehisces explosively, splitting the endocarp into 6 pieces and the seeds are thrown to about 15 m away
  • 21.
    Fig 1: Crosssection of an adult rubber tree showing the composition of the bark and the position of the latex vessels in the soft bark tissue
  • 22.
    Fresh latex • Freshlatex consists of a colloidal suspension of rubber particles in an aqueous serum.
  • 24.
    Rubber board ofIndia • The Rubber Board is a statutory body constituted by the Government of India, under the Rubber Act 1947, for the overall development of the rubber industry in the country
  • 25.
    There are 9departments and 4 divisions in the Rubber Board of India The nine departments are: • Rubber Production Department • Rubber Research Institute of India • Processing and Product Development Department • Training Department • Administration Department • Finance and Accounts (F&A) Department • Licensing and Excise Duty Department • Statistics and Planning Department • Market and Promotion Department
  • 26.
    The four divisionsare : • Publicity and Public Relations Division • Planning Division • Vigilance Division • Internal Audit
  • 27.
    Research stations Research stationsunder RRII under different agro-climatic situations  Agartala (Tripura)  Guwahati (Assam)  Tura (Meghalaya)  Kolsab (Mizoram) RRII has also set up Regional Research Stations at 1) Dapchari (Maharastra) 2) Kamakhyanagar (Odisha) 3) Nagarakatta (WB) 4) Sukma (Chattisgarh) 5) Parliar (TN) 6) Nettana (Karnataka) 7) Padiyoor (Kerala)
  • 28.
    RRII - RubberResearch Institute of India (1995) Kottayam, Kerala The Central Experiment Station of the institute at chethackal, 50 km away from kottayam. It is affliated to RRII RRII, is a member of IRRDB (International Rubber Research and Development Board, Malaysia). RESEARCH CENTRES
  • 29.
    IRRI, Indonesia -Indonesian Rubber Research Institute. Malaysian Rubber Board RRIM, Malaysia - Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia. RRISL, Sri Lanka - Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka. RRIV, Vietnam - Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam. Association of Natural rubber producing countries, Kuala lampur, Malaysia
  • 31.
    Opt pH :4 – 6.5 , but can tolerate 3.8 to 8 SOIL :
  • 32.
    Climate • Warm humidclimate • 10º C latitude on either side of the equator • Temp.: 21-35º C • RH : 70-95 % RF : 2000-3000 mm • Warm and sunny days: > 6 hours (all the months) • Altitude : 300 m above MSL • > 500 m above MSL – growth rate will be slow
  • 33.
    •Primary clone: Mother treeis of unknown parentage, selection of mother tree is based on superior performance in the existing plantation. Eg. TJIR - I, G.T. I, G.I. 1, P.B. 86, P.R. 107 and P.B. 28/59 •Secondary clone: Mother tree is evolved by controlled pollination between 2 primary clones. Eg. RRIM 600 (TJIR I x PB 86), RRIM 628 (TJIR 1 X RRIM 527) and RRII 105 (TJIR I x GT – I) •Tertiary clone: Mother tree is evolved by controlled pollination in which at least one or both parents are secondary clones. Eg. RRIM 703 (RRIM 600 x RRIM 500) Clones
  • 34.
    • In orderto avoid potential risks involved in monoclone culture, a multiclone culture with the clones grouped into three categories as given below is followed
  • 35.
    •The planting materials/ clones that are approved by the Rubber Board are classified into three categories I, II, III. Description of categories: •Category I - It comprises of materials approved for large scale planting. •Category II - It comprises clones, which have shown their merit in performance in India over long or medium term periods. •Category III - In this, planting materials are divided into (a), (b), (c) and (d). Categories of clone
  • 36.
    • Category III- In this planting materials are divided into (a), (b), (c) and (d). (a) - Approved for experimental planting (b) - Clones having promising localised performance are included (c) - Moderate clones with moderate clone performance are included (d) - Experimental clones with limited data are included
  • 37.
    Clone Parentage Status RRII105 Tjir 1 x GT 1 Category I RRII 414 RRII 105 x RRIC 100 Category I RRII 430 RRII 105 x RRIC 100 Category I RRII 5 Primary clone Category II RRII 203 PB 86 x Mil 3/2 Category II RRII 417 RRII 105 x RRIC 100 Category II RRII 422 RRII 105 x RRIC 100 Category II RRII 50 Primary clone Category III RRII 51 Primary clone Category III RRII 52 Primary clone Category III RRII 118 Mil 3/2 x Hil 28 Category III RRII 176 Mil 3/2 x PB 5/60 Category III RRII 208 Mil 3/2 x AVROS 255 Category III RRII 300 Tjir 1 x PR 107 Category III RRII 429 RRII 105 x RRIC 100 Category III Clones Released from RRII
  • 38.
    RRII 105 Developed by: RRII Parentage Tjir 1 x Gl 1 Vigour : Average Girth increment on tapping : Average Trunk : Tall and straight Branching pattern : Good branching with strong union Canopy : Dense, mostly restricted to the top, dark green glossy leaves Virgin bark thickness : Above average Renewed bark thickness : Above average Number of latex vessel rows : Above average
  • 39.
    …RRII 105 Incidence ofmajor diseases and pests Pink disease– severe Powdery mildew - moderate to severe Abnormal leaf fall - mild Shoot rot - moderate to severe Leaf spot disease – severe Reaction to stresses Cold - average tolerance Drought - average tolerance with respect to yield, but growth is affected Wind - average tolerance Occurrence of TPD : High Special features : The highest yielding clone showing stability in yield (Wonder clone).
  • 40.
    …RRII 105 Mean Yield of 5 Years Mean Yield of 10Years Mean Yield of 15 Years Mean Yield of 20Years Small scale evaluation (g/tree/tap) 62.48 75.18 81.16 76.25 Large scale evaluation (g/tree/tap) 56.80 60.96 62.74 On farm evaluation (kg/ha/year) 1536 1710 2210
  • 41.
    RRIM 600 Developed by: RRIM Parentage : Tjir 1 x PB 86 Vigour : Low Incidence of major diseases and pests Pink disease - severe Powdery mildew - mild Abnormal leaf fall – severe Reaction to stresses Cold - average tolerance Drought - average tolerance Wind- above average tolerance Occurrence of TPD : Average Special features : Not suited for areas where abnormal leaf fall caused by Phytophthora is prevalent
  • 42.
    Mean Yield Particulars 5Years 10 Years 15 Years 20 Years Large scale evaluation (g/tree/tap) 42.44 51.88 49.77 On farm evaluation (kg/ha/yr) 1186 1710 1379 1349 …RRIM 600
  • 43.
    GT-1 • Outstanding clonefrom Indonesia • Higher yielder • 1356 kg / ha / year • Tolerant to pink disease, PM and wind damage • Withstand higher intensity of tapping • Suitable for small growers
  • 44.
    PR 107 • Primaryclone of Indonesia • Sturdy, wind resistant and average vigour • Commercial yield – 1044 kg / ha / year • Withstands higher tapping • Resistant to pink diseases, susceptible to Phytophthora Tjir – 1 • Indonesian primary clone with good vigour • Yellow colour latex • Susceptible to Phytophthora, pink disease and powdery mildew • 978 kg / ha / year
  • 45.
    GL – 1 •Primary clone of Malaysia with below average vigour • Perform better in increased water table condition • 1127 kg/ha/year PB- 86 • Primary clone of Malaysia • Suitable for planting in expanded area • Perform s good in Kanyakumari district • 1129 kg/ha/year PB 5 / 51 • Primary clone of Malaysia • PB 56 × PB 24 • Resistance to wind damage • 1514 kg/ha/year
  • 46.
    RRIM – 628 •Tjir – 1 × RRIM 527 • Tolerant to abnormal leaf fall and wind damage • 1051 kg/ha/year RRIM – 701 • Fairly increased yielder • Susceptible to pink disease and powdery mildew • 1042 kg/ha/year RRIM – 703 • RRIM – 600 × RRIM 500 • Resistant to powdery mildew • 1725 kg/ha/year
  • 47.
    RRII – 118 •Increased vigour • Resistant to diseases • 880 kg/ha/year RRII – 203 • High yielding clone average tolerant to diseases • 3100 kg/ha/year RRII – 208 • High yielding clone average tolerant to diseases • 1685 kg/ha/year • Increased susceptibility to shoot rot • Promising clones – PB 609, PB 217, PB 235, PB 255, PR 261, PB 280, PB 311, RRIM 605, RRIM 623 • RRIM 600 – Good performance in Karnataka
  • 48.
    New High YieldingRubber Variety Released in Brazil • Researchers in Brazil have released variety of rubber that start producing latex in 5 years after planting instead of the normal 7 years. • The new varieties not only reduce the time for the first harvest by 30%, they also go on to yield significantly more latex than currently planted varieties. IAC 500 • Average of 1,731 kg of latex per hectare or which yields 52% more than the average yield in Malaysia.
  • 49.
    New high yieldingvariety of rubber by RRII • The Rubber Board has released two hybrid clones viz., RRII 414 and RRII 430 which were evolved from the cross RRII 105 x RRII 100. • These varieties are likely to increase the yield by 15% to 40% per hectare. • The new varieties are found to be ready for tapping in six- and-half years.
  • 50.
    Table 1 :SECONDARY CHARACTERS OF NEWLY RELEASED CLONES BY RUBBER BOARD Parameters RRII-414 RRII-430 RRII-105 Grith at opening High (>55cm) Above average (>50) Average Trunk Tall, Straight and Cylindrical with prominent leaf scar, slightly leaning Tall, Straight and Cylindrical stem with smooth bark Tall and Straight Number of latex vessel rows Above avg. in both virgin and renewed bark (>11) Above avg. in both virgin and renewed bark (>11) Above Average Occorane to wind damage Average Low Medium Occorane to T P D (Tapping Pannel Dryness) Low (based on observation on 12 trees over 11 year of Tapping) Low (based on observation on 12 trees over 11 year of Tapping) High Remarks Yield better than RRII-105 in the first years of tapping in the farm Trial and Comparable to that of RRII- 105 in the multi location
  • 51.
    Table 2: PERFORMANCEOF RRII-400 SERIES CLONES Clone Yield(g/tree/tap) Girth at opening(CM) Improvement in yield Over RRII-105(%) SST(Mean Over 11 years) SST-Small Scale Trial LST(Mea n Over 4 years) LST- Large Scale Trial SST LST SST LST RRII-414 74.02 56.68 57.49 50.76 40 32.95 RRII-417 70.52 53.06 54.73 47.75 33 25.53 RRII-422 64.94 61.16 52.40 51.80 23 23.25 RRII-429 77.82 49.42 62.77 44.23 46 18.22 RRII-430 63.37 61.09 53.42 54.26 20 23.14 RRII-105 52.89 44.89 49.04 42.36 - -
  • 52.
    PB 260 Developed by: Prang Besar estate Parentage : PB 5/51 x PB 49 Vigour : High Girth increment on tapping : Average Trunk : Tall and straight Branching pattern : Light branches balanced, branch union strong Canopy : Dense, pale green leaves Virgin bark thickness : Below average Renewed bark thickness : Below average Number of latex vessel rows : Average
  • 53.
    …PB 260 Incidence ofmajor diseases and pests Pink - moderate Powdery mildew - moderate Abnormal leaf fall- moderate Reaction to stresses Wind - Above average tolerance Occurrence of TPD : High Color of latex : White Special features : A high yielding clone having good secondary characters
  • 54.
    RRII 414 • Developedby : RRII • Parentage : RRII 105 x RRIC 100 • Vigor : High • Girth increment on tapping : Average • Trunk : Tall, straight and cylindrical with prominent leaf scar, slightly leaning • Branching pattern : Very high heavy branches with strong union • Canopy : Open, broad and heavy • Virgin bark thickness : Above average • Renewed bark thickness : High • Number of latex vessel rows : Above average in both virgin and renewed bark
  • 55.
    …RRII 414 Incidence ofmajor diseases and pests Pink - moderate Powdery mildew - high Abnormal leaf fall - moderate Corynespora leaf fall - low Reaction to stresses Wind - average tolerence Occurrence of TPD : Low Color of latex : White Special features : Yield better than RRII 105 in the first year of tapping in the on-farm trial and comparable to that of RRII 105 in the multi location trials Yield : small scale (g/tree/tap) - 74.02
  • 56.
    RRII 430 Developed by: RRII Parentage : RRII 105 x RRIC 100 Vigor : Above average Girth increment on tapping : Average Trunk : Tall straight cylindrical stem with smooth bark Branching pattern : Balanced branching with strong branch union. Moderate to heavy branches Canopy : Open broad and heavy with large glossy leaves Virgin bark thickness : High Renewed bark thickness : High Number of latex vessel rows : Above average in both virgin and renewed bark
  • 57.
    …RRII 430 Incidence ofmajor diseases and pests Pink disease - low Powdery mildew - very high Abnormal leaf fall - low Corynespora leaf fall – low Reaction to stresses Wind - high tolerance Occurrence of TPD : Low Color of latex : White Special features : Yield better than RRII 105 in the first year of tapping in on - farm trial and in multi location trials Yield small scale (g/tap/tree) : 63.37
  • 58.
    GT 1 Country oforigin : Indonesia Developed by : Gondang Tapen Estate Parentage : Primary clone Vigour : Average to above average Incidence of major diseases and pests Pink disease : Moderate Powdery mildew : Moderate to severe Abnormal leaf fall : Moderate Reaction to stresses Drought : Average tolerance Wind : Average tolerance Occurrence of TPD : Average Special features : Shows rising yield trend
  • 59.
    PB 28/59 Country oforigin : Malaysia Developed by : Prang Besar Estate Parentage : Primary clone Vigour : Average Incidence of major diseases and pests Pink : Severe Powdery mildew : Severe Abnormal leaf fall : Severe Reaction to stresses Wind : Below average tolerance Occurrence of TPD : High Special features : Adapted to the agroclimatic conditions of Kanyakumari region Yield :1369 kg/ha/year
  • 60.
    PB 217 Country oforigin : Malaysia Developed by : Prang Besar Estate Parentage : PB 5/51 x PB 6/9 Vigour : Average Incidence of major diseases and pests Pink disease : Severe Powdery mildew : Severe Abnormal leaf fall : Moderate Reaction to stresses Cold : Average tolerance Drought : Above average tolerance Occurrence of TPD : Low Special features : A hardy clone suitable for small growers. Shows good response to
  • 61.
  • 62.
    Polyclonal seed gardens •To get benefit of mixed clones in a population, polyclonal seed garden are maintained.  Good quality seeds are produced in the PCSG  No. of clones selected should be 3-6 in PCSG  Clones selected should be a high yielder, vigorous, resistant to pest and diseases  Should produce good no. of seeds, flowers simultaneously  Clones suitable for PCSG – RRIM 600, RRIM 605, RRIM 623, GT-1, PB 5/51, PB 28/59, Tjir-1
  • 63.
    Seed • Seeds arecollected from approved PCSG during July- September in South India • Viability of the rubber seed is short (8 weeks) - immediately sown • Raised nursery beds of river sand are prepared • Seeds are sown in a single layer touching one another and pressed firmly with the surface of the seeds are just visible above
  • 64.
    Seed propagation Washing ofseeds Germinated and un-germinated seeds Picking up of germinated seeds Sprouted seed Planting in nursery beds
  • 65.
     Nursery bed- protected by sun - providing a temporary shade. Nursery bed - moist (but not wet) – sprinkle with water  Seeds germinates within 6-10 days of sowing. Every day germinated seed should be picked and planted in the nursery or in the field.  Mulching with dry leaves or grass is very essential to conserve soil moisture during dry period, to suppress the weed growth and to guard against severe down pour. Mulching promotes better seedlings growth.
  • 66.
    Nursery planting • Thesprouted seeds are planted when the young root is less than 2 cm in length and before the young shoots start developing. • Delay in transplanting increases the chances of damage to tender roots. • Germinated seeds should be carefully handled. • Seeds picked from germination beds are usually carried in containers with water to prevent any damage during handling.
  • 67.
    • Seedlings aretransferred either to secondary nursery (60 x 45 cm) or polybag (30 x 30 cm) with a potting mixture of soil : sand : FYM in 3:1:1. • 10 - 18 months seedlings are collected and used for planting. • Seedling stumps : Seedlings prepared to a convenient size by pruning the stem and roots are called as seedling stumps
  • 69.
    Budwood nursery • Budsrequired for bud grafting are collected from budwood obtained from the plants which are raised specially for this purpose • 2 types :  Brown budwood nursery Green budwood nursery
  • 70.
    • Planting canbe done with polybag plants / budded stumps / seed at stake followed by budding • During first year : only one shoot is allowed to grow and about one meter brown budwood can be obtained from this • From the second year onwards two / three shoots are allowed • Now, the budwood can be harvested by leaving about 15 cm from the base. From this portions shoots develop again in the subsequent seasons.
  • 71.
    Budding • Principle :replacement of the shoot system of a plant with that of another more desirable plant
  • 72.
    BUDDING Brown budding -Brown colored buds taken from bud wood of about 1 years growth budded onto stock plants of 10 months or more growth with 7.5 cm thickness at the base. Vigorously growing healthy stalks are best Buds found in axils of fallen leaves are used In S-India : Best season : April – May, Budding from 1 m budwood of 1 year growth with 20 buds (1.5 to 2 months). Maintained upto 6-8 months
  • 73.
    Green budding -Both stock and bud wood for green budding are young. Seedlings which are 2 – 8 months old are used as a stock Buds are collected from 6-8 weeks old budwood Buds that are found above the scale leaves of the shoot are for budding Too dry or too wet condition are not preferred.
  • 74.
    Marking of buddingpanel (Brown Budding) Insertion of bud patch
  • 75.
    Marking of budpatch (Green Budding) Stripping of bud slip (Green Budding)
  • 76.
    Separation of budpatch (Green Budding) Insertion of bud patch (Green Budding)
  • 77.
    Planting • Found insloppy and undulated hill lands. • Remove green shrubs, clear the land and open pits of 1 m3 with 12 kg FYM, top soil, 125 g rock phosphate. • June- July is the best season. • Square or triangular system of planting. • Pits 1m3 are dug out and filled with soil and compost.
  • 78.
    Spacing Area Spacing No.of plants / ha Budded plants Hills 6.7 x 3.4 m 445 plants / ha Flat areas 4.9 x 4.9 m 420 plants / ha Triangular method 4.9 x 4.9 m 470 plants / ha Seedling plants Hills 6.1 x 3 m 539 plants / ha Flat areas 4.6 x 4.6 m 479 plants / ha
  • 79.
    • Tapping isa process of controlled wounding during which thin shavings of bark are removed. • Latex is obtained from the bark of the rubber tree by tapping. • The aim of tapping is to cut open the latex vessels in the case of trees tapped for the first time or to remove the coagulum which blocks the cut ends of the latex vessels in the case of trees under regular tapping. • Budded plants : Tappable when they attain a girth of 50 cm at a height of 125 cm from the bud union with 30º slope. • In seedlings: The first opening for tapping is recommended at a height of 50 cm when the girth is 55 cm with 25º slope. Harvesting / Tapping
  • 80.
    • Tapping shouldbe done early in the morning as late tapping may cause decrease in flow of latex. In early morning, turgor pressure is very high and rapid flow of latex occurs. • Budded bark is more soften and thin compared to seedling. • Latex vessels in the bark run at 3 - 5º to the right and therefore a cut from high left to low right will open greater number of latex vessels. • Tapping depth : 1 mm close to cambium, since most latex vessels are concentrated near cambium. • Shallow tapping decreases the yield.
  • 83.
    YIELD South India:  Annualyield – Seedling : 375 kg / ha  Budded plantations : 900-1000 kg/ ha
  • 84.
    Processing of rubber Thelatex that flows from the rubber trees on tapping is channeled in to a container, generally coconut shell cups, attached to them. Latex collected in coconut shell cups is transferred to clean buckets, two to three hours after tapping.
  • 85.
    Latex can beprocessed into: • Preserved field latex and latex concentrate • Sheet rubber • Block rubber • Crepe rubber
  • 86.
    Preserved latex concentrates Thelatex is collected in the storage tank, from there it is brought to a centrifuge machine, rotating at 440rpm. Due to centrifugal action, liquid portion comes out. The upper layer, the concentrated latex is collected and brought to bulking tank and mixed with chemical and packed in drums. 60 % rubber present in it. Skim latex is taken to another tank and sulphuric acid is added and coagulated and milled to get skim crepe. It is of poor quality while the concentrated latex fetches very higher price.
  • 87.
    Dry ribbed sheetrubber: Anti-coagulants (solutions of ammonia, formalin or sodium sulphite) are added to the cups to prevent the coagulation of latex before it reaches the factory. The latex so collected is bulked and then strained to remove the impurities. It is then diluted to a standard consistency of 12-15 % rubber. Special hydrometers like metrolac, latex meter are employed to measure the percentage of rubber. After dilution, the latex is strained through a 60 mesh screen for the second time. Then it is poured in to the special coagulating tanks or aluminium pans which is divided in to many compartments by thin aluminium sheets and acetic acid or formic acid is used for coagulation.
  • 88.
    Slow coagulation producesa soft rubber which is easy to work on the rollers. The acid is to be added quickly and mixed thoroughly with the latex Froth formed is removed to avoid formation of bubbles on the surface of rubber sheets After coagulation , rubber sheets are repeatedly washed several times with changes of water and passed through hand or power operated rollers. In the roller excess water and dissolved impurities are pressed and squeezed out The surface of the rollers may be either smooth or grooved or zigzag or straight or diamond pattern, its impression is normally left on the surface of the sheets when they come out of the press
  • 89.
    These sheets arehung in shade for two to three hours for dripping in a dust free place. They are then taken to smoke houses for thorough drying smoking of rubber sheets is done to dry the sheets properly and to avoid formation of blisters. In the smoke house, the sheets are smoked at a low temperature of 48- 50o C with fairly high humidity during the first day subsequently during 2nd to 4th day the temperature being 68o C with low relative humidity. They are taken out, graded and packed. Such products are known as smoked sheets or dry ribbed sheet rubber.
  • 93.
    Various grade ofrubber sheets are RMA IX RMA-1 RMA-2 RMA-3 RMA-4 RMA-5 High grade rubber sheets are clear, free from blisters, translucent and of a golden brown colour and fetch a better price.
  • 94.
    RSS - Ribbedsmoked sheets
  • 95.
    ADS (Air driedsheets) This is similar to RSS (ribbed smoked sheets) More transparent, as they are manufactured in smoke - free rooms.
  • 96.
  • 97.
    SHEET RUBBER • Rubbersheets are folded to form bales (e.g. 60 cm x 60 cm and 100 - 113 kg per bale) compressed and wrapped in protective sheets • A protective coating and talcum are applied to the surface to protect against oxidation • To prevent the sheets from sticking to each other
  • 98.
    MARKETING • Rubber Boardto promote and facilitate production, processing and marketing of natural rubber undertakes stringent measures to ensure that the products marketed under the brand confirm to the specified quality standards.
  • 99.
    STORAGE • Recommended storageduration for natural rubber 5-7 years • Recommended storage temperature for natural rubber 15 - 30 °C • Storage of latex concentrates : 6 - 12 months Temperature range : 5 - 35°C
  • 106.
    TAPPING SYSTEMS Tapping system Method Intensity S2d2Half spiral , tapping alternate days for 6 months and rest for 3 months. For budded plants 100 % S2d3 Half spiral, tapping at every 3 day for 6 months and rest for 3 months. Used for clonal seedling 67 % S2d1 Half spiral, daily tapping. Used by small growers. Favours brown blast incidence 200 %
  • 108.
    INTENSIVE TAPPING Intensive tapping- old rubber trees for a few years prior to their removal The methods employed are Increased tapping frequency Extension of tapping cut Opening of double cuts Use of yield stimulants
  • 109.
    Intensive tapping Intensivetapping in Malaysia
  • 110.
    HIGH LEVEL TAPPING Whentapping of renewed bark on basal panels becomes uneconomic, new cuts are opened at higher levels, 180 cm from bud union or even higher The tapper uses a small ladder to reach the cut
  • 111.
    CONTROLLED UPWARD TAPPING It is an improvement of ladder tapping  In CUT, instead of using ladder, a long handled modified gouge knife is used for upward tapping from ground  Controlled upward tapping (CUT) is practiced for longer exploitation of the virgin bark above basal panel  The tapping cut can be 1/4 spiral at an angle of 45°. Intensive tapping with stimulation
  • 112.
  • 113.
    TYPES OF TAPPINGKNIVES Michie Golledge: Popular and used for upward tapping Tapping with Michie- Golledge
  • 114.
    TYPES OF TAPPINGKNIVES Jebong knife - Commonly used in Malaysia More suitable for speedy and easier tapping but with a slightly higher bark consumption Tapping with Jebong knife
  • 115.
    Rubber Needle Tappingis special tool for slitting rubber tree to get the latex, what make from alloy steel blade and wooden handle which is sharp and durable. Suitable for South - East Asian countries Rubber Tapping Needle
  • 117.
    YIELD STIMULATION • Certainchemicals induce ethylene formation in the plant tissue while others generate ethylene directly by decomposition. eg., Ethephon • Under low frequency tapping systems, trees are stimulated from first year of tapping using ethephon (2.5%) by panel application.
  • 118.
    Concentration : Market availableethephon usually contain 10% active ingredient It is diluted with palm oil, petroleum jelly, coconut oil or even with water to 5 or 10 % Different methods of application are : Bark application Panel application Groove application Ethephon is applied with a brush below the tapping cut to a width of 5 cm after scraping of the outer bark
  • 119.
    RAIN GUARDING • Anysuitable device fixed above the tapping panel to keep the panel, tapping cut and collection cup dry during rainy season is termed as rain guard. Three types of rain guards • Polythene skirt • Tapping shade • Guardian rain guard
  • 120.
  • 122.
    Collection of latex •The latex that flows from the rubber trees on tapping is channeled in to a container, generally coconut shell cups attached to them. • Latex transferred to clean buckets – 2 to 3 hours after tapping • The latex which gets dried up on the tapping panel (tree lace) and the collection cups (shell scrap) also form a part of the crop and are collected by the tappers in baskets just prior to tapping. • The latex split including overflown on the ground (earth scrap), when gets dried up, is also collected once in a month. • Normally 10-20 percent of the total crop constitutes the tree lace, shell scrap and earth scrap.
  • 123.
    Tapping of paneland collection of latex
  • 125.
  • 126.
    Tapping Panel Dryness •Generally high yielding clones of natural rubber are susceptible to the physiological disorder commonly termed Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD) earlier referred to as Brown Blast. • It occurs when the harvesting of latex from the trees exceeds the physiological capacity of its regeneration. It is estimated that TPD leads to approximately 15-20% decrease in yield.
  • 127.
    Symptoms • Excessive latedripping of latex simultaneous with a drop in the dry rubber content of the latex in the initial phase • In the later phase, total inhibition of rubber biosynthesis occurs and no latex is produced towards the final phase.
  • 129.
     Partial ortotal drying of tapping panel which gives the name to the disorder.  Besides cessation of latex flow, terminal symptoms like bulging, necrosis and cracking of the bark have been observed.  Some clone specific TPD symptoms characterised by sloughing in PB 28/59 and scaling observed in clone RRIM 605 are also noticed.  The symptoms are observed also on the root stock and root.  In most of the partially affected trees, dry portion is confined only to the roots below the dry portion in the scion.
  • 130.
    Management practice toTPD • Giving tapping rest and changing the tapping panel. • Tapping rest has shown some result in reducing the TPD situation at least for a while and when the trees are reopened on a new panel, the trees may make full recovery.
  • 131.
    • It isadvantageous to follow 1/2 S d/3 tapping system to reduce the intensity of exploitation stress thereby reducing the TPD incidence. • Tapping can be resumed changing the tapping panel and following a low intensity tapping system.
  • 132.
  • 133.
    Abnormal leaf fall(Phytopthora meadii)
  • 134.
  • 135.
  • 136.
    Ashy coating noticed ontender leaves Management : Dusting 3-6 rounds at 0-15 days interval using 11-14kg of 325 mesh fine sulphur dust per round per hectare Powdery mildew (Oidium heveae)
  • 137.
  • 138.
     Severly affected portiondry up and die. Management : Spray malathion at 0.2% concentration. Scale insect (Saissetia nigra)
  • 139.

Editor's Notes

  • #7 Tread – truck radial as well as bias tyres