There are two main types of routing protocols: distance vector protocols like RIP and IGRP that determine the best path based on hop count and send the full routing table, and link state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that advertise link information to build a shared topology database and converge faster. EIGRP is a hybrid protocol that behaves like a distance vector protocol. Interior routing protocols like these are used within an autonomous system, while exterior protocols like BGP route between autonomous systems.
There are two main types of routing protocols: distance vector protocols like RIP and IGRP that determine the best path based on hop count and send the full routing table, and link state protocols like OSPF and IS-IS that advertise link information to build a shared topology database and converge faster. EIGRP is a hybrid protocol that behaves like a distance vector protocol. Interior routing protocols like these are used within an autonomous system, while exterior protocols like BGP route between autonomous systems.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of Virtual
Local Area Networks (VLAN) on the whole local area network.[1] To do this, VTP carries VLAN
information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over ISL, 802.1Q, IEEE
802.10 and LANE trunks. VTP is available on most of the Cisco Catalyst Family products.
This document discusses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) which provides a loop-free network topology by placing ports into blocking states. It describes how STP elects a root bridge, establishes root and designated ports, and transitions ports between blocking and forwarding states. The document also introduces Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol which speeds up STP's recalculation of the spanning tree when the network topology changes.
A network switch is a telecommunications device that receives messages and sends them to their intended destinations. It connects network segments or devices and forwards data to one or multiple targets that need to receive it. Switches operate at the data link layer to process and forward data, unlike hubs but similar to routers. They improve network performance by reducing broadcast domains and using hardware to map ports to device addresses.
BGP (Border Gateway Routing Protocol) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to
exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet. The
Border Gateway Protocol makes routing decisions based on paths, network policies or rule-sets
configured by a network administrator, and are involved in making core routing decisions.
BGP is a very robust and scalable routing protocol, as evidenced by the fact that BGP is the routing
protocol employed on the Internet.
Fiche projet réseau local d'une entreprise moderne Mohamed Boubaya
L’objet de ce projet est de proposer une solution de conception d’un réseau local d’une entreprise moderne.
L’entreprise moderne traite de grandes quantités d'informations aussi nombreuses que variées. Ainsi, elle a besoin de grande capacité de stockage ainsi que d'une puissance de calcul élevée. Les ressources matérielles et logicielles nécessaires n'étant pas à la portée de toutes les entreprises, le Cloud Computing est donc la solution pour résoudre ce genre de problème.
lien téléchargement de projet
:https://www.dropbox.com/sh/oj1mq4vnwgov6kr/AAAWYkamgXMzMa78LV7ZO2Nia?dl=0
Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, and choose the best path to destination networks. There are two main types - interior gateway protocols (IGPs) like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP that are used within an autonomous system, and exterior protocols like BGP that route between autonomous systems. IGPs use metrics like hop count or bandwidth to determine the best path. OSPF is a link-state protocol that floods link information, while EIGRP uses DUAL algorithm and maintains topology tables for fast convergence.
Composants et fonctionnement d'un Switch Cisco DJENNA AMIR
Un Switch (commutateur) est un équipement de niveau 2 qui relie plusieurs segments dans un réseau informatique et qui permet de créer des circuits virtuels.
thourighly explained working and types of network switches a very good ready to present presentation aesthetically pleasing as well best for university or college use click like if u lyk it thanks
This chapter reviews basic switching concepts as a refresher for the CCNP SWITCH certification, including hubs and switches, bridges and switches, the evolution of switches, broadcast domains, MAC addresses, Ethernet frame formats, basic switching functions, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, trunking, port channels, and multilayer switching. It provides objectives for topics that will be covered in more depth in later chapters.
In this webinar, we cover how Border Gateway Protocol works. Starting from key concepts, you'll learn about Autonomous Systems, the BGP protocol, AS Path, learning and advertising routes, RIBs and route selection. See the webinar recording at https://www.thousandeyes.com/webinars/how-bgp-works
The document provides an overview of traditional campus network designs and introduces some concepts for campus network design. It discusses traditional router and hub campus designs and moves to newer designs using virtual LAN (VLAN) technologies and multilayer switching. The key concepts covered include the access, distribution and core layers, switch blocks, core blocks, and considerations around sizing and redundancy in campus network designs.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of Virtual
Local Area Networks (VLAN) on the whole local area network.[1] To do this, VTP carries VLAN
information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over ISL, 802.1Q, IEEE
802.10 and LANE trunks. VTP is available on most of the Cisco Catalyst Family products.
This document discusses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) which provides a loop-free network topology by placing ports into blocking states. It describes how STP elects a root bridge, establishes root and designated ports, and transitions ports between blocking and forwarding states. The document also introduces Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol which speeds up STP's recalculation of the spanning tree when the network topology changes.
A network switch is a telecommunications device that receives messages and sends them to their intended destinations. It connects network segments or devices and forwards data to one or multiple targets that need to receive it. Switches operate at the data link layer to process and forward data, unlike hubs but similar to routers. They improve network performance by reducing broadcast domains and using hardware to map ports to device addresses.
BGP (Border Gateway Routing Protocol) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to
exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet. The
Border Gateway Protocol makes routing decisions based on paths, network policies or rule-sets
configured by a network administrator, and are involved in making core routing decisions.
BGP is a very robust and scalable routing protocol, as evidenced by the fact that BGP is the routing
protocol employed on the Internet.
Fiche projet réseau local d'une entreprise moderne Mohamed Boubaya
L’objet de ce projet est de proposer une solution de conception d’un réseau local d’une entreprise moderne.
L’entreprise moderne traite de grandes quantités d'informations aussi nombreuses que variées. Ainsi, elle a besoin de grande capacité de stockage ainsi que d'une puissance de calcul élevée. Les ressources matérielles et logicielles nécessaires n'étant pas à la portée de toutes les entreprises, le Cloud Computing est donc la solution pour résoudre ce genre de problème.
lien téléchargement de projet
:https://www.dropbox.com/sh/oj1mq4vnwgov6kr/AAAWYkamgXMzMa78LV7ZO2Nia?dl=0
Dynamic routing protocols are used to automatically discover remote networks, maintain up-to-date routing information, and choose the best path to destination networks. There are two main types - interior gateway protocols (IGPs) like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP that are used within an autonomous system, and exterior protocols like BGP that route between autonomous systems. IGPs use metrics like hop count or bandwidth to determine the best path. OSPF is a link-state protocol that floods link information, while EIGRP uses DUAL algorithm and maintains topology tables for fast convergence.
Composants et fonctionnement d'un Switch Cisco DJENNA AMIR
Un Switch (commutateur) est un équipement de niveau 2 qui relie plusieurs segments dans un réseau informatique et qui permet de créer des circuits virtuels.
thourighly explained working and types of network switches a very good ready to present presentation aesthetically pleasing as well best for university or college use click like if u lyk it thanks
This chapter reviews basic switching concepts as a refresher for the CCNP SWITCH certification, including hubs and switches, bridges and switches, the evolution of switches, broadcast domains, MAC addresses, Ethernet frame formats, basic switching functions, VLANs, spanning tree protocol, trunking, port channels, and multilayer switching. It provides objectives for topics that will be covered in more depth in later chapters.
In this webinar, we cover how Border Gateway Protocol works. Starting from key concepts, you'll learn about Autonomous Systems, the BGP protocol, AS Path, learning and advertising routes, RIBs and route selection. See the webinar recording at https://www.thousandeyes.com/webinars/how-bgp-works
The document provides an overview of traditional campus network designs and introduces some concepts for campus network design. It discusses traditional router and hub campus designs and moves to newer designs using virtual LAN (VLAN) technologies and multilayer switching. The key concepts covered include the access, distribution and core layers, switch blocks, core blocks, and considerations around sizing and redundancy in campus network designs.
Modelet e shtresimit të OSI dhe TCP / IP janë dy
modele , që përdoren praktikisht në realitet keto
dy modele krijojn një model hibrid të shtresimit, i
cili shfrytëzon aspektet më të mira të dy këtyre
modeleve.
Ky model ka pesë shtresa, që rrjedhin nga shtresa
fizike deri në lidhjen, rrjetin dhe shtresat e
transportit në shtresën e aplikimit.
Të gjitha shtresat janë të ngjashme me modelin e
shtresimit të TCP / IP, përveç se shtresa e ulët e
"Host-në-Rrjet" e modelit TCP / IP është
zëvendësuar me shtresën Datalink dhe shtresën
Fizike të modelit të shtresimit OSI
Detyre Kursi - Simulimi i nje Rrjeti Kompjuterik - Packet TracerDurim Hysa
Kjo eshte nje detyre kursi, ku shpjegon simulimin e nje rrjeti ne Cisco Packet Tracer, une po e ngarkoj kete detyre per tju ardhur ne ndihme sado pak studenteve te rinje. Faleminderit.
A mail server is a central application that receives, stores, and sends email. It consists of a storage area to hold messages, user-defined rules to determine message routing and restrictions, a list of user accounts, and communication modules to transfer messages. A mail server receives messages from email clients or other mail servers, stores them temporarily, applies any relevant rules, and sends the messages to their intended recipients via its communication modules. A system administrator maintains the mail server and user accounts. Mail servers operate automatically without human intervention, processing messages as they are received.
This document discusses ways for individuals to be more environmentally responsible by reducing waste and conserving resources. It encourages recycling, using reusable shopping bags and water bottles instead of plastic, and making small changes like turning off water while brushing teeth to save water. Statistics are given on how long it takes common items like plastic and glass to decompose in landfills. The document suggests individuals have the power to create change and challenges the reader to make more sustainable choices to help the environment.
Rrjeta kompjuterike leksion 7 tcp-ip dhe interneti
1. Adresimi IP
Cdo pajisje ne nje rrjet qe bazohet ne TCP/IP ka nje
adrese te vetme IP
Te gjitha Adresat IP kane keto karakteristika:
Rrjetat me TCP/IP
Dhe Interneti
1
Jane 32 Biteshe
Ndahet ne 4 grupe 8 biteshe
Oktetet ngahen me pike (.) ne mes tyre
Vlerat e nje okteti variojne ne 0-255
Cdo adrese permban dy pjese : Rrjetin dhe hostet
Pjesa qe percakton rrjetin (subnetin) tregon se ciles klase i perket
adresa (A, B, C, D )
2
Disa numra ne adresen IP rezervohen per funksione te vecanta
Protokolli i konfigurimit dinamik te
hosteve DHCP
Adresa Speciale
Adresa me vlere numerike me te madhe ne rrjet
( ku bitet e hosteve jane 1) eshte nje adrese
broadcast-pra eshte nje adrese qe perdoret per te
komunikuar ne te njejten kohe me te gjitha nyjet ne
rrjet.
(192.168.1.1-B)
Adresat qe oktetin e pare e kane 127 perdoren
ekskluzivisht per testime loopback
Adresat IP mund te vendosen manualisht ose
automatikisht per nje grup pajisjesh nga sherbimi i
DHCP-se.
Nje adrese qe vendoset manualisht quhet adrese
statike
Nje adrese qe vendoset automatikisht nga DHCP
quhet adrese dinamike sepse ajo mund te
ndryshoje ne cdo moment.
( 127.168.1.35-B)
3
4
1
2. Shenimi i Adresave IP
Klasat e rrjetave ( A, B dhe C)
Per njerezit adresat IP shenohen ne trajten dhjetore
ku oktetet e konvertuara nga binari ne dhjetor
ndahen me nga nje pike mes tyre.
Per shembull adresa IP me poshte paraqitet ne dy
formate:
10.65.10.18
00001010 01000001 00001010 00010010.
Per analizimin dhe konfigurimin e rrjetave
profesionale perdoret sistemi binar.
5
Klasa te tjera( klasat D dhe E)
6
Pamjaftueshmeria e Adresave
Keto klasa nuk perodoren nga konsumatoret
Adresat e klases D te cilat fillojne me nje oktet
vlera e te cilit eshte nga 224-239, rezervohen per
transmetimet multicasting. Ky tip transmetimi
lejon qe nje pajisje ti dergoje te dhena nje grupi
brenda nje rrjeti dhe jo te gjithe rrjetit.
Adresat e Klases E te cilat fillojne me nje oktet
vlera e te cilit eshte ndermjet 240 dhe 254, jane per
perdorime eksperimentale
7
Nga vete ndertimi i klasave duket qarte qe me
kalimin e viteve njerezit ne varesi te kerkesave
per adresa IP rrisnin mundesite e subneteve ne
menyre qe te kishte mjaftueshem adresa IP.
Nevoja per Adresa IP rritet ne menyre
eksponenciale dhe sot per sot nuk mund te
mbulohet nga sistemi ekzistues
Zgjidhja per kete eshte IPv6 qe ndryshe quhet IP
e gjenerates se ardheshme.(Adresa 128 bit-she)
8
2
3. Subnetting ( Ndarja ne nenrrjete)
Subnetting
Subnetting eshte procesi i ndarjes i nje klase rrjeti
ne disa rrjete me te vegjel, per nje perdorim me te
mire te adresave IP.
Administratori i rrjetit mund te perdore nje klase
adresash per disa segmente rrjetesh.
Kjo realizohet nese njeri nga oktetet e adreses
perdoret per te treguar ndarjen e rrjetit ne subnete
Tani nje adrese me subnet tregon rrjetin subnetin
dhe hostin
9
10
Subnetting
Si percaktohet Subneti?
Nje kompani fillimisht ka nje adrese te klases B,
por me kalimin e kohes lind nevoja per adresa te
tjera IP sepse rrjeti eshte zgjeruar
Subnetting mundeson qe kjo kompani te kete nje
adrese te barazvlefshme me nje adrese te klases C
duke marre nje oktet nga hostet dhe duke ia
bashkangjitur rrjetit
Informacioni mbi rrjetin + informacioni mbi
subnetin = Prefiks i zgjeruar i rrjetit
Cdo pajisje interpreton nje maske subneti
Subnet mask = Nje numer special 32 bitesh i cili
kur kombinohet (and logjik) me adresen IP ,
informon pjesen tjeter te rrjetit per klasen e rrjetit
me te cilen eshte e lidhur pajisja.
Maskat specifikohen njelloj si adresat IP
11
Manualisht ose Automatikisht
Ne dhjetor (numri i njeshave) ose binar ( me sakte)
12
3
4. Maskat Subnet
Jo-Subnet
Ka tre arsye pse nuk do te nevojitej perdorimi i Subnetting:
Nese rrjeti qe keni eshte shume i vogel
Nese nuk do te futeni kurre ne internet keshtu qe nuk do te duhet
ti pershtateni standarteve te IP
Organizata ka me shume adresa sesa mund te perdore totalisht
Nese nuk specifikohet maska atehere ajo eshte
255.0.0.0
per klasen A
255.255.0.0 per klasen B
255.255.255.0 per klasen C
13
Subnetting brenda LAN-it
Subnetting brenda LAN-it
Vetem pajisjet e LANit duhet te interpretojne
informacionin
Pajisjet e jashtme (routerat) i kushtojne rendesi vetem
pjeses se rrjetit
Per shembull marrim nje organizate qe ka adresa te
klases B qe fillojne me 166.144.
Administratori i rrjetit e ka ndare kete adrese ne 6 rrjete
me te vegjel qe fillojne me prefikset e meposhtme te
klases C:
166.144.40, 166.144.42, 166.144.56,
166.144.59, 166.144.60, 166.144.63
14
15
Kur routeri ne LAN-in e brendshem duhet te dergoje
te dhena nga makina me adrese 166.144.40.12 per
tek makina me adrese 166.144.60.12,interpretimi i
maskes se subnetit 255.255.255.0 i tregon router-it
qe ato ndodhen ne subnete te ndryshem
16
4
5. Subnetting brenda LAN-it
Nderfaqja fizike e routerave
Kur nje server ne internet duhet te dergoje nje faqe Web ne
makinen me adrese 166.144.40.12, routeri i internetit nuk
perdor informacionin e maskes dhe supozon qe makina
ndodhet ne nje rrjet te klases B
Ne momentin qe te dhenat futen ne LAN-in e organizates ,
routeri i LAN-it interpreton masken dhe transmeton te
dhenat per tek makina perkatese
Sherben per te lidhur segmente te ndryshme rrjetash
Ne rastin e subnetting routeri duhet te interpretoje
adresa IP nga subnete te ndryshme dhe te
transmetoje te dhenat nga nje subnet ne tjetrin
Cdo subneti i korrespondon nje nderfaqe e vecante
Cdo nderfaqe lidhet me nje adrese gateway e cila
mbaron me 1
17
18
Kalimi i te dhenave neper Subnete
Subnetting me nje router
19
20
5
6. Analiza e kalimit te te dhenave
Routeri i rrjetit proceson kerkesen dhe verteton
ekzistencen e adreses IP te faqes Web dhe ia kalon
kerkesen routerit te internetit.
Routeri i internetit pasi lexon adresen IP te destinacionit
ia kalon kerkesen Web-it te kerkuar
Serveri i ketij site-i interpreton kerkesen per te dhena dhe
ia kalon pergjigjen routerit te internetit te cilit i tregon
adresen IP te perdoruesit
Routerat e internetit lexojne vetem pjesen e rrjetit ne
adresen IP dhe dergojne te dhenat tek routeri i rrjetit
Routeri i rrjetit analizon prefiksin e zgjeruar te rrjetit dhe i
dergon te dhenat tek makina perkatese.
21
Perdorimi i default Gateway
Gateway-te
Lehtesojne komunikimin ndermjet subneteve te
ndryshem
Ne rrjetet TCP/IP ka nje default Gateway
Qe fillimisht interpreton kerkesat qe vijne nga subnete
te jashtem dhe pastaj ato nga subnete te brendshem
Ne pergjithesi eshte nje nderfaqe te nje router, por nje
router mund te kete disa Gateway ku secila ka nga nje
adrese IP
22
Network Address Translation (NAT)
23
Gateway-te mund te perdoren per te fshehur
adresat IP per rrjetet e tjera publike
Brenda rrjetit (brenda Gateway) klientet mund te
perdorin cfaredolloj skeme adresimi, e cila mund te
mos jete e vlefshme per tu lidhur me internetin
Per tu futur ne internet Gateway i jep klientit nje
adrese te vlefshme IP per transmetim
Ky proces quhet NAT
Pergjithesisht behet per te kursyer adresat IP per
internet
24
6
7. NAT me Gateway IP-je
Socket-et dhe portat
Socketi eshte nje adrese logjike qe i vendoset nje
procesi qe ekzekutohet ne nje host
Adresa e Socketit kombinon adresen IP te hostit me
numrin e portes qe lidhet me cdo proces
P.Sh. Sherbimi Telnet ne nje Web Server qe ka adresen
IP 10.43.3.87 mund te kete adrese socket-i
10.43.3.87:23 , ku 23 eshte numri i portes standarte
25
Portat nga 0 ne 1023 quhen porta te njohura ato
jane caktuar me kohe nga interneti per sherbime te
pergjithshme
26
Emrat e Hosteve dhe DNS
Domain Name Services
Komunikimi TCP/IP
Perdorimi i nr te portave thjeshteson komunikimin
Siguron qe te dhenat te transmetohen per tek
aplikimi i duhur
27
Per te ndihmuar komunikimin e njerezve me
kompjeterat cdo hosti vihet nje emer qe
pershkruan ate pajisje.
Njerezit parapelqejne te bejne lidhjen e emrave me
pajisjet ne rrjet sesa te mbajne mend adresat IP
Cdo host eshte anetar i nje domaini
Nje Domain eshte nje grup kompjuterash qe i
perkasin te njejtes organizate dhe nje pjese te
adreses IP e kane te perbashket
28
7
8. Domainet
Cdo domain identifikohet nga emri i tij, i cili lidhet
me kompanine ose me organizaten qe formon
domainin.
ICANN ka vendosur konvencione per emertimin e
domaineve me ane e aplikimit te disa sufikseve te
cilet ndryshe quhet domaine te nivelit te larte
TLD – Top Level Domain
29
30
Skedaret e Hosteve
Domain Name System (DNS)
Jane skedare qe bejne lidhjen e emrave me adresen IP
Ky file kerkon ndryshime konstante monitorime dhe nuk
eshte shume i perdorshem ne internet por brenda nje
kompanie vazhdon te aplikohet si metode
Alias-i eshte nje pseudonim per cdo host
Nje menyre per te lidhur emrat dhe adresat IP ne
Internet
Baza e te dhenave DNS nuk mbeshtetet ne nje
skedar te vetem dhe as ne nje server te vetem, por
ne disa kompjutera kyce ne Internet
DNS eshte nje sherbim TCP/IP qe i perket shtreses
se aplikimit te modelit TCP/IP
# IP address
132.55.78.109
132.55.78.110
132.55.78.111 c
host name
bingo.games.com
parcheesi.games.com
heckers.games.com
alias
bingo
parcheesi
checkers
31
32
8
9. Hierarkia Gjeografike e nje serveri DNS
33
DNS-ja Aktuale
Ndahet ne tre komponente
Vendim-marresit (Resolvers)- eshte cdo host ne
internet qe duhet te manaxhoje informacionin e
emrit te domainit
Serverat e Emrave- jane serverat qe mbajne baza
te dhenash per emrat dhe adresat IP qe lidhen me
keto emra
Hapsira e Emrave- i referohet bazes aktuale te te
dhenave te internetit te adresave IP dhe te emrave te
domainit qe lidhen me keto adresa
Lexim: Konfigurimi i DNS
34
Protokolli BOOTP
Hapsira e emrave DNS
Cdo server emrash mban nje pjese te hapsires se
emrave DNS
Ne majen e Hierarkise ndodhet nje server Root i
cili menaxhohet nga ICANN dhe ka autoritetin me
te larte
Regjistrimi i nje burimi eshte nje pjese
informacioni ne bazen e te dhenave DNS
Regjistrimi i nje burimi adrese eshte nje tip regjistrimi
burimi lidh adresen IP me emrin perkates
35
Perdor nje liste qendrore adresash IP dhe adresat
reciproke MAC(fizike) per ti vendosur nje klienti
ne menyre dinamike nje adrese IP
36
9
10. Funksionimi i BOOTP
Avantazhi BOOTP
Klienti BOOTP dergon nje mesazh broadcast dhe kerkon
nje adrese IP
Ne mesazh perfshihet dhe adresa MAC e klientit
Serveri BOOTP dallon nje kerkese nga nje klient BOOTP,
regjistron adresen fizike te klientit ne tabelen e tij
BOOTP dhe i pergjigjet klientit me informacioni e
meposhtem:
Klienti nuk duhet ta mbaje mend adresen e tij IP
Administratoret nuk duhet te konfigurojne cdo host
Eshte situata ideale per sistemet pa disk (diskless)
Adresen IP te klientit
Adresen IP te serverit
Emrin e hostit te serverit
Adresen IP te nje default routeri
37
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) ; Arsyet e perdorimit:
Sisteme qe nuk kane Hard Disk por mbeshteten ne nje
memorie te vogel ROM vetem sa te lidhen me rrjetin
dhe te marrin nga rrjeti nje sistem shfrytezimi
38
Leasing (marrje me qera) ne DHCP
Per te reduktuar kohen e kerkuar per menaxhimin
e adresave IP
Per te reduktuar gabimet potencile qe mund te
ndodhin gjate vendosjes se adreses IP
Per te mundesuar zhvendosjen e pajisjeve pa pasur
nevoje per ndryshuar konfigurimin TCP/IP
Per te bere adresimin IP transpasent per
perdoruesit e levizshem (Mobile)
39
40
10
11. Perfundimi i Qerase DHCP
Adresimi ne IPv6
Nje Leasing DHCP perfundon ne varesi te kohes
per te cilen eshte konfiguruar ose mund te
perfundohet ne menyre manuale
Ne disa situata nje perdorues duhet ta perfundoje
lidhjen DHCP
Ky koncept quhet release ne TCP/IP ne e
Windows-it
Avantazhet ne lidhje me IPv4:
Lexim: WINS
41
Ka nje Header me eficent
Perfshin tekniken IPsec
Suport me te mire per cilesine e sherbimit
Konfigurim automatik per adresimin IP
Ofron mundesine per biliona adresa IP me teper
nepermjet nje skeme te re adresimi
Ndryshimi baze ndermjet nje adrese IPv4 dhe nje
adrese IPv6 eshte madhesia (32b-v4dhe 128b-v6)
42
Paraqitja e adresave ne IPv6
Nderfaqet ne IPv6
Adresa ka 8 fusha 16 biteshe
Cdo fushe ne adresat IPv6 mban numra hex te
ndare me “:” - F:F:0:0:0:0:3012:0CE3
Disa fusha mund te kene vleren 0 dhe shkurtohen
Cdo nderfaqeje ne nje pajisje i vendoset nje adrese
e vecante IP dhe jo me vetem nyja te kete nje
adrese IP
Ne menyre qe te realizohet kjo adresimi IPv6 ben
dallimin ndermjet tipeve nderfaqeve
FF::3012:0CE3
Adresa Loopback 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
Shkurtimi Loopback ::1
43
Adresa Unicast eshte nje adrese qe paraqet nje
nderfaqe te vetme ne nje pajisje
Adresa Multicast paraqet disa nderfaqe (shpesh ne
pajisje te ndryshme)
Adresa Anycast paraqet cdo nderfaqe nga nje grup
nderfaqesh, ate qe mund te pranoje transmetimin
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12. Prefiksi i formatimit (Format Prefix)
Eshte nje fushe me madhesi te ndryshueshme ne
fillim te cdo adrese qe tregon tipin e adreses per te
bere dallimin ndermjet nje nderfaqeje apo nje
nyje apo dhe ndermjet tipeve te nderfaqeve
Nje adrese Unicast fillon me nje sekuence FEC0 ose
FE80.
Nje adrese Multicast fillon me nje sekuence FF0x,ku x
eshte nje karakter qe i korrespondon nje ID-je te nje
grupi
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Percakton rradhen e fushave te adreses
Protokolli RARP
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
ARP lexonte adresen MAC te nje hosti lokal dhe e
ruante kete informacion ne nje cache lokale
Nese nje nyje njeh adresen e tij IP ai nuk mund te
perdore ARP sepse nuk mund te leshoje kerkesa
ARP dhe te marre pergjigje
RARP mundeson qe klienti te dergoje mesazhe
broadcast me adresen MAC te nje pajisjeje dhe te
marre adresen IP te asaj pajisje si pergjigje
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RARP
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