The document discusses options for meeting refinery hydrogen demands, which are growing due to increasing needs for lighter, cleaner fuel products. It outlines various hydrogen production and recovery technologies, including steam reforming, partial oxidation, and purification processes like pressure swing adsorption, membranes, and cryogenics. Overall production costs depend on factors like feedstock availability and local requirements. The report provides detailed information on worldwide hydrogen production and consumption in refineries.
This document discusses the development of the new API CJ-4 oil category, which was created to be compatible with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) used in 2007 and later diesel engines in the US. The API CJ-4 category includes 5 new engine tests and 1 new gasoline test to evaluate oil performance with DPFs and EGR systems. It places limits on the oil's sulfated ash (1%), phosphorus (0.12%), sulfur (0.4%), and volatility (13%) to limit deposits in DPFs. The tests were selected to evaluate issues like oil consumption, deposits, wear, and soot control with low-sulfur fuel and reduced phosphorus levels required for DPF and catalyst
The document discusses the synthesis and characterization of polymeric additives and their effectiveness as pour point depressants and viscosity improvers for waxy crude oils. Polyethylene acrylic acid (PEAA) was esterified with docosanol to produce PEAA-DcA, which was then grafted with vinyl acetate to produce PEAA-DcA-g-VA. The products were characterized using FT-IR and 1H NMR. Rheological measurements and pour point tests were performed on crude oils treated with the polymers. The pour point of crude oils was reduced from 27°C to 6°C depending on polymer composition and concentration. PEAA-DcA-g-VA performed best at reducing pour point, indicating these
The document discusses the introduction of the new API CJ-4 diesel engine oil category. It was developed in response to new EPA emissions standards requiring diesel particulate filters (DPFs) on all on-highway diesel engines in the U.S. as of 2007. The API CJ-4 category includes limits on sulfated ash, phosphorus, and sulfur to ensure compatibility with DPFs and adequate engine durability when using ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. The category consists of nine engine tests and six bench tests, making it the most robust API category developed. The document reviews the development and requirements of the API CJ-4 category.
Webinar broadcast 24 May 2012. Second in a series previewing results of a long-term study by the ICCT of India's program to regulate and control emissions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles—cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses. Offers a broad overview of the influence of fuel quality on vehicle emissions, and assesses India's past, present, and possible future fuel-quality standards and compliance programs in the context of international best practices, with particular emphasis on sulfur content of fuels.
Engines in ships, aircraft, vehicles and tanks can be much more energy efficient. This is because nano-clusters of fuel particles can be better utilized, reducing emissions and fuel wastage. The life of the engine is enhanced.
Integration of Refining and Petrochem Industrybhartisharma0
This document discusses the integration of refinery and petrochemical operations at Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited's Kochi Refinery in India. It outlines plans to expand the refinery's capacity from 190,000 to 310,000 barrels per day and construct a new petrochemical plant. A key part of the integration involves sourcing hydrogen, syngas and other utilities from a new "over the fence" gas supply operated through a build-own-operate model to minimize capital costs for both projects. The expansion aims to increase production of transportation fuels and petrochemical feedstocks like propylene to meet growing demand in India.
This document discusses options for optimizing the hydrocarbon value chain by upgrading low value streams from petroleum refining. It presents two options for producing polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene from short residue: 1) via residue delayed coking and deep catalytic cracking or 2) via petcoke gasification. Both options can boost refining margins by generating higher value polymers without sacrificing conventional refinery outputs. The economics depend on factors like configuration, location, market access, economies of scale, and the differential in value between polymer products and feedstock.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of 20 Class-8 trucks fueled with either #2 ultra-low sulfur diesel or a 20% soy biodiesel blend (B20) over 12 months. Data from the trucks was collected and analyzed to compare operational parameters like fuel consumption and engine information between the two fuel types. Laboratory testing was also done on the fuels and engine oil samples to analyze differences between the two. The results found minimal performance differences between the fuels, except the B20 fuel showed slightly higher engine oil degradation based on viscosity, acid/base number, oxidation, and wear metals.
This document discusses the development of the new API CJ-4 oil category, which was created to be compatible with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) used in 2007 and later diesel engines in the US. The API CJ-4 category includes 5 new engine tests and 1 new gasoline test to evaluate oil performance with DPFs and EGR systems. It places limits on the oil's sulfated ash (1%), phosphorus (0.12%), sulfur (0.4%), and volatility (13%) to limit deposits in DPFs. The tests were selected to evaluate issues like oil consumption, deposits, wear, and soot control with low-sulfur fuel and reduced phosphorus levels required for DPF and catalyst
The document discusses the synthesis and characterization of polymeric additives and their effectiveness as pour point depressants and viscosity improvers for waxy crude oils. Polyethylene acrylic acid (PEAA) was esterified with docosanol to produce PEAA-DcA, which was then grafted with vinyl acetate to produce PEAA-DcA-g-VA. The products were characterized using FT-IR and 1H NMR. Rheological measurements and pour point tests were performed on crude oils treated with the polymers. The pour point of crude oils was reduced from 27°C to 6°C depending on polymer composition and concentration. PEAA-DcA-g-VA performed best at reducing pour point, indicating these
The document discusses the introduction of the new API CJ-4 diesel engine oil category. It was developed in response to new EPA emissions standards requiring diesel particulate filters (DPFs) on all on-highway diesel engines in the U.S. as of 2007. The API CJ-4 category includes limits on sulfated ash, phosphorus, and sulfur to ensure compatibility with DPFs and adequate engine durability when using ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. The category consists of nine engine tests and six bench tests, making it the most robust API category developed. The document reviews the development and requirements of the API CJ-4 category.
Webinar broadcast 24 May 2012. Second in a series previewing results of a long-term study by the ICCT of India's program to regulate and control emissions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles—cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses. Offers a broad overview of the influence of fuel quality on vehicle emissions, and assesses India's past, present, and possible future fuel-quality standards and compliance programs in the context of international best practices, with particular emphasis on sulfur content of fuels.
Engines in ships, aircraft, vehicles and tanks can be much more energy efficient. This is because nano-clusters of fuel particles can be better utilized, reducing emissions and fuel wastage. The life of the engine is enhanced.
Integration of Refining and Petrochem Industrybhartisharma0
This document discusses the integration of refinery and petrochemical operations at Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited's Kochi Refinery in India. It outlines plans to expand the refinery's capacity from 190,000 to 310,000 barrels per day and construct a new petrochemical plant. A key part of the integration involves sourcing hydrogen, syngas and other utilities from a new "over the fence" gas supply operated through a build-own-operate model to minimize capital costs for both projects. The expansion aims to increase production of transportation fuels and petrochemical feedstocks like propylene to meet growing demand in India.
This document discusses options for optimizing the hydrocarbon value chain by upgrading low value streams from petroleum refining. It presents two options for producing polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene from short residue: 1) via residue delayed coking and deep catalytic cracking or 2) via petcoke gasification. Both options can boost refining margins by generating higher value polymers without sacrificing conventional refinery outputs. The economics depend on factors like configuration, location, market access, economies of scale, and the differential in value between polymer products and feedstock.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of 20 Class-8 trucks fueled with either #2 ultra-low sulfur diesel or a 20% soy biodiesel blend (B20) over 12 months. Data from the trucks was collected and analyzed to compare operational parameters like fuel consumption and engine information between the two fuel types. Laboratory testing was also done on the fuels and engine oil samples to analyze differences between the two. The results found minimal performance differences between the fuels, except the B20 fuel showed slightly higher engine oil degradation based on viscosity, acid/base number, oxidation, and wear metals.
Khalfan Al Muhairi - High Performance Top Coat Borcoat HE3450Ramy Saboungui
The document discusses a new high performance top coat called Borcoat HE3450-H that is presented at the 2nd Kuwait Pipe Tech Conference. It provides an overview of Borouge, corrosion issues in the oil and gas sector, typical 3-layer polyolefin steel pipe coating systems, and the need for coatings that can withstand higher temperatures and mechanical impacts. The new Borcoat HE3450-H coating is designed to meet the demand for coatings that can perform between 30-90 degrees Celsius and withstand very high mechanical requirements for the polyolefin top coat.
Vehicle Manufacturer’s Perspective on Alternative Refrigerant DevelopmentUNEP OzonAction
This document discusses a vehicle manufacturer's perspective on developing alternative refrigerants for mobile air conditioning systems. It provides an overview of refrigerants that have been evaluated, including R744 (CO2) and R1234yf. It outlines the technical challenges of R744 systems and challenges that may prevent R1234yf from becoming a global solution. It recommends establishing a collaborative industry effort to develop the next generation of alternative refrigerants following the SAE evaluation process.
Enzyme Catalysis for Biomass Based Diesel Fuels Rachel Burton
This document summarizes enzyme catalysis for biodiesel production. It discusses the advantages of using enzymes over chemical catalysts, including improved sustainability and reduced hazardous waste. It provides an overview of the enzymatic biodiesel production process involving transesterification and esterification reactions. The document also reviews the history of enzymatic biodiesel research and commercialization efforts. It discusses various approaches to overcome challenges such as enzyme deactivation, including the use of cosolvents and multi-stage methanol addition. Commercial enzymatic biodiesel facilities are achieving ASTM fuel specifications using real-world feedstocks.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the impact of operating vehicles on B20 biodiesel blend versus petroleum diesel. Eight vehicles - four Ford cargo vans and four Mack tractors from the US Postal Service - were selected, with two of each type running on B20 and two running on diesel as controls. The engines and fuel systems were removed and inspected for wear. Maintenance costs were also compared. Results found little difference in wear or costs attributable to B20, except the Mack B20 engines showed more frequent filter changes and injector nozzle replacement, possibly due to biological contaminants. A sludge buildup was also seen in the Mack B20 engines. Overall, the study found little operational or durability impact
This document highlights on the global merket position of pour point depressant used in crude oil transportation from drilling wells and also land transportation through pipe lines.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of transit buses operated on a 20% biodiesel blend (B20) compared to identical buses operated on petroleum diesel. Nine buses were studied over two years, with five buses running on B20 and four on diesel. The buses accumulated about 100,000 miles each. There was no significant difference in fuel economy or maintenance costs between the B20 and diesel buses. Emissions testing showed reductions in pollutants for the B20 buses. The study provides quantitative data on operating transit buses with B20 blends.
This document summarizes the development of a low-cost polyurethane foam formulation using a reduced amount of HFC-245fa blowing agent and an increased amount of water. Laboratory and production evaluations found that foams produced with as little as 5 parts per hundred weight of HFC-245fa exhibited equivalent physical and thermal properties to traditional HCFC-141b foams. The low-cost formulation shows potential for the transition away from HCFC blowing agents in developing countries.
1) Enhanced Oil Resources is an oil and gas company focused on increasing production and reserves through infill drilling and CO2 enhanced oil recovery in the Permian Basin.
2) The company owns the largest undeveloped helium and CO2 field in North America which could supply their CO2 EOR projects.
3) Their plan is to increase production to 1,000 bopd in 2010 through infill drilling and fracture stimulation, and begin permitting for CO2 pipelines and facilities.
This document summarizes the results of a study testing the effects of Hydrotex synthetic lubricants versus mineral oil-based lubricants on fuel economy. The study found that the Hydrotex lubricants improved fuel economy by over 5%, which more than pays for the cost of the synthetic lubrication program. It also reduced emissions. A separate study on diesel fuel additives found they improved fuel economy by 4-10% and reduced particulate matter by up to 71% and other emissions. The additives were also found to clean fuel injectors and fuel systems.
Production of jet fuel through merox processTayyba Noor
The document discusses a proposed jet fuel (JP-1) production process using the Merox process. It includes:
1) An overview of the Merox process which oxidizes mercaptans in kerosene to disulfides using a catalyst and air.
2) Details on the raw materials, process flow diagram, and reaction kinetics of the Merox process.
3) A capacity selection calculation determining the proposed plant capacity to be 150,000 metric tons per year, based on past and projected jet fuel consumption, production and import data for Pakistan.
The document discusses gasoline quality standards and specifications in the United States. It notes that 141 refineries in the US refine crude oil into petroleum products like gasoline. Gasoline standards are set by ASTM International and adopted by the EPA to ensure gasoline works well in vehicles and meets environmental regulations. Refineries produce gasoline to these standards, which is then transported via pipelines and other means to terminals near consumers. Additives are blended into gasoline at terminals before it reaches gas stations.
This document provides a summary of a presentation by PLG Consulting about the impacts of shale development on freight transportation. It discusses how hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have driven growth in natural gas and crude oil production in the US. Specifically, it addresses how shale development is affecting logistics and transportation needs for inputs like proppants, water, and chemicals to oil and gas wells. It also examines downstream impacts on industries that use natural gas, natural gas liquids, and crude oil as feedstocks. In conclusion, it considers factors that could impact future natural gas demand and prices and the potential for liquefied natural gas exports.
PetroSync - Chemically Enhanced Water Alternating GasPetroSync
It is know that two-third of the original oil in place are still in the ground. Petroleum companies are looking for techniques to improve sweep efficiency and increase recovery factors. As a result, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes need to be carried out. Successful WAG floods can yield 5-20% additional oil recovery over waterflood because of improved microscopic displacement efficiency by the solvent coupled with improving areal and vertical sweep efficiency.
ASW Global is a distributor and supply chain integrator of renewable lubricants. It offers products and services including supply chain optimization, distribution management, value-added warehousing, packaging, transportation management, and renewable lubricants. ASW distributes renewable lubricants from Renewable Lubricants, Inc. that are biodegradable and perform as well or better than petroleum-based lubricants. The document provides examples of ASW's renewable lubricant products being used by the US Navy, Army, waste management companies, and others.
Rosneft held an investor day in London on April 23, 2013 to report on the company's successful 2012 performance and strategic priorities. The summary includes:
- Rosneft achieved 131% reserve replacement rate, 4.5% production growth, 5.4% reduction in lifting costs per barrel, and 35% stock price growth in 2012, outperforming global majors.
- The acquisition of TNK-BP was completed, creating the largest publicly traded oil company. Integration is expected to generate over $10 billion in synergies.
- Strategic priorities include further developing gas business, completing the $14 billion refinery modernization program, and pursuing partnerships with international companies.
March 2014 World Oil: Greener completions advance in the MarcellusBaker Hughes
An oil and gas operator collaborated with a service company to use bi-fuel fracturing pumps powered by natural gas to lower emissions during hydraulic fracturing operations. The operator supplied natural gas from existing pipelines to power 14 bi-fuel pumps, saving over $475,000 in fuel costs compared to diesel. Using natural gas also reduced the environmental footprint and eliminated the need for 16 diesel deliveries. The collaboration helped the operator achieve one of the cleanest shale gas completions in North America while improving efficiency.
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
2.1 General Properties of Sodium Hydroxide
2.2 Physical Properties of Sodium Hydroxide and its Solutions
2.3 Chemical Properties and uses of Sodium Hydroxide
2.4 Physiological effects of Sodium Hydroxide
2.5 Specifications of Commercial Caustic Soda Grades
3 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE
3.1 Pump Duty
3.2 Pump Type
4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAMS
5 RECOMMENDED LAYOUT
6 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
7 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
7.1 Nickel and Nickel Alloys
7.2 Austenitic Stainless Steel
7.3 Aluminium, Aluminium Alloys, etc.
7.4 Non-Metallic Materials
TABLES
1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (Solid Form)
2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (Solution Form)
3 CAUSTIC SODA GRADES
FIGURES
1.1 LINE DIAGRAM - HORIZONTAL GLANDED, GLANDLESS AND VERTICAL IN-LINE PUMPS
1.2 LINE DIAGRAM - VERTICAL SPINDLE CANTILEVER PUMPS
1.3 LINE DIAGRAM - SELF PRIMING PUMPS
1.4 LINE DIAGRAM - RECIPROCATING PLUNGER METERING PUMPS
1.5 LINE DIAGRAM - POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT DIAPHRAGM METERING PUMPS
1.6 WATER FLUSHING ARRANGEMENT FOR DOUBLE MECHANICAL SEAL
1.7 WATER FLUSH (QUENCH) ARRANGEMENT FOR SINGLE HARD FACED (CARBIDE) SEAL AND BACK-UP LIP SEAL
2 PHASE DIAGRAM OF NaOH-H2O
3 VISCOSITY OF AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
4 VAPOR PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
5 ENTHALPY CONCENTRATION FOR AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY FOR AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
7 DILUTION OF CAUSTIC SODA LIQUOR
8 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
9 SPECIFIC HEAT OF CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
10 BOILING POINTS OF STRONG CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS AT REDUCED PRESSURE
11 COMMENCEMENT OF FREEZING OF CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS (0 - 52% W/W)
12 TEMPERATURES ATTAINED ON DISSOLUTION OF ANHYDROUS CAUSTIC SODA
13 HEAT OF SOLUTION FOR ANHYDROUS CAUSTIC SODA
14 SOLUBILITY OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
15 DENSITY - CONCENTRATION TABLES FOR CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS AT 600 F (15.5 0 C)
16 MATERIAL SELECTION CHART FOR CAUSTIC SODA HANDLING
IRJET- A Study on a Diesel Hydrotreater using Combined Refinery StreamsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using a diesel hydrotreater to process combined refinery streams. It begins with an introduction to diesel hydrotreating and removing compounds from diesel like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metals. It then reviews literature on modeling hydrotreaters, the impact of different feedstocks on catalyst performance, and revamps of hydrotreaters to increase throughput and meet low sulfur standards. The document concludes with discussing various studies on optimizing hydrotreating operating parameters and the benefits of sequential hydrotreating and hydrocracking of diesel and other refinery streams.
Theory:
Magnetism, Types of magnetic substances, Directions, Magnetic force and field, Right-hand rule, and its application, numerical problems.
Practical:
• Orientation Class and Safety Instructions.
• Magnetic field and magnetic force lines of a bar magnet.
Theory:
Wave motion, types of waves, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength, superposition and interference of waves, sound waves, ultrasound wave and its application, speed of sound, em-waves and light, their properties, numerical problems.
Practical:
• Standing Waves on a String.
• Resonant Modes of Sound in a Tube.
Theory:
Wave motion, types of waves, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength, superposition and interference of waves, sound waves, ultrasound wave and its application, speed of sound, em-waves and light, their properties, numerical problems.
Practical:
• Standing Waves on a String.
• Resonant Modes of Sound in a Tube.
Theory:
Wave motion, types of waves, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength, superposition and interference of waves, sound waves, ultrasound wave and its application, speed of sound, em-waves and light, their properties, numerical problems.
Practical:
• Standing Waves on a String.
• Resonant Modes of Sound in a Tube.
Theory:
Wave motion, types of waves, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength, superposition and interference of waves, sound waves, ultrasound wave and its application, speed of sound, em-waves and light, their properties, numerical problems.
Practical:
• Standing Waves on a String.
• Resonant Modes of Sound in a Tube.
Refining petrochemical integration bangkok june 2012 final draftNoor Jivraj
This document discusses trends in refinery-petrochemical integration globally and in Asia. It notes that integration has increased over time as refineries seek to maximize the barrel of oil through extracting more petrochemical feedstocks. Recent projects in the Middle East have achieved 30% crude-to-petrochemicals conversion rates through technologies that increase propylene and aromatics yields. Fully integrated complexes provide advantages through synergies but also complexity. The level of integration varies significantly between recent projects.
Reliance Refining Building Worlds Larges Coke Gasification ProjectTodd Pencarinha
The world's largest refinery - Reliance Refining in India is building the world's largest coke gasification plant. The plant will gasify 9 million MT/year of petroleum coke
Khalfan Al Muhairi - High Performance Top Coat Borcoat HE3450Ramy Saboungui
The document discusses a new high performance top coat called Borcoat HE3450-H that is presented at the 2nd Kuwait Pipe Tech Conference. It provides an overview of Borouge, corrosion issues in the oil and gas sector, typical 3-layer polyolefin steel pipe coating systems, and the need for coatings that can withstand higher temperatures and mechanical impacts. The new Borcoat HE3450-H coating is designed to meet the demand for coatings that can perform between 30-90 degrees Celsius and withstand very high mechanical requirements for the polyolefin top coat.
Vehicle Manufacturer’s Perspective on Alternative Refrigerant DevelopmentUNEP OzonAction
This document discusses a vehicle manufacturer's perspective on developing alternative refrigerants for mobile air conditioning systems. It provides an overview of refrigerants that have been evaluated, including R744 (CO2) and R1234yf. It outlines the technical challenges of R744 systems and challenges that may prevent R1234yf from becoming a global solution. It recommends establishing a collaborative industry effort to develop the next generation of alternative refrigerants following the SAE evaluation process.
Enzyme Catalysis for Biomass Based Diesel Fuels Rachel Burton
This document summarizes enzyme catalysis for biodiesel production. It discusses the advantages of using enzymes over chemical catalysts, including improved sustainability and reduced hazardous waste. It provides an overview of the enzymatic biodiesel production process involving transesterification and esterification reactions. The document also reviews the history of enzymatic biodiesel research and commercialization efforts. It discusses various approaches to overcome challenges such as enzyme deactivation, including the use of cosolvents and multi-stage methanol addition. Commercial enzymatic biodiesel facilities are achieving ASTM fuel specifications using real-world feedstocks.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the impact of operating vehicles on B20 biodiesel blend versus petroleum diesel. Eight vehicles - four Ford cargo vans and four Mack tractors from the US Postal Service - were selected, with two of each type running on B20 and two running on diesel as controls. The engines and fuel systems were removed and inspected for wear. Maintenance costs were also compared. Results found little difference in wear or costs attributable to B20, except the Mack B20 engines showed more frequent filter changes and injector nozzle replacement, possibly due to biological contaminants. A sludge buildup was also seen in the Mack B20 engines. Overall, the study found little operational or durability impact
This document highlights on the global merket position of pour point depressant used in crude oil transportation from drilling wells and also land transportation through pipe lines.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of transit buses operated on a 20% biodiesel blend (B20) compared to identical buses operated on petroleum diesel. Nine buses were studied over two years, with five buses running on B20 and four on diesel. The buses accumulated about 100,000 miles each. There was no significant difference in fuel economy or maintenance costs between the B20 and diesel buses. Emissions testing showed reductions in pollutants for the B20 buses. The study provides quantitative data on operating transit buses with B20 blends.
This document summarizes the development of a low-cost polyurethane foam formulation using a reduced amount of HFC-245fa blowing agent and an increased amount of water. Laboratory and production evaluations found that foams produced with as little as 5 parts per hundred weight of HFC-245fa exhibited equivalent physical and thermal properties to traditional HCFC-141b foams. The low-cost formulation shows potential for the transition away from HCFC blowing agents in developing countries.
1) Enhanced Oil Resources is an oil and gas company focused on increasing production and reserves through infill drilling and CO2 enhanced oil recovery in the Permian Basin.
2) The company owns the largest undeveloped helium and CO2 field in North America which could supply their CO2 EOR projects.
3) Their plan is to increase production to 1,000 bopd in 2010 through infill drilling and fracture stimulation, and begin permitting for CO2 pipelines and facilities.
This document summarizes the results of a study testing the effects of Hydrotex synthetic lubricants versus mineral oil-based lubricants on fuel economy. The study found that the Hydrotex lubricants improved fuel economy by over 5%, which more than pays for the cost of the synthetic lubrication program. It also reduced emissions. A separate study on diesel fuel additives found they improved fuel economy by 4-10% and reduced particulate matter by up to 71% and other emissions. The additives were also found to clean fuel injectors and fuel systems.
Production of jet fuel through merox processTayyba Noor
The document discusses a proposed jet fuel (JP-1) production process using the Merox process. It includes:
1) An overview of the Merox process which oxidizes mercaptans in kerosene to disulfides using a catalyst and air.
2) Details on the raw materials, process flow diagram, and reaction kinetics of the Merox process.
3) A capacity selection calculation determining the proposed plant capacity to be 150,000 metric tons per year, based on past and projected jet fuel consumption, production and import data for Pakistan.
The document discusses gasoline quality standards and specifications in the United States. It notes that 141 refineries in the US refine crude oil into petroleum products like gasoline. Gasoline standards are set by ASTM International and adopted by the EPA to ensure gasoline works well in vehicles and meets environmental regulations. Refineries produce gasoline to these standards, which is then transported via pipelines and other means to terminals near consumers. Additives are blended into gasoline at terminals before it reaches gas stations.
This document provides a summary of a presentation by PLG Consulting about the impacts of shale development on freight transportation. It discusses how hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have driven growth in natural gas and crude oil production in the US. Specifically, it addresses how shale development is affecting logistics and transportation needs for inputs like proppants, water, and chemicals to oil and gas wells. It also examines downstream impacts on industries that use natural gas, natural gas liquids, and crude oil as feedstocks. In conclusion, it considers factors that could impact future natural gas demand and prices and the potential for liquefied natural gas exports.
PetroSync - Chemically Enhanced Water Alternating GasPetroSync
It is know that two-third of the original oil in place are still in the ground. Petroleum companies are looking for techniques to improve sweep efficiency and increase recovery factors. As a result, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes need to be carried out. Successful WAG floods can yield 5-20% additional oil recovery over waterflood because of improved microscopic displacement efficiency by the solvent coupled with improving areal and vertical sweep efficiency.
ASW Global is a distributor and supply chain integrator of renewable lubricants. It offers products and services including supply chain optimization, distribution management, value-added warehousing, packaging, transportation management, and renewable lubricants. ASW distributes renewable lubricants from Renewable Lubricants, Inc. that are biodegradable and perform as well or better than petroleum-based lubricants. The document provides examples of ASW's renewable lubricant products being used by the US Navy, Army, waste management companies, and others.
Rosneft held an investor day in London on April 23, 2013 to report on the company's successful 2012 performance and strategic priorities. The summary includes:
- Rosneft achieved 131% reserve replacement rate, 4.5% production growth, 5.4% reduction in lifting costs per barrel, and 35% stock price growth in 2012, outperforming global majors.
- The acquisition of TNK-BP was completed, creating the largest publicly traded oil company. Integration is expected to generate over $10 billion in synergies.
- Strategic priorities include further developing gas business, completing the $14 billion refinery modernization program, and pursuing partnerships with international companies.
March 2014 World Oil: Greener completions advance in the MarcellusBaker Hughes
An oil and gas operator collaborated with a service company to use bi-fuel fracturing pumps powered by natural gas to lower emissions during hydraulic fracturing operations. The operator supplied natural gas from existing pipelines to power 14 bi-fuel pumps, saving over $475,000 in fuel costs compared to diesel. Using natural gas also reduced the environmental footprint and eliminated the need for 16 diesel deliveries. The collaboration helped the operator achieve one of the cleanest shale gas completions in North America while improving efficiency.
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
2.1 General Properties of Sodium Hydroxide
2.2 Physical Properties of Sodium Hydroxide and its Solutions
2.3 Chemical Properties and uses of Sodium Hydroxide
2.4 Physiological effects of Sodium Hydroxide
2.5 Specifications of Commercial Caustic Soda Grades
3 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE
3.1 Pump Duty
3.2 Pump Type
4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAMS
5 RECOMMENDED LAYOUT
6 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
7 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
7.1 Nickel and Nickel Alloys
7.2 Austenitic Stainless Steel
7.3 Aluminium, Aluminium Alloys, etc.
7.4 Non-Metallic Materials
TABLES
1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (Solid Form)
2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (Solution Form)
3 CAUSTIC SODA GRADES
FIGURES
1.1 LINE DIAGRAM - HORIZONTAL GLANDED, GLANDLESS AND VERTICAL IN-LINE PUMPS
1.2 LINE DIAGRAM - VERTICAL SPINDLE CANTILEVER PUMPS
1.3 LINE DIAGRAM - SELF PRIMING PUMPS
1.4 LINE DIAGRAM - RECIPROCATING PLUNGER METERING PUMPS
1.5 LINE DIAGRAM - POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT DIAPHRAGM METERING PUMPS
1.6 WATER FLUSHING ARRANGEMENT FOR DOUBLE MECHANICAL SEAL
1.7 WATER FLUSH (QUENCH) ARRANGEMENT FOR SINGLE HARD FACED (CARBIDE) SEAL AND BACK-UP LIP SEAL
2 PHASE DIAGRAM OF NaOH-H2O
3 VISCOSITY OF AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
4 VAPOR PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
5 ENTHALPY CONCENTRATION FOR AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY FOR AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
7 DILUTION OF CAUSTIC SODA LIQUOR
8 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
9 SPECIFIC HEAT OF CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
10 BOILING POINTS OF STRONG CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS AT REDUCED PRESSURE
11 COMMENCEMENT OF FREEZING OF CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS (0 - 52% W/W)
12 TEMPERATURES ATTAINED ON DISSOLUTION OF ANHYDROUS CAUSTIC SODA
13 HEAT OF SOLUTION FOR ANHYDROUS CAUSTIC SODA
14 SOLUBILITY OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS
15 DENSITY - CONCENTRATION TABLES FOR CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS AT 600 F (15.5 0 C)
16 MATERIAL SELECTION CHART FOR CAUSTIC SODA HANDLING
IRJET- A Study on a Diesel Hydrotreater using Combined Refinery StreamsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using a diesel hydrotreater to process combined refinery streams. It begins with an introduction to diesel hydrotreating and removing compounds from diesel like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metals. It then reviews literature on modeling hydrotreaters, the impact of different feedstocks on catalyst performance, and revamps of hydrotreaters to increase throughput and meet low sulfur standards. The document concludes with discussing various studies on optimizing hydrotreating operating parameters and the benefits of sequential hydrotreating and hydrocracking of diesel and other refinery streams.
Theory:
Magnetism, Types of magnetic substances, Directions, Magnetic force and field, Right-hand rule, and its application, numerical problems.
Practical:
• Orientation Class and Safety Instructions.
• Magnetic field and magnetic force lines of a bar magnet.
Theory:
Wave motion, types of waves, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength, superposition and interference of waves, sound waves, ultrasound wave and its application, speed of sound, em-waves and light, their properties, numerical problems.
Practical:
• Standing Waves on a String.
• Resonant Modes of Sound in a Tube.
Theory:
Wave motion, types of waves, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength, superposition and interference of waves, sound waves, ultrasound wave and its application, speed of sound, em-waves and light, their properties, numerical problems.
Practical:
• Standing Waves on a String.
• Resonant Modes of Sound in a Tube.
Theory:
Wave motion, types of waves, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength, superposition and interference of waves, sound waves, ultrasound wave and its application, speed of sound, em-waves and light, their properties, numerical problems.
Practical:
• Standing Waves on a String.
• Resonant Modes of Sound in a Tube.
Theory:
Wave motion, types of waves, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength, superposition and interference of waves, sound waves, ultrasound wave and its application, speed of sound, em-waves and light, their properties, numerical problems.
Practical:
• Standing Waves on a String.
• Resonant Modes of Sound in a Tube.
Refining petrochemical integration bangkok june 2012 final draftNoor Jivraj
This document discusses trends in refinery-petrochemical integration globally and in Asia. It notes that integration has increased over time as refineries seek to maximize the barrel of oil through extracting more petrochemical feedstocks. Recent projects in the Middle East have achieved 30% crude-to-petrochemicals conversion rates through technologies that increase propylene and aromatics yields. Fully integrated complexes provide advantages through synergies but also complexity. The level of integration varies significantly between recent projects.
Reliance Refining Building Worlds Larges Coke Gasification ProjectTodd Pencarinha
The world's largest refinery - Reliance Refining in India is building the world's largest coke gasification plant. The plant will gasify 9 million MT/year of petroleum coke
Pumps for Hydrocarbon Service
1 SCOPE
2 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
2.1 General
2.2 Pure Hydrocarbons
2.3 Associated Compounds
2.4 Crude Oil
2.5 Toxicology
2.6 Cavitation
2.7 Velocity of Sound
3 FLAMMABILITY HAZARDS
3.1 General
3.2 Definitions
3.3 The Electrical Area Classification
4 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE
5 LINE DIAGRAM (PROCESS)
6 LAYOUT
7 SHAFT SEALS
7.1 Selection
7.2 Engineering of Seals
8 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
8.1 General
8.2 Effects of Low Density
9 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
9.1 Process Wetted Parts
9.2 Mechanical Components
9.3 Non Metallic’s
APPENDIX A - BARNARD & WEIR SEAL THEORY FIGURES
1 VAPOR PRESSURE OF HYDROCARBONS
2 VAPOR PRESSURE OF LIGHT HYDROCARBONS
3 VAPOR PRESSURE OF GASOLINES
4 SPECIFIC HEAT OF HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS
5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF OLEFINE, DI OLEFINES AND PARAFFINS
6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AROMATICS
7 VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE CHART FOR PARAFFINS, AROMATICS
AND PETROLEUM FRACTIONS
8 VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE CHART FOR MINERAL LUBRICATING
OILS
TABLES
1 PURE HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
2A CRUDE OILS PROPERTIES
2B NINIAN: PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OIL, NAPHTHAS AND KEROSENE
2C NINIAN: PROPERTIES OF GAS OILS AND RESIDUES
3 PURE HYROCARBON FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGerard B. Hawkins
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by:
• Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application.
• Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability.
• Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen.
• Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards.
• Providing example calculations for real practical problems.
SCOPE
The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts:
1 Fundamentals of meteorology.
2 Overview of air quality standards.
3 Comparison between different air quality models.
4 Designing a stack.
5 Dense gas dispersion.
6 Calculation of source terms.
7 Building wake effects.
8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen.
9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module.
10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module.
11 ADMS examples.
12 Modeling odorous releases.
13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports.
14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms.
Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates.
APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
1) Unconventional oils such as bitumen from oil sands pose significant challenges for refineries due to higher sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrogen consumption compared to conventional crude oils.
2) Regulatory and economic factors including declining crude quality, environmental regulations on gasoline and diesel fuel specifications, and incentives for renewable fuels will impact opportunities and challenges for transportation fuel production.
3) Increased use of unconventional resources and biofuels is expected to have a substantial effect on refining processes and profitability over the next 15 years.
This document summarizes a bachelor's thesis that characterized the chemical decomposition of biodiesel blends (B10, B30, B100) through ageing experiments. Two types of rapeseed methyl ester biodiesel were aged for 100 hours at 85°C in either an open or nitrogen atmosphere. Samples were analyzed to determine trends in acid, peroxide, and water content over time. The results showed that B30 degraded most readily and that an oxygen-free atmosphere or antioxidants effectively reduced oxidation. The thesis aimed to understand how oxidation products form and develop in different biodiesel blends under varying conditions.
This document summarizes a merger between Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) and Reliance Petroleum Limited (RPL). Some key points:
- RIL was India's largest private company with $33 billion in revenue from refining and petrochemicals. RPL had a newer 580,000 barrel per day refinery.
- The merger combined their operations to create one of the world's largest refining companies by capacity. It aimed to unlock synergies in crude sourcing, product placement, and operations.
- The merger ratio was 1 RIL share for every 16 RPL shares. It increased RIL's equity base by 4.4% while reducing the promoter holding slightly
Project thesis Refining of used motor oil using Solvent ExtractionSyed Waqas Haider
It is thesis of my final year project at the completion of my BE Chemical Engineering Degree
Project Title: Refining Of Used Motor Oil
Technique Used: Solvent Extraction technique was used for refining
Analytical Method: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR)
This document discusses the development of the new API CJ-4 oil category, which was created to be compatible with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) used in 2007 and later diesel engines in the US. The API CJ-4 category includes 5 new engine tests and 1 new gasoline test to evaluate oil performance with DPFs and EGR systems. It places limits on the oil's sulfated ash (1%), phosphorus (0.12%), sulfur (0.4%), and volatility (13%) to limit deposits in DPFs. The tests were selected to evaluate issues like oil consumption, deposits, wear, and soot control with low-sulfur fuel and reduced phosphorus levels required for catalyst compatibility.
SiO2 beads decorated with SrO nanoparticles for biodiesel production finalAlex Tangy
This document summarizes a study on the development of a heterogeneous solid base catalyst comprising strontium oxide deposited on silica beads (SrO@SiO2) for the conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel under microwave irradiation. The catalyst was synthesized by depositing strontium carbonate nanoparticles on silica beads via a microwave irradiation method. The catalyst preparation was optimized with respect to irradiation time, calcination time and temperature, and the ratio of strontium precursor to silica beads. Characterization techniques confirmed the deposition of strontium oxide nanoparticles on the silica beads. Testing showed the SrO@SiO2 catalyst achieved waste cooking oil conversions as high as 99.4% in just 10 seconds of
Enhanced Oil Recovery: Technologies and Global MarketsReportLinker.com
THIS REPORT CONTAINSA breakdown of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technologies, including gas injection (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrocarbons), thermal injections (steam injection, in situ combustion), and chemical injections (surfactants, polymer, alkali) Analysis of market trends, with data for 2008 and 2009, and projections for compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) from 2010 through 2015 Comprehensive company profiles.
GE / Texaco Gasifier Feed to a Lurgi Methanol Plant and its Effect on Methano...Gerard B. Hawkins
GE / Texaco Gasifier Feed to a Lurgi Methanol Plant and its Effect on Methanol Production
CONTENTS
0 Methanol Synthesis Introduction
1 Executive Summary
2 Design Basis
2.1.1 Train I Design Basis
2.1.2 Train II Design Basis
2.1.3 Train III Design Basis
2.2 Design Philosophy
2.2.1 Operability Review
2.3 Assumptions
2.4 Train IV Flowsheet
2.4.1 CO2 Removal
3 Discussion
3.1 Natural Gas Consumption Figures
3.1.1 Base Case
3.1.2 Case 1 – Coal Gasification in Service
3.1.3 Case 2 – Coal Gasification in Service – No CO2 Export
3.2 Methanol Production Figures
3.2.1 Base Case
3.2.2 Case 1 – Coal Gasification in Service
3.2.3 Case 2 – Coal Gasification in Service – No CO2 Export
3.3 85% Natural Gas Availability
3.4 100% Natural Gas Availability
3.5 CO2 Emissions
3.5.1 Base Case
3.5.2 Case 1 – Coal Gasification in Service
3.5.3 Case 2 – Coal Gasification in Service – No CO2 Export
3.6 Specific Consumption Figures
3.6.1 Base Case
3.6.2 Case 1 – Coal Gasification and CO2 Import
3.6.3 Case 2 – Coal Gasification and No CO2 Import
3.7 Train IV Synthesis Gas Composition
4 Further Work
5 Conclusion
APPENDIX
Important Stream Data – Material Balance Stream Data
Texaco Gasifier with HP Steam Raising Boiler
CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL
Material Balance Considerations
This document describes Frac Vap water treatment technology from Western Frac Technologies. Frac Vap uses a novel refrigerant-circulated latent heat exchange system to treat flow back water from fracking. It produces potable water while also recovering crude oil, drilling chemicals, and storing heat for reuse. The technology will be commercially launched in June 2016 following an 8 month construction and commissioning period.
Biomass to olefins cracking of renewable naphthapxguru
This document discusses cracking renewable naphtha produced from biomass to produce light olefins like ethylene and propylene. The biomass is first converted to a renewable naphtha fraction using a two-step process involving hydrodeoxygenation and hydrocracking. Comprehensive characterization of the renewable naphtha showed it consists mainly of paraffins suitable for steam cracking. Steam cracking this naphtha in a pilot plant yielded high amounts of ethylene (31 wt%) and propylene (17.5 wt%) while producing small amounts of byproducts. Experimental coking studies also showed this naphtha feed has attractive coking properties. Simulations predict higher run lengths compared to fossil n
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A THERMAL BARRIER COATED FOUR ST...Varthamanan prabachandran
The document discusses the performance and emission characteristics of a thermal barrier coated diesel engine using diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol blend fuels. It describes testing various fuel blends in a normal diesel engine and one with an Al2O3 thermal barrier coating. The results showed that the brake thermal efficiency was highest for the thermal barrier coated diesel-biodiesel blend. Emissions of CO, CO2, HC, NOx and smoke were measured and varied depending on the fuel blend and engine type.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Rp212 toc
1. Abstract
Process Economics Program Report No. 212
OPTIONS FOR REFINERY HYDROGEN
(February 1994)
The need for hydrogen in petroleum refineries worldwide is growing as demand increases
for lighter and cleaner fuel products. This report describes developments affecting the refinery
hydrogen balance in the United States, Western Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region, and the
potential for future hydrogen deficits. We discuss the basic options available for increasing
hydrogen availability. Hydrogen recovery processes to upgrade refinery offgas streams to
90%+ purity are almost always more economical than on-purpose hydrogen production. We
provide a detailed review of commercial hydrogen recovery processes (pressure swing
adsorption-PSA, membranes, and cryogenics), whose capacity is expected to increase
dramatically.
Hydrogen is produced in refineries by hydrocarbon steam reforming and noncatalytic
partial oxidation. The steam reforming process is the industry’ most widely used technology
s
and is expected to remain so at least through the 1990s. In this report, we describe the
technology and economics of both processes. Costs are estimated for steam reforming using
natural gas feedstock with flexibility to process propane and butane, and for noncatalytic partial
oxidation using coker offgas feedstock. Results show the two processes are competitive-the
optimal solution for refinery hydrogen depends on each refinery’ unique configuration,
s
feedstock availability, and local requirements.
We also discuss the sources and uses of refinery hydrogen, and provide a detailed listing
of worldwide hydrogen producing (on-purpose and by-product) and consuming units in
refineries. Announced new hydrogen capacity is also listed. This information will be useful for
refiners, hydrogen suppliers, and petrochemical producers with excess hydrogen in identifying
future needs and opportunities.
PEP’ SML
92
2. CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2 SUMMARY 2-1
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 2-1
Hydrogen Production 2-1
Hydrogen Consumption 2-2
DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING THE REFINERY HYDROGEN BALANCE 2-2
HYDROGEN MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 2-4
HYDROGEN RECOVERY PROCESSES 2-5
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2-7
Technical Aspects 2-7
Steam Reforming 2-7
Noncatalytic Partial Oxidation 2-7
Economic Aspects 2-8
3 REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION,
AND INDUSTRY STATUS 3-1
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 3-1
Hydrogen Producers 3-1
Catalytic Reforming 3-1
On-Purpose Hydrogen Production 3-5
Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) 3-5
Thermal Processes 3-6
Other Processes 3-6
Hydrogen Consumers 3-6
Feed and Product Hydroprocessing 3-6
Other Hydrogen Consumers 3-8
INDUSTRY STATUS 3-9
World Summary 3-10
United States and Canada 3-11
Europe 3-11
Asia-Pacific 3-17
The Middle East, Africa, and India 3-17
Latin America and the Caribbean 3-17
ANNOUNCED NEW HYDROGEN CAPACITY 3-17
- iii -
3. CONTENTS (Continued)
4 DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING THE REFINERY HYDROGEN BALANCE 4-1
THE HYDROGEN BALANCE IN REFINERIES 4-1
Simple versus Conversion Refinery 4-1
Regional Product Requirements and Refining Configuration 4-3
TRENDS IN CRUDE OIL PROPERTIES 4-4
TRENDS IN REFINERY PRODUCTS 4-6
United States 4-6
Reformulated Gasoline 4-7
U.S. Diesel 4-9
Impact of Environmental Rules on U.S. Refinery Hydrogen Needs 4-10
Western Europe 4-13
Western Europe Middle Distillate 4-13
Western Europe Gasoline 4-13
Asia-Pacific Region 4-14
Asia-Pacific Middle Distillate 4-15
Asia-Pacific Gasoline 4-16
HYDROGEN MANAGEMENT OPTIONS AND STRATEGIES 4-16
Catalytic Reformer Severity Optimization 4-17
Hydrogen from Industrial Gas Suppliers 4-17
Bulk Hydrogen Supply 4-18
Pipeline Supply 4-18
Across-the-Fence Supply 4-19
Hydrogen Recovery Processes 4-19
On-Purpose Hydrogen Technology 4-20
5 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND RECOVERY—
GENERAL PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS 5-1
FEEDSTOCKS 5-1
Hydrocarbon Steam Reforming 5-1
Noncatalytic Partial Oxidation 5-2
CHEMISTRY 5-2
Steam Reforming Chemistry 5-3
Carbon Formation 5-4
Effect of Operating Variables on Equilibria 5-5
Steam Reforming Catalysts 5-8
CO Shift Catalysts 5-11
- iv -
4. CONTENTS (Continued)
5 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND RECOVERY—
GENERAL PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS (Concluded)
CHEMISTRY (Concluded)
Noncatalytic Partial Oxidation 5-11
Sulfur-Tolerant Shift Catalysts 5-12
HYDROGEN PURIFICATION AND RECOVERY 5-13
Pressure Swing Adsorption 5-14
Feed Composition 5-18
Hydrogen Purity 5-18
Reliability 5-18
By-product Recovery 5-18
Economy of Scale 5-19
Commercial Applications 5-19
Membranes 5-19
Feed Composition 5-20
Hydrogen Purity 5-22
Reliability 5-22
Economy of Scale 5-22
Commercial Applications 5-22
Cryogenic Separation 5-24
Feed Composition 5-25
Hydrogen Purity 5-25
Reliability 5-27
By-product Recovery 5-27
Economy of Scale 5-27
Commercial Applications 5-27
Hydrogen Recovery Methods for Specific Applications 5-27
Catalytic Reformer Offgas 5-28
Steam Reformer 5-28
Hydroprocessing Unit Purge Gases 5-28
Hydroprocessing Unit Makeup Gas 5-29
FCC Offgas 5-29
TDA Purge Gas 5-30
Ethylene Cracker Offgas 5-30
Combinations of Upgrading Processes 5-30
Case Studies 5-31
-v-
5. CONTENTS (Continued)
6 HYDROGEN BY CATALYTIC STEAM REFORMING OF HYDROCARBONS 6-1
PROCESS REVIEW 6-1
Feed Pretreatment 6-6
Reforming 6-7
Operating Conditions 6-7
Reformer Design 6-8
Radiant Section 6-8
Convection Section 6-13
Steam Balance 6-13
Prereforming 6-14
Postreforming 6-15
Secondary Reforming 6-17
Feed Gas Saturation 6-17
Mechanical Considerations 6-17
CO Shift Conversion 6-18
Hydrogen Purification 6-19
PROCESS DESCRIPTION 6-20
PROCESS DISCUSSION 6-27
Reforming Section 6-27
Shift Section 6-28
Hydrogen Purification Section 6-28
Waste Treatment and NOx Reduction 6-28
NOx 6-28
Reformer Catalyst 6-29
COST ESTIMATES 6-29
Investment Costs 6-30
Production Costs 6-30
Raw Materials Costs 6-30
Utilities Costs 6-30
Other Costs 6-31
Hydrogen Product Value 6-31
- vi -
6. CONTENTS (Concluded)
7 HYDROGEN BY NONCATALYTIC PARTIAL OXIDATION
OF REFINERY OFFGAS 7-1
PROCESS REVIEW 7-1
HyTEX Gasification 7-2
Feedstocks 7-2
Gasification 7-3
Oxygen Supply 7-5
CO Shift Conversion 7-5
Acid Gas Removal 7-6
Hydrogen Purification 7-6
PROCESS DESCRIPTION 7-7
PROCESS DISCUSSION 7-14
Gasification Section 7-14
Shift Section 7-14
Acid Gas Recovery (AGR) 7-14
Hydrogen Purification Section 7-15
Waste Treatment 7-15
COST ESTIMATES 7-16
Investment Costs 7-16
Production Costs 7-16
Raw Materials Costs 7-16
Utilities Costs 7-17
Other Costs 7-17
Hydrogen Product Value 7-17
APPENDIX A: DESIGN AND COST BASES A-1
APPENDIX B: CITED REFERENCES B-1
APPENDIX C: PATENT REFERENCES BY COMPANY C-1
APPENDIX D: PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS D-1
- vii -
7. ILLUSTRATIONS
3.1 Refinery Block Flow Diagram Showing
Major Hydrogen-Containing Streams 3-2
3.2 UOP Platforming® Unit Hydrogen Production 3-4
3.3 Regional Comparison of World Refinery Hydrogen Capacity
January 1993 3-12
3.4 Refinery Hydrogen Versus Hydroprocessing Capacity, January 1993 3-13
3.5 World Refinery Hydrogen Capacity by Type, January 1993 3-14
3.6 U.S. Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) Districts 3-15
3.7 Refinery Hydrogen Capacity in the United States and Canada
January 1993 3-16
4.1 Hydrogen Content of Refinery Streams 4-2
4.2 API Gravity of Average U.S. Refinery Crude Oil: 1981-1991 4-5
4.3 Sulfur Content of Average U.S. Refinery Crude Oil: 1981-1991 4-5
5.1 Effect of Temperature on the Reaction Equilibrium Constants
in Steam Methane Reforming Reactions 5-6
5.2 Equilibrium Concentration of Methane as a Function of
Temperature, Pressure, and Steam Ratio for Methane in a
Steam Methane Reformer 5-7
5.3 Pressure Swing Adsorption
Hydrogen Recovery Steps 5-17
5.4 Example of Membrane Hydrogen Recovery
Using Radial Crossflow Separation 5-21
5.5 Membrane Hydrogen Recovery Systems
Typical Purity Versus Recovery for Refinery Applications 5-23
5.6 Cryogenic Hydrogen Recovery from Refinery Offgas 5-26
6.1 Side-Fired Steam Reformer 6-10
6.2 Top-Fired Steam Reformer 6-11
6.3 Terrace-Wall Design Steam Reformer 6-12
6.4 Postreformer Designs 6-16
- ix -
8. ILLUSTRATIONS (Concluded)
6.5 Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
Process Flow Diagram D-3
6.6 Natural Gas Prices, U.S. Gulf Coast (Utility Delivered) 6-37
6.7 Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
Product Value Versus Plant Capacity 6-38
6.8 Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
Product Value Versus Natural Gas Price 6-39
6.9 Propane and n-Butane Prices, U.S. Gulf Coast 6-40
7.1 Texaco Gasifier Vessel Schematic 7-4
7.2 Hydrogen Production by Noncatalytic
Partial Oxidation of Refinery Offgas
Process Flow Diagram D-5
7.3 Hydrogen by Noncatalytic Partial Oxidation of Coker Offgas
Product Value Versus Plant Capacity 7-23
7.4 Hydrogen by Noncatalytic Partial Oxidation of Coker Offgas
Product Value Versus Feedstock Value 7-24
7.5 Comparison of Hydrogen Product Value
Steam Reforming Versus Noncatalytic Partial Oxidation 7-25
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9. TABLES
2.1 Comparison of Hydrogen Recovery Processes 2-6
2.2 Summary of Cost Estimates for Hydrogen Production 2-9
3.1 Projected Hydrogen Production from U.S. Catalytic Reforming Units 3-3
3.2 Typical Refinery Hydrogen Consumption Data 3-8
3.3 Worldwide Refinery Installed Capacity Summary, January 1993 3-19
3.4 U.S. and Canadian Refinery Installed Capacity Summary, January 1993 3-19
3.5 Installed Refinery Capacity
United States and Canada, January 1993 3-20
3.6 Installed Refinery Capacity
Europe, January 1993 3-25
3.7 Installed Refinery Capacity
Asia-Pacific, January 1993 3-28
3.8 Installed Refinery Capacity
Middle East, India, and Africa, January 1993 3-30
3.9 Installed Refinery Capacity
Latin America and the Caribbean, January 1993 3-32
3.10 Announced Hydrogen Capacity in U.S. and Canadian Refineries 3-34
3.11 Announced Hydrogen Capacity in European Refineries 3-35
3.12 Announced Hydrogen Capacity in Asia-Pacific Refineries 3-36
3.13 Announced Hydrogen Capacity in Middle Eastern/Indian Refineries 3-37
3.14 Announced Hydrogen Capacity in Latin American Refineries 3-37
4.1 Estimated Refinery Hydrogen Balance in Texas and California,
January 1993 and January 1995 4-12
5.1 Hydrogen Production and Recovery:
General Process Considerations
Patent Summary 5-9
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5.2 Typical Refinery Process Unit Offgas Compositions (Nominal C2 ) 5-14
6.1 Hydrogen by Catalytic Steam Reforming of Hydrocarbons
Patent Summary 6-2
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10. TABLES (Continued)
6.2 Process Licensors for the
Catalytic Steam Reforming of Hydrocarbons 6-6
6.3 Composition of Natural Gas, Propane, and Butane
Design Feedstocks 6-21
6.4 Steam Reformer Operating Conditions
Natural Gas Feedstock 6-21
6.5 Hydrogen from Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
Stream Flows 6-24
6.6 Hydrogen from Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
Major Equipment 6-25
6.7 Hydrogen from Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
Utilities Summary 6-26
6.8 Hydrogen from Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
Total Capital Investment 6-33
6.9 Hydrogen from Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
Capital Investment by Section 6-34
6.10 Hydrogen from Steam Reforming of Natural Gas
Production Costs 6-35
7.1 Hydrogen from the Partial Oxidation of Coker Offgas
Texaco HyTEX™ Process
Design Bases 7-8
7.2 Hydrogen from the Partial Oxidation of Coker Offgas
Texaco HyTEX™ Process
Stream Flows 7-10
7.3 Hydrogen from the Partial Oxidation of Coker Offgas
Texaco HyTEX™ Process
Major Equipment 7-12
7.4 Hydrogen from the Partial Oxidation of Coker Offgas
Texaco HyTEX™ Process
Utilities Summary 7-13
7.5 Hydrogen from the Partial Oxidation of Coker Offgas
Texaco HyTEX™ Process
Total Capital Investment 7-19
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11. TABLES (Concluded)
7.6 Hydrogen from the Partial Oxidation of Coker Offgas
Texaco HyTEX™ Process
Capital Investment by Section 7-20
7.7 Hydrogen from the Partial Oxidation of Coker Offgas
Texaco HyTEX™ Process
Production Costs 7-21
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