This document summarizes previous research on firesetting among men with mild intellectual disabilities detained in secure hospitals and presents a new qualitative study exploring their experiences through interviews. Previous studies using self-reports and case reviews with small samples identified feelings like anger, sadness and a lack of attention as common triggers. However, none explored participants' lived experiences. The new study uses Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to interview 7 men in one secure hospital about the meaning they assign to their firesetting. The findings provide insight into why these behaviors emerge and factors influencing risk reduction.
This chapter provides an orientation to the study by outlining the formulation of the research problem, significance of the study, research methodology, and limitations. The study aims to investigate the factors that contribute to patients' aggressive and violent behavior in mental health facilities in Cape Town, from the patients' perspectives. International research has found that environmental and situational factors play a role in violence in mental health facilities. However, there is a lack of research on this issue from a nursing perspective in South Africa. This study seeks to address that gap by exploring patients' perceptions of contributing factors to aggression and violence in local mental health facilities.
This study developed and tested a brief self-administered questionnaire called the Complementary and Alternative Management for Asthma (CAM-A) instrument to identify negative beliefs about inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and endorsement of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among urban minority adults with asthma. Psychometric testing identified 17 items representing ICS beliefs and CAM endorsement that demonstrated acceptable reliability. High rates of CAM endorsement, negative ICS beliefs, and uncontrolled asthma were found. CAM endorsement was significantly associated with uncontrolled asthma. Qualitative analysis provided preliminary evidence that use of the CAM-A instrument in primary care visits prompted providers to discuss ICS beliefs and CAM endorsement with patients.
Effect of fMRI Scan Presentation on Perceptions of HomosexualityJacob Wilson
The primary purpose of the present study was to see if exposure to more critical thinking classes would affect how much influence an article about a controversial topic had when intertwined with an fMRI scan. Recently fMRI scans have been a very popular topic in the media. McCabe and Castel (2008) found that brain images can persuade individuals to accept information more easily than articles that do not contain brain images. In our study, an article on the biological basis of homosexuality was given to participants to read. In the first condition, participants only read the article. In the second condition, participants read the article and were given a bar graph that represented the data. In the third condition, participants read the article and were given an fMRI scan and bar graph to represent the data. There was a significant difference in agreement for the biological basis of homosexuality depending on the article condition the participants were placed in, F(2,57) = 3.86, p < .05. Participants who received the bar graph and fMRI images with the article rated homosexually as significantly more biological than the participants in the graph/article condition, p < .05. We also found that participants with a Science major agreed that homosexuality was biological more so than non-science majors [t(58) = 2.86, p < .05] and reported a greater change in their opinion of homosexuality after reading the article [t(58) = 3.11, p < .05]. When participants scored high on scientific reasoning, they were also more likely to be influenced by the material in the article regardless of condition. Together, this research suggests that opinions concerning the biological basis of homosexuality can be changed with exposure to research, and in some case the use of fMRI images is more persuasive.
Naidu and Darong 2015. When Illness is more than just a Sick BodyGabriel Darong
This document discusses a study that explored how isiZulu-speaking nurses in South Africa understand illness and healing. The study was conducted through ethnographic research including interviews and observation of nurses at a hospital in Durban, South Africa. The findings suggest that the nurses viewed illness as something wrong with the physical body, and understood sickness in relation to the body not functioning normally due to various causes like allergies, weather conditions, or dust inhalation. The nurses acknowledged that their understandings of illness are influenced by both their nursing training and traditional cultural beliefs.
This document summarizes research on the causes of eyewitness misidentification. It identifies several key factors that can lead to mistaken eyewitness identification, including memory influences like overconfidence and the effects of retrieval cues on recall. It also discusses how a lack of knowledge among legal professionals and jurors can contribute to errors, as well as how focusing on a weapon during a crime can impair an eyewitness's memory of other details. The document analyzes multiple studies on this topic and provides an in-depth review of the psychological research into why eyewitness testimony is not always reliable.
This document discusses the importance of neurobehavioral assessment in forensic practice. It notes that many mental disorders previously seen as behavioral are now understood to have neurological roots. A neurobehavioral assessment evaluates cognitive functioning using expertise from multiple disciplines, including social work, psychology, and medicine. The assessment integrates information from social histories, testing, and medical evaluations to understand a subject's neurobehavioral capacity and how impairments shape their behaviors and functioning in real-world contexts. This holistic understanding is essential for accurate forensic evaluations.
Explanation of how do individuals with multiple sclerosis cope with social is...Liberty University (LU)
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurological disease that can severely affect the psychosocial aspects of primary caregivers of individuals with MS (PCIMS). Objective: This study aimed to explore the process of social isolation among PCIMS in Kerman, Iran. Methods: This study was performed with grounded theory approach through a semi-structured interview with PCIMS (n=15), individuals with MS (n=13), and healthcare providers (n=5) who were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling in Kerman, Iran, during February 2017-April 2018. The data were analyzed through constant comparison method recommended by Corbin and Strauss. Results: Yield of this study was a theory in which "social isolation" was recognized as a core variable. "Lack of awareness and information", "Occupational Difficulties”, " Marital Difficulties, and " Endeavor to Reduce Restrictions" were the other extracted concepts that were related to the core variable which altogether contributed to its exploration. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that social isolation could endanger the well-being of PCIMS. This is the first study which shows to reduce the social isolation of PCIMS it is needed to address both the mutual needs and interests of the caregiver and the care-recipient. Therefore, occupational therapists are advised to design appropriate co-occupations based on the mutual needs and interests of the caregivers and the care-recipients to reduce the social isolation of these caregivers. For an in-depth examination, it is also suggested that studies be conducted discovering relationships between the concepts found in this theory.
A very vital article that briefly and nicely describes how shpuld evidence be handled in order to evaluate it and make use of the information provided.
This chapter provides an orientation to the study by outlining the formulation of the research problem, significance of the study, research methodology, and limitations. The study aims to investigate the factors that contribute to patients' aggressive and violent behavior in mental health facilities in Cape Town, from the patients' perspectives. International research has found that environmental and situational factors play a role in violence in mental health facilities. However, there is a lack of research on this issue from a nursing perspective in South Africa. This study seeks to address that gap by exploring patients' perceptions of contributing factors to aggression and violence in local mental health facilities.
This study developed and tested a brief self-administered questionnaire called the Complementary and Alternative Management for Asthma (CAM-A) instrument to identify negative beliefs about inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and endorsement of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among urban minority adults with asthma. Psychometric testing identified 17 items representing ICS beliefs and CAM endorsement that demonstrated acceptable reliability. High rates of CAM endorsement, negative ICS beliefs, and uncontrolled asthma were found. CAM endorsement was significantly associated with uncontrolled asthma. Qualitative analysis provided preliminary evidence that use of the CAM-A instrument in primary care visits prompted providers to discuss ICS beliefs and CAM endorsement with patients.
Effect of fMRI Scan Presentation on Perceptions of HomosexualityJacob Wilson
The primary purpose of the present study was to see if exposure to more critical thinking classes would affect how much influence an article about a controversial topic had when intertwined with an fMRI scan. Recently fMRI scans have been a very popular topic in the media. McCabe and Castel (2008) found that brain images can persuade individuals to accept information more easily than articles that do not contain brain images. In our study, an article on the biological basis of homosexuality was given to participants to read. In the first condition, participants only read the article. In the second condition, participants read the article and were given a bar graph that represented the data. In the third condition, participants read the article and were given an fMRI scan and bar graph to represent the data. There was a significant difference in agreement for the biological basis of homosexuality depending on the article condition the participants were placed in, F(2,57) = 3.86, p < .05. Participants who received the bar graph and fMRI images with the article rated homosexually as significantly more biological than the participants in the graph/article condition, p < .05. We also found that participants with a Science major agreed that homosexuality was biological more so than non-science majors [t(58) = 2.86, p < .05] and reported a greater change in their opinion of homosexuality after reading the article [t(58) = 3.11, p < .05]. When participants scored high on scientific reasoning, they were also more likely to be influenced by the material in the article regardless of condition. Together, this research suggests that opinions concerning the biological basis of homosexuality can be changed with exposure to research, and in some case the use of fMRI images is more persuasive.
Naidu and Darong 2015. When Illness is more than just a Sick BodyGabriel Darong
This document discusses a study that explored how isiZulu-speaking nurses in South Africa understand illness and healing. The study was conducted through ethnographic research including interviews and observation of nurses at a hospital in Durban, South Africa. The findings suggest that the nurses viewed illness as something wrong with the physical body, and understood sickness in relation to the body not functioning normally due to various causes like allergies, weather conditions, or dust inhalation. The nurses acknowledged that their understandings of illness are influenced by both their nursing training and traditional cultural beliefs.
This document summarizes research on the causes of eyewitness misidentification. It identifies several key factors that can lead to mistaken eyewitness identification, including memory influences like overconfidence and the effects of retrieval cues on recall. It also discusses how a lack of knowledge among legal professionals and jurors can contribute to errors, as well as how focusing on a weapon during a crime can impair an eyewitness's memory of other details. The document analyzes multiple studies on this topic and provides an in-depth review of the psychological research into why eyewitness testimony is not always reliable.
This document discusses the importance of neurobehavioral assessment in forensic practice. It notes that many mental disorders previously seen as behavioral are now understood to have neurological roots. A neurobehavioral assessment evaluates cognitive functioning using expertise from multiple disciplines, including social work, psychology, and medicine. The assessment integrates information from social histories, testing, and medical evaluations to understand a subject's neurobehavioral capacity and how impairments shape their behaviors and functioning in real-world contexts. This holistic understanding is essential for accurate forensic evaluations.
Explanation of how do individuals with multiple sclerosis cope with social is...Liberty University (LU)
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurological disease that can severely affect the psychosocial aspects of primary caregivers of individuals with MS (PCIMS). Objective: This study aimed to explore the process of social isolation among PCIMS in Kerman, Iran. Methods: This study was performed with grounded theory approach through a semi-structured interview with PCIMS (n=15), individuals with MS (n=13), and healthcare providers (n=5) who were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling in Kerman, Iran, during February 2017-April 2018. The data were analyzed through constant comparison method recommended by Corbin and Strauss. Results: Yield of this study was a theory in which "social isolation" was recognized as a core variable. "Lack of awareness and information", "Occupational Difficulties”, " Marital Difficulties, and " Endeavor to Reduce Restrictions" were the other extracted concepts that were related to the core variable which altogether contributed to its exploration. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that social isolation could endanger the well-being of PCIMS. This is the first study which shows to reduce the social isolation of PCIMS it is needed to address both the mutual needs and interests of the caregiver and the care-recipient. Therefore, occupational therapists are advised to design appropriate co-occupations based on the mutual needs and interests of the caregivers and the care-recipients to reduce the social isolation of these caregivers. For an in-depth examination, it is also suggested that studies be conducted discovering relationships between the concepts found in this theory.
A very vital article that briefly and nicely describes how shpuld evidence be handled in order to evaluate it and make use of the information provided.
1) Several studies examined the use of various psychological tests to detect malingering of mental disorders. Tests that were evaluated include the MMPI-2, PAI, SIRS, SIMS, ASTM, CIH, AMI, RIT, and MCT.
2) Neuroimaging studies using fMRI found distinct brain activation patterns when participants were asked to malinger memory impairment compared to actual memory tasks. Prefrontal and parietal regions showed differences between real and feigned responses.
3) Using multiple valid malingering tests together was found to more accurately detect malingering than single tests alone. Further research is still needed to identify the most effective combination of malingering tests.
Unit 8 project elizabeth hall psychology jury selectionElizabeth Hall
Forensic psychologists play an important role in jury selection by advising attorneys on which potential jurors to select or dismiss based on their knowledge of human behavior and psychology. They use tools like community attitude surveys, approved questioning methods, and observations of non-verbal cues to help attorneys identify jurors who show bias or whose personality traits could impact their perception of the case. The goal is for both sides to choose a fair and balanced jury through this expert-informed selection process.
This document summarizes a systematic review that examined evidence on deliberate firesetting by adults with low intellectual functioning. The review identified 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 7 of which reported on psychosocial characteristics of firesetters and 5 that investigated outcomes of treatment interventions. The studies provided low quality evidence with a high or moderate risk of bias. The review concluded that existing evidence provides limited understanding of this population and treatment needs and effectiveness remain unclear, requiring further high quality research.
This chapter describes the analysis and findings of the study. Data from 93 nurse questionnaires were analyzed to examine the relationship between death anxiety and death attitudes. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to identify frequencies and percentages. Key findings included a significant relationship between older age and less death anxiety. There were no significant gender differences. Those with more nursing experience tended to have less death anxiety, though this was only marginally significant.
This study analyzed data from 44 studies that tested interventions to reduce sexual risk-taking behaviors among adolescents related to HIV transmission. The interventions were generally successful in reducing risk, especially those that increased skills like condom use negotiation, communication with partners, and condom skills. Risk reduction was greater for interventions delivered outside of schools that provided condoms and included more skills training compared to interventions with less training or that took place in schools. Overall, intensive behavioral interventions showed the most success in changing behaviors that reduce HIV risk.
Unit 5 project elizabeth hall psychological rolesElizabeth Hall
Forensic psychologists play important roles in the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, corrections, and the courts. In law enforcement, police psychologists assist with tasks like candidate assessment, officer counseling, and providing psychological expertise to investigations. In corrections, psychologists evaluate and treat inmates' mental health issues and help manage facility crises. In the courts, psychologists may serve as expert witnesses, advising legal teams and the court on psychological research and examinations. Across all roles, forensic psychologists face ethical challenges regarding issues like confidentiality and dual relationships, requiring adherence to standards from the APA and related organizations.
1) Suicide research faces significant ethical challenges including obtaining approval from Institutional Review Boards to study at-risk populations, balancing participant confidentiality with safety, and developing standardized guidelines.
2) Barriers to suicide research include concerns about liability if a participant dies by suicide, lack of consensus on confidentiality and risk management protocols, and subjective biases of committee members.
3) Research on suicide bereavement is also limited due to restrictions from ethics boards despite the need to understand impacts on surviving family and friends. Improved education of ethics boards and engagement between researchers and committees could help address these challenges.
This study assessed the predictive validity of the HCR-20V3 in predicting violence among 63 civil psychiatric patients within 3 weeks of hospital admission. Four raters completed the HCR-20V3 on each patient. Within the study period, 59% of patients were involved in at least one aggressive incident. The Case Prioritization and Severe Physical Harm ratings showed weak predictive validity and non-significant differences between risk groups. However, the Imminent Violence ratings showed moderate predictive validity that approached significance, with significant differences in aggression severity between risk groups. Overall, the results suggest the HCR-20V3 has limited accuracy in identifying violence risk in civil psychiatric patients within the short-term period examined.
The document summarizes two small studies conducted by students to examine the relationship between inadequate sleep and unintentional injuries. A qualitative study using an online focus group of 4 students explored perceptions of sleep and injuries. It found inadequate sleep negatively impacts health and can increase risks. A quantitative survey of 18 students further examined the relationship, finding agreement that inadequate sleep impacts judgment and awareness and may increase injury risks. Both studies had limitations as student exercises but provided insight into how policies could help address the issue.
Mental health professionals may be at higher risk of stalking than the general public, often by their clients. The document reviews literature showing that 6-11% of mental health professionals will be stalked by a client during their career, with stalking having negative personal and professional impacts. The purpose of the proposed research is to assess the prevalence of stalking among mental health professionals and facilities' protocols for handling stalking. A survey would be sent to professionals in southern US states to collect data on their stalking experiences and demographics. Results could help improve training and safety protocols for professionals and clients.
This document outlines a proposed research study that aims to examine the relationship between childhood family environment and later drug addiction. The study would use a qualitative design with 200 participants recruited from drug rehabilitation centers and correctional facilities across 10 cities. Participants would complete an open-ended interview about their upbringing, which researchers would code into categories related to family influences, social influences, family relations, and other adversities. Data analysis would include reliability testing and a chi-square test to examine correlations between childhood experiences and drug addiction. Obtaining IRB approval would ensure ethical treatment of participants.
This study examines the association between beliefs held by primarily Zulu-speaking male inmates in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa regarding whether having sex with a virgin can cure or prevent HIV/AIDS, and their perceived social norms regarding sexual behavior. The study involved 180 inmates from two prisons in KwaZulu Natal. It found that inmates who believed in the "virgin cleansing myth" were more likely to agree with statements suggesting acceptance of rape and sexual violence. The study provides insight into beliefs and norms among this population that may influence STI/HIV risk behaviors.
This document describes a mixed methods research project on women in Australian prisons that improved upon previous survey-only approaches. It utilized semi-structured interviews with a randomly selected sample of female inmates to obtain qualitative data on their lives and experiences. It also drew on official records to triangulate and validate the interview responses. Some key lessons learned were the importance of obtaining explanations directly from participants, minimizing the costs of participation for inmates, and moving beyond surveys to gain better understanding of this population.
CET is an evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation program for patients with schizophrenia. Several randomized controlled trials have found CET to be effective at improving cognitive functioning, social adjustment, and real-world outcomes for patients with chronic and early-course schizophrenia. Benefits were found to persist for up to 3 years after treatment. Specifically, CET was shown to significantly improve processing speed, social cognition, cognitive style and social adjustment for chronic patients, and cognitive style, social cognition, social adjustment and symptoms for early-course patients. CET participants also demonstrated better vocational and social engagement outcomes long-term compared to controls. The studies provide support for CET as an effective rehabilitation approach for improving cognitive and functional abilities in schizophrenia.
1) This randomized controlled trial compared care provided by nurse practitioners to care provided by general practitioners for 1,368 patients requesting same-day consultations across 10 general practices.
2) Results found that patients consulting with nurse practitioners reported higher satisfaction with their care, though for adults this difference was not observed in all practices. Consultations with nurse practitioners were also significantly longer.
3) In terms of clinical outcomes like resolution of symptoms, prescriptions issued, investigations ordered, and referrals, there was no significant difference between care provided by nurse practitioners versus general practitioners.
4) The study supports the role of nurse practitioners in providing care to patients requesting same-day consultations in primary care. Nurse
This paper explores the conceptual framework of patient decision making from philosophical and nursing perspectives. It discusses the views of Immanuel Kant and nursing theorist Jacqueline Fawcett. Kant believed that personal experiences are based on both objective information about a disease but also subjective perception. This helps explain differences in how patients react to diagnoses. Fawcett's worldview also emphasized the reciprocal interaction between individuals and their environments in collecting knowledge and making decisions. The paper concludes that further research is needed to better understand the complex factors influencing patient decision making during health challenges.
Therapeutic Misconception in Oncologic Researchbodekerk
Therapeutic misconception occurs when research subjects believe a clinical trial will provide a direct benefit to them, rather than the purpose being to gather information to benefit future patients. This is a particular issue in oncology research where patients are desperate for treatment. Several studies have found high rates of therapeutic misconception among cancer patients enrolled in clinical trials, even when robust informed consent processes were used. Further research is needed to determine how to reduce therapeutic misconception while still allowing patients to have hope during the consent process for cancer research studies.
This document summarizes an observation of a school and classroom environment conducted by a field study student. The school campus was located in an urban community and served a socioeconomically diverse population. While the buildings and facilities were in usable condition, some maintenance could improve the environment. The classroom observed had basic facilities but was overcrowded with 52 students in a space designed for 40-45. The student concluded that the school and classroom environments can impact learning and that creating a supportive, engaging environment is important for child and adolescent development.
Field Study: FS The Learner’s Development and Environment (Episode 1-5)Jessa Arnado
Here are the key points about the school environment based on your observation:
- The principal's office is in a central location for easy access.
- The library is well-organized with a check-in/out system and separate shoe area, providing a good environment for studying.
- The guidance office is spacious and well-ventilated, providing a comfortable space for counseling.
- The canteen and medical clinic are clean facilities that support student health and well-being.
- Some specialized facilities like the audio visual room, science lab, and gymnasium were not available.
- The home economics room and industrial workshop area provide hands-on learning spaces with native, well-organized furnishings.
- Overall
A narrative report on teaching experiencesYuna Lesca
Diosdado Macapagal High School is located in Sto. Domingo, Mexico, Pampanga. It was established in 2004 with 97 students and has grown significantly over the years to now serve over 1,368 students. The school aims to provide quality education through the cooperation of its administrators, teachers, parents, and community partners. It offers various academic and extracurricular programs throughout the year, including field trips, performances, and celebrations of holidays.
This field study document outlines tasks for students to observe characteristics of learners from different age groups and educational levels. Students are asked to visit a school campus and classroom to evaluate the learning environment. They will then observe and compare preschool, elementary, and high school students to understand how their physical, cognitive, social, and emotional needs change with development. The goal is for students to learn how to differentiate learners and facilitate learning appropriate to their characteristics and needs.
1) Several studies examined the use of various psychological tests to detect malingering of mental disorders. Tests that were evaluated include the MMPI-2, PAI, SIRS, SIMS, ASTM, CIH, AMI, RIT, and MCT.
2) Neuroimaging studies using fMRI found distinct brain activation patterns when participants were asked to malinger memory impairment compared to actual memory tasks. Prefrontal and parietal regions showed differences between real and feigned responses.
3) Using multiple valid malingering tests together was found to more accurately detect malingering than single tests alone. Further research is still needed to identify the most effective combination of malingering tests.
Unit 8 project elizabeth hall psychology jury selectionElizabeth Hall
Forensic psychologists play an important role in jury selection by advising attorneys on which potential jurors to select or dismiss based on their knowledge of human behavior and psychology. They use tools like community attitude surveys, approved questioning methods, and observations of non-verbal cues to help attorneys identify jurors who show bias or whose personality traits could impact their perception of the case. The goal is for both sides to choose a fair and balanced jury through this expert-informed selection process.
This document summarizes a systematic review that examined evidence on deliberate firesetting by adults with low intellectual functioning. The review identified 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 7 of which reported on psychosocial characteristics of firesetters and 5 that investigated outcomes of treatment interventions. The studies provided low quality evidence with a high or moderate risk of bias. The review concluded that existing evidence provides limited understanding of this population and treatment needs and effectiveness remain unclear, requiring further high quality research.
This chapter describes the analysis and findings of the study. Data from 93 nurse questionnaires were analyzed to examine the relationship between death anxiety and death attitudes. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to identify frequencies and percentages. Key findings included a significant relationship between older age and less death anxiety. There were no significant gender differences. Those with more nursing experience tended to have less death anxiety, though this was only marginally significant.
This study analyzed data from 44 studies that tested interventions to reduce sexual risk-taking behaviors among adolescents related to HIV transmission. The interventions were generally successful in reducing risk, especially those that increased skills like condom use negotiation, communication with partners, and condom skills. Risk reduction was greater for interventions delivered outside of schools that provided condoms and included more skills training compared to interventions with less training or that took place in schools. Overall, intensive behavioral interventions showed the most success in changing behaviors that reduce HIV risk.
Unit 5 project elizabeth hall psychological rolesElizabeth Hall
Forensic psychologists play important roles in the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, corrections, and the courts. In law enforcement, police psychologists assist with tasks like candidate assessment, officer counseling, and providing psychological expertise to investigations. In corrections, psychologists evaluate and treat inmates' mental health issues and help manage facility crises. In the courts, psychologists may serve as expert witnesses, advising legal teams and the court on psychological research and examinations. Across all roles, forensic psychologists face ethical challenges regarding issues like confidentiality and dual relationships, requiring adherence to standards from the APA and related organizations.
1) Suicide research faces significant ethical challenges including obtaining approval from Institutional Review Boards to study at-risk populations, balancing participant confidentiality with safety, and developing standardized guidelines.
2) Barriers to suicide research include concerns about liability if a participant dies by suicide, lack of consensus on confidentiality and risk management protocols, and subjective biases of committee members.
3) Research on suicide bereavement is also limited due to restrictions from ethics boards despite the need to understand impacts on surviving family and friends. Improved education of ethics boards and engagement between researchers and committees could help address these challenges.
This study assessed the predictive validity of the HCR-20V3 in predicting violence among 63 civil psychiatric patients within 3 weeks of hospital admission. Four raters completed the HCR-20V3 on each patient. Within the study period, 59% of patients were involved in at least one aggressive incident. The Case Prioritization and Severe Physical Harm ratings showed weak predictive validity and non-significant differences between risk groups. However, the Imminent Violence ratings showed moderate predictive validity that approached significance, with significant differences in aggression severity between risk groups. Overall, the results suggest the HCR-20V3 has limited accuracy in identifying violence risk in civil psychiatric patients within the short-term period examined.
The document summarizes two small studies conducted by students to examine the relationship between inadequate sleep and unintentional injuries. A qualitative study using an online focus group of 4 students explored perceptions of sleep and injuries. It found inadequate sleep negatively impacts health and can increase risks. A quantitative survey of 18 students further examined the relationship, finding agreement that inadequate sleep impacts judgment and awareness and may increase injury risks. Both studies had limitations as student exercises but provided insight into how policies could help address the issue.
Mental health professionals may be at higher risk of stalking than the general public, often by their clients. The document reviews literature showing that 6-11% of mental health professionals will be stalked by a client during their career, with stalking having negative personal and professional impacts. The purpose of the proposed research is to assess the prevalence of stalking among mental health professionals and facilities' protocols for handling stalking. A survey would be sent to professionals in southern US states to collect data on their stalking experiences and demographics. Results could help improve training and safety protocols for professionals and clients.
This document outlines a proposed research study that aims to examine the relationship between childhood family environment and later drug addiction. The study would use a qualitative design with 200 participants recruited from drug rehabilitation centers and correctional facilities across 10 cities. Participants would complete an open-ended interview about their upbringing, which researchers would code into categories related to family influences, social influences, family relations, and other adversities. Data analysis would include reliability testing and a chi-square test to examine correlations between childhood experiences and drug addiction. Obtaining IRB approval would ensure ethical treatment of participants.
This study examines the association between beliefs held by primarily Zulu-speaking male inmates in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa regarding whether having sex with a virgin can cure or prevent HIV/AIDS, and their perceived social norms regarding sexual behavior. The study involved 180 inmates from two prisons in KwaZulu Natal. It found that inmates who believed in the "virgin cleansing myth" were more likely to agree with statements suggesting acceptance of rape and sexual violence. The study provides insight into beliefs and norms among this population that may influence STI/HIV risk behaviors.
This document describes a mixed methods research project on women in Australian prisons that improved upon previous survey-only approaches. It utilized semi-structured interviews with a randomly selected sample of female inmates to obtain qualitative data on their lives and experiences. It also drew on official records to triangulate and validate the interview responses. Some key lessons learned were the importance of obtaining explanations directly from participants, minimizing the costs of participation for inmates, and moving beyond surveys to gain better understanding of this population.
CET is an evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation program for patients with schizophrenia. Several randomized controlled trials have found CET to be effective at improving cognitive functioning, social adjustment, and real-world outcomes for patients with chronic and early-course schizophrenia. Benefits were found to persist for up to 3 years after treatment. Specifically, CET was shown to significantly improve processing speed, social cognition, cognitive style and social adjustment for chronic patients, and cognitive style, social cognition, social adjustment and symptoms for early-course patients. CET participants also demonstrated better vocational and social engagement outcomes long-term compared to controls. The studies provide support for CET as an effective rehabilitation approach for improving cognitive and functional abilities in schizophrenia.
1) This randomized controlled trial compared care provided by nurse practitioners to care provided by general practitioners for 1,368 patients requesting same-day consultations across 10 general practices.
2) Results found that patients consulting with nurse practitioners reported higher satisfaction with their care, though for adults this difference was not observed in all practices. Consultations with nurse practitioners were also significantly longer.
3) In terms of clinical outcomes like resolution of symptoms, prescriptions issued, investigations ordered, and referrals, there was no significant difference between care provided by nurse practitioners versus general practitioners.
4) The study supports the role of nurse practitioners in providing care to patients requesting same-day consultations in primary care. Nurse
This paper explores the conceptual framework of patient decision making from philosophical and nursing perspectives. It discusses the views of Immanuel Kant and nursing theorist Jacqueline Fawcett. Kant believed that personal experiences are based on both objective information about a disease but also subjective perception. This helps explain differences in how patients react to diagnoses. Fawcett's worldview also emphasized the reciprocal interaction between individuals and their environments in collecting knowledge and making decisions. The paper concludes that further research is needed to better understand the complex factors influencing patient decision making during health challenges.
Therapeutic Misconception in Oncologic Researchbodekerk
Therapeutic misconception occurs when research subjects believe a clinical trial will provide a direct benefit to them, rather than the purpose being to gather information to benefit future patients. This is a particular issue in oncology research where patients are desperate for treatment. Several studies have found high rates of therapeutic misconception among cancer patients enrolled in clinical trials, even when robust informed consent processes were used. Further research is needed to determine how to reduce therapeutic misconception while still allowing patients to have hope during the consent process for cancer research studies.
This document summarizes an observation of a school and classroom environment conducted by a field study student. The school campus was located in an urban community and served a socioeconomically diverse population. While the buildings and facilities were in usable condition, some maintenance could improve the environment. The classroom observed had basic facilities but was overcrowded with 52 students in a space designed for 40-45. The student concluded that the school and classroom environments can impact learning and that creating a supportive, engaging environment is important for child and adolescent development.
Field Study: FS The Learner’s Development and Environment (Episode 1-5)Jessa Arnado
Here are the key points about the school environment based on your observation:
- The principal's office is in a central location for easy access.
- The library is well-organized with a check-in/out system and separate shoe area, providing a good environment for studying.
- The guidance office is spacious and well-ventilated, providing a comfortable space for counseling.
- The canteen and medical clinic are clean facilities that support student health and well-being.
- Some specialized facilities like the audio visual room, science lab, and gymnasium were not available.
- The home economics room and industrial workshop area provide hands-on learning spaces with native, well-organized furnishings.
- Overall
A narrative report on teaching experiencesYuna Lesca
Diosdado Macapagal High School is located in Sto. Domingo, Mexico, Pampanga. It was established in 2004 with 97 students and has grown significantly over the years to now serve over 1,368 students. The school aims to provide quality education through the cooperation of its administrators, teachers, parents, and community partners. It offers various academic and extracurricular programs throughout the year, including field trips, performances, and celebrations of holidays.
This field study document outlines tasks for students to observe characteristics of learners from different age groups and educational levels. Students are asked to visit a school campus and classroom to evaluate the learning environment. They will then observe and compare preschool, elementary, and high school students to understand how their physical, cognitive, social, and emotional needs change with development. The goal is for students to learn how to differentiate learners and facilitate learning appropriate to their characteristics and needs.
Field Study and Pre - Service Teaching Portfolioaleli ariola
This document provides information about Laguna State Polytechnic University, including its vision, mission, goals, and objectives for the Bachelor of Secondary Education program. The university aims to provide advanced education, professional, technological, and vocational instruction. Its mission is to primarily serve the Philippines and global economy. The College of Education is committed to developing students' full potential and equipping them with knowledge, skills, and attitudes for teacher education and related fields to meet changing demands. The Bachelor of Secondary Education program objectives are to produce graduates who can serve as role models, provide a wholesome learning environment, facilitate diverse learning, use various teaching methods and materials, use assessment data to improve plans, and strengthen school-community links.
The document thanks friends and God for their help and support in completing the portfolio. It is dedicated to the author's classmates, friends, and family for contributing ideas and inspiration. Biographical information is provided about the author including their name, age, birthplace, education background, hobbies, and ambition to become a successful teacher.
Field Study 2: FS2 Experiencing the Teaching- Learning ProcessJessa Arnado
This portfolio documents a field study experience where a group of students observed teaching practices at Sagay National High School. Over multiple visits, the students observed classroom lessons, noted teaching strategies and materials used, and described student participation. They reflected on teaching principles and how to consider learner characteristics. The portfolio includes journal entries, documentation of activities, and a reflection on gaining experience with the teaching-learning process.
Running head CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS.docxtodd271
Running head: CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
5
CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies
Adenike George
Walden University
NURS 6052: Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
April 11, 2019
Critique of Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Method Design
Both quantitative and qualitative methods play a pivotal role in nursing research. Qualitative research helps nurses and other healthcare workers to understand the experiences of the patients on health and illness. Quantitative data allows researchers to use an accurate approach in data collection and analysis. When using quantitative techniques, data can be analyzed using either descriptive statistics or inferential statistics which allows the researchers to derive important facts like demographics, preference trends, and differences between the groups. The paper comprehensively critiques quantitative and quantitative techniques of research. Furthermore, the author will also give reasons as to why qualitative methods should be regarded as scientific.
The overall value of quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative studies allow the researchers to present data in terms of numbers. Since data is in numeric form, researchers can apply statistical techniques in analyzing it. These include descriptive statistics like mean, mode, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, t-tests, correlation and regression analysis. Statistical analysis allows us to derive important facts from data such as preference trends, demographics, and differences between groups. For instance, by conducting a mixed methods study to determine the feeding experiences of infants among teen mothers in North Carolina, Tucker and colleagues were able to compare breastfeeding trends among various population groups. The multiple groups compared were likely to initiate breastfeeding as follows: Hispanic teens 89%, Black American teens 41%, and White teens 52% (Tucker et al., 2011).
The high strength of quantitative analysis lies in providing data that is descriptive. The descriptive statistics helps us to capture a snapshot of the population. When analyzed appropriate, the descriptive data enables us to make general conclusions concerning the population. For instance, through detailed data analysis, Tucker and co-researchers were able to observe that there were a large number of adolescents who ceased breastfeeding within the first month drawing the need for nurses to conduct individualized follow-ups the early days after hospital discharge. These follow-ups would significantly assist in addressing the conventional technical problems and offer support in managing back to school transition (Tucker et al., 2011).
Qualitative research allows researchers to determine the client’s perspective on healthcare. It enables researchers to observe certain behaviors and experiences amo.
Peer 1 World Medical Association Declaration of Ethical Principles.docx4934bk
The document discusses several research articles that address ethical issues in various types of medical research involving human subjects. Some of the key ethical principles discussed across multiple articles include respecting participant autonomy, minimizing harm, and beneficence. The articles examine ethical considerations for research topics such as genetics, children as subjects, and the use of deception. Maintaining high scientific standards while protecting participants is emphasized.
This literature review and hypothetical study proposal explores if increased exposure to group drug activity influences the social cognition of the individual evident in increased personal drug use.
Children's longing for everydayness after tbiRichard Radecki
This is a interesting subject. Now, if sleep is disturbed after brain injury, which is not in my experienced addressed well in the acute phase of rehab, how about the "self". I've always stated that acute rehab is the simple time. Post-acute and community re-intergration has less resource dedication, knowledge, and research. Look at this article and try to grasp this struggle. With resource utilization focusing on movement there is still a paucity of effort on self and quality of life! Also note that this is reported as the first article looking at the individual for quality concepts.
CLINICAL SCHOLARSHIPHealth Education Needs of Incarcerated.docxbartholomeocoombs
CLINICAL SCHOLARSHIP
Health Education Needs of Incarcerated Women
Shirley Dinkel, PhD, APRN, BC1 & Katie Schmidt, BSN, RN2
1 Associate Professor, School of Nursing, Washburn University, Topeka, KS, USA
2 Director of Nursing, Topeka Corrections Facility, Topeka, KS, USA
Key words
Incarcerated women, health education, prison
nursing, naturalistic design, qualitative nursing
Correspondence
Dr. Shirley Dinkel, School of Nursing, Washburn
University, 1700 SW College Ave., Topeka, KS
66611. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted: February 3, 2014
doi: 10.1111/jnu.12079
Abstract
Purpose: This study identifies the healthcare education needs of incarcerated
women in a state corrections facility.
Methods: This was a naturalistic qualitative study. Focus groups included two
groups of adult women incarcerated in a state corrections facility. One group
consisted of women housed in maximum security, and one group consisted
of women housed in medium security. Data were analyzed using a constant
comparison approach.
Findings: Three guiding questions provided the foundation for the identified
themes. Themes included six healthcare education topics important to incar-
cerated women and three related to health education strategies best suited for
incarcerated women.
Conclusions: Trust, respect and empowerment are key concepts in educating
incarcerated women about their personal health and health of their families.
Clinical Relevance: With over 200,000 women incarcerated in the United
States today, creating policies and practices that focus on the healthcare edu-
cation needs of women that are woman focused may enhance knowledge and
skills and may ultimately lead to reduced recidivism.
Over 200,000 women are currently imprisoned in the
United States, a number that has grown more than 800%
over the past three decades (Institute on Women & Crim-
inal Justice, 2009). Because the majority of prisoners are
male, prison programs often focus on issues faced by male
prisoners and overlook those faced by female prisoners
(Bissonnette, n.d; Stolnik, 2011). As the population of in-
carcerated females continues to increase at a rate nearly
twice that of males (Stolnik, 2011), health-related pro-
grams, educational opportunities, and initiatives focus-
ing on the specific needs of female inmates are becoming
more and more essential.
Incarcerated women often have a history of sub-
stance abuse; physical, sexual, and emotional trauma
(Bissonnette, n.d.); and limited access to healthcare ser-
vices (Palmer, 2007). The World Health Organization
has identified this trend globally, as research conducted
in the United Kingdom (Palmer, 2007) revealed simi-
lar conclusions. Because of intense, pre-incarceration liv-
ing situations, women often neglect their health while at
liberty. When they enter prison, they make great de-
mands on corrections health services (Yeager, 2012).
The limited research conducted on incarcerated females
throughout the United States consistently id.
Running head FIRST RESPONDERS RISK FOR PTSD .docxwlynn1
This study aimed to determine if first responders have an increased risk of developing PTSD. It utilized a quantitative research design with a sample of over 15,000 first responders from various departments across the US. Participants completed several self-report questionnaires online measuring trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and occupational stress. Preliminary findings suggest first responders do have a higher risk of PTSD compared to the general population. Further research is still needed to better understand PTSD risk factors and inform prevention strategies for this population.
Rough Draft Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Consideration.docxwrite4
This document provides a summary and critique of a qualitative research study on the importance of music for people with dementia. The study interviewed people with dementia, their family caregivers, healthcare staff, and music therapists to understand their perspectives. It found that music was seen as valuable for managing symptoms of dementia and improving mood. However, the critique notes some limitations, such as not clearly describing the interview methodology and analysis process. Overall, the research adds to evidence that music interventions can benefit those with dementia.
1Running Head FINAL PROPOSAL CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEAL.docxdrennanmicah
1
Running Head: FINAL PROPOSAL: CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEALTH
2
FINAL PROPOSAL: CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEALTH
Diamond Newton
Southern New Hampshire University
March 3, 2019
Problem Statement
Several adults struggle from a variety of mental health issues (suicidal thoughts and tendencies, alcoholism, depression, and drug abusers.) A lot of those issues may stem from what took place during an adult’s childhood that stem from a variety of reasons. Some adults seek help and some refuse to seek help. The adults who do seek help come to realize that their current issues stem from when they were a child and still developing as a human. Child abuse can come in many forms, physical, mental, and sexual. Adults who have been exposed or experienced this are likely to suffer from some form of mental health issue. It is important to figure out the root of mental health issues in adults so the root can be addressed. Children need to be in a healthy environment with nothing short of love and care. Exposing children to a harsh reality is only breeding them into an adult who suffers from mental health issues.
Literature Review
The study of psychology helps researchers to understand better what is going on with a person. Researchers studied what happened in a person's life that causes them to make the decisions they do and behave in a certain way. Adults have this stigmatism that they can do whatever they want because they are "grown." Many adults suffer from something that can cause to lead towards suicidal thoughts and tendencies, alcoholism, depression, and drug abusers. A lot of those issues may stem from what took place during an adult’s childhood. There could be some reasons adults tend to display certain mental health traits that have been studied in many different forms by researchers. What we will be reviewed is the abuse, physical or mental, that an adult endured as a child and how it affects them in their adulthood.
Blanco, C., Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Lin, K. H., Olfson, M. Sugaya, L. (2012) recognized that child physical abuse had been associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts. The study conducted included Blacks, Hispanics and young adults between the ages of 18-24 in 2001-2002 and 2004-2005. In person, interviews were conducted in Wave 1. In Wave 2 used similar methods as Wave 1 but it excluded the individuals who were not eligible. Wave 2 also interviews went into depth about the questions asked for the participants first 17 years of life. There are many other variables that have been added to the data that relate to childhood physical abuse and mental health distress in adult years. Those other adversatives included the history of child sexual abuse and neglect, parental psychopathology, and perceived parental support, described as emotional neglect.
The advantages to this design would be the inclusion of other childhood adversities that could contribute to adult psychiatri.
Trevillion, K., Byford, S., Cary, M., Rose, D., Oram, S., Feder, G.docxturveycharlyn
Trevillion, K., Byford, S., Cary, M., Rose, D., Oram, S., Feder, G., . . . Howard, L. M. (2014). Linking abuse and recovery through advocacy: An observational study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 23(1), 99-113. http://dx.doi.org.saintleo.idm.oclc.org/10.1017/S2045796013000206 Retrieved from https://saintleo.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.saintleo.idm.oclc.org/docview/1494106370?accountid=4870
Linking abuse and recovery through advocacy: an
observational study
K. Trevillion1*, S. Byford2, M. Cary2, D. Rose3, S. Oram1, G. Feder4, R. Agnew-Davies5 and
L. M. Howard1
1 Section of Women’s Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
2 Centre for the Economics of Mental and Physical Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry,
King’s College, London, UK
3 Service User Research Enterprise, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
4 School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
5 Domestic Violence Training Ltd, Surbiton, Surrey, UK
Aims. High numbers of psychiatric service users experience domestic violence, yet limited interventions exist for these
victims. We piloted a domestic violence intervention for community mental health services to explore the feasibility of a
future cluster randomized controlled trial.
Methods. Quasi-experimental controlled design within five Community Mental Health Teams (three intervention and
two control teams). The intervention comprised domestic violence training for clinicians’ and referral to domestic violence
advocacy for service users. Clinicians’ (n = 29) domestic violence knowledge, attitudes and behaviours were assessed
before and 6 months post-training. Service users’ (n = 34) safety behaviours, unmet needs, quality of life and frequency/
severity of abuse were examined at baseline and 3 months follow-up. Process evaluation data were also collected.
Results. Clinicians receiving the intervention reported significant improvements in domestic violence knowledge, atti-
tudes and behaviours at follow-up (p < 0.05). Service users receiving the intervention reported significant reductions in
violence (p < 0.001) and unmet needs at follow-up (p < 0.05).
Conclusions. Interventions comprising domestic violence training for clinicians and referral to domestic violence advo-
cacy may improve responses of psychiatric services. Low rates of identification among teams not receiving training
suggest that future trials using service user outcomes are unlikely to be feasible. Therefore, other methods of evaluation
are needed.
Received 30 October 2012; Revised 14 March 2013; Accepted 18 March 2013; First published online 30 April 2013
Key words: Community mental health services, Domestic violence, intervention studies.
Introduction
Domestic violence – threatening behaviour, violence or
ab ...
Respond to posts of two peers in this discussion. As part of your.docxlanagore871
Respond to posts of two peers in this discussion. As part of your reply, comment on the ways in which your peer's annotated entries were effective in summarizing the studies for you, and ways in which the annotated entries could be more effective.. You need to respond about each peers posting which contains two articles.
Laurie Leitch, M., Vanslyke, J., & Allen, M. (2009). Somatic experiencing treatment with social service workers following hurricanes katrina and rita. Social Work, 54(1), 9-18.
Laurie Leitch, PhD, is the research director for the Foundation of Human Enrinchment and a coufounder of the Trauma Research Institute. Jan Vanslyke, PhD, and Marisa Allen, ABD, are senior evaluation specialists at Reid and Associates. The purpose of this study was to determine if the Somatic Experiencing Trauma Resiliency Model (SE/TRM) could "reduce the post disaster symptoms of social service workers“ who deliver services to individuals and communities after a disaster.
The researchers conducted a quantitative study of 142 social service workers who provided service after huricanes Katrina and Rita in New Orleans. The study was conducted on a nonrandom sample of 142 social service workers. 91 participants received SE/TRM and they were compared with 51 workers who did not receive SE/TRM and were matched via propensity score matching. They hypothesis was that the use of SE/TRM could reduce the symptoms of disaster relief workers post disaster. Data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in relation to post disaster relief. The group that received SE/TRM showed significantly lower PTSD symptoms and psychological distress and higher levels of resiliency. The authors noted that all of the participants in this study were employed, which sets them apart from many disaster survivors as well as the study was not a „randomized control study“. Further research is needed to further study the effectiveness of SE/TRM in the field of disaster treatment.
Metcalf, O., Varker, T., Forbes, D., Phelps, A., Dell, L., DiBattista, A., Ralph, N., & O’Donnell, M. (2016). Efficacy of Fifteen Emerging Interventions for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29, 88-92.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 15 "new or novel interventions“ that are being utilizef for the treatment of PTSD. This work was funded by the Department of Veterans‘ Affaris and National Health and Medical Research Council Programs. The study eliminated appraoches that did not offer "moderate quality evidence from randomized controlled trials“ by a team of 5 Trauma Experts. To be included, studies also required adults over 18 years of age, 70% of the sample majority were diagnosed with PTSD and outcome data were reported for severity of symptoms and diagnosis. The approaches that fulfilled this critera are emotional freedom technique, yoga, mantra-based meditation and ac.
Dementia And Aggression Psy 492 M7a2 Levea. Bhannah06
The document summarizes several studies that examined ways to reduce aggression in dementia patients through improved care methods. The studies found that:
1) Aggression decreased when medications like haloperidol were reduced or withdrawn and patients received care in special dementia units.
2) Caregiver training on understanding dementia and patient-centered care led to fewer aggressive behaviors from patients, lower caregiver stress, and less need for physical restraints.
3) Understanding factors like medical issues, communication problems, and patient histories that could influence behaviors helped develop more effective multi-faceted care approaches.
With better training and patient-centered care, facilities saw reduced costs from things like medications and hospitalizations, along with improved
This document provides guidance on responsible research practices for psychologists. It discusses proper procedures and potential violations for collaborating on research projects, managing conflicts of interest and commitments, acquiring and sharing data, conducting human subject research, ensuring animal welfare, and mentoring less experienced researchers. Key aspects of responsible research addressed include clearly defining roles and goals for collaboration, properly addressing any financial or personal biases, making data publicly available whenever possible, obtaining informed consent and minimizing harm for human and animal subjects, and maintaining appropriate boundaries in mentoring relationships.
IMPLICATIONS FOR TRAUMA-INFORMED CARE12Implications for Trauma-InMalikPinckney86
The study aims to examine the relationship between adverse childhood trauma and dissociation in male offenders. It will utilize a qualitative research approach and correlational research design involving 30 participants from two county correctional facilities. Questionnaires will be used to measure experiences of childhood trauma and levels of dissociation. The study expects to find a positive relationship between childhood trauma and dissociation among male offenders, which would indicate the need for trauma-informed care approaches when treating this population.
AN APPRAISAL OF ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDYStephen Faucher
The document discusses the Tuskegee syphilis study and analyzes it through an ethical lens. It examines principles of ethics that should guide research on human subjects, including informed consent, respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. It employs ethical theories like utilitarianism, ethics of care, and Kantian ethics to interrogate the study. The summary critiques how the study failed to prioritize human dignity over socio-economic goals.
The document provides an overview of qualitative research methods, outlining key concepts in the first session. It defines qualitative research as a strategy for collecting and interpreting non-numerical data through methods like observation and interviews. The characteristics of qualitative research include exploring phenomena in their natural settings and interpreting findings from an emergent and holistic viewpoint. Examples of qualitative research types discussed are narrative research, ethnography, phenomenology, case studies, and grounded theory. The document concludes by listing common steps and examples of qualitative studies conducted in healthcare contexts.
This document discusses a study that analyzed accounts from parents caring for individuals with severe myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The study identified several themes in the parents' experiences, including identity change as parents take on caregiving roles, feelings of guilt, feeling like outsiders who are misunderstood, uncertainty regarding the illness, changing perceptions of time, coping mechanisms, and efforts to manage symptoms and potential improvements. The aims of the study were to give voice to caregivers of ME patients who are often stigmatized and to inform future research supporting these caregivers.
Contact with Non-Human Intelligence and the Quantum Hologram Theory of Consciousness - Toward an Integration of the Contact Modalities - Survey created by FREE (experiencer.org), which stands for The Dr. Edgar Mitchell Foundation for Research into Extraterrestrial Encounters . Our main purpose is the Understanding Consciousness Through the Study of Contact with Non-Human Intelligence
Improving Comprehensive Carefor OEF and OIF Vetsby Aslie.docxbradburgess22840
Improving Comprehensive Care
for OEF and OIF Vets
by Aslie Burnett
FILE
T IME SUBMIT T ED 20- MAR- 2015 10:4 4 AM
SUBMISSION ID 51867 4 598
WORD COUNT 64 25
CHARACT ER COUNT 39906
DISSERT AT ION_PROPOSAL.DOC (125.5K)
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SIMILARIT Y INDEX
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Improving Comprehensive Care for OEF and OIF Vets
ORIGINALITY REPORT
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vets.arizona.edu
Int ernet Source
www.ejpt.net
Int ernet Source
Karen H. Seal. "VA mental health services
utilization in Iraq and Af ghanistan veterans in
the f irst year of receiving new mental health
diagnoses", Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2010
Publicat ion
www.f as.org
Int ernet Source
Submitted to Maryville University
St udent Paper
store.samhsa.gov
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yellow-f ever.rki.de
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cstsf orum.org
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akf sa.org
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iris.lib.neu.edu
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www.acpmh.ipag.f r
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Int ernet Source
Submitted to University of Western Australia
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Submitted to University of Southern Calif ornia
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scindeks.nb.rs
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cdn.intechopen.com
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Higher Education
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www.rand.org
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gradworks.umi.com
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patriotoutreach.org
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Ticknor, Bobbie and Tillinghast, Sherry. "Virtual
Reality and the Criminal Justice System: New
Possibilities f or Research, Training, and
Rehabilitation", Journal of Virtual Worlds
Research, 2011.
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Michael E. Smith. "Bilateral hippocampal
volume reduction in adults with post-traumatic
stress disorder: A meta-analysis of structural
MRI studies", Hippocampus, 2005
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etd.lib.f su.edu
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digital.library.adelaide.edu.au
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cdn.govexec.com
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Yelena Bogdanova. "Cognitive Sequelae of
Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury: Recovery
and Rehabilitation", Neuropsychology Review,
02/17/2012
Publicat ion
Nanda, U., H. L. B. Gaydos, K. Hathorn, and N.
Watkins. "Art and Posttraumatic Stress: A
Review of the Empirical Literature on the
Therapeutic Implications of Artwork f or War
Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder",
Environment and Behavior, 201.
2. 2 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
The most recent figures provided by the Arson Prevention Bureau (2011) estimated
that each week in the United Kingdom, there were 2,213 arson attacks, which result in
2 deaths and 53 injuries to people. Damage and destruction to property per week was
estimated to involve 20 schools and colleges, 262 homes, 360 businesses and public
buildings, and 1,402 cars; the weekly estimated cost of arson to the economy was
£53.8 million. Some authors suggest individuals with intellectual disabilities feature
more highly in regards to pathological arson (firesetting) than any other group
(Devapriam, Raju, Singh, Collacott, & Bhaumik, 2007; Dickens et al., 2007; Hall,
Clayton, & Johnson, 2005). Despite this, there is currently a dearth of research to
understand the reasons for such firesetting acts and limited evidence for the effective-
ness of existing intervention strategies (Lees-Warley & Rose, 2014).
Within the literature, there are currently three published studies that have spe-
cifically reported the antecedents to firesetting by people with mild intellectual
disabilities. Clare, Murphy, Cox, and Chaplin (1992) reported the precursors to
firesetting for one male firesetter with mild intellectual disability. The participant
was a 23-year-old man living in a secure specialist inpatient service with a history
of arson and making hoax calls to the fire services. The assessment phase focused
upon developing an understanding of his developmental and life history, cognitive
ability, and psychiatric diagnosis. The participant completed a self-report question-
naire to identify his thoughts and feelings prior to setting fires. This information
was used to develop a formulation of his fire-related behaviours and identified that
before firesetting, he felt anxious, that people were not listening to him, boredom,
sadness, and anger.
In a non-randomised case-control study involving seven male firesetters and three
female firesetters with mild intellectual disabilities, Murphy and Clare (1996) found
the most common triggers before setting fires were feelings of anger, not feeling lis-
tened to/lack of attention, feelings of sadness, and depression and auditory hallucina-
tions. As the first published U.K. study to specifically investigate the factors for
firesetting by a small sample of individuals, this research offered preliminary knowl-
edge for clinicians conducting risk assessment and therapeutic interventions in foren-
sic intellectual disability services. However, a limitation of this study is that participants
were asked to identify and rate their antecedents to firesetting from a list of predeter-
mined statements. This suggests that important clinical information related to precur-
sors to firesetting may have been missed by not accessing the participants’ individual
accounts of fire-related acts.
A study by Kelly, Goodwill, Keene, and Thrift (2009) utilised a retrospective case-
control study to ascertain historical risk factors associated with firesetting by 10 men
with mild intellectual disabilities living in inpatient forensic services. The results indi-
cated that childhood experiences of fire (“fire play,” “personal experience of fire,”
“symbolic significance of fire,” and “vicarious experience of fire”) and the participants’
perceived inability to effect social change in their own lives (“external locus of con-
trol,” “low confidence in dealing with conflict,” and/or “avoidance of confrontation”)
were significant historical risk factors for arson. Limitations associated with the study’s
findings included the small sample size, the difficulties inherent in retrospectively
by guest on March 26, 2015ijo.sagepub.comDownloaded from
3. Rose et al. 3
identifying and classifying antecedents for firesetting behaviours, and the lack of trian-
gulation of the data in the absence of talking to the individual.
The findings of the above studies relate to just 18 male firesetters and 3 female
firesetters with mild intellectual disabilities and therefore current clinical knowledge
regarding fire-related behaviours by this group remains scant. The use of self-report
questionnaires and retrospective case reviews to identify antecedents to firesetting
behaviour further limits the reliability and validity that can be attributed to these find-
ings. Furthermore, none of the studies have explored participants’ actual lived experi-
ence of firesetting and therefore knowledge regarding the meaning making of
firesetters with intellectual disabilities remains unknown. To date, the authors are
unaware of any published studies, which have used qualitative methodology to under-
stand the experiences of this group of individuals.
In the present study, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA; Larkin &
Thompson, 2011) was used to explore the meaning making of deliberate acts of fire-
setting by men with mild disabilities detained in one forensic learning disability
hospital.
Method
Prior to the study, ethical approval was granted by a U.K. National Health Service
(NHS) Research Ethics Committee and the Research and Development Department of
the participating NHS Trust.
Design
The qualitative approach employed in this study was IPA (Larkin & Thompson, 2011).
IPA is concerned with phenomenology and is focused on attempting to understand the
subjective experiences and psychological meanings an individual assigns to a specific
event. The interpretative element of IPA acknowledges the researcher’s approach as
entailing a double hermeneutic process, which involves making sense of how partici-
pants have made sense of their lived experience. IPAproposes an idiographic approach
to understanding experience and therefore recommends that selected samples typically
include six to eight participants and are comparatively homogeneous. IPA is being
used increasingly in research with people who have intellectual disabilities and is per-
ceived as an important method of hearing their voice (Beail & Williams, 2014).
However, there are challenges such as ensuring that the participants are able to under-
stand the process and content of the interview. Adaptations and further explanation
may also have to be provided (e.g., visual aids) but in such a way that modifications
do not threaten the integrity of the research process.
Participants
To maximise the homogeneity of the sample, all of the participants were recruited
from medium and low secure units based within one forensic intellectual disability
by guest on March 26, 2015ijo.sagepub.comDownloaded from
4. 4 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
hospital and were all detained under the Mental Health Act (1983, amended 2007). A
purposive sampling approach was used to enable the Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT)
at the service to identify men aged 18 years and above, with a mild or moderate intel-
lectual disability, who have deliberately set a fire, and who were undertaking or had
completed the services’ individual or group treatment for firesetting behaviour. Prior
to commencing the research, a meeting was held with managers from the hospital who
were independent to the study. The meeting was held by the researcher to explain the
purpose of the research, to share the information sheet and capacity to consent process,
and to discuss the role of clinicians in supporting individuals to make informed deci-
sions. Following the meeting, eligible participants were contacted by a clinician who
they knew and invited to take part in a study about their acts of firesetting. Individuals
who expressed an interest in participating were provided with a participant informa-
tion sheet highlighting each step of the research process and the rights of the individ-
ual. Participants were supported to read the information sheet and to discuss the
contents. Each individual was given a minimum of 1 day to consider whether they
would like to take part and were then asked if they were interested in participating.
The MDT identified nine individuals who were eligible to participate in the study;
however during review, two men were excluded from the study due to the risk of crisis
or burden associated with taking part. The remaining seven men were approached by
clinicians assigned to their care and all provided informed consent to participate in the
study. The recruited participants were aged between 23 and 46 years (M = 36.3; SD =
10.98), had a Full Scale Intellectual Quotient ranging from 56 to 70, and were all
White British. The key demographic and offence characteristics for each participant
are provided in Table 1 and were collated from case notes review conducted by the
Psychology Department at the hospital. The information was not provided to the
authors until the analysis had been completed, as this was deemed necessary to mini-
mise the influence of researcher bias and “bracket off” knowledge regarding the par-
ticipants while constructing the themes.
Procedure
Recruitment. Eligible participants were contacted by a clinician who they knew and
invited to take part in the study. Individuals who expressed an interest in participating
were provided with an “easy read” participant information sheet detailing each step of
the research process and their rights (Department of Health, 2010). After reading the
information sheet, each individual was asked four standardised questions to check
their understanding of the study and their capacity to provide informed consent to take
part. The participants were asked the following questions: “Do you have to take part
in this study?” “What will Gemma talk to you about?” “Will Gemma use your name in
her report?” and “Can you change your mind later?” This approach was taken as
Arscott, Dagnan, and Kroese (1998) advocate the necessity to assess the understand-
ing of adults with intellectual disabilities about a study prior to their involvement. Of
the seven individuals approached, all answered the four capacity questions correctly
and all provided consent.
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8. 8 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
Interview topic guide and format. A semi-structured interview guide was devised by the
authors and focused on eliciting each participant’s experience of firesetting and the
personal meanings they attached to their firesetting behaviour. In line with IPA recom-
mendations, a semi-structured guide was developed by the authors as a framework to
generate dialogue and facilitate conversation about salient themes associated with fire-
setting. For example, “tell me about a fire you have set,” “what did you want to hap-
pen?” and “what happened after you set the fire?” As the participants had mild
intellectual disabilities, prompts were also used to help the participants make sense of
the question, to elicit information, and to break down complex ideas. A copy of the
interview topic guide is provided in Table 2.
Each participant was interviewed on one occasion which took place in a private
room at the hospital. Each interview was digitally audio-recorded. The shortest inter-
view took 22 min and the longest interview 1 hr and 38 min. Following the interview,
a discussion was held with each participant regarding how they would access support
if required and this was shared with the clinician assigned to their care. Entries of
participation were recorded in the participants’ nursing and psychology notes along-
side details of whom to contact if the participant requested additional support.
Analytic Process
To ensure anonymity, participant data were assigned a pseudonym and any identifying
information was removed during transcription. In line with IPA guidelines, the itera-
tive and inductive component of analysis was undertaken systematically in a series of
six non-linear stages (Smith, Flowers, & Larkin, 2009). In Stages 1 and 2, each
Table 2. Interview Topic Guide.
The individual’s experience of firesetting
I would like to ask you some questions about when you set a fire
Firesetting—Prompts—How it was carried out?
• Tell me about the fire you set
• Why do you think you set a fire?
• Where did you set a fire/did you know the place/the person who lived there/worked
there?
• How did you set the fire? What did you use to set the fire?
Firesetting—Prompts—Why it seemed important to set a fire?
• Why did you set the fire? What did you want to happen?
• Had you thought about setting the fire?
• How did you feel before you set the fire?
• How did you feel when the fire was burning?
Firesetting—Prompts—Consequences
• What did you do after you set the fire/what happened after you set the fire?
• How did setting the fire make you feel?
• What changed after you set the fire? Where you lived, relationships with your friends,
relationships with your family? Relationship with mental health services?
• How do you feel about setting a fire now?
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9. Rose et al. 9
transcript was analysed to enable immersion in the narrative and subjective experience
of each participant and phenomenological coding was conducted to capture thoughts
regarding descriptive, linguistic, and conceptual comments. Stages 3 to 5 focused on
consideration of emerging themes grounded within the participant’s subjective under-
standing of their firesetting acts. This enabled preliminary interpretation and integra-
tion of psychological knowledge to understand how the participant experienced and
made sense of their firesetting behaviours (Smith, 2004). These were used to identify
similarities, differences, and commonalities within the participant’s subjective experi-
ence and a list of initial themes were recorded in the order presented by the participant.
The final stage of analysis involved reviewing and comparing participants’ transcripts
to identify theme clusters and final interpretations reflecting their collective experien-
tial claims.
To increase the plausibility and credibility of interpretations, the coding and emer-
gent themes were reviewed and discussed by the authors and also with an independent
researcher with expertise in conducting IPA research. This took place to enable discus-
sion of alternative perspectives and considerations of the experiential claims of the
participants and to corroborate that interpretations were grounded in the data.Although
this approach sought to reduce researcher bias by providing triangulation and validity
checking, the resultant themes remain reflective of the researchers’ subjective inter-
pretation. IPA acknowledges that other researchers may hold alternative interpreta-
tions; however, this is perceived as an inevitable bias inherent in interpretative
approaches (Smith et al., 2009).
Results
Figure 1 illustrates the structure of the super-ordinate themes and corresponding sub-
themes. The number of participants whose narratives contributed to each theme is
presented in parenthesis.
Super-Ordinate Theme 1: The Importance of the First Fire
This super-ordinate theme provides a foundation for understanding the function of
participants’ first experience of firesetting and its relationship to the maintenance and
longevity of future firesetting behaviours. All participants chose to present their story
of firesetting in chronological order, and while each experience was idiosyncratic,
there was a strong sense that participants needed to start with the context in which
firesetting initially occurred. It seemed natural for participants to begin here, and it
appeared that, perhaps through their experiences of the legal system and engagement
in therapy, they had repeated this narrative many times.
The participants’ provided shared experiential claims that the first act of firesetting
had occurred as a reaction to enduring distress experienced in the context of “abusive
childhood experiences.” Five participants described that their first fire occurred as a
young child and had reflected their attempt to cope with overwhelming feelings of
vulnerability and perceived helplessness. Jason and Bruce interpreted that their
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10. 10 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
firesetting had arisen as a consequence of experiencing inter- and extra-familial child-
hood sexual abuse.
Sexual abuse, yeah so it started off from a young age, and ever since then, it just started
with different things, it started when I was at home and then it started when I used to go
out in the car . . . so I’d go to school feeling scared and I used to, er, basically I wasn’t
eating, I used to hide food cause, er, it was one of those, I used to, er, basically, er, keep,
telling the social services that er, that I wanted to go into care . . . the only way to deal
with it was fires, basically, fire was to get away from, er, the trouble at home. (Jason)
When Jason shares his experience of sexual abuse, he conveys a sense that it per-
vaded all aspects of his life, in both the frequency of the abuse itself and the perma-
nency of distress within his life. Implicit in his story is the sense of desperation he
conveys in trying to indirectly communicate his emotional experience by restricting
his food consumption. He describes his first fire act occurred when he perceived other
attempts to escape his experience had been unsuccessful, for example, requesting to go
into care. Within Jason’s narrative, there is an essence of perceived inevitability, that
fire was the “only way” to “get away.”
Phillip and Robert interpreted that their first firesetting act had occurred in child-
hood as a response to experiencing and witnessing domestic abuse.
I was 6 or 7, I set the back of my dad’s, my mom, and my dad’s carpet alight, at the back
of the tele . . . because they were, were always fighting and they never fed us properly, I
kept eating frozen sausages and chips out the freezer. That’s why I did it, trying, trying to
make them stop. (Phillip)
Firesetting and
abusive experiences
in childhood (5)
Firesetting and
difficulties in young
adulthood (2)
Responses of
services to the first
act (5)
Positive emotional
responses to the
first act (2)
Super-
ordinate
themes
Sub-
themes
First Fire Act Repeat Acts of Fire setting
Firesetting and
feelings of pressure
and depression (5)
Firesetting and
feelings of isolation
& desperation (6)
Firesetting and
feelings of anger &
frustration (4)
The importance of
the first fire
Firesetting to
escape distress
Firesetting enables
positive emotional
experiences
Firesetting to
communicate with
services
Treatment
Firesetting enables
feelings of power
and control (5)
Firesetting and
sensory stimulation
(5)
The Fire Setters
Treatment
Programme (FSTP)
Feeling unable to
manage alone (5)
Dissatisfaction with
responses from
services (5)
Therapeutic
alliance with the
FSTP team (5)
Awareness of the
dangers of fire (6)
Attitude towards
future acts of
firesetting (5)
Figure 1. Structure of super-ordinate themes and corresponding subthemes.
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11. Rose et al. 11
Phillip’s narrative conveys a powerful image of a young child trapped within an
abusive home environment. His integration of a direct example of his neglect demon-
strates the severity of his negative childhood experiences and emphasises the distress-
ing circumstances in which his first fire occurred. Phillip offers a direct interpretation
that his first act was his attempt to attract attention toward this neglect and “stop”
enduring parental conflict.
Jason and Phillip provided narratives regarding the “responses of services to the
first act.” This highlighted, to some extent, where the emerging relationship
between the first act of firesetting and repeated firesetting behaviours may have
been intermittently reinforced. Both described their first fire served its intended
purpose as it enabled them to be removed from home environments and achieve
desired safety in care.
Yeah, so I told them that, I want to go into care, then, er, er, and then I went into care er,
after I told the social services that I wanted to go into care. I stopped setting fires for a
while. (Jason)
Jason offers a subtle interpretation that once in care his firesetting behaviours
ceased “for a while” and conveys a sense that firesetting was effective, at least in the
short term, and successful in eliciting support from external others. Both Jason and
Phillip’s experience of being taken into care may have established a belief that fire
summons services who then offer protection from unmanageable situations.
Bruce described he had lived in care and had set his first fire in the kitchen of
his children’s home when he was 11 years old. He described he was being bullied
and sexually abused by staff and had perceived that firesetting would enable him
a “way out”:
I didn’t like it there, I was getting bullied and there was other stuff going on between that,
with sexual abuse. So I thought the way out of it was to set a fire in the kitchen. Didn’t
help . . . I said, “I set the fire because I wanted out of here. And you lot weren’t listening.”
And that’s the reason why I did it, but no one listened, so that, that was when I set more
fires, in the garage, in the corridor, in a dorm I think. (Bruce)
When Bruce provides this account, he expresses the function of his fire was to
influence his move from the children’s home following his experiences of extra-famil-
ial sexual abuse. His narrative indicates firesetting initially attracted attention and
enabled him to express his distress to staff; however, Bruce perceived no further action
was taken and described escalating the frequency of his firesetting behaviours to elicit
further support. For Daniel, his first experience of firesetting occurred at the age of 18
when he had observed a group of unknown youths setting fire to a car and described
feelings of “excitement,” “happiness,” and “joy” in response to watching the fire burn.
For Francis and Daniel, it seems that observing fire was powerful in negating distress-
ing emotions and evoking an intensely pleasurable experience.
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12. 12 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
Super-Ordinate Theme 2: Firesetting to Escape Distress
This super-ordinate theme explores participants’ narratives regarding their repeat acts
of firesetting. It details the pertinent emotional experiences of participant’s prior to
fire-related behaviours and includes interpretations that firesetting was experienced as
a solution to rid the self of negative emotion. While the claims of participants prior to
firesetting acts were idiosyncratic, there was commonality in their emotional experi-
ence of becoming overwhelmed and feeling unable to cope. Some participants also
described engaging in a repertoire of co-morbid behaviours alongside firesetting,
which emerged as attempts to further cope with unmanageable emotions. Behaviours
reported by participants included substance misuse and risk-taking behaviours.
Participants identified firesetting had sometimes occurred as a reaction to feeling
overwhelmed by feelings of “pressure and depression.” This was often described in
relation to feeling unable to manage with the demands of daily living alongside feeling
unable to cope with overwhelming negative emotions. Robert described one act of
firesetting had occurred in the context of consuming large amounts of alcohol on a
daily basis to mediate feelings of pressure and depressed mood. In his narrative, he
described feeling unable to cope and had set a fire in his home with the intention of
committing suicide:
I set fire to the settee and I just sat on it . . . I was just drinking heavily and err, I didn’t
know where to turn, I didn’t know what to do, it’s this and that, I’ve got all this pressure,
I’m missing my children, my son got took in care, I had a big bust up with my mum, and
then things got, like, on top of me, and, and, erm, I was upset and sad, erm, I was sad and
scared, that’s why I set fire to my house. Basically, I wanted to end my life at that time,
basically to kill myself, erm, a, basically it was just a cry for help really. (Robert)
When Robert provides this narrative, he conveys overwhelming desperation and
confusion about how to manage feelings of loss, fear, and low mood. There is a sense
that Robert had relied upon excessive alcohol use as a coping strategy; however, it
appears that this served to exacerbate his distress and compounded his ability to think
rationally. He clearly articulates a number of key precursors to his firesetting act and
it seems these accumulated to a crisis point where he intended to commit suicide.
The feelings of “isolation and desperation” were commonly identified by most
participants as significant precursors to some of their firesetting acts. Jason described
that while in care, he had stopped firesetting for “a while”; however, when he experi-
enced abuse-related intrusions, he re-engaged in firesetting behaviours to manage feel-
ing overwhelmed:
I still had sexual abuse on my mind, so I had no chance and I didn’t think no one cared
for me, you don’t feel like no one’s out there, and no one wants to listen to ya, so you feel
all alone. In the end they [Social Services] did find out what’s the matter with me, but,
but, it was too difficult to deal with, so, so from then it’s just on my mind all the time . . .
I just went crazy. I was mixing, basically with alcohol, with drugs. I got into more fires
and I got into drugs and er, alcohol, and er, climbing roofs. I was doing bigger things,
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13. Rose et al. 13
trying bigger things, I, I was trying to look for bigger things to burn until I get caught
really bad. (Jason)
When Jason expresses this emotional experience, he conveys a sense that, much
like his abuse experience, he felt powerless in response to trauma memories, which
pervaded his life. His narrative evokes a sense of isolation and desperation, in which
substance misuse, risky behaviours, and firesetting emerged as repetitive and cyclical
behaviours to dampen distress and spur services to offer support. As highlighted by
Jason, disclosure of his abuse only served to increase his distress and as a conse-
quence, his firesetting behaviour increased in frequency and magnitude as he perpetu-
ally attempted to cope with intense feelings. His firesetting to alert services appears to
reflect his hope that they would help him escape distress associated with his abusive
experiences, perhaps as they had done following his first fire as a child.
Most of the participants also described experiences of “anger and frustration”
within their experiential claims of some firesetting behaviours. Participants often asso-
ciated angry feelings with their perception of being ignored or mistreated by perceived
powerful others or services.
I set Burger King’s bins on fire . . . cause I had an argument with the manager of Burger
King over a burger that wasn’t done properly, we had an argument, I told him I was going
to get my own back on him, he said it is cooked, I said no it’s not because it’s pink in the
middle. They told me to get out, and, and, then I said I was going to burn his bin. So I
went round the back and burnt his two bins. (Francis)
Francis’ narrative creates a sense that he perceived he had been treated unfairly by
the manager and firesetting emerged as an impulsive angry reaction to feeling victim-
ised. For Francis, this closely resembles his first act of firesetting where he set a fire
following ongoing incidents of bullying by a neighbour.
Super-Ordinate Theme 3: Firesetting Enables Positive Emotional
Experiences
This super-ordinate theme provides participants’meaning making regarding the acqui-
sition of positive emotional experiences during and immediately following firesetting
acts. It relates to participants’ claims that firesetting enabled feelings of being in con-
trol and to experience intense sensory stimulation associated with watching their fires
and witnessing the fire brigade arriving at the scene. It appears heightened arousal
enabled momentary escapism and temporarily dampened the experience of the endur-
ing distressing antecedents described previously. Throughout the experiential claims
of Jason and Bruce, they commonly referred to feelings of “power and control” and
interpreted the physical magnitude of their fires as symbolic of their competency over
negative internal states.
Fire, it helps you get in control of all these feelings inside, cus your mind’s set and you
can sit around and just, you know think to yourself this is better . . . if it’s a small fire then
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14. 14 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
it’s not that happy, basically, it’s like you know, sad, cause you go through different fires
so sad, frustrated, yeah, if its small it’s sad but the bigger they are it gets exciting, then
goes to ecstatic if it’s a massive one. Basically, I’d light them then stand around and
watch it, cause I find it exciting, cause the noise what it makes and that, and so I used to
watch them and then I used to run when I used to hear sirens. (Jason)
Within Jason’s narrative, he provides a direct interpretation that firesetting helped
him to “feel better” and gain “control” over internal distress. He describes the sensory
experiences of the size and sound of the fire as directly associated with the intensity of
his positive emotional experience and, while firesetting occurred in a context of dis-
tress, there is a sense that this enabled temporary feelings of gratification.
For most of the participants, the “sensory stimulation” they experienced during and
immediately following firesetting acts was powerful in evoking a pleasurable experi-
ence. For Phillip, Daniel, and Francis, the arrival of the fire brigade was a fundamental
aspect of achieving positive affect in the context of momentarily escaping ongoing
distressing antecedents. Each described how they had chosen to remain within a short
distance of the fires they had set to watch the fire brigade at work.
I stand, I stand and watch the fire engines putting it out, I just watch em . . . I love, I love
to see the fire engines coming out to put the fires out . . . All of it, the sound, the speed.
(Phillip)
Phillip was emphatic when he articulated his “love” of seeing the fire engines and
associated this with his sensory experiences of the sound and the speed at which they
arrived at the scene.
Super-Ordinate Theme 4: Firesetting to Communicate With Services
This super-ordinate theme was evident, to varying degrees, from the first act of fireset-
ting and concerns participants’ meaning making of firesetting as an attempt to either
seek emotional containment from professional services or as an attempt to communi-
cate dissatisfaction at the decisions made by services. Throughout their narratives,
participants conveyed a sense of struggle between their feelings of vulnerability and
perceived inability to communicate their needs with services.
Participants described “feeling unable to manage alone” in their daily life and
described firesetting had occurred as they strived to convey this to services. Robert
and Eddie described that following a previous act of firesetting, they had both received
probation orders, which had enabled them to receive support from a variety of profes-
sionals. Robert explained that the removal of services had occurred following a con-
versation initiated by him. He recalled that he had informed probation services he felt
under pressure to maintain his job role and attend appointments at an outpatient’s
psychiatry clinic. Robert stated that as a consequence of this conversation, he was
discharged from probation. It appears that while this relieved feeling pressure in the
short term, Robert quickly began to feel overwhelmed.
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15. Rose et al. 15
I was on probation, probation order for psychiatric treatment, and, erm, I, I got found a
job by the dole. But then it was too much, so, I went down to probation services, I said “I
can’t come here right, to do, to do, to go and see the doctor and go to work at the same
time.” Then my probation officer erm, erm, asked me to come into probation services and
they discharge me! And then things got like, on top of me, and I set this fire. I was scared
that I weren’t going to get any help . . . I wanted to get admitted to hospital, that’s what I
thought, so basically, they could treat me for depression. I weren’t expecting to go down
this sentence I weren’t expecting to go down, I was expecting right to get another chance
if you get what I mean, I was expecting right to get another probation order, when I get
psychiatric help again, talking to a doctor, but that weren’t the option. (Robert)
In this narrative, Robert conveys a sense that he felt limited in his capacity to cope
with feelings of pressure and despite being aware of needing help, he was fearful that
he would not get this; in this context, it appears that he was unable to identify pro-social
ways to access help. It seems Robert believed that as he had received help following a
previous incident of firesetting, a further fire would enable him to re-engage with ser-
vices and receive help for his depression. Robert’s narrative evokes a sense that sen-
tencing came as a shock to him. In contrast to seeking help, participants’also described
firesetting had occurred as a means to demonstrate their “dissatisfaction with responses
from services” and the decisions made by the services supporting them. Examples pro-
vided by participants indicated the function of firesetting was often to change their resi-
dencyorexertinfluenceoverthedecisionsmadebyservicesabouttheiraccommodation.
Daniel reported committing acts of firesetting to escape feeling “unhappy” and “lonely”
in a community intellectual disability home where he had lived for 12 years. Daniel
interpreted the function of his firesetting was “to get arrested, to not to have to go back”
to the community home. At many different times within his narrative, Daniel conveyed
intently wanting to live with his brother and described feeling “angry” toward his resi-
dential service for not “allowing” this to happen. Within his experiential claims, it
seemed Daniel perceived firesetting would enable him to live with his sibling and
would consequently eliminate overwhelming feelings of unhappiness.
Super-Ordinate Theme 5: The Fire Setters Treatment Programme
(FSTP)
This super-ordinate theme presents participant’s descriptions of their experiences of
completing the FSTP. Although they were not requested to do so, six of the partici-
pants chose to offer their reflections on their therapeutic alliance with facilitators of
the FSTP; their perception regarding the dangers of fire following engagement in the
FSTP; and their attitudes toward future firesetting behaviours. As the participants had
volunteered to share their perspectives, it was felt important to include their claims as
it clearly held personal significance to them and their lived experience of firesetting
behaviours.
The participants were keen to report their “therapeutic alliance with the FSTP
team” and their positive emotional experiences of working with the facilitators. What
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16. 16 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
became evident within the narratives of participants was their perception of being
“helped” and “supported” during treatment sessions and by the team more generally.
The shared experiential claims of the participants created a strong perception of them
feeling contained by the team, despite participants experiencing individual challenges
in therapy.
Participants also expressed their “awareness of the dangers of fire,” which they
perceived had developed during participation in the FSTP. It appeared that participants
were most struck by learning about the dangers of fire and observing educational vid-
eos contained within the programme. Within their narratives, it appeared that partici-
pant’s had not previously considered the consequences of firesetting acts for others,
particularly the cost to human life.
They helped me here, to, to see that when I set the fire I was happy, but after, when I was
here I felt angry because I was putting the people in danger. (Phillip)
The participants also conveyed their current “attitudes toward future firesetting
behaviour.” Each was emphatic when they expressed they would not set fires in the
future.
Discussion
The analysis identified five main super-ordinate themes within the data which reflected
a natural interlinked progression in participants’narratives from the significance of the
first firesetting event; experiential claims regarding repeat acts of firesetting; and their
reflections on engaging in the FSTP. Although participants’ experiences were idiosyn-
cratic, they described committing firesetting acts in reaction to feelings of overwhelm-
ing distress, to achieve positive emotional experiences, and to seek support and
containment from various professional services.
In Super-Ordinate Theme 1, “the importance of the first fire,” the shared experien-
tial claims of the participants indicated the first act occurred in response to childhood
abusive experiences and unfulfilling relationships in young adulthood. The narratives
of participants in this study echoed the findings of Kelly et al. (2009) who found his-
torical risk factors for childhood experiences of fire in the backgrounds of men with
mild intellectual disabilities.
The participants also conveyed feeling limited in their capacity to influence rela-
tionships and social circumstances via pro-social means and appeared to make sense
of their first fire as an attempt to effect change in distressing situations. The shared
claims of the participants also suggested the responses they received from authority
figures and the emergency services may have contributed in establishing beliefs
regarding the function of fire; that firesetting at times, enabled varying degrees of sup-
port from professional services. These findings offer support to the findings of Kelly
et al. (2009) who found a historical risk factor for fire-related behaviours by male
firesetters with mild intellectual disabilities was a perceived inability to change aspects
of a situation or their social environment.
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17. Rose et al. 17
From the claims of the participants, it seems their first experience of firesetting laid
the foundation for a trajectory of firesetting beliefs which became interwoven within
recurrent episodes of firesetting behaviour. This was reflected in Super-Ordinate Theme
2, “firesetting to escape distress,” which indicated repeat acts of firesetting resonated,
to some degree, the emotional, contextual, and functional aspects of the first fire-related
experience. From participants’ experiential claims, it was apparent that repeat fireset-
ting emerged within a context of trying to escape enduring distress associated with
feelings of pressure, depression, isolation, desperation, anger, and frustration.
For some participants, firesetting also featured alongside substance misuse and
appeared to reflect a further behavioural attempt to mediate overwhelming distress.
Previous studies have highlighted the predominance of negative emotional states
experienced by people with mild intellectual disabilities prior to firesetting acts to
include sadness, depression, and anger (Clare et al., 1992; Murphy & Clare, 1996).
Participants’ claims regarding “firesetting and positive emotional experiences”
were highlighted in Super-Ordinate Theme 3. Participants’ narratives indicated that
during and immediately following firesetting acts, they experienced feelings of control
and sensory stimulation, which enabled momentary escape from enduring negative
emotions and overwhelming situations. It is likely the effect of temporary, yet intense
positive emotions would have dampened the negative emotional antecedents experi-
enced by participants. This perhaps lends further support to the notion that from the
first act, participant’s developed a belief that firesetting enabled the acquisition of
positive outcomes, albeit temporarily, and served to intermittently reinforce and main-
tain future firesetting as an effective behaviour for escaping feelings of distress and
powerlessness. This finding offers a valuable insight into potential sources of emo-
tional reinforcement of repeat firesetting behaviours.
In Super-Ordinate Theme 4, “firesetting to communicate with services,” some par-
ticipants described feeling unable to manage their daily life experiences, whereas oth-
ers described feeling dissatisfied with their living arrangements. There was a strong
sense that participants experienced feelings of powerlessness and a lack of agency to
exert influence within their lives. This lends support to the findings of Kelly et al.
(2009) who found that men with mild intellectual disabilities often presented with an
“external locus of control,” “low confidence in dealing with conflict,” and/or “avoid-
ance of confrontation.”
In reflecting upon their firesetting journey, some participants chose to offer their
experiential claims regarding engagement in the “FSTP.” These narratives were pre-
sented in Super-Ordinate Theme 5 and conveyed participants’meaning making regard-
ing their positive therapeutic alliances with the FSTP team; their developed
understanding regarding the dangerousness of fire; and their perspectives that they
would not engage in future acts of firesetting. None of the previous research in the
field has reported the perspectives of their participants following engagement in fire-
setter treatment and therefore this theme provides initial insight into the experiences of
this group.
This study indicated that participants’ first act of firesetting often occurred in rela-
tion to childhood abuse or difficulties in interpersonal relationships, with repeat acts
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18. 18 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
reflecting their attempts to cope with pervasive negative emotional states and to attract
the attention of supportive professionals. This emphasises the necessity for commu-
nity services to actively work with individuals to identify emerging difficulties and the
importance of implementing collaborative preventive strategies with families and care
systems in the context of a corroborative multi-agency approach to reduce firesetting
risk. From these results there was little to support the hypothesis that firesetting, previ-
ously diagnosed as pyromania, may be the expression of gratification of deep sexual
inhibition. Doley (2003) has reviewed the literature and also found a lack of evidence
for such a link.
The current study contributes to the existing evidence base by further developing
our clinical understanding regarding the lived experiences of a sample of men with
mild intellectual disabilities and offers insight into the intricate interplay between why
some firesetting behaviours emerge and how they are maintained. More generally, the
study also offers support to the utility of IPA methodology with offenders with mild
intellectual disabilities.
The study utilised an IPA methodology and the sample was purposively selected
from one forensic intellectual disability hospital to increase similarity between partici-
pants. Although this fits with the recommendations of IPA regarding the homogeneity
of the sample, the generalisability of the study findings is limited by the small sample
size and the context in which the study took place. It is also plausible that as the par-
ticipants were completing or had completed the FSTP, their individual interpretations
may have reflected, to some degree, the content and meaning making of firesetting
that they had taken from their participation in the group by the intervention. This may
further limit the transferability of the study findings. As the participants had mild intel-
lectual disabilities, their experiential claims and meaning making was, at times, frag-
mented and limited by individual cognitive deficits, communication difficulties, and
some participant’s reduced ability to describe and reflect upon their emotional experi-
ences. This impacted upon the level of explanation that could be assigned to partici-
pant’s idiosyncratic understanding of their fire-related behaviours. The interpretations
provided are based on the reflexivity of the researcher, and therefore it is possible that
other researchers may hold different perspectives regarding the experiential claims
and salient emotional experiences of the participants. To minimise this source of bias,
the themes were credibility and validity checked by others and a reflexive diary was
maintained by the researcher to “bracket off” prior perspectives of firesetting behav-
iour. Finally, the issue of sampling bias is an important consideration. While the sam-
ple were informed on several occasions that participation would not affect their
treatment or care, it is possible that they may have agreed to participate in the study as
they felt they were expected to do so. Alternatively, the study findings indicated this
group of participants often felt ignored by services, and therefore participation may
have enabled a sense of mastery in being able to express their emotional experiences
of firesetting to a wider audience. It is also important to note that the group sampled in
this research was generally similar to the groups that were included in previous
research as described in the introduction, being the recipients of forensic services. As
such a broader range of individuals should be included in future research.
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19. Rose et al. 19
Based on the experiential claims of participants in this study, a number of future
research opportunities have been identified. The present study could be replicated with
children, young people, and women with intellectual disabilities; firesetters who have
not yet engaged in therapy; and those with average or above intellectual functioning.
Recruiting samples from a variety of community services, prisons, and secure services
may also identify differences or similarities in the meaning making of firesetting
behaviours based on the context in which engagement with services has occurred. This
would enable further understanding of the experiential claims of firesetters and would
allow comparison of meaning making across subsamples of participants and settings.
There is further scope in exploring participants’ narratives regarding beliefs about the
function of firesetting. This could explore in greater detail if a relationship exists
between attachment style, relationships with services, and fire-related acts and whether
different themes emerge if the first act occurred in childhood or as an adult.
Conducting research in these areas could provide pertinent information for devel-
oping practice-based firesetter risk assessment methods and standardised treatment
interventions in both community services and secure settings. This would further
enhance our current understanding of how to best support individuals and further
develop our theoretical and clinical understanding of firesetting behaviour. This may
go some way toward bridging the gap between the paucity of current evidence and the
actual lived experiences of people with mild intellectual disabilities who set fires.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship,
and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of
this article.
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