This document discusses using carob (Ceratonia siliqua) as an additive to stabilize earthen surfaces. It provides background on using natural additives historically and reviews various extraction methods that have been used to obtain compounds from carob pods and seeds, such as carob water, gel, powder, and tannins. Tannins and polysaccharides contained in carob pods are highlighted as components that could react with clay to improve mechanical properties and protect earthen mortar through consolidation. Different extraction techniques are compared, noting that the method used may impact the components obtained and their effectiveness for different applications.
— Processes based on immobilized enzymes have been studied extensively in the last few decades and today are also applied to the safeguard of environmental parameters. In this work, zeolite composite flat membranes with different chemical composition, transition metal, and microporous structures were prepared using in situ and secondary growth crystallization synthesis methods in/on stainless steel porous disks. All zeolite materials were been used in catalase adsorption to analyze the zeolite behavior andthe effect of chemical composition and structure on interaction with the enzyme. This study shows that the electrostatic type of interaction seems to be of the utmost importance in influencing immobilization, while the zeolite Brönsted acidity of the support is the subordinate parameter, which differentiates the adsorption performances of different zeolite structures (that distinct for chemical composition of the framework). Moreover, it permits to conclude that transition metal-containing membranes adsorb a higher percentage of the enzyme with respect to no-exchanged membranes and that, for all materials synthesized, the amount of catalase adsorbed onto the zeolite crystals and membranes increases with the temperature.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on fermentation. It discusses the history of fermentation, types of fermentation including aerobic and anaerobic, types of fermentors/bioreactors, and the industrial production of two important antibiotics - penicillin and streptomycin. For penicillin production, it describes the fermentation process including inoculum preparation, production medium, fermentation conditions, and recovery/purification. For streptomycin, it discusses the producing organism, industrial production process involving inoculum, medium, fermentation phases and conditions, and harvest/recovery methods.
Publication Syed Muhammad Talha Shahid --CHEM-Eng--KARACHI--18-1-15-15PC-TRSyed Talha
This document discusses recent advances in engineering subtilisin proteases used in laundry detergents. It describes three key areas of protease engineering: 1) Simultaneously increasing the thermal resistance and activity at low temperatures of Bacillus gibsonii alkaline protease, 2) Increasing the uncontrolled activity of subtilisin Carlsberg towards production of peroxycarboxylic acids as mild bleaching agents, and 3) Altering the pH-dependent activity profile of BgAP to have higher activity at lower pH ranges of 8.5-1. The document provides an in-depth review of protease properties and identifies principles that can be applied to enhance or create variants for industrial applications beyond laundry detergents.
This document compares the efficiency of conventional maceration extraction to a novel rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE) technique using the Naviglio Extractor for preparing bitter liquors and elixirs. Three herbal mixtures were extracted using both methods and results were compared based on dry residue amount and organoleptic taste tests. Extraction kinetics showed RSLDE reached equilibrium around 12 hours, over 20 times faster than maceration which took around 10 days. RSLDE extracts had slightly lower dry weights but taste tests found them more preferred. RSLDE can forecast maceration kinetics and reduce extraction time needed for optimal bitter liquor preparation.
This document provides an overview of the activated sludge process for biological wastewater treatment. It describes the microorganisms involved including bacteria, filamentous bacteria, protozoa, and metazoa. It also discusses how these microorganisms interact and the environmental conditions that favor different populations. The document concludes by outlining methods for evaluating the performance and health of the activated sludge system through microscopic examination and testing.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1. Cellulose was extracted from Egyptian water hyacinth using various methods including mercerization with sodium hydroxide, bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, and Soxhlet extraction.
2. The extracted cellulose was tested for its ability to adsorb crystal violet and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were used to analyze the adsorption process.
3. Preliminary results found that mercerization with 5% sodium hydroxide produced cellulose with high crystallinity, thermal stability, and aspect ratio, making it a promising adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater.
1) Combinatorial chemistry allows for the simultaneous synthesis of multiple compounds using a set of building blocks. This approach can generate thousands of compounds quickly and efficiently.
2) Traditional synthesis is slow, producing one compound at a time. Combinatorial chemistry addresses this through parallel and split-and-mix techniques, generating library of compounds on solid resin beads or in solution.
3) The library is then screened to identify compounds with desired biological activity, accelerating drug discovery. Encoding methods like positional or chemical tagging are used to identify the active compounds within complex mixtures.
— Processes based on immobilized enzymes have been studied extensively in the last few decades and today are also applied to the safeguard of environmental parameters. In this work, zeolite composite flat membranes with different chemical composition, transition metal, and microporous structures were prepared using in situ and secondary growth crystallization synthesis methods in/on stainless steel porous disks. All zeolite materials were been used in catalase adsorption to analyze the zeolite behavior andthe effect of chemical composition and structure on interaction with the enzyme. This study shows that the electrostatic type of interaction seems to be of the utmost importance in influencing immobilization, while the zeolite Brönsted acidity of the support is the subordinate parameter, which differentiates the adsorption performances of different zeolite structures (that distinct for chemical composition of the framework). Moreover, it permits to conclude that transition metal-containing membranes adsorb a higher percentage of the enzyme with respect to no-exchanged membranes and that, for all materials synthesized, the amount of catalase adsorbed onto the zeolite crystals and membranes increases with the temperature.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on fermentation. It discusses the history of fermentation, types of fermentation including aerobic and anaerobic, types of fermentors/bioreactors, and the industrial production of two important antibiotics - penicillin and streptomycin. For penicillin production, it describes the fermentation process including inoculum preparation, production medium, fermentation conditions, and recovery/purification. For streptomycin, it discusses the producing organism, industrial production process involving inoculum, medium, fermentation phases and conditions, and harvest/recovery methods.
Publication Syed Muhammad Talha Shahid --CHEM-Eng--KARACHI--18-1-15-15PC-TRSyed Talha
This document discusses recent advances in engineering subtilisin proteases used in laundry detergents. It describes three key areas of protease engineering: 1) Simultaneously increasing the thermal resistance and activity at low temperatures of Bacillus gibsonii alkaline protease, 2) Increasing the uncontrolled activity of subtilisin Carlsberg towards production of peroxycarboxylic acids as mild bleaching agents, and 3) Altering the pH-dependent activity profile of BgAP to have higher activity at lower pH ranges of 8.5-1. The document provides an in-depth review of protease properties and identifies principles that can be applied to enhance or create variants for industrial applications beyond laundry detergents.
This document compares the efficiency of conventional maceration extraction to a novel rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE) technique using the Naviglio Extractor for preparing bitter liquors and elixirs. Three herbal mixtures were extracted using both methods and results were compared based on dry residue amount and organoleptic taste tests. Extraction kinetics showed RSLDE reached equilibrium around 12 hours, over 20 times faster than maceration which took around 10 days. RSLDE extracts had slightly lower dry weights but taste tests found them more preferred. RSLDE can forecast maceration kinetics and reduce extraction time needed for optimal bitter liquor preparation.
This document provides an overview of the activated sludge process for biological wastewater treatment. It describes the microorganisms involved including bacteria, filamentous bacteria, protozoa, and metazoa. It also discusses how these microorganisms interact and the environmental conditions that favor different populations. The document concludes by outlining methods for evaluating the performance and health of the activated sludge system through microscopic examination and testing.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1. Cellulose was extracted from Egyptian water hyacinth using various methods including mercerization with sodium hydroxide, bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, and Soxhlet extraction.
2. The extracted cellulose was tested for its ability to adsorb crystal violet and Congo red dyes from aqueous solutions. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models were used to analyze the adsorption process.
3. Preliminary results found that mercerization with 5% sodium hydroxide produced cellulose with high crystallinity, thermal stability, and aspect ratio, making it a promising adsorbent for removing dyes from wastewater.
1) Combinatorial chemistry allows for the simultaneous synthesis of multiple compounds using a set of building blocks. This approach can generate thousands of compounds quickly and efficiently.
2) Traditional synthesis is slow, producing one compound at a time. Combinatorial chemistry addresses this through parallel and split-and-mix techniques, generating library of compounds on solid resin beads or in solution.
3) The library is then screened to identify compounds with desired biological activity, accelerating drug discovery. Encoding methods like positional or chemical tagging are used to identify the active compounds within complex mixtures.
Comparative Study on Phytochemical Screening and HPLC Analysis of Daucus Caro...ijsrd.com
Phytochemical and biological screening is necessary for the isolation of functional groups which lead to the discovery of new active compounds. In the present work, the crude aqueous extract of Daucus carota were tested for phytochemical screening and HPLC analysis which indicated the presence of various class of bioactive secondary metabolite such as terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides. HPLC analysis was performed to quantify the β-carotene content in pulp and aerial extract of Daucus carota.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is also known by the name hyaluronan. The necessity for
using this fabulous material lead to investigate non-pathogenic strains which produce
this material. The most non-pathogenic strain is S. thermophilus. The lack of literature
on microbial production of this substance by the strain prompted us to examine the
microbial production of HA from it and also to examine optimization of culture
conditions where HA is produced. The bacteria Streptococcus salivarius sub.
thermophilus was obtained from the Bank of Scientific and Industrial Research of Iran
(PTCC 1738). To separate S. thermophilus strains from yogurts, three types of yogurts
were used. They were cultured by pour-plate and surface methods on STA medium. To
identify the isolated strains, biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
were used. Bacterial strains isolated from yoghurts were identified as S. thermophilus
MN-BM-A02, S. thermophilus JIM8232 and S. thermophilus MN-ZLW-002. To separate
the capsule strains, each strain was cultured on STB medium and then they were
centrifuged. In order to purify the samples, ethanol and charcoal were used. To
optimize production, variety of sources of carbon, nitrogen, temperature and pH were
studied.
ABSTRACT- Laccase is multicopper oxidases that are widely distributed among plants, insects, fungi and bacteria. Pollution increased with the
time day by day, laccase is an oxido-reductase which plays a significant role in remediation. These enzyme catalyze and one-electron oxidation of a
wide variety of organic and inorganic substrate including mono-, di-, and poly-phenols, amino-phenols, metho-oxyphenols, aromatic amines, and
ascorbate, with the concomitant four electron reduction of oxygen to water. Present study on their use in several industrial application, includes dye
decolorization, detoxification of environmental pollutants and revalorization of waste and waste water etc. this review helps to understand the properties
of these improvement enzymes for efficient utilization for its biotechnological and environmental applications. Now we provide a brief discussion
of this interesting group of enzymes, increase knowledge of which will promote laccase based industrial process in future.
Keywords: Laccase, Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Dye decolorization
Soil lixiviation and slow release pattern of starch-nano sliver particles-enc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Agente tensoactivo de dos especies de bacilluserrnestto85
This document summarizes research on surface-active agents produced by two Bacillus species. Bacillus cereus IAF 346 produced both a conventional polysaccharide bioemulsifier and a monoglyceride biosurfactant. The monoglyceride lowered the surface tension of water to 28 mN/m. It formed a strong association with the polysaccharide, requiring ultrafiltration for separation. Bacillus sp. strain IAF 343 produced an unusually high yield of extracellular neutral lipid with significant emulsifying properties but little effect on surface tension. The lipid was identified as a mixture of saturated fatty acid esters, resembling palmityl stearate.
This study investigated the impact of temperature on the release of chemicals from PET bottles into water and the potential toxicity of those chemicals. Chemical analysis found that temperature increased the release of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and antimony from PET bottles into water. In vitro bioassays found that extracts of PET-bottled water stored at different temperatures did not induce cytotoxic, genotoxic, or endocrine disruption effects, despite detecting some non-intentionally added substances like 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. The study assessed both chemical composition and toxicity of PET-bottled waters exposed to higher temperatures.
This document provides an overview of phytoremediation, which uses plants to remove contaminants from soil, sediment, or water. It discusses the need for new remediation techniques, describes various phytoremediation processes like phytoextraction and rhizofiltration, and covers important concepts like hyperaccumulators, biotechnology applications, case studies, and advantages/limitations. The author aims to explain the mechanisms, history, types of plants used, and future research directions of this eco-friendly approach to environmental cleanup.
Oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation on combined acid and alkali-pretreated ...zhenhua82
A combined hydrolysis process, which first mixed dilute acid- and alkali-pretreated corn stover at a 1:1 (w/w) ratio, directly followed by enzymatic saccharification without pH adjustment, has been developed in this study in order to minimize the need of neutralization, detoxification, and washing during the process of lignocellulosic biofuel production. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina was selected and applied to the combined hydrolysate as well as a synthetic medium to compare fungal lipid accumulation and biodiesel production in both shake flask and 7.5 L fermentor. Fungal cultivation on combined hydrolysate exhibited comparable cell mass and lipid yield with those from synthetic medium, indicating that the integration of combined hydrolysis with oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation has great potential to improve performance of advanced lignocellulosic biofuel production
Phytoextraction is a type of phytoremediation that uses hyperaccumulator plants to absorb and concentrate heavy metals from contaminated soil and store them in harvestable parts. There are two forms: natural hyperaccumulation which uses plants unassisted, and induced hyperaccumulation which adds chelators to soil to increase metal absorption. For phytoextraction to work effectively, plants must have strong roots, high growth rates, and the ability to absorb, transport, and store large amounts of metals without damage. The harvested plants are then properly disposed of to remove the metals from the soil.
This study investigated the ability of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai 1295-22 (T-22) to solubilize insoluble minerals in vitro. T-22 was able to solubilize manganese dioxide (MnO2), metallic zinc, and rock phosphate (calcium phosphate) in liquid culture, as determined by chemical analysis. Solubilization occurred both in live cultures and in cell-free culture filtrates. The mechanisms of solubilization involved chelation of minerals by fungal metabolites and reduction of iron and copper ions. This is the first report of a Trichoderma strain solubilizing insoluble minerals, which may partially explain its ability to promote plant growth.
Chitin and chitosan are natural polymers that have many potential industrial and biomedical applications. Chitin is found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects, while chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin. Both polymers are biodegradable and biocompatible. This document reviews the chemistry, properties and processing methods of chitin and chitosan. It also summarizes recent research on derivatives of these polymers and their various applications, including uses in biomedical areas such as drug delivery, wound healing and cancer therapy.
Xenobiotics and Microbial and Biotechnological approacheshanugoudaPatil
This document discusses xenobiotics and biotechnological approaches to remediating them. It defines xenobiotics as foreign compounds found within organisms. Environmental xenobiotics include pollutants like pesticides, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recalcitrant xenobiotics persist in the environment and resist degradation. The document outlines genetic engineering approaches used to create genetically modified microbes (GEMs) that can biodegrade various xenobiotics through enhanced or novel metabolic pathways. GEMs show promise for more effective bioremediation of contaminated environments.
The document discusses xenobiotics, which are foreign compounds found within an organism that are not naturally produced or expected to be present. It describes how xenobiotics are produced artificially for industrial purposes and how natural substances can also become xenobiotics. It then discusses the origins of different types of xenobiotic compounds from various industries. It notes hazards posed by xenobiotics like resistance to degradation and toxicity. Methods for remediating xenobiotics are explored, including photodegradation, bioremediation, phytoremediation, and genetic engineering of plants for remediation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses tracer techniques used to study biosynthetic pathways in plants. Tracer techniques involve incorporating radioactive isotopes or stable isotopes into presumed precursors of plant metabolites. This allows researchers to trace intermediates and steps in pathways over time. Various techniques are described such as precursor-product sequence, double labeling, competitive feeding, and sequential analysis. Tracer techniques provide high sensitivity and can be applied to all living organisms to study topics like terpenoid biosynthesis, formation of secondary metabolites, and nutrient uptake in plants.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Isolation and characterization of biosurfactants producing bacteria from oil ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria from oil-polluted soil samples that can produce biosurfactants. Two bacterial species were isolated - Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These isolates were screened for biosurfactant production using oil displacement and blood hemolysis tests. Isolates X4 and X8 produced the largest zones of clearance, indicating greatest biosurfactant production. The biosurfactants were characterized using thin layer chromatography and were identified as rhamnolipid and surfactin. P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis were confirmed as effective producers of glycolipid and lipopeptide biosurfactants, respectively.
This document summarizes microbial degradation of various xenobiotics and pollutants. It discusses how microbes like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are able to degrade compounds like hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, dyes and other xenobiotics. The microbes produce enzymes that allow them to use these compounds as carbon and energy sources and breakdown the compounds into simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria with the ability to oxidize sulfur and magnesium from soil samples. Specifically:
- Bacillus sp. and Serratia marcescens were found to efficiently oxidize sulfur and magnesium, respectively, as determined by biochemical and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis.
- Biofertilizers containing these isolates significantly enhanced plant growth and nutrient uptake in greenhouse studies when compared to untreated controls.
- The study demonstrates the potential of these bacteria to solubilize important secondary nutrients like sulfur and magnesium and improve soil fertility.
This document discusses chelate-assisted phytoextraction of metal contaminated soil. It begins by defining heavy metals and listing some common heavy metals like lead, chromium, arsenic, and zinc. It then discusses the properties and sources of heavy metals, as well as their effects on plants. The document outlines the hazardous effects of heavy metal contamination and the bioavailable forms of heavy metals in soil. It introduces phytoremediation as a remediation technology, discussing its history, processes, and techniques like phytoextraction. The document focuses on the limitations of using metal hyperaccumulator plants and introduces chelate-assisted phytoextraction using synthetic and natural chelating agents to enhance metal uptake in non-hyperaccumulator plants
Advantages And Disadvantages Of BiocelluloseJulie Brown
Bacterial cellulose or biocellulose (BC) has superior qualities to other celluloses. It has excellent water holding capacity, high crystallinity, purity, and mechanical properties. The cost of producing biocellulose is influenced by the fermentation medium used. Testing showed the sea grass P. oceanic supported the highest biocellulose production. This suggests algal fermentation could create a new low-cost medium for industrial biocellulose production.
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in the food industry. It begins with definitions of nanoscience and nanotechnology. It then provides a brief history of nanotechnology and examples of how nanotechnology is used in nature by organisms like geckos and lotus leaves. The document outlines several nanotechnology applications in food including nanoparticulate delivery systems, nanocapsules, nanotubes, nanoemulsions, and polymer nanocomposites. It also discusses how nanomaterials like silver nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles can be used for antimicrobial purposes in food packaging. Overall, the document examines the current and potential future uses of nanotechnology across the food supply chain.
Comparative Study on Phytochemical Screening and HPLC Analysis of Daucus Caro...ijsrd.com
Phytochemical and biological screening is necessary for the isolation of functional groups which lead to the discovery of new active compounds. In the present work, the crude aqueous extract of Daucus carota were tested for phytochemical screening and HPLC analysis which indicated the presence of various class of bioactive secondary metabolite such as terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and glycosides. HPLC analysis was performed to quantify the β-carotene content in pulp and aerial extract of Daucus carota.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is also known by the name hyaluronan. The necessity for
using this fabulous material lead to investigate non-pathogenic strains which produce
this material. The most non-pathogenic strain is S. thermophilus. The lack of literature
on microbial production of this substance by the strain prompted us to examine the
microbial production of HA from it and also to examine optimization of culture
conditions where HA is produced. The bacteria Streptococcus salivarius sub.
thermophilus was obtained from the Bank of Scientific and Industrial Research of Iran
(PTCC 1738). To separate S. thermophilus strains from yogurts, three types of yogurts
were used. They were cultured by pour-plate and surface methods on STA medium. To
identify the isolated strains, biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
were used. Bacterial strains isolated from yoghurts were identified as S. thermophilus
MN-BM-A02, S. thermophilus JIM8232 and S. thermophilus MN-ZLW-002. To separate
the capsule strains, each strain was cultured on STB medium and then they were
centrifuged. In order to purify the samples, ethanol and charcoal were used. To
optimize production, variety of sources of carbon, nitrogen, temperature and pH were
studied.
ABSTRACT- Laccase is multicopper oxidases that are widely distributed among plants, insects, fungi and bacteria. Pollution increased with the
time day by day, laccase is an oxido-reductase which plays a significant role in remediation. These enzyme catalyze and one-electron oxidation of a
wide variety of organic and inorganic substrate including mono-, di-, and poly-phenols, amino-phenols, metho-oxyphenols, aromatic amines, and
ascorbate, with the concomitant four electron reduction of oxygen to water. Present study on their use in several industrial application, includes dye
decolorization, detoxification of environmental pollutants and revalorization of waste and waste water etc. this review helps to understand the properties
of these improvement enzymes for efficient utilization for its biotechnological and environmental applications. Now we provide a brief discussion
of this interesting group of enzymes, increase knowledge of which will promote laccase based industrial process in future.
Keywords: Laccase, Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Dye decolorization
Soil lixiviation and slow release pattern of starch-nano sliver particles-enc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Agente tensoactivo de dos especies de bacilluserrnestto85
This document summarizes research on surface-active agents produced by two Bacillus species. Bacillus cereus IAF 346 produced both a conventional polysaccharide bioemulsifier and a monoglyceride biosurfactant. The monoglyceride lowered the surface tension of water to 28 mN/m. It formed a strong association with the polysaccharide, requiring ultrafiltration for separation. Bacillus sp. strain IAF 343 produced an unusually high yield of extracellular neutral lipid with significant emulsifying properties but little effect on surface tension. The lipid was identified as a mixture of saturated fatty acid esters, resembling palmityl stearate.
This study investigated the impact of temperature on the release of chemicals from PET bottles into water and the potential toxicity of those chemicals. Chemical analysis found that temperature increased the release of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and antimony from PET bottles into water. In vitro bioassays found that extracts of PET-bottled water stored at different temperatures did not induce cytotoxic, genotoxic, or endocrine disruption effects, despite detecting some non-intentionally added substances like 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. The study assessed both chemical composition and toxicity of PET-bottled waters exposed to higher temperatures.
This document provides an overview of phytoremediation, which uses plants to remove contaminants from soil, sediment, or water. It discusses the need for new remediation techniques, describes various phytoremediation processes like phytoextraction and rhizofiltration, and covers important concepts like hyperaccumulators, biotechnology applications, case studies, and advantages/limitations. The author aims to explain the mechanisms, history, types of plants used, and future research directions of this eco-friendly approach to environmental cleanup.
Oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation on combined acid and alkali-pretreated ...zhenhua82
A combined hydrolysis process, which first mixed dilute acid- and alkali-pretreated corn stover at a 1:1 (w/w) ratio, directly followed by enzymatic saccharification without pH adjustment, has been developed in this study in order to minimize the need of neutralization, detoxification, and washing during the process of lignocellulosic biofuel production. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina was selected and applied to the combined hydrolysate as well as a synthetic medium to compare fungal lipid accumulation and biodiesel production in both shake flask and 7.5 L fermentor. Fungal cultivation on combined hydrolysate exhibited comparable cell mass and lipid yield with those from synthetic medium, indicating that the integration of combined hydrolysis with oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation has great potential to improve performance of advanced lignocellulosic biofuel production
Phytoextraction is a type of phytoremediation that uses hyperaccumulator plants to absorb and concentrate heavy metals from contaminated soil and store them in harvestable parts. There are two forms: natural hyperaccumulation which uses plants unassisted, and induced hyperaccumulation which adds chelators to soil to increase metal absorption. For phytoextraction to work effectively, plants must have strong roots, high growth rates, and the ability to absorb, transport, and store large amounts of metals without damage. The harvested plants are then properly disposed of to remove the metals from the soil.
This study investigated the ability of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai 1295-22 (T-22) to solubilize insoluble minerals in vitro. T-22 was able to solubilize manganese dioxide (MnO2), metallic zinc, and rock phosphate (calcium phosphate) in liquid culture, as determined by chemical analysis. Solubilization occurred both in live cultures and in cell-free culture filtrates. The mechanisms of solubilization involved chelation of minerals by fungal metabolites and reduction of iron and copper ions. This is the first report of a Trichoderma strain solubilizing insoluble minerals, which may partially explain its ability to promote plant growth.
Chitin and chitosan are natural polymers that have many potential industrial and biomedical applications. Chitin is found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects, while chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin. Both polymers are biodegradable and biocompatible. This document reviews the chemistry, properties and processing methods of chitin and chitosan. It also summarizes recent research on derivatives of these polymers and their various applications, including uses in biomedical areas such as drug delivery, wound healing and cancer therapy.
Xenobiotics and Microbial and Biotechnological approacheshanugoudaPatil
This document discusses xenobiotics and biotechnological approaches to remediating them. It defines xenobiotics as foreign compounds found within organisms. Environmental xenobiotics include pollutants like pesticides, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recalcitrant xenobiotics persist in the environment and resist degradation. The document outlines genetic engineering approaches used to create genetically modified microbes (GEMs) that can biodegrade various xenobiotics through enhanced or novel metabolic pathways. GEMs show promise for more effective bioremediation of contaminated environments.
The document discusses xenobiotics, which are foreign compounds found within an organism that are not naturally produced or expected to be present. It describes how xenobiotics are produced artificially for industrial purposes and how natural substances can also become xenobiotics. It then discusses the origins of different types of xenobiotic compounds from various industries. It notes hazards posed by xenobiotics like resistance to degradation and toxicity. Methods for remediating xenobiotics are explored, including photodegradation, bioremediation, phytoremediation, and genetic engineering of plants for remediation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses tracer techniques used to study biosynthetic pathways in plants. Tracer techniques involve incorporating radioactive isotopes or stable isotopes into presumed precursors of plant metabolites. This allows researchers to trace intermediates and steps in pathways over time. Various techniques are described such as precursor-product sequence, double labeling, competitive feeding, and sequential analysis. Tracer techniques provide high sensitivity and can be applied to all living organisms to study topics like terpenoid biosynthesis, formation of secondary metabolites, and nutrient uptake in plants.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Isolation and characterization of biosurfactants producing bacteria from oil ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria from oil-polluted soil samples that can produce biosurfactants. Two bacterial species were isolated - Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These isolates were screened for biosurfactant production using oil displacement and blood hemolysis tests. Isolates X4 and X8 produced the largest zones of clearance, indicating greatest biosurfactant production. The biosurfactants were characterized using thin layer chromatography and were identified as rhamnolipid and surfactin. P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis were confirmed as effective producers of glycolipid and lipopeptide biosurfactants, respectively.
This document summarizes microbial degradation of various xenobiotics and pollutants. It discusses how microbes like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are able to degrade compounds like hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, dyes and other xenobiotics. The microbes produce enzymes that allow them to use these compounds as carbon and energy sources and breakdown the compounds into simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria with the ability to oxidize sulfur and magnesium from soil samples. Specifically:
- Bacillus sp. and Serratia marcescens were found to efficiently oxidize sulfur and magnesium, respectively, as determined by biochemical and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis.
- Biofertilizers containing these isolates significantly enhanced plant growth and nutrient uptake in greenhouse studies when compared to untreated controls.
- The study demonstrates the potential of these bacteria to solubilize important secondary nutrients like sulfur and magnesium and improve soil fertility.
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Stabilisation of earthen surfaces using carob ( Ceratonia siliqua L .)
Conference Paper · August 2017
DOI: 10.1201/9781315267739-137
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2. 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Traditionally, additives have been used as a con-
struction material in order to complement the me-
chanical lacks of low quality resources, usually try-
ing additions of residues or subproducts from the
nearby production areas like: blood, cheese, lung,
animal hair, urine…
According to (Lauren-Brook 2013), we can separate
natural additives in animal, vegetal or mineral origin.
He realized a detailed and complete taxonomy of the
historic references of the use of these organic mate-
rials, the kind of admixtures and their desired effect.
For example:
Table 1. Effect obtained by organic additives
Type of admixture Desired effect Organic material
Waterproofing Decrease permea-
bility
Animal glue plus
tannin
Bitumen
Wax emulsion
Water reducer Reduce water re-
quired for given
consistency
Sugar
Adhesive Increases bond Rosin
Gelatin
*
joan@okambuva.coop
Animal glue
Gluten
Casein
Blood
Albumen
Even with the arrival of the cement mortar, additives
panorama changed, however there were some au-
thors still writing about them like (Vicat & Smith
2014) who explained how to use sugar in little doses
to make a mortar called Jaghery.
There are several opinions about the natural addi-
tives efficiency, even with contradictory conclusions.
In fact, some tests were performed with negatives re-
sults comparing the properties of the renders with
and without the additive improvement (Vargas
Neuman, J., Heredia Zavoni, E., Bariola Bernales, J.,
& Mehta 1986)
On the other hand, several assays and tests with
some of these products were performed with satis-
factory results in restoration of patrimonial construc-
tion and also in new applications. In (Cedillo
Álvarez 1991) Cedillo says that, based on the expe-
rience and observations made at the archaeological
site of Balamkú, emphasizes the urgency of eradicat-
ing the use of synthetic polymers in real archaeolog-
ical property and points out that a preliminary inves-
tigation of the case and a systematic experimentation
should be made.
Stabilization possibilities of earthen surfaces with Mediterranean plant
extracts (Ceretonia Siliqua)
Romero Clausell J.*
Universitat Politécnica de València (Spain)
ABSTRACT: The world of the additives on the traditional construction has been used through the history. A
large bibliography endorses the use and the possibilities of natural additives, concluding the suitable of these
materials for construction issues as long as they are extracted, manufactured and applied properly and certain
conditions. In this paper we conclude that Ceratonia Siliqua, a common tree in Mediterranean area has the
proper components to be used as consolidant for earthen surfaces. Biopolymers as tannins or polysaccharides
contained in his pods are capable, in determinate medium conditions, to react in different ways with clay con-
stituents improving mechanical properties of the colloid and endowing to the earthen mortar new possibilities.
Keywords: Ceretonia Siliqua; earthen surface; flotation agents; plant extracts; tannin; polysaccharides
3. In the same direction, at (Hoyle 1990) was exposed
that mucilages are acid sulfuric esters (complex pol-
ysaccharide), contained in the vesicular cells of the
parenchyma tissue from de Tuna. They are insoluble
in water, but they can absorb and retain it; In contact
with it they form viscose solutions. This mucilage
has conglomerating properties, and also inhibit and
select germs, so It’s use brings material consolida-
tion and avoids bacterium and lichen proliferation.
1.2 Additive families
Aside of Sickel’s classification in (Fontaine, Anger,
Vissac, et al. 2013) was proposed a different aggru-
pation according to his molecular composition as
follows:
Figure 1. Additives aggrupation depending on their molecular
components.
Proteins, an important molecule for animal and
vegetal world, are biomolecules formed by lineal
chains of aminoacids, and they are considered nor-
mally amphiphilic particules.
They are essential for organism growing, playing an
important role in different areas like: structure (col-
lagen), protection (fibrinogen), sending signals
(rhodopsin), enzymatic (sucrase), transport mole-
cules (cassein)…
There are two types of proteins: fibrous (collagen)
normally insoluble in water and globular (casein or
albumin) normally soluble. The structure of each
protein will determine his behavior and interaction
with clays.
Proteins use to have a strong bond with clays, link-
ing his hydrophobic part (head) to the surface of the
render, remaining the hydrophilic part outside, creat-
ing an extern repellent water coat.
In the polysaccharide group we can find the sugars in
different structures like in Figure 2. This group is the
biggest one, finding structures branched, linear,
twisted, short or long depending of the natural body
from where it was extracted. Representative of the
same and important is that they carry a hydroxyl
(OH) group.
Figure 2. Polysaccharides different molecular structures (Josh
Scheerer)
Depending on the origin of the polysaccharide, the
structure is not available as a directly applicable ad-
ditive, so we must subject it to a predetermined
transformation or extraction process. The extraction
process can release these components susceptible of
adsorbing in the surface of the clay, being necessary
for them a previous grinding, decoction, maceration,
etc. The polysaccharides chains can form micro
networks with the clay particles in different mecha-
nisms as we will see lately.
A lipid is a molecule either completely apolar (neu-
tral lipid) or amphiphilic with a polar head linked to
a strongly apolar (tail) chain. The main biological
functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling,
and acting as structural components of cell mem-
branes.
Temperature plays an important role in this group, as
It modifies Its flexibility, depending on the origin of
this fat the substance it will present solid or liquid
state: oils, wax, fats (triglycerides), sterols, butters…
According to (Fontaine, Anger, Vissac, et al. 2013)
the fatty acids being small hydrophobic molecules,
only allow weak interactions with the clays. Never-
theless, during the siccativation step of the unsatu-
rated fatty substances, it is possible that new bonds
are created, consolidating the coating.
In Others group, we can find all the rest biomole-
cules. Mostly of them are phenolic compounds like
tannins. Most plants include high percentages this
component as a protection for herbivores or para-
sites.
Tannin has been historically used to make black ink,
ground and mixed with iron sulphate forming iron
tannate, a very interesting product for earthen stabi-
lization. We will see lately about his possibilities.
4. 1.3 Extraction methods
To recognize properly what are the most suitable ex-
traction methods and obtain the best possible yield
with traditional methods, we filtered a large amount
of bibliography, most of them without scientific rig-
orousness with contradictory results or conclusions.
It is important to highlight the relevant of selecting
and contrasting the extracting methods depending on
the application.
For instance, (Drovou et al. 2015) studied two dif-
ferent ways of extraction for Parkia biglobosa, a
similar specimen to Ceretonia siliqua. One method
was and artisan and traditional maceration method,
like the ones that are presented in the following Ta-
ble 2., the other was a commercial-like in presence
of bisulfite, concluding that the results of both meth-
ods were rather different. Mostly polyphenolic oli-
gomers are present in the case of the commercial like
extraction, while for the artisanal maceration tech-
nique the unusual presence of long carbohydrate res-
idues attached to the flavonoids were obtained.
These differences in the extracts obtained by differ-
ent methods indicates that an extraction procedure
needs to be chosen according to the final use the
tannin extract is destined to.
We tried to frame our study in two of the groups to
be efficient in the research. We chose polysaccha-
rides and tannin extracts, which applicable bibliog-
raphy was more focused to construction sector.
Some of these specimens were the Ficus carica,
Heuphorbia Characias, Ceratonia Siliqua, Agabe, Fi-
cus Indica, elm tree, etc.
Now we present some extraction methods from one
of the selected specimens, the Ceratonia siliqua:
Table 2. Effect obtained by organic additives
ALGARROBO (Ceretonia siliqua)
Other names Carob tree, kharuv, caroubier
Similar specimens Locust tree, Clappertoniana,
le néré (Parkia biglobosa),
nitta (Parkia filicoidea)
Used part Pods
Extract Carob water
Extracting method Maceration
Once the pods are dry, they are collected and cut into pieces of
50mm length. They are allowed to ferment in water and after
15 days the resulting liquid is stored. (Manca et al. 2014)
Used part Pods
Extract Carob water
Extracting method Decoction
Boil the néré pods in large pots, until obtaining a viscous liq-
uid of red color. This water will be used for both kneading wa-
ter and final protection. (Pibot 2001)
Used part Pods
Extract Carob water
Extracting method Maceration
Cut the carob pods into pieces approximately 20mm in length
and boil them in water. The amount of material used was 10%
by weight with respect to the weight of the water. This prepa-
ration boiled until 2/3 of its total volume was consumed. The
remnants of the pods were then removed and the preparation
allowed to settle. A liquid of slightly higher viscosity was ob-
tained from the water, of orange color and sediments of brown
color.(Vargas Neuman, J., Heredia Zavoni, E., Bariola
Bernales, J., & Mehta 1986)
Used part Pods
Extract Carob water
Extracting method Decoction
40 g of pods are introduced into 1 liter of water taken at room
temperature for 72 h. After filtration, the concentration of tan-
nins in the decoction was estimated (6.33 ± 0.10) g / l. (Sorgho
et al. 2016)
Used part Pods
Extract Carob water
Extracting method Decoction
Soak dried carob pods in water for at least one night. The next
day they boil and obtain a hot water of very dark color be-
tween red and black to apply on the support. (Fontaine, Anger
& Vissac 2013)
Used part Seeds
Extract Carob gel
Extracting method Boiling
It has been done by grinding only the seed of the carob tree af-
ter being soaked in water for 15 days. Once crushed it has
been mixed with water. Subsequently, it is heated to 80 ° C re-
sulting in a gel. (Manca et al. 2014)
Used part Seeds
Extract Carob rubber
Extracting method Boiling
The seeds are boned by treating the beans with heat-
mechanical treatments. Then the peeled seeds are milled and
sieved to obtain the endosperm.
The gum of this pre-treated dry powder was extracted with dis-
tilled water (197: 1 water-endosperm), a water bath tempera-
ture at 97 ° C for a time of 36 min.
The solution and the solid phase were separated by centrifuga-
tion at (218 ° C, 1h). The locust bean gum is precipitated with
an excess volume of isopropanol. The formed white fibrous
precipitate was collected by filtration with 45 μm sieve, and
washed twice with isopropanol and with acetone. After vacu-
um drying overnight at 30 ° C, the precipitate was triturated to
a fine powder. (El Batal et al. 2013)
Used part Pods
Extract Carob powder
Extracting method Decoction
The shell is heated to 150 ° C for 3 hours. It is cut into pieces,
crushed in a RETSCH blade grinder and passed through 2mm
and 0.125mm sieves. The recovered powder is used as a bind-
er to be mixed with the laterite soil. (Banakinao et al. 2016)
Used part Pods
Extract Carob powder
Extracting method Maceration
They are crushed and reduced to grains. They are macerated
with water in a container for several weeks. The juice is col-
lected and sprayed onto the coating two to three times at one
or two day intervals. (Keré 1991)
Used part Seeds
Extract Carob rubber
Extracting method Decoction
According to a recent patent (Audibert, English Patent
241,186 (1925)) the seed endosperm is first separated from its
5. shell and sheath by rolling and crushing, roasting up to 150 °
C to a golden brown color, and then Is extracted with boiling
water in quantity 20 times its weight. The filtered clear liquid
is evaporated and the dried slurry is sprayed. This powder
mixed in water in different proportions gives us the rubber
with different viscosities. (Hart 1930)
Used part Pods
Extract Carob water
Extracting method Maceration
The pod of Parkia biglobosa, dried, is finely ground with the
type of mill RETSCH SM 100 knives equipped with a 5mm
grid. The total phenolic compounds are extracted by decoction
or maceration of these powders in distilled water for 60
minutes at temperatures ranging from 70 to 110 ° C and fol-
lowing a liquid / solid (L / S: weight / weight) ratio from 6 To
16. The obtained filtration is lyophilized. (Nenonene 2009)
Used part Pods
Extract Carob tannins
Extracting method Maceration & decoction
The shells of the pods were mechanically axed until a fine
powder was obtained from which the tannin extraction was
done.
1) Method: Before grinding the shells were dried 3h at 110 °
C. They were ground to a powder and passed through a sieve
to obtain particles of 0.125 mm or less. The powder was left in
water (powder / water ratio of 1/6 by weight) at room tempera-
ture for 5 days without any added additive. The suspension
was filtered and the liquid obtained was concentrated by cook-
ing in the open air without any temperature control. The ex-
tract obtained was a dark liquid solution of 50% solids content
and high viscosity.
2) Industrial method: The powdered shells were placed in a
beaker and water was added in a 1: 6 powder: water weight ra-
tio. The water had been pre-dissolved 2% sodium bisulfite and
0.5% sodium bicarbonate based on the weight of the powder
to be extracted. The extraction was then carried out for 2 hours
under continuous mechanical stirring at a temperature of 70-74
° C. The mixture was then filtered and the tannin was recov-
ered by spray-drying with a laboratory spray dryer (Buchi
mini-spray dryer B-290), inlet temperature 169 ° C outlet tem-
perature 70 ° C. (Drovou et al. 2015)
Used part Pods
Extract Carob tannins
Extracting method Maceration
The pods were pre-dried at 50 ° C, sliced and mixed with wa-
ter (40g pods per liter of water) at room temperature for 3
days. After filtration, the dry matter concentration in the solu-
tion is 9.6 g / l. The concentration of tannins was 6.3 g / l.
(Keita et al. 2014)
2 LOCAL APPLICATION
2.1 Mediterranean specimens
After the extraction method research, we concluded
to focus our investigation in Ceretonia siliqua, since
the checked bibliography facilitate the practical re-
ports and extrapolations from similar specimens
from all over the world. Moreover, Ceretonia siliqua
has two potential components susceptible to work as
a soil stabilizer, polysaccharides and tannin compo-
nents.
According to (Avallone et al. 1997) carob pod meal
contained high levels of carbohydrates (45%) mainly
sucrose, glucose, fructose and maltose, appreciable
amounts of protein (3%), and low levels of fat
(0.6%).
Chemical composition of the pulp depends on culti-
var, origin and harvesting time. His study also
proved that seventy percent acetone was the most ef-
fective solvent for the extraction and recovery of
tannins.
Carob pod contains a mean value of 19 mg of total
polyphenols/g, 2.75 mg of condensed tannins (proan-
thocyanidins)/g, 0.95 mg of hydrolysable tannins
(gallo- and ellagitannins)/g. Germ contained higher
concentration of total polyphenols (40.8 mg/g) and
tannins (16.2 mg of condensed tannins/g and 2.98
mg of hydrolysable tannins/g) while only traces of
these compounds were detected in carob seed.
(Puhan & Wielinga 1996) show a similar composi-
tion in his study of Carob Tree:
Table 2. Average composition of Ceretonia siliqua
pulp
Constituent %
Total sugars 48-56
Sucrose 32-38
Glucose 5-6
Fructose 5-7
Pinitol 5-7
Condensed tannins 18-20
Non-starch polysaccharides 18
Ash 2-3
Fat 0.2-0.6
2.2 Possible interactions
As we showed previously, clays can interact in
different ways with tannins and polysaccharides.
It will be important to choose the proper extrac-
tion methods to obtain the correct interacting com-
ponents.
In the case of tannic reaction, when mixed with
mineral phases, tannins are dispersing agent for fine
particles and change the rheology and plasticity of
mixtures. Tannins are also able to form chemical
bonds with active sites on mineral surfaces leading
to the change of the macroscopic behavior (Kaal et
al. 2005).
Tannins are formed in several structures of hy-
droxyl groups, that in certain conditions of pH are
capable to trap a cation, effect known as chelation.
According to (Kaal et al. 2007) Tannic acid and
condensed tannin are strongly retained by mineral
phases consisting of quartz with or without coatings
of either goethite or ferrihydrite ,confirming that TA
and the CTs used are efficient Fe, Al and Si mobilis-
ing agents. In natural soil, the fate of tannins after
entering the mineral soil is probably affected by the
soil's moisture regime and especially by the abun-
6. dance and type of Fe (oxy)(hydr)oxides. Also, in
quartzitic soil poor in secondary oxides, tannins may
be tightly bound to Qtz surfacesthe mineral soil is
probably affected by the soil's moisture regime and
especially by the abundance and type of Fe
(oxy)(hydr)oxides.
Figure 3. Proposed interaction between tannins and Qtz-Fh
complexes. (Kaal et al. 2005)
It seems obvious that not just the medium conditions
will be determinant, the type of soil will have an im-
portant role in this interaction. In (Banakinao et al.
2016) had great results mixing Parkia Biglobosa
husk poder with a lateritic soil, achieving positive
results. On the other hand, Ceretonia siliqua has a
very good percentage of polysaccharides with an im-
portant potential as consolidants. This interaction is
different to the one with tannins, since now we talk
of adsorption (Figure 4.) of polysaccharide macro-
molecules to the clay surface.
Figure 4. Diagram illustrating the desorption of numerous water
molecules from a clay surface during the adsorption of an un-
charged linear polymer, leading to a net gain in entropy by the
system. (Theng 1982)
Adsorption of natural biopolymers have been used
and deeply investigated in soil and mineral industry
for several uses like the bio stability of soil organic
matter (Schloesing 1874).
There are several kind of forces to understand ad-
sorption. (Oliveira 1997) explains the most im-
portant ones: attractive forces of Van der Waals, hy-
drogen bonds, electrostatic double-layer forces,
hydrophobic interactions, short-range repulsive forc-
es, steric interactions, ion bridging and hydration
pressure.
Natural polysaccharides, such as starches, dex-
trins and guar gums that are widely used in mineral
flotation adsorb through the interaction with mineral
surface metal-hy- droxylated species. Based on the
fact that the surface metal hydroxyl groups with a
lower acidity exhibit stronger interaction with the
natural polysaccharides, the nature of the interaction
is likely an acid/base interaction. The extent of the
acid/base interaction probably determines whether
the adsorption is hydrogen bonding or chemical
complexation (Liu et al. 2000).
Figure 5. Mechanism of adsorption of a dextrin on the surface
of a mineral by acid-base interaction. Case of a basic surface:
complexation. (Liu et al. 2000)
(Fontaine, Anger, Vissac, et al. 2013) present a deep
analysis about these interactions, concluding that
each kind of polysaccharide has a different way of
interaction due to his shape, size and charge.
For instance, the relatively weakly charged and long
(cellulose, amylopectin) rather rigid molecules
would rather act by bridge flocculation, linking sev-
eral mineral particles, a similar work that straw in
adobe bricks. On the other hand the more highly
charged or short-lived molecules (amylose) would
act by charge neutralization and total covering of the
surface. This phenomenon would lead to repulsion
or attraction between the particles depending on the
ionic strength and pH conditions.
3 CONCLUSION
In default of laboratory test assays, we can confirm
that Ceratonia Siliqua is an important specimen to
adapt existing recipes for earth stabilization extract.
A future research line could be to study the ageing
properties of these combination, and in the case of
positive results, elaborate an economic and ecologic
feasibility study of this material.
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