The document discusses the importance of quality assurance during the requirements engineering phase of the software development lifecycle. It states that having no quality checks of requirements can lead to issues down the line if the design and implementation are based on incorrect requirements. Issues are more costly to fix the later they are found. Quality assurance approaches during requirements include constructive techniques like templates and prototyping to minimize mistakes during creation, and analytical techniques like inspections and formal verifications to detect issues in completed requirements. Early quality assurance improves requirements quality and overall system quality.
To perform effective testing, you should conduct effective technical reviews. By doing this, many errors will be eliminated before testing commences.
Testing begins at the component level and works "outward" toward the integration of the entire computer based system.
Different testing techniques are appropriate for different software engineering approaches and at different points in time.
To perform effective testing, you should conduct effective technical reviews. By doing this, many errors will be eliminated before testing commences.
Testing begins at the component level and works "outward" toward the integration of the entire computer based system.
Different testing techniques are appropriate for different software engineering approaches and at different points in time.
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Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is essential in assuring the quality of software development. Topics such as SQA core concept, QA & developer relationship, common mistakes made by developers, cost of bugs at different stages of software development, best practices to avoid silly bugs in development stage and thus reducing the probability of getting a bug by the clients - are discussed in the slides.
V- model means Verification and Validation model. Just like the waterfall model, the V-Shaped life cycle is a sequential path of execution of processes. Each phase must be completed before the next phase begins. V-Model is one of the many software development models. Testing of the product is planned in parallel with a corresponding phase of development in V-model.
Verification and validation process in software testingpooja deshmukh
Students are often confused between the verification and validation process, as far as Software Testing is concerned. Let us initially define both the processes.
comparative study software quality models Auwal Amshi
The ppt is base on a paper: comparative study software quality models. know different types of software quality and their characteristics. The goal of the study is to provide a reference to software developers when they are measuring the quality of their software.
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Test automation is not only about coding. Successful test automation involves critical thinking and clarity of objectives before actually beginning development. This material provides guidance in putting some of the right questions and how to think as for having an efficient and effective test automation in the context of your project.
Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is essential in assuring the quality of software development. Topics such as SQA core concept, QA & developer relationship, common mistakes made by developers, cost of bugs at different stages of software development, best practices to avoid silly bugs in development stage and thus reducing the probability of getting a bug by the clients - are discussed in the slides.
V- model means Verification and Validation model. Just like the waterfall model, the V-Shaped life cycle is a sequential path of execution of processes. Each phase must be completed before the next phase begins. V-Model is one of the many software development models. Testing of the product is planned in parallel with a corresponding phase of development in V-model.
Presentation on what is the Software Quality in terms of the Software Engineering Process and as part of Software Development Industry. It also talks about what's Standards & Procedures plus explaining different types of Standards & kinds of Procedures that comes under Software Quality.
It also contain details about SQA Activities, Software Review with different kind of Review Techniques. Then after Software Reliability is discussed with Quality Standards like ISO 9001, CMM & Six Sigma at the presentation end.
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The users who use ready to use software product had better get the products’ quality information with classified by some kind of global standard metrics or technique for their evaluation. But many of those software products’ companies don’t provide the quality information because of the products are developed by their own development and evaluation process. But those users want to get quality information to reduce evaluation cost. Therefore, we develop our quality evaluation process with using quality characteristics of software external quality model on ISO/IEC 9126-1 for our software products. This evaluation process
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The users who use ready to use software product had better get the products’ quality information with classified by some kind of global standard metrics or technique for their evaluation. But many of those software products’ companies don’t provide the quality information because of the products are developed by their own development and evaluation process. But those users want to get quality information to reduce evaluation cost. Therefore, we develop our quality evaluation process with using quality characteristics of software external quality model on ISO/IEC 9126-1 for our software products. This evaluation process has feature of unsynchronized quality evaluation process toward development process. Also, the process starts from definition of classified quality requirement based on quality sub characteristics at test planning process to quality analysis at test completion process under software development cycle. We provide precise quality data of our product for our users through this evaluation process and the process might be reduced cost of our customers’
evaluation.
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OpenFOAM solver for Helmholtz equation, helmholtzFoam / helmholtzBubbleFoam
Role of qa in requirements engineering
1. Role of QA in Requirements Engineering
Presented by
Muhammad Naeem
QA Lead/Test Automation Engineer
Contour Sofwtare
2. Agenda
• Assumptions
• What is Quality?
• Software Development Life Cycle
• The V Model
• Importance of Early Quality Assurance
• Requirements Quality Strategy
• Quality Assurance approaches for Requirements
3. What is Quality
• Quality is BOTH a subjective AND an objective trait.
▫ For example, do fewer defects per lines of code equal high quality?
▫ What if one of these defects causes the loss of life?
• Standard definition of quality
• “The degree to which a component, system or process meets specified
requirements and/or user/customer needs and expectations.
software quality: The totality of functionality and features of a software
product that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.”
9. Importance of Early Quality Assurance
• Having no intermediate QA, i.e. a quality gate for the intermediate work
products, it is most likely that the design and implementation are based
on the wrong requirements.
• Issues should be resolved in the phase of their origin to avoid costly
testing and rework. Testing and rework can account for up to 40/50 % of
the development effort.
• In addition, removing defects early in the development process is more
cost effective than addressing the defects during testing or maintenance
11. What is Defect?
• Disagreement of stakeholders on one aspect of requirement
• Contradicting requirements
• Unclear, ambiguous, incorrect information
• Not implementable
12. Quality of requirements
• User View: The requirements should describe what the user requires of the
final system
• Product View: Furthermore, they should be described in a way that allows
the developers to produce the software effectively and efficiently
• Manufacturing View: The requirements engineers have to follow certain
standards when specifying the requirements to ensure the quality of the
requirements right from the start
• Value Based View: Finally, the customers have to decide on the value of each
requirement and whether the implementation cost is motivated
14. Requirements Quality Strategy
• A quality strategy defines
how, when and where
different QA approaches, in
combination with other
approaches in the software
development process, are
used to assure high quality.
15. Quality Assurance approaches for Requirements
• Constructive Approach: ensure that mistakes are minimized during the
creation of a work product (e.g. the requirements specification).
▫ Examples: Templates, Requirements Elicitation approaches and prototypes
• Analytical Approach: are performed on the completed artifact or a self
contained part of it with the aim to detect issues.
▫ Examples: Inspections, Formal Verifications
16. Conclusion
• There is a need of software tester involvement during software
requirements engineering phase
• The early involvement safe money, improve the quality of the
requirements, and to improve the overall system quality
Assumptions
Being CS Students aware about the jargons like SDLC, Quality Assurance, Processes, Software etc
If you don’t understand please stop and ask question
Quality is hard to define as it is a complex concept, dependent on organizational
viewpoints and context characteristics
There are following six phases in every Software development life cycle model:
Initial phase / Requirement Gathering.
Analysis phase.
Design phase.
Coding phase.
Testing phase.
Delivery and maintenance phase.
Initial Phase: Business prerequisites are accumulated in this phase. This stage is the primary center of the venture supervisors and partners. Gatherings with supervisors, partners and clients are held keeping in mind the end goal to decide the prerequisites like; Who is going to utilize the framework? In what manner will they utilize the framework? What information ought to be a contribution to the framework? What information ought to be yield by the framework? These are general inquiries that get replied amid prerequisites gathering stage. After prerequisite assembling these necessities are investigated for their legitimacy and the likelihood of consolidating the prerequisites in the framework to be advancement is additionally concentrated on.
Finally, a Requirement Specification document is created which serves the purpose of guideline for the next phase of the model.The document consist of the following:
Functional Requirement Specification
Business Requirement Specification
Client/Customer Requirement Specification
User Requirement Specification
Business Design Document
Business Document
NOTE: It is not necessary that every company uses all these phases some have their own ways to providing a specification.
Analysis Phase: The feasibility study, Tentative planning, Technology selection, Requirement Analysis are part of the analysis phase. People who work in this field are: System Analyst (SA),Project Manager (PM),Team Manager (TM)
How Analysis phase work?
(I) Feasibility study: It is a detailed study of the requirements in order to check whether all the requirements are possible are not. (II) Tentative planning: The resource planning and time planning is temporarily done in this section.
(III) Technology selection: The lists of all the technologies that are to be used to accomplish the project successfully will be analysed and listed out here.
(IV) Requirement analysis The list of all the requirements like human resources, hardware, software required to accomplish this project successfully will be clearly analysed and listed out here.
Design Phase: Design phase has two major task to follow : HLD (High-Level Designing),LLD (Low-Level Designing)
How Design phase works?
The chief architect will divide the whole project into modules by drawing some diagrams and technical lead will divide each module into submodules by drawing some diagrams using UML (Unified Modelling Language). The technical lead will also prepare the PSEUDO Code. The Pseudo Code is defined as “A set of English instructions used for guiding the developer to develop the actual code easily”.
Coding Phase:
Coder has now task to do Programming / Coding.
Developers will develop the actual source code by using the PSUEDO Code and following the coding standards like proper indentation, color-coding, proper commenting and etc. The proof of this phase is SCD (Source Code Document).
Testing Phase:
First of all the Test Engineer will receive the requirement documents and review it for understudying the requirements.
If they have any doubts while understanding the requirements they will prepare the Review Report (RR) with all the list of doubts.
Once the clarifications are given and after understanding the requirements clearly they will take the test case template and write the test cases. Once the build is released they will execute the test cases.
After executions, if they find any defects then they will list out them in a defect profile document.
Post that they will send defect profile to the developers and wait for the next build.
Once the next build is released they will once again execute the test cases. If they find any defects they will follow the above procedure again and again till the product is defect free. Once they feel the product is defect free they will stop the process.
Delivery and Maintenance Phase: Delivery: The senior test engineers who are deployment engineers,then install the application into the client environment with the help of guidelines provided in the deployment document.
Maintenance: After the delivery if any problem occurs then that will become a task based problem and the corresponding rolls will be appointed for each problem. Based on the problem, roles will be defined and the process and thus the there solutions.
There are following six phases in every Software development life cycle model:
Initial phase / Requirement Gathering.
Analysis phase.
Design phase.
Coding phase.
Testing phase.
Delivery and maintenance phase.
Initial Phase: Business prerequisites are accumulated in this phase. This stage is the primary center of the venture supervisors and partners. Gatherings with supervisors, partners and clients are held keeping in mind the end goal to decide the prerequisites like; Who is going to utilize the framework? In what manner will they utilize the framework? What information ought to be a contribution to the framework? What information ought to be yield by the framework? These are general inquiries that get replied amid prerequisites gathering stage. After prerequisite assembling these necessities are investigated for their legitimacy and the likelihood of consolidating the prerequisites in the framework to be advancement is additionally concentrated on.
Finally, a Requirement Specification document is created which serves the purpose of guideline for the next phase of the model.The document consist of the following:
Functional Requirement Specification
Business Requirement Specification
Client/Customer Requirement Specification
User Requirement Specification
Business Design Document
Business Document
NOTE: It is not necessary that every company uses all these phases some have their own ways to providing a specification.
Analysis Phase: The feasibility study, Tentative planning, Technology selection, Requirement Analysis are part of the analysis phase. People who work in this field are: System Analyst (SA),Project Manager (PM),Team Manager (TM)
How Analysis phase work?
(I) Feasibility study: It is a detailed study of the requirements in order to check whether all the requirements are possible are not. (II) Tentative planning: The resource planning and time planning is temporarily done in this section.
(III) Technology selection: The lists of all the technologies that are to be used to accomplish the project successfully will be analysed and listed out here.
(IV) Requirement analysis The list of all the requirements like human resources, hardware, software required to accomplish this project successfully will be clearly analysed and listed out here.
Design Phase: Design phase has two major task to follow : HLD (High-Level Designing),LLD (Low-Level Designing)
How Design phase works?
The chief architect will divide the whole project into modules by drawing some diagrams and technical lead will divide each module into submodules by drawing some diagrams using UML (Unified Modelling Language). The technical lead will also prepare the PSEUDO Code. The Pseudo Code is defined as “A set of English instructions used for guiding the developer to develop the actual code easily”.
Coding Phase:
Coder has now task to do Programming / Coding.
Developers will develop the actual source code by using the PSUEDO Code and following the coding standards like proper indentation, color-coding, proper commenting and etc. The proof of this phase is SCD (Source Code Document).
Testing Phase:
First of all the Test Engineer will receive the requirement documents and review it for understudying the requirements.
If they have any doubts while understanding the requirements they will prepare the Review Report (RR) with all the list of doubts.
Once the clarifications are given and after understanding the requirements clearly they will take the test case template and write the test cases. Once the build is released they will execute the test cases.
After executions, if they find any defects then they will list out them in a defect profile document.
Post that they will send defect profile to the developers and wait for the next build.
Once the next build is released they will once again execute the test cases. If they find any defects they will follow the above procedure again and again till the product is defect free. Once they feel the product is defect free they will stop the process.
Delivery and Maintenance Phase: Delivery: The senior test engineers who are deployment engineers,then install the application into the client environment with the help of guidelines provided in the deployment document.
Maintenance: After the delivery if any problem occurs then that will become a task based problem and the corresponding rolls will be appointed for each problem. Based on the problem, roles will be defined and the process and thus the there solutions.
The V-Model demonstrates the relationships between each phase of the development life cycle and its associated phase of testing.
Continuously increasing complexity, ever-increasing market pressure, and customers’
demands for higher quality require a combination of carefully selected
validation and verification techniques to deliver a software product on time, within
budget and with the desired quality. Requirements engineering is the initial part of
a software development process, and all later steps of the development are influenced
by the requirements, making the quality of the requirements an important
factor for the overall quality of the developed system.
Having no intermediate QA, i.e. a quality gate
for the intermediate work products, it is most likely that the design and implementation
are based on the wrong requirements. This, in consequence, leads to high
rework effort as not only the code but most often the overall system architecture
and design have to be revised due to requirements defects. Nevertheless, it seems
to be quite common to do QA only by means of testing (and maintenance approaches),
which, therefore, is an opportunistic approach.
The goal of this viewpoint is to express the complexity of the concept quality in general. Second,
the user view evaluates the quality of a software product with respect to its fitness
of purpose to fulfill certain user tasks. The third view, the manufacturing view, focuses
on the product view during production and after delivery. It is focused on
the adherence of standards and evaluates whether the product was build right the first time. The fourth view is the product view. The focus for this view is on internal
quality aspects of the product that can be measured. It is assumed that ensuring
certain internal quality aspects has an impact on the external quality and the quality
in use of the product. Finally, the value-based view relates quality to cost. It
considers quality as something the customer is willing to pay for [32].
The quality of requirements specifies the quality criteria for good requirements,
as described in the previous section. These criteria can vary from company to
company and from project to project. They impact the strategy in that they
specify what should be achieved with the quality strategy. It is important to define
optimal and minimal sets of quality characteristics of requirements [32].
2. The available resources describe the available effort, budget, hardware, and
personnel to perform QA during the requirements activities. In addition, the
availability of additional experts has to be considered, as for certain quality assurance
approaches, certain stakeholders beyond the requirements engineering
processes might be essential (e.g. lead architect during requirements reviews).
The available resources have also a direct impact on the applicable QA approaches.
For example, if only a small effort is available to perform requirements
reviews it is not possible to fulfill a full Fagan inspection with many participants
but only a peer review or desk-checking approach [49].
3. Risks related to certain requirements, especially risks of not realizing a requirement
or implementing a requirement in the wrong way, are an additional
factor influencing the quality strategy. Risk is defined as not being able to live
up to the quality goals and is an important factor for deciding on which part of
the requirements which QA approach should focus. For example, not meeting a
requirement important to protect human lives bears a high risk and should
therefore be checked extra carefully. Moreover, risks can be used to plan the limited quality assurance resources. For example, with the help of risk analysis,
it is possible to identify the most critical requirements in the sense of loss of
lives or loss of money. The QA approaches should then be focused exactly on
these aspects (see also Chap. 5 for related approaches).
4. The overall time schedule is related to the available resources and defines the
time available for QA in general and within the requirements phase in particular.
Time resources are especially important as they relate the requirements QA
activities with other development activities.
5. Finally, the organizational aspects, such as development process, e.g., plandriven
or agile development, or product domain, (e.g., desktop software or airplane
control system) influence the decision on which QA approaches to use.
Moreover, it is important to take the various stakeholders into account. Dependent
on the domain, different sets of stakeholders are varying importance
(see also Chaps. 2 and 3). These aspects impact the quality strategy in that certain
QA approaches might not be applicable due to the organizational constraints.
For example, in an agile process, requirements reviews are almost impossible
to perform as in the most agile processes requirements are not
documented in a way that would allow an inspection (e.g. user stories in extreme-
programming often are not longer than one sentence that specifies a general
feature [5]).
The context elements are important to consider as they define in which way the
QA approaches can be applied and which restrictions and constraints must be adhered
to. Beside the context in which the quality strategy is embedded, it is also
important to consider technical aspects of quality assurance:
1. The basic strategies represent those strategies in place in a company or a project
that define how to perform QA in the requirements phase. In that sense
they represent the current state of the practice in a certain context. Due to the
lack of sophisticated quality strategies, ad-hoc approaches are most frequently
applied. For example, the simplest but also the least systematic strategy is to
state that everything in the requirements specification should be verified or that
all quality issues should be tackled in later development phases. Experience
based strategies give hints on what to address in the requirements based on the
experience of earlier projects. Such basic strategies should be considered when
creating a more sophisticated quality strategy. They provide valuable input on
where to start from and what has paid of in the past.
2. The coverage criteria define which aspects of the requirements should be covered
by the QA approach. One example of a coverage criterion is that all requirements
are covered by at least one test case. An aspect related to coverage
that should be considered is the depth of the QA approach [35]. Depth defines
the level of detail to which the requirements are verified or validated or, in
other words, the quality level to be achieved. The greater the depth, the more
resources are required for QA and the more sophisticated QA approaches are
required.
3. The most important element of a requirements quality strategy is the potential
quality assurance approaches and methods that can be used to ensure the different quality characteristics of the requirements. As discussed, the context
elements and the technical elements impact the applicability of QA approaches.
The QA approaches are the technical core element of the quality strategy as
they represent the means of achieving good requirements quality.
