This document summarizes a paper about Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions" and how it examines the role of memory in shaping characters' identities. The play depicts a Gujarati family encountering two Muslim boys seeking refuge during religious riots. Each character questions their views of faith as shaped by past memories and incidents. Memory, both personal and public, is shown to influence how the characters understand themselves and act in politically and religiously charged situations. The fluid nature of memory and identity is a core theme of the play.
Secularism , majoritarianism , identity in final solutionGoswami Mahirpari
This summarizes a research article about Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions" and how it addresses issues of religious majoritarianism and identity construction in India. The play is set during a time of rising Hindu nationalism and explores how religious identity politics can divide the nation along Hindu/Muslim lines and repress religious minorities. It uses a family as a microcosm of Indian society to show how prejudices towards religious out-groups develop and how people construct their identities in relation to the dominant ideology of majoritarianism. The play suggests the need to move beyond religious prejudices and see a shared national identity to promote social harmony.
This document provides an in-depth analysis and summary of Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solution". It discusses the plot, which centers around a Hindu-Muslim riot and characters of different religious backgrounds seeking shelter. It analyzes themes of communal tensions, attitudes, and how the play uses devices like a narrating character and mob to convey its examination of irrational religious beliefs and the need for humanism. The document praises Dattani's realistic characters and effective dramatic treatment of the important theme of finding a solution to communal conflicts in India.
Communal Tension and Gender Bias in Mahesh Dattani's Finally SolutionGoswami Mahirpari
This document summarizes a scholarly article about Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions". It discusses how the play portrays communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India, as well as gender bias. It analyzes the characters who represent each community, including Hardika/Daksha who symbolizes Hindus and their suffering, and Javed who symbolizes Muslims and becomes a victim of the violence. Several scholars' analyses of the play are discussed in detail, focusing on its themes of communal disharmony, patriarchal dominance, and the suffering of women.
The document summarizes Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions". It discusses the plot, characters, themes and conclusion. The play addresses religious communalism in India through the story of a Gujarati family during a period of riots. It depicts the suffering of minorities and explores themes of gender bias, communal tensions, and the need for acceptance between religious groups. Dattani uses the character of Daksha to show how women's freedoms and dreams are shattered by patriarchal norms after marriage.
Post Feminists Analysis Of Female Characters In Final SolutionAsari Bhavyang
This document provides an analysis of the female characters in Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions". It discusses how Dattani represents women like Hardika, Smita, and Aruna as having independent identities and thinking beyond societal expectations. Through these characters, Dattani shows that women are aware of their positions in society and are ready to challenge norms of religious and community prejudices. The anger expressed by the female characters demonstrates their independent thinking. Dattani portrays women as having greater consciousness and understanding of communal issues compared to men.
Dislocation, Relocation and Root Search: a Study of Bharati Mukherjee’s Desir...iosrjce
Mukherjee’s protagonists are all sensitive and are differently trained in the new ethnic imagination.
They are tossed in an environment of ambivalence regarding their identity, racism, sexism and other social
oppression. They negotiate displacement and face the multicultural reality in the process of cultural
differentiation and assimilation. Bharati Mukherjee has explored many facets of diasporic consciousness and
immigrant experience of dislocations, ruptures and relocation of the migrant women in her fictions. She has
dealt with the ambivalence of their psychic and spatial identity and the trauma of dislocations at multiple levels.
The impact of patriarchy on the Indian society varies from the one in the West and therefore Mukherjee has
tried to evolve her own strand of feminism grounded in the truth of compulsory displacement that they
recurrently undergo. Indian expatriate writers do not write from all exclusive foreignness of their identity but
their writing reflects the perspective of someone caught between two cultures. Migrancy and dislocation, either
consensual or conflictual, is a global and trans-cultural necessity. In her earlier novels, diasporic
transmigration meant new opening and emancipation from the clutches of convention bound society. In these
novels, attachment to one’s own native culture and homeland, living abroad was presented as something to be
spurned and total assimilation into the host culture was hailed. It is to create a location of the presence that
reduces the diasporic individual to delink the past and deconstruct the future. In Desirable Daughters
Mukherjee considers different pattern of belonging in the Global perspectives from in-between temporality to
assimilative permanence and further, hyphenated and unmixed nationness.
Secularism , majoritarianism , identity in final solutionGoswami Mahirpari
This summarizes a research article about Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions" and how it addresses issues of religious majoritarianism and identity construction in India. The play is set during a time of rising Hindu nationalism and explores how religious identity politics can divide the nation along Hindu/Muslim lines and repress religious minorities. It uses a family as a microcosm of Indian society to show how prejudices towards religious out-groups develop and how people construct their identities in relation to the dominant ideology of majoritarianism. The play suggests the need to move beyond religious prejudices and see a shared national identity to promote social harmony.
This document provides an in-depth analysis and summary of Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solution". It discusses the plot, which centers around a Hindu-Muslim riot and characters of different religious backgrounds seeking shelter. It analyzes themes of communal tensions, attitudes, and how the play uses devices like a narrating character and mob to convey its examination of irrational religious beliefs and the need for humanism. The document praises Dattani's realistic characters and effective dramatic treatment of the important theme of finding a solution to communal conflicts in India.
Communal Tension and Gender Bias in Mahesh Dattani's Finally SolutionGoswami Mahirpari
This document summarizes a scholarly article about Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions". It discusses how the play portrays communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India, as well as gender bias. It analyzes the characters who represent each community, including Hardika/Daksha who symbolizes Hindus and their suffering, and Javed who symbolizes Muslims and becomes a victim of the violence. Several scholars' analyses of the play are discussed in detail, focusing on its themes of communal disharmony, patriarchal dominance, and the suffering of women.
The document summarizes Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions". It discusses the plot, characters, themes and conclusion. The play addresses religious communalism in India through the story of a Gujarati family during a period of riots. It depicts the suffering of minorities and explores themes of gender bias, communal tensions, and the need for acceptance between religious groups. Dattani uses the character of Daksha to show how women's freedoms and dreams are shattered by patriarchal norms after marriage.
Post Feminists Analysis Of Female Characters In Final SolutionAsari Bhavyang
This document provides an analysis of the female characters in Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions". It discusses how Dattani represents women like Hardika, Smita, and Aruna as having independent identities and thinking beyond societal expectations. Through these characters, Dattani shows that women are aware of their positions in society and are ready to challenge norms of religious and community prejudices. The anger expressed by the female characters demonstrates their independent thinking. Dattani portrays women as having greater consciousness and understanding of communal issues compared to men.
Dislocation, Relocation and Root Search: a Study of Bharati Mukherjee’s Desir...iosrjce
Mukherjee’s protagonists are all sensitive and are differently trained in the new ethnic imagination.
They are tossed in an environment of ambivalence regarding their identity, racism, sexism and other social
oppression. They negotiate displacement and face the multicultural reality in the process of cultural
differentiation and assimilation. Bharati Mukherjee has explored many facets of diasporic consciousness and
immigrant experience of dislocations, ruptures and relocation of the migrant women in her fictions. She has
dealt with the ambivalence of their psychic and spatial identity and the trauma of dislocations at multiple levels.
The impact of patriarchy on the Indian society varies from the one in the West and therefore Mukherjee has
tried to evolve her own strand of feminism grounded in the truth of compulsory displacement that they
recurrently undergo. Indian expatriate writers do not write from all exclusive foreignness of their identity but
their writing reflects the perspective of someone caught between two cultures. Migrancy and dislocation, either
consensual or conflictual, is a global and trans-cultural necessity. In her earlier novels, diasporic
transmigration meant new opening and emancipation from the clutches of convention bound society. In these
novels, attachment to one’s own native culture and homeland, living abroad was presented as something to be
spurned and total assimilation into the host culture was hailed. It is to create a location of the presence that
reduces the diasporic individual to delink the past and deconstruct the future. In Desirable Daughters
Mukherjee considers different pattern of belonging in the Global perspectives from in-between temporality to
assimilative permanence and further, hyphenated and unmixed nationness.
Significance of Time and Space in 'Final Solutions'AvaniJani1
The document provides biographical information about Indian playwright Mahesh Dattani. It states that he was born in 1958 in Bangalore, Karnataka to parents from Gujarat. He attended Baldwin High School where proficiency in English was valued over indigenous languages. However, Dattani maintained an interest in Gujarati, Marathi and Kannada plays. The document notes he would go on to portray varied aspects of Indian life through his own stage, radio and screen plays written in English.
Communal Tension and Gender Bias in Mahesh Dattani's Finally SolutionGoswami Mahirpari
This document summarizes and analyzes Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions". It discusses how the play portrays communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India, as well as gender bias. The play shows the suffering of both religious groups during communal riots. It also depicts the patriarchal dominance faced by women in Indian families. Several scholars are cited who analyze themes of hatred, secularism, and the portrayal of stereotypes in the play.
Exploring the Central Theme of Communal Riots in 'Final Solutions'.pptxDrashtiJoshi21
Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions" explores the central theme of communal riots through the complex characters of three generations of a Hindu family caught in religious and communal tensions. The play highlights the deep-rooted issues that lead to communal violence between Hindus and Muslims in India, portraying the prejudices, tensions, and impact of riots on individuals and society. It examines the religious intolerance and hatred that fuel conflicts while also urging readers to promote greater understanding, empathy, and communal harmony.
The document discusses the play "Final Solutions" by Mahesh Dattani, which examines communal disharmony in India. The play is set during a period of communal violence between Hindus and Muslims in the city. It focuses on the Gandhi family, who take in two young Muslim men, Bobby and Javed, seeking shelter from a Hindu mob. Interactions between the six characters over one tense night highlight tensions between religious communities. The play also depicts the suffering of Hindus and Muslims during periods of communal conflict through multiple generations of the Gandhi family. It demonstrates how perceptions of religious superiority can divide communities and trigger mob violence. Overall, the play uses the Gandhi family's experience to analyze attitudes towards communalism among Hindus
ANALYSIS OF THANK YOU M AM HALLIDAY S METAFUNCTIONSSteven Wallach
This document analyzes the short story "Thank You M'am" by Langston Hughes using M.A.K. Halliday's theory of three metafunctions of language: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. The summary analyzes the story applying each of these metafunctions. For the ideational function, it examines the participants Mrs. Jones and Roger through relational, material, and mental processes. For the interpersonal function, it looks at the question-answer interactions and speech acts between the characters. For the textual function, it discusses how the narrative and dialogue convey feelings and events. The conclusion is that this linguistic analysis reveals deeper meanings and the characters' intentions that may be difficult for second language learners to
This document provides an overview and analysis of Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solution". It discusses the plot, which centers around a Hindu-Muslim riot and characters who take shelter together. It analyzes how the play uses a mob to symbolize communal hatred within societies. It also discusses the three levels of interaction between characters that reveal conflicts. The document analyzes Dattani's treatment of the theme and intention to correct unreasonable assumptions between Hindus and Muslims to establish humanism.
This document provides an overview of the Dimasa community's narratives of origin and migration, and how these stories have shaped their collective identity. It discusses the various theories about the meaning and etymology of the term "Dimasa" and their origin myths, including being descended from the mythical figures Bangla Raja and Arikhidima. The document also examines the Dimasas' accounts of migrating from their original homeland of Dilaobra Sangibra, speculated to be the confluence of the Brahmaputra and Tsangpo rivers in Tibet, to the Brahmaputra valley in Assam around 500 years ago. It explores how these oral traditions and folklore have contributed to constructing a shared Dimasa identity and
Indian English Literature post- Independence .pptxBhavnaSosa
This document provides an analysis of the play "Final Solutions" by Indian playwright Mahesh Dattani. It summarizes the plot and examines the characteristics of the three main female characters: Hardika, who represents the first generation and witnessed partition; Aruna, who is a religious housewife; and Smita, a more liberal third generation woman. The document also discusses how Dattani uses these differing female perspectives to investigate women's reactions to communal prejudices and tensions in India.
Of Love and Betrayal, Sin and Redemption, Exile and Return: Recapturing the S...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The document discusses Toni Morrison's novel Beloved and the concept of "re-membering" in relation to slavery and African American identity. It argues that Beloved allows Morrison to explore notions of black identity suppressed in white American thought. The novel acts as a site for remembering the horrors of slavery through the fragmented memories of characters still trapped by the trauma. Re-membering involves both reflecting on the past and reconnecting what was broken, allowing the black community to heal from slavery's legacy by sharing their collective experiences.
The Film 3 Idiots, A Critically Acclaimed Film By Rajkumar...Tiffany Surratt
Here are some of the key benefits of working as a flight attendant:
- Travel opportunities. Flight attendants get to travel to different destinations as part of their job. They get exposure to different cultures and places.
- Discounted or free flights. Many airlines offer flight attendants reduced or free air travel for themselves as well as family and friends, on the airline they work for or its partner airlines. This allows attendants to travel for leisure on a budget.
- Hotel discounts. Flight attendants working international routes often get discounted rates at hotels in the destinations they fly to. This allows them to explore destinations on layovers.
- Competitive pay. While the pay depends on experience, airline and
This document discusses the deities of the hills in stories by S.R. Harnot. It explores the strong faith and devotion people have toward local deities in the region. The deities are seen as residing in and influencing nature, and play a central role in people's daily lives and decision making. Harnot's stories depict the archetypal images and rituals associated with worshipping the local gods and goddesses. The deities are highly influential and important figures that must be consulted and honored on important occasions. The document also discusses concepts like possession and communication with deities through disciples known as chelas during rituals and ceremonies.
IEL-II Exploring the universal theme of division in Mahesh Dattani's play 'Fi...Rajeshvariba Rana
This PPT is based on Presentation of Semester 3 Submitted to DoE, MKBU.
Paper no. 202 Indian English Literature Post-Independence topic is "Exploring the universal theme of division in Mahesh Dattani's play 'Final Solutions'".
This document provides an introduction and overview of Sudraka's play Mrichchhkatika. It discusses several thematic concerns in the play, including the role of the prayer at the beginning, the significance of the characters Sutradhar and Nati, the crisis faced by the protagonist Charudatta due to poverty, and an disturbing scene involving the chase and harassment of the character Vasantasena by uncouth stalkers that comments on administering the state. The document aims to analyze these various elements and issues raised in the play to better understand the playwright's concerns at the time of writing.
The document provides an overview of partition literature and fiction in India, focusing on novels, short stories, films, and the work of Lalithambika Antherjanam. It discusses how partition fiction emerged as a distinct genre dealing with the socio-historical realities of the partition era. Many works follow a narrative pattern of order-disorder-order. It also summarizes Antherjanam's story "A Leaf in the Storm", which explores women's experiences of displacement, violence, and rejection during partition through the character of an educated Sikh woman. The story highlights the paradox of independence for women and the role of memory in recovering identity.
This document provides an introductory overview of Rasa theory, which originated with Bharata in the Natyasastra. It discusses the eight main rasas or emotional responses - astonishment, terror, love, sorrow, anger, disgust, mirth, and energy. Each rasa is said to arise from different causal factors and have distinct characteristics. For example, love refers to deep attachment between individuals, while anger results from serious offenses. The document also defines key terms related to Rasa theory and cites sources to provide historical and scholarly context.
Buffy hamilton response to bakhtin 9 23-02Buffy Hamilton
This document contains Buffy Hamilton's response to reading Bakhtin's "Discourse in the Novel" for the first time. [1] Hamilton struggled to understand the dense text and found the introduction and glossary helpful but still felt unsure. [2] She reflects on some key quotes from Bakhtin about dialogism, heterglossia, and how social and cultural influences shape our language and thoughts. [3] Hamilton connects Bakhtin's ideas to theories from Rosenblatt, Vygotsky, and Dyson about the transactional nature of language and learning within social contexts.
Anita Desai's Clear Light of the Day as a postcolonial Feminist Novel of SymbolsKhendruk Choda
Anita Desai's novel Clear Light of Day can be analyzed as a postcolonial feminist novel through its use of symbols. The novel criticizes women's roles in Indian society by demonstrating the hardships faced by women under the influence of Western culture and social expectations. Desai explores how tradition restricts women's freedom and independence through characters like Bim, who is forced into domestic responsibilities, and Mira Masi, who symbolizes submission to patriarchal ideals of womanhood. The decaying house is also a symbol of the family's decline due to the scattering of its members and the restrictions faced by women.
This document summarizes corruption depicted in Chetan Bhagat's novel Revolution 2020. It discusses how the protagonist Gopal is coerced into helping a corrupt politician, MLA Shukla-ji, convert agricultural land into an educational institution through bribery and threats. Many government officials are bribed at various stages of the project approval process. The document also discusses how corruption is prevalent in other areas like deemed university approvals and teacher hiring. Political parties use advertising money to influence media coverage and prevent exposés of corruption.
This document summarizes and analyzes political overtones and allusions in Arundhati Roy's novel The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. It begins by defining allusions and explaining their purpose and use in literature. It then discusses several significant political events and issues alluded to in the novel, including the Emergency period under Indira Gandhi, the Bhopal gas tragedy, the Babri Masjid demolition, and the rise of Hindu nationalism and attacks on minorities under the Modi government. The paper aims to decode these allusions to help readers better understand the political commentary and critique in Roy's novel.
Revolution 2020: Love, Corruption, Ambition is a 2011 novel by Chetan Bhagat. Its story is concerned with a love triangle, corruption and a journey of self-discovery. R2020 has addressed the issue of how private coaching institutions exploit aspiring engineering students and how parents put their lifetime's earnings on stake for these classes so that their children can crack engineering exams and change the fortune of the family. While a handful accomplish their dreams, others sink into disaster.[1] The book is available as an Audiobook on Amazon.[2]
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The document provides biographical information about Indian playwright Mahesh Dattani. It states that he was born in 1958 in Bangalore, Karnataka to parents from Gujarat. He attended Baldwin High School where proficiency in English was valued over indigenous languages. However, Dattani maintained an interest in Gujarati, Marathi and Kannada plays. The document notes he would go on to portray varied aspects of Indian life through his own stage, radio and screen plays written in English.
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This document summarizes and analyzes Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions". It discusses how the play portrays communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India, as well as gender bias. The play shows the suffering of both religious groups during communal riots. It also depicts the patriarchal dominance faced by women in Indian families. Several scholars are cited who analyze themes of hatred, secularism, and the portrayal of stereotypes in the play.
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Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solutions" explores the central theme of communal riots through the complex characters of three generations of a Hindu family caught in religious and communal tensions. The play highlights the deep-rooted issues that lead to communal violence between Hindus and Muslims in India, portraying the prejudices, tensions, and impact of riots on individuals and society. It examines the religious intolerance and hatred that fuel conflicts while also urging readers to promote greater understanding, empathy, and communal harmony.
The document discusses the play "Final Solutions" by Mahesh Dattani, which examines communal disharmony in India. The play is set during a period of communal violence between Hindus and Muslims in the city. It focuses on the Gandhi family, who take in two young Muslim men, Bobby and Javed, seeking shelter from a Hindu mob. Interactions between the six characters over one tense night highlight tensions between religious communities. The play also depicts the suffering of Hindus and Muslims during periods of communal conflict through multiple generations of the Gandhi family. It demonstrates how perceptions of religious superiority can divide communities and trigger mob violence. Overall, the play uses the Gandhi family's experience to analyze attitudes towards communalism among Hindus
ANALYSIS OF THANK YOU M AM HALLIDAY S METAFUNCTIONSSteven Wallach
This document analyzes the short story "Thank You M'am" by Langston Hughes using M.A.K. Halliday's theory of three metafunctions of language: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. The summary analyzes the story applying each of these metafunctions. For the ideational function, it examines the participants Mrs. Jones and Roger through relational, material, and mental processes. For the interpersonal function, it looks at the question-answer interactions and speech acts between the characters. For the textual function, it discusses how the narrative and dialogue convey feelings and events. The conclusion is that this linguistic analysis reveals deeper meanings and the characters' intentions that may be difficult for second language learners to
This document provides an overview and analysis of Mahesh Dattani's play "Final Solution". It discusses the plot, which centers around a Hindu-Muslim riot and characters who take shelter together. It analyzes how the play uses a mob to symbolize communal hatred within societies. It also discusses the three levels of interaction between characters that reveal conflicts. The document analyzes Dattani's treatment of the theme and intention to correct unreasonable assumptions between Hindus and Muslims to establish humanism.
This document provides an overview of the Dimasa community's narratives of origin and migration, and how these stories have shaped their collective identity. It discusses the various theories about the meaning and etymology of the term "Dimasa" and their origin myths, including being descended from the mythical figures Bangla Raja and Arikhidima. The document also examines the Dimasas' accounts of migrating from their original homeland of Dilaobra Sangibra, speculated to be the confluence of the Brahmaputra and Tsangpo rivers in Tibet, to the Brahmaputra valley in Assam around 500 years ago. It explores how these oral traditions and folklore have contributed to constructing a shared Dimasa identity and
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This document provides an analysis of the play "Final Solutions" by Indian playwright Mahesh Dattani. It summarizes the plot and examines the characteristics of the three main female characters: Hardika, who represents the first generation and witnessed partition; Aruna, who is a religious housewife; and Smita, a more liberal third generation woman. The document also discusses how Dattani uses these differing female perspectives to investigate women's reactions to communal prejudices and tensions in India.
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IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
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Here are some of the key benefits of working as a flight attendant:
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- Hotel discounts. Flight attendants working international routes often get discounted rates at hotels in the destinations they fly to. This allows them to explore destinations on layovers.
- Competitive pay. While the pay depends on experience, airline and
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IEL-II Exploring the universal theme of division in Mahesh Dattani's play 'Fi...Rajeshvariba Rana
This PPT is based on Presentation of Semester 3 Submitted to DoE, MKBU.
Paper no. 202 Indian English Literature Post-Independence topic is "Exploring the universal theme of division in Mahesh Dattani's play 'Final Solutions'".
This document provides an introduction and overview of Sudraka's play Mrichchhkatika. It discusses several thematic concerns in the play, including the role of the prayer at the beginning, the significance of the characters Sutradhar and Nati, the crisis faced by the protagonist Charudatta due to poverty, and an disturbing scene involving the chase and harassment of the character Vasantasena by uncouth stalkers that comments on administering the state. The document aims to analyze these various elements and issues raised in the play to better understand the playwright's concerns at the time of writing.
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The novel weaves together the stories of people navigating some of the darkest and most violent episodes of modern Indian history, from land reform that dispossessed poor farmers to the 2002 Godhra train burning and Kashmir insurgency.[3] Roy's characters run the gamut of Indian society and include an intersex woman (hijra), a rebellious architect, and her landlord who is a supervisor in the intelligence service.[4] The narrative spans across decades and locations, but primarily takes place in Delhi and Kashmir.
The novel weaves together the stories of people navigating some of the darkest and most violent episodes of modern Indian history, from land reform that dispossessed poor farmers to the 2002 Godhra train burning and Kashmir insurgency.[3] Roy's characters run the gamut of Indian society and include an intersex woman (hijra), a rebellious architect, and her landlord who is a supervisor in the intelligence service.[4] The narrative spans across decades and locations, but primarily takes place in Delhi and Kashmir.
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This document summarizes a study analyzing themes of displacement in Jean Rhys' novel Wide Sargasso Sea. The study focuses on the unnamed Western husband of the main character Antoinette and reasons for his feelings of displacement in the Caribbean. It provides context on post-colonial theory and previous analyses of the novel, which primarily centered on Antoinette's oppression. The objective is to understand the husband's perspective and how his alienation contributed to his mistreatment of Antoinette.
1) The document discusses a postcolonial reading of the novel Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys, which retells the story of Bertha Mason from Jane Eyre from the perspective of a Creole woman.
2) It analyzes Rhys' portrayal of characters like Mr. Rochester and his "orientalist" attitudes towards Creole people and culture, seen through his interactions with Antoinette.
3) It examines how Rhys aims to give voice to the silenced "other" and disrupt the imperialist perspectives of the original novel, though some critics argue she also perpetuates stereotypes about native West Indians.
Rhys treats the two central characters, Antoinette and the Man, differently in their naming. She gives Antoinette her "real" name while denying the Man any name at all. This mirrors Bronte's treatment of Bertha in Jane Eyre and is part of Rhys' critique of English imperialism. By denying the Man a name, Rhys suggests he represents English colonialism and its fear of the unfamiliar. She exercises authorial power over him by refusing him an identity, in contrast to her reclaiming of Antoinette's identity.
1) The document provides a detailed summary and analysis of Jean Rhys' novel Wide Sargasso Sea. It examines themes of self-identity, displacement, and racial tensions in post-emancipation Caribbean society through the story of the novel's protagonist Antoinette Cosway.
2) The novel explores Antoinette's fragmented identity as a white creole woman and her increasing alienation, leading to madness, as prejudices and resentment build between the white plantation owners and freed black slaves in post-slavery Jamaica.
3) Through shifting narrators and temporal jumps, the novel examines the complex issues of cultural belonging and psychological roots for both black and white inhabitants in the newly pluralistic yet still conflict-
Confronting Authority: J.M. Coetzee's Foe and the Remaking of Robinson Crusoe Goswami Mahirpari
Susan Naramore Maher discusses how J.M. Coetzee's novel Foe undermines the authority of Daniel Defoe and Robinson Crusoe through its reimagining of the story. In Foe, Crusoe is depicted as a purposeless and unproductive man who refuses to shape the island or help the story's true creator, Susan Barton. The novel confronts Defoe's ideology of realism by highlighting the constructed nature of stories and questioning the ability of words to recreate experience.
This document provides a summary and analysis of J.M. Coetzee's novel "In the Heart of the Country" from a post-colonial feminist perspective. It discusses how the main character Magda struggles against the oppressive patriarchal order represented by her father. Magda seeks to express herself and reject the submissive role expected of her as a woman in Afrikaner society. The kitchen emerges as a symbol of power and space from which Magda plans to end her oppression by murdering her father. The analysis examines how Coetzee uses Magda to critique gender roles and identities under apartheid in South Africa.
Your pen your ink coetzees foe robinson crusoe and the polGoswami Mahirpari
This document summarizes an academic journal article that analyzes J.M. Coetzee's novel Foe as a parody of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. It argues that Coetzee uses parody to critique not just Defoe's novel, but the broader ideology of colonialism that Crusoe represents. By claiming Foe preceded Crusoe, Coetzee throws the realism of Crusoe into doubt and suggests Defoe manipulated the truth. Coetzee also artificially reconstructs silenced voices in Crusoe to show how Defoe promoted justifications for colonial power. The summary aims to uncover what these two "voices" say about colonialism and its justifications through a comparison of key
Narrative art as a colonizing process an analysis of the meta fiGoswami Mahirpari
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1) Coetzee shows that narrative writing colonizes subjects by objectifying and defining their identities according to the writer's perspectives and desires.
2) All human relationships take on a colonial dynamic because they are based on stories that colonize others.
3) For a person to have substance and be known, their history must be constructed through a narrative told from a colonial
This document provides a summary and analysis of themes in Jean Rhys' novels Voyage in the Dark and Wide Sargasso Sea. Both novels follow young women from the West Indies struggling to survive in patriarchal societies. While Voyage in the Dark is set in 1920s London and Wide Sargasso Sea is set in the 19th century Caribbean, both novels explore themes of female loneliness, despair, and oppression under patriarchal systems. Neither novel follows a traditional bildungsroman structure, as the protagonists are unable to develop or find their place in society due to their marginalized positions. The analysis draws connections to Jack Halberstam's concept of "shadow feminism" to understand how Rhys
This document summarizes a study analyzing themes of displacement in Jean Rhys' novel Wide Sargasso Sea. The study focuses on the unnamed Western husband of the main character Antoinette and reasons for his feelings of displacement in the Caribbean. It provides context on post-colonial theory and previous analyses of the novel, which primarily centered on Antoinette's oppression. The objective is to understand the husband's perspective and how his alienation contributed to his mistreatment of Antoinette.
- Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys retells the story of Bertha Mason from Jane Eyre from a postcolonial perspective, focusing on her life as Antoinette in the West Indies before her marriage.
- Rhys aims to give voice to the silenced and marginalized characters in Jane Eyre, particularly Antoinette/Bertha, and depict the orientalist attitudes towards Creole people in the Caribbean.
- Through multiple narrators, Rhys questions the reality of Antoinette's supposed madness and generates sympathy for her as a victim of patriarchal and imperial oppression, in contrast to Mr. Rochester.
Rhys treats the two central characters, Antoinette and the Man, differently in their naming. She gives Antoinette her "real" name while denying the Man any name at all. This mirrors Bronte's treatment of Bertha in Jane Eyre and is part of Rhys' critique of English imperialism. By denying the Man a name, Rhys suggests he represents English colonialism and its fear of the unfamiliar. She exercises authorial power over her characters' identities, reversing the power dynamic of Jane Eyre by giving Antoinette an identity while showing the Man has no right to his own name.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Role of memory in shaping characters identity in final solution
1. ROLE OF MEMORY IN SHAPING
CHARACTERS’ IDENTITY IN MAHESH
DATTANI’S FINAL SOLUTIONS
Suman Sigroha1
Abstract: While writing of contemporary issues Mahesh
Dattani constructs a sense of a shared urban cultural
identity, which is upper-middle class, professional,
English speaking and a ‘cityfied’ identity. Memory plays
a very important part in the plays. Public memory is time
and again juxtaposed with personal memory, and it
becomes a means to explain and justify the political acts
committed for personal interests. This paper looks at how
memory, personal as well public, shapes the identities
(social, personal and religious) of characters in Mahesh
Dattani’s Final Solutions. Incidents are important, but
1
Dr. Suman Sigroha is Assistant Professor, English Literature, School of
Humanities and Social Sciences,, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
Mandi, Mandi-175001, Himachal Pradesh, India. He can be reached at
<suman.sigroha@gmail. com> <suman.sigroha@iitmandi.ac.in> with phone
number 01905-237994 (Office). Prior to teaching at IIT Mandi, he taught
English Literature to honors undergraduate students at Hindu College,
University of Delhi. Though he did research on the representation and
stereotyping in fictional narratives written by the British authors located in
India, at present his areas of research interest and teaching include Modern
literature, Graphic and Popular fiction, Romance fiction, and Modern
Translations. He specifically look at the place of men, women and children
and representation as well as stereotyping of the Other (race, class or caste
based) in various fictional narratives. He finds the journey from the text to
the motion picture fascinating and tries to unravel its various facets with his
students at IIT Mandi.
2. Celt, Volume 13, Number 2, December 2013 : 227 – 238
228
only to explain why and how the people populate his
plays, acting in ways that they do. The psychological
action is of greater relevance than any physical action
that takes place in the play. He reveals his characters by
placing them in situations where they are forced to
analyze themselves in the light of what happened in their
lives in the past.
Key words: Mahesh Dattani, Final Solutions, Memory,
Identity, Religion
INTRODUCTION
A psychological concept, deriving from the works of Erik
Erikson that finds place in anthropology, sociology, political
science and literature, identity is still highly debated.
Essentially comparative in nature, it is the sense of belonging
and acceptance that marks the identity of an individual or a
group. It is either the sameness or the difference that gives an
identity of either belonging or alienation. This is as true of a
social group or a culture or a religion as it is true of an
individual, religion or faith being one of the important markers
of this identity formation. The conception of one’s religion is
the shared identity of a person with others not only of the same
faith, but is also the boundary that sets her/him apart from those
of other faiths. And this sense of belonging is given, and not
inherent. It is developed over a period of time, starting from
birth itself. However, this sense of identity is based on
individual’s memories and their interpretation later on. This
selective retention and recall of memories is what is of interest
in identity formation, and consequently how people think and
act and share this sense of belongingness or otherness. We see
this process of identity formation, change and a questioning of
the ‘given’ identity time and again in Mahesh Dattani’s Final
3. S. Sigroha, Role of Memory in Shaping Character’s Identity 229
Solutions. The fluidity and yet the rigidity of this religious
identity, shaped by individual and collective memories, is what
is being analyzed in this paper. The paper studies the role of
memories, selective retention of some and the recall of a few
self-enhancing memories in shaping not only an individual but
by extension a community and hence, the culture.
In his plays Mahesh Dattani writes of contemporary
issues, all the while constructing a sense of a shared urban
cultural identity. It emerges from a study of his plays that this
urban identity is upper-middle class, professional, English
speaking and a “cityfied” identity. It is urban both because of
its treatment of the language as well as depiction of history.
Language is of the times, and reflects the current milieu. While
this history does not hark back to a common inherited culture,
but is more personal and immediate. He believes that his plays
are a “true reflection of my time, place and socio-economic
background” and his “business is holding a mirror up to
society” (Dattani 2000).
FINAL SOLUTIONS: THE PLAY
The play, Final Solutions, has a recognizable and realistic
structure. Written in an easy language to which the readers can
relate, Dattani has made imaginative use of space, and treats of
not just the physical space but personal and political spaces as
well. The positioning of the horseshoe-crescent encircling the
stage and sloping towards the audience, that achieves the effect
of making the audience one with the mob, is innovative. It is as
if the “fourth wall” of the drama gets transformed, and gives
rise to the feeling that the mob that features in the play is
always present, that the issues just need to be vocalized on
stage and even these stragglers will join in. Confined within
this crescent is a space suggestive of a room that has but just a
4. Celt, Volume 13, Number 2, December 2013 : 227 – 238
230
hint of furniture, only the kitchen and the puja room being
‘detailed’. This detailing is symbolic of the importance of these
two places in the home, being the symbols of culture and
religion that act to either unify or divide people. These are the
two physical spaces that have a unique power in bringing
together not only the people and creating memories but also of
identity formation. Seen as a woman’s space throughout
literature, these are the two spaces where the tenets of culture
and religion are propagated in a traditional Indian household.
However, these two get appropriated and used as tools, as can
be seen happening in Final Solutions, by different people men
and women alike for their own purposes. There is an interesting
intermingling of the past and the present in the play. The
audience sees that the past is ever present and gives direction to
the present, and that memories are what people make of them.
This continuation of the past in the present is seen even in the
characters in the play. The characters do not change, or are
different from any of those in the past; they are just replaced by
others who, though they appear different and modern in
outlook, remain basically the same and have similar issues to
deal with.
Basically, Final Solutions is the story of a Gujarati family
that consists of four people – grandmother (Daksha/ Hardika),
father (Ramnik), mother (Aruna), and daughter (Smita); and
their encounter with two muslim boys – Javed and Babban
(Bobby), who arrive at their house seeking refuge from a
blood-thirsty mob during communal riots. How every character
is jolted out of his/her sphere as a result of this meeting is
shown in the play. They are forced to question their previously
held views, memories of past incidents, and their personal
conceptions of faith. Written in the aftermath of the demolition
of Babri Masjid, this play essentially explores the ‘communal’.
Each character is seen trying to come to terms with his/her
5. S. Sigroha, Role of Memory in Shaping Character’s Identity 231
conception of faith and religion, for it forms the very basic
characteristic of his/her nature and hence identity, and
determines all the actions and reactions to various persons and
situations.
MEMORY AND IDENTITY
Memory plays a very important part in the play. Public
memory is time and again juxtaposed with personal memory, in
that the former becomes a means to explain and justify the
latter. Through interplay of recall of memories, the audience
sees that the political acts are committed for personal interests.
Happenings of the past are contiguous with and impinge upon
the incidents of the present night, and vice-versa.
The action of the play is seen as happening through the
eyes of Hardika, not as it happens but again as a representation
of her memory of it. An interesting element of the play is the
presence of Hardika and Daksha, shown to be two different,
though at the same time, same characters (Dattani 2000: 165).
Because of this ‘sameness’ of the two characters, the names are
used either interchangeably or together in this paper. The play
opens with a reading of Daksha’s diary. A diary is something
that contains personal memories, written from a point of view
of being read by an-other some time in the future. Though this
‘other’ might be another person, it is more often an evolved
self. It has all the self-consciousness of a personal memory
becoming public in a future time.
Dattani has interestingly put in two characters to play the
grandmother, Dakhsha - the newly married young girl, who is
reading from her diary; and Hardika - the grandmother, who is
listening to this diary recitation. The difference between these
two is in that while Daksha still holds independent views and is
6. Celt, Volume 13, Number 2, December 2013 : 227 – 238
232
a sort of a rebel, Hardika has come to accept her husband’s
point of view concerning her friendship with her Muslim
neighbours. However, in spite of being two different characters
they are not different, their thoughts, memories and actions are
seamlessly interwoven as the following diary entry shows,
And I wrote. A dozen pages before. A dozen
pages now. A young girl’s childish scribble. An
old woman’s shaky scrawl. Yes, things have not
changed that much. (Dattani 2000:167)
Almost all the characters are haunted by their past. Their
actions appear conditioned by their experiences in the past and
their personal memories of those experiences. Hardika’s
present mental state has been conditioned by her personal
experiences with Zarine and her family, looked at from her
husband’s point of view. And her reaction to the arrival of the
two strangers, Javed and Babban, is a reflection from her past.
She has reasons to hate Muslims because a communal mob had
killed her father and she thinks she lost her freedom and has
been confined to the house by her husband because of her
association with Zarine. Presence of Javed and Bobby is to her
dislike because to her they represent all that is bad with their
religion. However, her world is shaken and she no longer has a
‘memory’ to rely upon when her son finally tells her the family
secret that Zarine’s family was made the scapegoat by her
husband to grab their shop, political upheaval used for personal
gain. Suddenly her conception of her reality and truth, and past
and memories is no longer the ‘truth’ as it was till that moment.
She has no past or “memory” left to depend upon. Yet she
clings to that shattered universe tenaciously, “I still am not
willing to forget...”(Dattani 2000: 225). It is not the forgetting
that is important here, it is rather the selection of prevailing
memories and her identification with them. If she forgets, she
will no longer be able to know herself. She remembers because
7. S. Sigroha, Role of Memory in Shaping Character’s Identity 233
she wants to retain an identity, any identity that is available to
her.
Ramnik is also plagued by what happened in the past.
Knowing what happened years ago, he is ashamed of his
father’s and grand-father’s act of arson to lay their hands on
Zarine’s father’s shop. Because they were planning to set up a
mill as well, it was perhaps more an act of jealousy rather than
of communal hatred. Religion merely served to justify the
actions later on. Ramink tries very hard to be non-communal.
He time and again laughs sarcastically at his wife Aruna as she
goes about her rituals and ceremonies. He feels a need to save
the two boys from the wrath of the communal mob in an effort
to atone for the mistakes committed by his family in the past.
He even offers a job to Javed thinking that it would redeem him
of his sense of guilt. But he is no liberal, and it is just a blind
that blinds even his own self, and which Javed manages to tear
apart. He represents the ‘urban, educated, secular’ middle-class,
which believes that it is non-communal but the truth is
somewhat different. Ramink is in the trap of his own memories
of the wrongs done in the past. Every action of his is an effort
to come to terms with the happenings of the past. He is always
in a state of conflict because of this ever-present war within
himself. His sense of identity and belonging to either middle-
class or to his religion is at the mercy of the happenings of the
past and his memories of the same.
Javed, who used to be a hero to his friends as an
adolescent, was rudely shaken by an incident that acted as a
catalyst in making him a rabble-rouser. He becomes the person
who throws the “first stone”, and the one who sets the ball of
communal hatred rolling. He witnesses the derogation of his
own self and that of his religion. As is shown in an incident in
the play, because of his religious identity his mere touch is
8. Celt, Volume 13, Number 2, December 2013 : 227 – 238
234
enough to contaminate a letter, and by extension a Hindu
neighbour. He is shaken and suddenly, he is no longer sure of
himself, and his identity. He turns to the only way he knows to
fit in and that is to harm the other in order to protect his
religion and faith. But he finds out his mistake and realizes that
people like him are made use of to stir up emotions and fury to
make personal gains, and is again shaken to his core. Even
though like others Javed is also being constantly troubled by
the tenuous nature of his conception of identity and its fluid
nature, he is the only one in the play who is proud of his
identity and has a sense of reality, and has a clear vision to see
the things as they are. He is the only one to see through
Ramnik’s pseudo-secular facade.
You can offer milk to us. You can have an
angry mob outside your house. You can play
the civilized host. Because you know you have
peace hidden inside your armpit. (Dattani 2000:
192)
And again,
I believe in myself...It’s people like you who
drive me to a corner and I have to turn to
myself and my faith...At least now I am not
ignorant of my history and faith...you do
something more violent. You provoke!...You
hate me because I showed you that you are not
as liberal as you think you are. (Dattani 2000:
198)
Despite being shaken and stunned, Javed is the one who has a
clear conception of his faith, identity and social milieu. He is
the one who is best adjusted in the whole gamut of characters
in the play.
9. S. Sigroha, Role of Memory in Shaping Character’s Identity 235
Aruna, Ramnik’s wife, makes a Hindu counterpart to
Javed. Like him she has confidence in her faith. She is a strong
believer, takes pride in her religion and inheritance and finds
protection therein. She is neither confused nor wavers till her
daughter Smita attacks her faith. Daksha/ Hardika had once
questioned the blind faith held by her mother in an idol God
because that God had failed to protect her father. Smita and
Aruna reflect Daksha/Hardika’s own situation, though in two
separate characters. The former resents the blind idol worship
being practiced by the latter, and shatters her own perfect world
when she gets the opportunity to vocalize what she has always
wanted to in front her mother Aruna. At Smita’s telling her the
falsity and hollowness of her faith, Aruna does take a stand
before crumbling in the face of opposition,
And I will not have it all perish to
accommodate someone else’s faith. I have
enough faith and pride to see that it doesn’t
happen. I shall uphold what I believe is the
truth...because I will not accept that from
someone who is not proud of her inheritance.
You cannot criticize what you are running away
from. You will be prejudiced...I have always
taken pride in my religion. I was so happy
knowing that I was protected. (Dattani 2000:
210, 211)
Despite this Aruna still has a conception of identity and holds
on to it though a little tenuously. Javed acknowledges the
similarities between himself and her when he says,
What I told Babban, you told her...you wouldn’t
listen to her criticism because she was not
proud of her–what did you call it?– inheritance.
I said religion. Same thing I suppose. We are
10. Celt, Volume 13, Number 2, December 2013 : 227 – 238
236
not very different. You and me. We both feel
pride. (Dattani 2000: 214)
Babban and Smita are the two characters who think they are
different, who think that they do not belong and hence are the
rebels. Yet as the play progresses, they come across as the ones
who are shown to have no conviction and are simply lost. They
question but do not have the courage to go against the dictates
of their religions. They lack conviction, both in themselves as
well as in their respective religions. Babban dislikes being
clubbed with Javed for he sees the latter as a communal fanatic.
But the fact is that since he lacks faith in his own religion, and
tries to hide his identity behind borrowed names like “Bobby”,
he does not have a sense of strong identity like Javed.
...I was ashamed of being myself. He
wasn’t...Like being apologetic. For being who I
was. And pretending that I was not a part of my
community. For thinking that I could become
superior by not belonging. (Dattani 2000: 201)
Smita feels stifled by the rituals that her mother makes her
follow, and like Babban wants to be free of it. However, she
cannot be honest. The reality is that things are as they were in
Daksha’s times.
The present is no different from the past, and she cannot
escape it. Hardika rightly points it out to her that she is a fool if
she thinks that things are any different now from her own
times, that she has freedom to say things she likes, choose her
own friends or go where ever she wishes.
But not belonging makes things so clear. I can
see so clearly how wrong you are. You accuse
me of running away from my religion. Maybe I
am...embarrassed...spirit of liberalism ran in our
blood. (Dattani 2000: 211)
11. S. Sigroha, Role of Memory in Shaping Character’s Identity 237
Though she advocates freedom and liberalism, Smita cannot
escape being who she is, caught in the vortex and too weak to
fight her way out, as is reflected in her decision to deny her
love for Babban. Instead of owning it and fighting for it, she
even lacks conviction in her love.
The two characters that began as the strongest, and surest
and apparently had a clear idea of who they were, end up as the
two who are most unclear about their own identities. The rebels
fail to ultimately even stand up for their convictions because
ultimately they do not have any.
CONCLUSION
The play is titled Final Solutions, suggesting that there is
more than one solution to the problem of conflicts (personal
and political) based on religion, and having an impact on
identity and role of memories. The implication of such a
suggestion being that every person has a different solution to
offer. But is there any solution in the play, let alone Solutions
and those too Final? The incident of the night has played havoc
with the life of each character, but it has failed to provide a
solution to the problem. The play ends in an ambiguous and
disturbing manner. Only Babban has a solution which is that
they all believe and have faith and tolerate. And there are no
takers for it! All others have just questions and a sense of loss
and defeat. Everyone is shaken by the stirring of memories,
same memory and yet different for each character. All of them
feel a loss of identity, though each one of them continues to
hold on to that earlier identity and pool of memories because
there is no other Solution yet. As Hardika puts it, “I still am
not willing to forget...We do not speak to each other. We move
in silence. And I-I remain confined.” Her confinement, which
12. Celt, Volume 13, Number 2, December 2013 : 227 – 238
238
began with the acceptance of what her husband wanted her to
believe, continues, as does every other character’s.
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