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1. Traffic congestion is a condition in transport that is characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and
increased vehicular queueing
What is traffic congestion
Traffic problems in India
The average income of Indians is growing and thereby the number of privately owned vehicles is rising.
Though public transport is widely available in India, still it is not sufficient for the population of India. Especially in Metro cities, often public transport services are
crowded
Lack of parking spaces: Due to lack of parking spaces people are forced to park their vehicles in front of the buildings often encroaching roads.
Poor quality of roads is also one of the causes. Often this leads to repairs and thereby reducing the usable space.
Lack of proper implementation of traffic rules
Due to lack of footpaths in many places, pedestrians are forced to walk on the edge of roads which further increasing traffic issues
Regional inequality in economic development and creation of jobs is concentrated only in some areas. This results in the increasing density of population in
metro cities

2. Solutions
• Distributing and diverting traffic by innovative methods such as constructing flyovers in the busy areas etc.
• Improving the public transportation system.
• Making the construction of parking spaces and footpaths mandatory.
• Proper Implementation traffic rules.
• Increasing taxes on privately owned vehicles also helps, but attracts so much criticism.
• Developing small towns to prevent the push factor of migration to cities.

3. Passenger Car Unit (PCU) is a relative weightage factor given to the traffic volume of individual vehicle category to deal
with the heterogeneity in a mixed traffic situation.
What is Passenger Car Unit (PCU)
It is a vehicle unit used for expressing highway/road capacity.
Number of vehicles crossing a point on the road during a specific time period. It is carried out for :
1.Design and extension of existence road,
2.Traffic trend and pattern,
3.Geometric and structural design of new road,
4.Design of footpath, cross wall,
5.Pedestrian signals,
6.Plan of one way traffic
7.Other regulatory measures on the road
Type of Vehicle PCU
Car, taxi, pick up 1.0
Cycle, motor cycle 0.5
Bus, truck, 3.0 (4.o in some cases)
Horse drawn cart 4.0
Bullock cart 6.0
Bullock cart (Large) 8.0

4. Traffic Volume is defined as the procedure to determine the volume of traffic or no. of vehicles moving on the
roads at a particular section during a particular time period.
Traffic volume survey is the determination of the number, movement and classification of. roadway vehicles at a
given location.
Purpose of Traffic Volume Study is for Structural design of roads. Planning and design of new streets. Planning, design
and regulation of traffic.
What is Traffic Volume

5. The maximum traffic flow obtainable on a given roadway using all available lanes.
Maximum number of vehicles (PCU) that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under the most
nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions which can possibly be attained.
What is Road Capacity
C = 1000*V/S, one can easily determine the Theoretical Maximum Capacity. Here, C = Capacity of a single lane,
vehicle per hour. V = Speed, kmph; S = Average center to center spacing of vehicles, when they follow one behind
the other as a queue or space headway

6. Types of Road (Rural)
I. National and State Highways
II. Major District Roads and other District Roads
III. Village Roads

7. Types of Road (Urban)
Types of Roads Suggested Minimum Spacing
Expressways 1000mt.
Arterial Road 500 mt.
Sub-Arterial Roads 300 mt.
Collector Roads 150 mt.
Urban Residential/local
Streets
Free access
On Urban sections, the current Indian Practice is to provide the following minimum spacing between access points

8. Types of Road (Urban)

9. INTERSECTIONS
Intersection is an area shared by two or more roads. This area is designated for the vehicles to turn to different directions
to reach their desired destinations. Its main function is to guide vehicles to their respective directions.
I. Uniformity and Simplicity–The design must keep the capabilities and limitation of drivers, pedestrians and vehicles
using intersection. It should be based on a knowledge of what a driver will do rather than what he should do.
II Minimise Conflict Points- any location having merging, diverging or crossing manoeuvres of two vehicles is a potential
conflict point.
• Space separation- by access control islands through channelizing
• Time separation- by traffic signals on waiting lanes
III Safety- The safety of a particular design can best be assessed by studying the frequency with which types of accidents
occur at a particular type of intersection and its correlation with volume and type of traffic
• Provision for vulnerable road users: Pedestrians(including specially abled). Properly sighted traffic islands have the
added advantage that they can be used as refuges by these vulnerable road users especially at intersections on wide
roads.
• Provision of good safe locations for the installation of traffic control devices
IV Alignment and Profile: The intersecting roads shall meet at or nearly at right angle. Intersection on sharp curves should
be avoided
Principles

10. Intersections
T-Junction
Y-Junction
Staggered and Skewes Junction
Cross-Junction
Scissors-Junction
Multileg-Junction Rotary Intersection
(Roundabout

11. TRAFFIC CALMING SYSTEM
Speed management and traffic calming include techniques such as discouraging traffic from entering certain areas and
installing physical speed reducing measures, such as road narrowing, roundabouts and road humps.
The central theme of Traffic Calming is to reduce the adverse impact of motor vehicles on built up areas. The techniques
usually involve reducing vehicle speeds, providing more space for pedestrians and cyclists, and improving the local
environment.
The basic principle of Traffic Calming remains universal, that is to lower the vehicle speeds in order to reduce accidents,
pollution and enhance livability of surrounding areas.
Necessity of Traffic Calming
Studies have shown that traffic calming can reduce accident levels by up to 40 per cent, and have a significant impact on
reducing the severity of accidents, economic loss and air pollution .“
The main advantage of traffic calming is that it is self-enforcing and does not normally require any complication traffic control
devices and is usually highly cost-effective; achieving benefits with a value far greater than the costs.

12. Classification of Traffic Calming Techniques

13. MASS RAPID TRANSIST SYSTEM
'Mass Rapid Transit' (MRT) is a term used to describe modes of urban transport (both road and rail based) that carry
large volumes of passengers quickly.
Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of
high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas.
It minimizes the travel time ,GHG emission, traffic accidents, fuel consumption.
The benefits of MRTS can be categorise like this:- • Requires 1/5th energy per passenger km compared to road-based
transport system. Causes less noise, no air pollution and eco friendly transport system

14. BUS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM
Typically, a BRT system includes roadways that are dedicated to buses, and gives priority to buses at intersections where
buses may interact with other traffic.
BRT aims to combine the capacity and speed of a metro with the claimed flexibility, lower cost and simplicity of a bus system
Main features
I. Dedicated lanes and alignment
II. Off-board fare collection
III. Intersection treatment
IV. Platform-level boarding
V. High capacity vehicles
VI. Quality stations
• Multiple doors to speed passenger boardings and enhance accessibility to disabled passengers

15. Light Rail Transits
Light rail transit (LRT) is a form of passenger urban rail transit characterized by a combination of tram and metro features.
While its rolling stock is more similar to a traditional tram, it operates at a higher capacity and speed, and often on an exclusive
right-of-way.
The term light rail was coined in 1972 by the U.S. Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA; the precursor to the Federal
Transit Administration) to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States.
Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail.

16. Metro Rail
A metro is a train that is specifically designed to run in metropolitan cities while local train are designed to connect the distances
within the city and its suburbs areas.
Metro rail is fast becoming the most popular means of mass rapid transit in India
A metro trains have separate track which is not shared with other trains
Kolkata Metro was the first metro in India.
Metro trains can be underground and elevated.
As of now around 10 Indian cities has the metro network.