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Risks of funcional safety with es short
1.
Smart Requirement Engineering Unrestricted
© Visioneer GmbH, 2022 v2.0
2.
2 FUNCTIONAL SAFETY PROCESS The
todays Functional Safety Process has achieved great improvements in Safety! But even if Functional Safety is implemented, SW errors often remain in Embedded Systems!!! Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
3.
3 ROOT CAUSE FOR
MISSING SAFETY It is NOT secured, that the Functional Requirements resulting from the Functional Safety Process are implemented clearly (unambiguously), with all necessary details (consistency) and for any potential situation (completely) The weakest point in the safety process “As this is so far an unsolved challenge in the SW Requirement Engineering Process generally” Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
4.
Supplement function 4 WHAT IS
THE ROOT CAUSE ? Any concurring requirement (that can be defined somewhere else in the Requirement Specification) is affecting the safety of that function, e.g by disabling functions Even if the defined requirements are safe implemented in a function, it is NOT excluded that: ECU Expected behavior Driver HW Button pressed Passenger-Airbag shall be off Battery Low Battery Don‘t trust HW signals Safety critical function e.g: Realtime-systems must often handle a high number of expected behaviors in parallel → This is currently not solved methodically in the functional safety process Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
5.
5 EXAMPLE Airbag on/off
LED The following requirements are assigned to the ECU: Sys Req1 : If SWITCH_STATE is ON, then the LED shall be ON Sys Req2: In CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is ACTIVATED, then the LED shall be ON Sys Req3: If BATTERY_STATE is LOW, then the HW signals are not trustable → The challenge is to define all combinations completely and unambiguously as functional requirements The customer has designed the following system: Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
6.
6 HOW IS IT
SOLVED TODAY? The requirement engineer often starts to create the combinations as text: E.g. FuncReq1: If SWITCH_STATE is ON or CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is ACTIVATED and BATTERY_STATE is FULL, then the LED shall be ON FuncReq2: If SWITCH_STATE is OFF and CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is NOT ACTIVATED and BATTERY_STATE is FULL, then the LED shall be OFF FuncReq3: If CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is NOT ACTIVATED and BATTERY_STATE is LOW, then the LED shall be OFF → The verification if all IO combinations are clearly defined, can be performed - manually e.g. with IO Tables - automatically through simulation e.g. requirement in the loop tests Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
7.
7 Manual verification with
IO Table The created requirements can also be described in a logic table (x = don’t care → Outputs are independent from that state) → This allows a systematic or formal verification to detect missing combinations or logical errors Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
8.
8 Verification results: Error corrected:
The combination of BATTERY_STATE is LOW and CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is ACTIVATED wasn’t covered Manual verification with IO Table Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
9.
9 Current Requirements Linking
Method Any System Requirement shall be linked with one or more Functional Requirements → Traceability verification is passed Problem: This method is not identifying, if the requirements are just fulfilled intentionally (brown links) Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
10.
To achieve these
expectations, any FuncReq its relation to all SysReqs must be verified manually: Full Requirements Linking Method FuncReq1: If SWITCH_STATE is ON or CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE ACTIVATED and BATTERY_STATE is FULL, then the LED shall be ON contains logically excluded Sys Req1 : If SWITCH_STATE is ON, then the LED shall be ON Sys Req2: In CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is ACTIVATED, then the LED shall be ON Sys Req3: If BATTERY_STATE is LOW, then the HW signals are not trustable FuncReq2: If SWITCH_STATE is OFF and CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is NOT ACTIVATED and BATTERY_STATE is FULL, then the LED shall be OFF Sys Req1 : If SWITCH_STATE is ON, then the LED shall be ON Sys Req2: In CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is ACTIVATED, then the LED shall be ON Sys Req3: If BATTERY_STATE is LOW, then the HW signals are not trustable contains logically excluded logically excluded logically excluded → Verification is passed → Verification is failed: Separate Req for SWITCH_STATE = OFF needed Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
11.
11 Full Requirements Linking
Method 11 FuncReq3: If BATTERY_STATE is LOW, then the LED shall be OFF contradictory unclear Sys Req1 : If SWITCH_STATE is ON, then the LED shall be ON Sys Req2: In CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is ACTIVATED, then the LED shall be ON Sys Req3: If BATTERY_STATE is LOW, then the HW signals are not trustable logically excluded → Verification is failed: 1. SysReq1 is not excluding FuncReq3: It is unclear which of the reqs is dominant and therefore it is unclear if the (silently?) chosen behavior (LED shall be OFF) is correct → Separate Req about their dominance needed 2. It is unclear, if SysReq3 is really relevant for FuncReq3: → Clear assignment required, if it is relevant for this component (Switch) 3. It is unclear, if the (silently?) chosen behavior (LED shall be OFF) is the expected solution → Separate Req about its specific solution needed Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
12.
12 CONCLUSION Independently if the
requirements are defined with or without MBSE: There is a High-Danger of false or missing behavior-requirements, that undermine the complete quality process, so the customer will find it .. Many specification errors exist because with current tools, it is not clearly defined: • what behavior and what solutions are expected for every input signal state separately • what functional-entities are affected by what High-Level Requirement • which of the parallel expected behaviors shall be dominant in any situation Additionally, it is an enormous effort and an error-prone activity to perform the described process manually due to the fact, that a high number of System- and Functional-Reqs are normal for ECUs. Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
13.
13 SOLUTION Visioneer GmbH has
invented a very simple method, which is a script-based add on for common RE Tools (e.g. Doors, Polarion, Word,..) • which reduces the requirement engineering efforts drastically • and which excludes the described weaknesses of the current process fundamentally → The next pages explain the necessary steps of this innovative method Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
14.
14 Step 1: HL
Requirements its Solutions Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022 ReqID System Requirements Solution Assigned Functional- Entities SysReq1 If SWITCH_STATE is ON, then the LED shall be ON Mode = SWITCH_STATE LED_Handler SysReq2 In CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is ACTIVATED, then the LED shall be ON Mode = CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE LED_Handler SysReq3 If BATTERY_STATE is LOW, then HW signals shall not be trustable Mode = BATTERY_STATE ECU It must be clearly defined, what solution is expected for any HL Requirement and by whom: Note: Blue text is created automatically Red text is defined by the requirement engineer Step 2: ECU Behavior Description For any ECU_Mode its States, the Entry Condition, the Expected ECU Behavior, the ECU Behavior Solutions and the Assigned Functions shall be defined ECU Mode State Entry Condition Expected ECU Behavior ECU Behavior-Solution Assigned Funct.- Entities BATTERY_STATE FULL BATTERY_STATE is FULL Full operation All functions shall be activated any Function LOW BATTERY_STATE is LOW No HW signal shall be trusted Last valid HW signal shall be used any Function Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
15.
15 Unrestricted © Visioneer
GmbH, 2022 Step 3: FNCT- and assigned ECU-Behavior Description In the same way for any FNCT_Mode of the Function LED_Handler shall be defined FNCT Mode State Entry Condition Expected FNCT-Behavior FNCT Behavior Solution CAR_PRODUCTION _MODE ACTIVATED CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is ACTIVATED LED shall show its el. connection LED_OUT shall be ON NOT ACTIVATED CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is NOT ACTIVATED LED is a function of the switch state LED_OUT is a function of the switch state SWITCH_STATE ON SWITCH_STATE is ON LED shall be ON LED_OUT shall be ON OFF SWITCH_STATE is OFF LED shall be OFF LED_OUT shall be OFF For the assigned dominant ECU behaviors, the Function its specific Solutions shall be defined Assigned ECU Behavior Assigned ECU Behavior-Solution Function specific Behavior-Solution No HW signal shall be trusted Last valid signal shall be used LED_OUT state shall be frozen
16.
16 Step4: Dominant FNCT-Behavior
Definition Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022 Expected ECU Behavior: BATTERY_STATE [Full operation, No HW signal shall be trusted] Expected FNCT-Behavior: Dominant FNCT Behavior CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE [LED shall show its el. connection, LED is function of the switch state] SWITCH_STATE [LED shall be ON, LED shall be OFF] Full operation LED is function of the switch state LED shall be ON LED shall be ON LED shall be OFF LED shall be OFF No HW signal shall be trusted LED is function of switch state x No HW signal shall be trusted x LED shall show its el. connection x LED shall show its el. connection The dominance of the Assigned ECU- and the FNCT-Behaviors shall be clearly defined: Automatic verification if all pot. Combinations are defined
17.
17 Unrestricted © Visioneer
GmbH, 2022 Step5: Perform Automatism This is what the Requirement Engineer can do now (for instance), as he already has done his job: • Any High-Level Requirement is clearly assigned to a functional entity • The expected behavior is described for any input signal in any state • It is clearly defined in any situation, which of the parallel expected-behaviors is dominant • Any pot. combination of the parallel expected- behaviors is unambiguously defined →Automatic generation and linking of testable Functional Requirements
18.
18 Automatic Functional Requirements
Generation Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022 1. The expected Behaviors are replaced by its Entry Criteria 2. The dominant FNCT Behaviors are replaced by its FNCT Behavior Solutions Erwartetes ECU Verhalten: BATTERY_STATE Erwartetes FNCT-Verhalten: Soll- FNCT Verhalten CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE SWITCH_STATE Full operation BATTERY_STATE is FULL LED is function of the switch state CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is NOT ACTIVATED LED shall be ON SWITCH_STATE is ON LED shall be ON LED_OUT shall be ON LED shall be OFF SWITCH_STATE is OFF LED shall be OFF LED_OUT shall be OFF No HW signal shall be trusted BATTERY_STATE is LOW LED is function of the switch state CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is NOT ACTIVATED x No HW signal shall be trusted LED_OUT state shall be frozen x LED shall show its el. Connection CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is ACTIVATED x LED shall show its el. Connection LED_OUT shall be ON
19.
19 Automatic Functional Requirements
Generation Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022 The following Functional Requirements are then generated automatically out of that table → The red parts are false defined or missing requirements in the example (created with todays methods) FuncReq1: If SWITCH_STATE is ON and CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is NOT ACTIVATED and BATTERY_STATE is FULL, then the LED_OUT shall be ON FuncReq2: If SWITCH_STATE is OFF and CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is NOT ACTIVATED and BATTERY_STATE is FULL, then the LED_OUT shall be OFF FuncReq3: If CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is NOT ACTIVATED and BATTERY_STATE is LOW, then the LED_OUT shall be FROZEN FuncReq4: If CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is ACTIVATED, then the LED_OUT shall be ON
20.
20 FuncReq1: If SWITCH_STATE
is ON and CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is NOT ACTIVATED and BATTERY_STATE is FULL, then the LED_OUT shall be ON contains excluded Sys Req1 : If SWITCH_STATE is ON, then the LED shall be ON Sys Req2: In CAR_PRODUCTION_MODE is ACTIVATED, then the LED shall be ON Sys Req3: If BATTERY_STATE is LOW, then HW signals shall not be trustable Solution1.1: If the SWITCH_STATE is ON, then LED_OUT shall be ON derived from Solution1.2: If the SWITCH_STATE is OFF, then LED_OUT shall be OFF Solution2.1: If CAR_PROD- UCTION_MODE is ACTIVATED, then LED_OUT shall be ON Solution2.2: If CAR_PROD- UCTION_MODE is NOT ACTIVATED, then LED_OUT is a function of the switch state subdominant Solution3.1: If the battery is LOW, then the last valid HW signal shall be used Solution3.1.1: If the battery is LOW, then LED_OUT state shall be frozen Solution3.2: If the battery is FULL, then all functions shall be activated sub- dominant abgeleitet von Automatic Generation of Requirements Diagram excluded excluded derived from derived from derived from derived from derived from The diagrams are in the same way gererated for the FuncReq2-4… Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022
21.
21 The benefits of
complete and clear Functional Requirements: Unrestricted © Visioneer GmbH, 2022 Requirement Engineer Quality Assurance Test Engineer Functional Safety Customer More Information: www.visioneer.info Contact: Gerhard Schilling Tel. +49 179 3245588 schilling@visioneer.info
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