Risk management is an increasingly important
business driver and stakeholders have become
much more concerned about risk. Risk may be a
driver of strategic decisions, it may be a cause of
uncertainty in the organisation or it may simply be
embedded in the activities of the organisation. An
enterprise-wide approach to risk management
enables an organisation to consider the potential
impact of all types of risks on all processes,
activities, stakeholders, products and services.
Implementing a comprehensive approach will
result in an organisation benefiting from what is
often referred to as the ‘upside of risk’.
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Internship Report Báo Cáo Thực Tập Tại Công Ty Du Lịch
Với sự trợ giúp của mạng xã hội, dự án sẽ tập trung vào marketing truyền thông trực tuyến với mục tiêu quảng bá sản phẩm du lịch của công ty đến từng du khách. Trong cuộc khảo sát về truyền thông tiếp thị, trang Facebook, Instagram và trang web của công ty sẽ được sử dụng làm công cụ chính để thu hút du khách có nhu cầu đi du lịch.
- Cải thiện công tác truyền thông tiếp thị nhằm tăng khả năng cạnh tranh của công ty với các đơn vị lữ hành khác. Trong điều kiện hiện nay, các công ty lữ hành có thể cung cấp các sản phẩm du lịch tương tự với giá cả cạnh tranh, do đó, công tác truyền thông marketing là rất quan trọng trong việc làm cho sản phẩm du lịch của công ty trở nên hấp dẫn và nổi bật hơn so với sản phẩm cùng loại của các đối thủ cạnh tranh.
- Bằng cách cải thiện truyền thông tiếp thị, dự án có thể mang lại lợi nhuận cho công ty.
- Giúp công ty giành lại được sự quan tâm của khách hàng trong lĩnh vực du lịch cá nhân
Chiến lược marketing cho dịch vụ du lịch của công ty tnhh mtv oxalis quảng bì...Thư viện Tài liệu mẫu
Tải file tài liệu tại Website: inantailieu.com hoặc sdt/ ZALO 09345 497 28
Khóa luận Chiến lược marketing cho dịch vụ du lịch của công ty tnhh mtv oxalis quảng bình
Tiểu luận:Anh (chị)hãy thu thập tài liệu có liên quan đến định vị thị trường ...luanvantrust
Tiểu luận:Anh (chị)hãy thu thập tài liệu có liên quan đến định vị thị trường mục tiêu của hai khách sạn (công ty lữ hành )trên địa bàn Cần Thơ .Phân tích các dữ liệu thu thập được và định vị sản phẩm cho mỗi khách sạn (công ty lữ hành )
Tiểu luận môn lập kế hoạch kinh doanh nhà hàng băng chuyền chay minh tâmhieu anh
TIỂU LUẬN MÔN LẬP KẾ HOẠCH KINH DOANH
Đề tài: Nhà hàng món chay băng chuyền hàm lượng chất béo thấp" hoặc "hàm lượng cholesterol thấp Xu hướng ăn chay của người Việt Nam
Báo cáo thực tập tại công ty du lịch viettravel, 9đ
Kết bạn zalo tải tài liệu: 0936 885 877
Dịch vụ viết báo cáo thực tập theo yêu cầu: Luanvantrithuc.com
Nhận viết luận văn đại học, thạc sĩ trọn gói, chất lượng, LH ZALO=>0909232620
Tham khảo dịch vụ, bảng giá tại: https://vietbaitotnghiep.com/dich-vu-viet-thue-luan-van
Download luận văn thạc sĩ ngành quản trị kinh doanh với đề tài: Giải pháp phát triển sản phầm du lịch đặc thù tại Thành phố Hải Phòng, cho các bạn làm luận văn tham khảo
Internship Report Báo Cáo Thực Tập Tại Công Ty Du Lịch
Với sự trợ giúp của mạng xã hội, dự án sẽ tập trung vào marketing truyền thông trực tuyến với mục tiêu quảng bá sản phẩm du lịch của công ty đến từng du khách. Trong cuộc khảo sát về truyền thông tiếp thị, trang Facebook, Instagram và trang web của công ty sẽ được sử dụng làm công cụ chính để thu hút du khách có nhu cầu đi du lịch.
- Cải thiện công tác truyền thông tiếp thị nhằm tăng khả năng cạnh tranh của công ty với các đơn vị lữ hành khác. Trong điều kiện hiện nay, các công ty lữ hành có thể cung cấp các sản phẩm du lịch tương tự với giá cả cạnh tranh, do đó, công tác truyền thông marketing là rất quan trọng trong việc làm cho sản phẩm du lịch của công ty trở nên hấp dẫn và nổi bật hơn so với sản phẩm cùng loại của các đối thủ cạnh tranh.
- Bằng cách cải thiện truyền thông tiếp thị, dự án có thể mang lại lợi nhuận cho công ty.
- Giúp công ty giành lại được sự quan tâm của khách hàng trong lĩnh vực du lịch cá nhân
Chiến lược marketing cho dịch vụ du lịch của công ty tnhh mtv oxalis quảng bì...Thư viện Tài liệu mẫu
Tải file tài liệu tại Website: inantailieu.com hoặc sdt/ ZALO 09345 497 28
Khóa luận Chiến lược marketing cho dịch vụ du lịch của công ty tnhh mtv oxalis quảng bình
Tiểu luận:Anh (chị)hãy thu thập tài liệu có liên quan đến định vị thị trường ...luanvantrust
Tiểu luận:Anh (chị)hãy thu thập tài liệu có liên quan đến định vị thị trường mục tiêu của hai khách sạn (công ty lữ hành )trên địa bàn Cần Thơ .Phân tích các dữ liệu thu thập được và định vị sản phẩm cho mỗi khách sạn (công ty lữ hành )
Tiểu luận môn lập kế hoạch kinh doanh nhà hàng băng chuyền chay minh tâmhieu anh
TIỂU LUẬN MÔN LẬP KẾ HOẠCH KINH DOANH
Đề tài: Nhà hàng món chay băng chuyền hàm lượng chất béo thấp" hoặc "hàm lượng cholesterol thấp Xu hướng ăn chay của người Việt Nam
Báo cáo thực tập tại công ty du lịch viettravel, 9đ
Kết bạn zalo tải tài liệu: 0936 885 877
Dịch vụ viết báo cáo thực tập theo yêu cầu: Luanvantrithuc.com
Lập kế hoạch marketing cho khách sạn Vinpearl Resort Phú Quốc trong năm 2015anh hieu
. Đặc biệt là khi Vinpearl Resort Phú Quốc mới chuẩn bị khai trương vào ngày 01/11/2014 nên việc vạch ra kế hoạch marketing là hết sức quan trọng.Với những lý do trên em đã chọn đề tài : “ Lập kế hoạch marketing cho khách sạn Vinpearl Resort Phú Quốc trong năm 2015”.
Nhận viết luận văn Đại học , thạc sĩ - Zalo: 0917.193.864
Tham khảo bảng giá dịch vụ viết bài tại: vietbaocaothuctap.net
Download luận án tiến sĩ ngành kinh tế quốc tế với đề tài: Năng lực cạnh tranh của các cảng hàng không quốc tế: Kinh nghiệm một số quốc gia Châu Á và hàm ý cho Việt Nam, cho các bạn làm luận văn tham khảo
Chuyên đề xây dựng kế hoạch kinh doanh in ấn cho công ty in ấn đến năm 2025. Công ty được thành lập nhằm huy động vốn cá nhân, các tổ chức kinh tế, xã hội để đầu tư đổi mới công nghệ, phát triển doanh nghiệp, nâng cao sức cạnh tranh. Tạo điều kiện cho người lao động có cổ phần, nâng cao thu nhập. Tăng lợi nhuận, tăng nguồn thu cho ngân sách, đồng thời phục vụ nhu cầu xã hội ngày càng tốt hơn.
Khóa luận Nâng Cao Chất Lượng Dịch Vụ Lữ Hành Nội Địa Tại Công Ty Du Lịch. Nâng cao chất lượng dịch vụ lữ hành nội địa tại công ty Global Travel, từ đó để xây dựng hệ thống tiêu chuẩn chất lượng dịch vụ lữ hành nội địa và đưa ra giải pháp nhằm nâng cao chất lượng dịch vụ lữ hành nội địa tại Công ty Global Travel.
Risk Management Plan Analysis Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
“You can download this product from SlideTeam.net”
Risk management is recognized as an integral component of good management and governance. So, use our risk management plan analysis PPT slideshow and identify potential risks related to your business organization. Our risk management plan analysis PowerPoint deck includes a set of pre-designed PPT slides which can help a business determine what their risks are in order to reduce their likelihood and provide a means for better decision-making in order to avoid future risk. When a business is aware of the potential risks that are associated with their business, it is easier to take steps to avoid them. Knowing the risks make it possible for the managers of the business to formulate a plan for lessening the negative impact of them. Apart from this, our risk management plan analysis presentation template is designed by keeping in mind the need for every organization. Just download and then share it with your audience. Encash your brilliance with our Risk Management Plan Analysis Powerpoint Presentation Slides. The coffers will continue to fill. https://bit.ly/3GDaRIP
Danh Sách 200 Đề Tài Tiểu Luận Môn Marketing Du Lịch, Đạt 9 Điểm. Gửi đến các bạn tham khảo luôn nhé. DỊCH VỤ VIẾT THUÊ TIỂU LUẬN ZALO/TELEGRAM 0917 193 864
Phần 1: Rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Khái niệm rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Phân loại rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Nhận biết rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Phần 2: Quản lý rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Khái niệm quản lý rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Nguyên tắc quản lý rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Quy trình quản lý rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Phần 3: Các loại rủi ro ảnh hưởng đến doanh nghiệp trong thời kỳ hội nhập
Rủi ro hợp đồng
Rủi ro chủ quan
Rủi ro nguồn nhân lực
Rủi ro pháp lý
Nhận viết luận văn Đại học , thạc sĩ - Zalo: 0917.193.864
Tham khảo bảng giá dịch vụ viết bài tại: vietbaocaothuctap.net
Đánh giá tình hình xuất khẩu của công ty TNHH Nam Vạn Long trong giai đoạn 2013-2016”. Mục đích của đề tài là nhằm tìm hiểu tình hình xuất khẩu nông sản ở Công ty trong thời gian qua, từ đó đưa ra một số giải pháp nhằm đầy mạnh hơn nữa xuất khẩu nông sản của công ty trong thời gian tới
CƠ SỞ LÝ LUẬN VỀ LOGISTICS VÀ DỊCH VỤ LOGISTIC. Logistics là một thuật ngữ có nguồn ngốc từ hy lạp. Khi đó, những chiến binh có chức danh là “logistikas” được giao nhiệm vụ chu cấp, phân phối vũ khí và nhu yếu phẩm, đảm bảo điều kiện cho quân sĩ hành quân từ bản doanh đến một vị trí khác.
Nhận viết luận văn đại học, thạc sĩ trọn gói, chất lượng, LH ZALO=>0909232620
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Download luận văn thạc sĩ ngành quản lí công với đề tài: Quản lý nhà nước về phát triển du lịch bền vững tại địa bàn thành phố Trà Vinh, tỉnh Trà Vinh, cho các bạn tham khảo
Nhận viết luận văn đại học, thạc sĩ trọn gói, chất lượng, LH ZALO=>0909232620
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Risk Management Plan PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Project managers often need to present PPT slides projecting certain areas of business concern. At times, it turns out to be a difficult task as forecasting of risks or estimating impact of the same needs a record of data. A Risk Management Plan PowerPoint Presentation Slides, therefore, is a must for all business operations. PowerPoint layout with information in every possible graphical format helps to track the positive and negative aspects of an uncertain event at its occurrence. Thus, presentation template for risk management acts as a buffer guide. Five core areas which include identification of risk, analysis, evaluation or ranking of risks, threat posed by the same and monitoring and review have been sectioned out well in PPT graphics making the task easier for you. The data compiled in PowerPoint slides helps to identify the potential threats and manage risk handling activities. Predefined guidelines and setting of controls in risk management slideshow presentation are also covered Focus on avoiding injury with our Risk Management Plan PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Always advocate careful handling.
Relevance of ISO 31000 for risk professionals.pptxCaptSameerSharma
We live in a complex and dynamic world, and the demands on physical security have increased dramatically.
As the world is constantly changing, the challenges faced by security leaders change as well.
Risk management is now at the forefront of discussion and risk analysis has become the basis for strategic security planning in most organizations.
Historical and current security-related data is fundamental.
Capturing current, complete and insightful data from regional, local, and open sources and blending it with data sourced from the organization’s internal security systems aids in designing an effective security operations framework in effective manner.
Experienced security experts who have had meaningful experience in the area of threat and risk assessment for a decade or more recognize the power of harnessing big data to risk analysis and are bringing solutions that do just that in innovative and ground-breaking ways.
Data models have to be built and designed in such a way that can help to derive and produce better intelligence of what is available today. Patterns and behaviors can help understand, manage, or predict the forces that drive them.
Even predictable patterns and behavior can still be challenging to identify consistently. Designing an adequate data model to manage this risk type is a challenge the security industry has long faced.
Now there exist "The Phantom Menace" that are risks that are already materializing but with losses that haven’t been recognized yet, so they are not captured within the ambit of the security operation data model that is being devised.
The nature of a loss can usually be credited to the specific type of risk that has materialized.
If the operational risk data model captures only losses that have arisen in the past, the model will not reflect the current risk exposure of the institution and potential future loss.
So what is the solution? We might have to revisit the foundation of the operational risk data model, including the data we collect to identify patterns and behaviors.
A case in point is marketing research, what does it involve? Collection and assimilation of potential customer’s data which includes basic or identity Data, engagement, behavioral and attitudinal data, for new product or service launch.
In security operations risk management, we should emulate the similar success and begin to collect wide-ranging data through systems, applications, processes, and human interactions, then derive meaningful patterns and behaviors in line with the unique security risk challenges of organizations and lines of business.
Only through the collection of this data at the broadest level can we identify patterns and behaviors and thus determine which data is truly risk-sensitive. We should look beyond losses if we hope to accurately determine the operational risk exp
This Risk Management Standard is the
result of work by a team drawn from the
major risk management organisations in
the UK - The Institute of Risk
Management (IRM),The Association of
Insurance and Risk Managers (AIRMIC)
and ALARM The National Forum for
Risk Management in the Public Sector.
In addition, the team sought the views and
opinions of a wide range of other
professional bodies with interests in risk
management, during an extensive period
of consultation.
Lập kế hoạch marketing cho khách sạn Vinpearl Resort Phú Quốc trong năm 2015anh hieu
. Đặc biệt là khi Vinpearl Resort Phú Quốc mới chuẩn bị khai trương vào ngày 01/11/2014 nên việc vạch ra kế hoạch marketing là hết sức quan trọng.Với những lý do trên em đã chọn đề tài : “ Lập kế hoạch marketing cho khách sạn Vinpearl Resort Phú Quốc trong năm 2015”.
Nhận viết luận văn Đại học , thạc sĩ - Zalo: 0917.193.864
Tham khảo bảng giá dịch vụ viết bài tại: vietbaocaothuctap.net
Download luận án tiến sĩ ngành kinh tế quốc tế với đề tài: Năng lực cạnh tranh của các cảng hàng không quốc tế: Kinh nghiệm một số quốc gia Châu Á và hàm ý cho Việt Nam, cho các bạn làm luận văn tham khảo
Chuyên đề xây dựng kế hoạch kinh doanh in ấn cho công ty in ấn đến năm 2025. Công ty được thành lập nhằm huy động vốn cá nhân, các tổ chức kinh tế, xã hội để đầu tư đổi mới công nghệ, phát triển doanh nghiệp, nâng cao sức cạnh tranh. Tạo điều kiện cho người lao động có cổ phần, nâng cao thu nhập. Tăng lợi nhuận, tăng nguồn thu cho ngân sách, đồng thời phục vụ nhu cầu xã hội ngày càng tốt hơn.
Khóa luận Nâng Cao Chất Lượng Dịch Vụ Lữ Hành Nội Địa Tại Công Ty Du Lịch. Nâng cao chất lượng dịch vụ lữ hành nội địa tại công ty Global Travel, từ đó để xây dựng hệ thống tiêu chuẩn chất lượng dịch vụ lữ hành nội địa và đưa ra giải pháp nhằm nâng cao chất lượng dịch vụ lữ hành nội địa tại Công ty Global Travel.
Risk Management Plan Analysis Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
“You can download this product from SlideTeam.net”
Risk management is recognized as an integral component of good management and governance. So, use our risk management plan analysis PPT slideshow and identify potential risks related to your business organization. Our risk management plan analysis PowerPoint deck includes a set of pre-designed PPT slides which can help a business determine what their risks are in order to reduce their likelihood and provide a means for better decision-making in order to avoid future risk. When a business is aware of the potential risks that are associated with their business, it is easier to take steps to avoid them. Knowing the risks make it possible for the managers of the business to formulate a plan for lessening the negative impact of them. Apart from this, our risk management plan analysis presentation template is designed by keeping in mind the need for every organization. Just download and then share it with your audience. Encash your brilliance with our Risk Management Plan Analysis Powerpoint Presentation Slides. The coffers will continue to fill. https://bit.ly/3GDaRIP
Danh Sách 200 Đề Tài Tiểu Luận Môn Marketing Du Lịch, Đạt 9 Điểm. Gửi đến các bạn tham khảo luôn nhé. DỊCH VỤ VIẾT THUÊ TIỂU LUẬN ZALO/TELEGRAM 0917 193 864
Phần 1: Rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Khái niệm rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Phân loại rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Nhận biết rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Phần 2: Quản lý rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Khái niệm quản lý rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Nguyên tắc quản lý rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Quy trình quản lý rủi ro doanh nghiệp
Phần 3: Các loại rủi ro ảnh hưởng đến doanh nghiệp trong thời kỳ hội nhập
Rủi ro hợp đồng
Rủi ro chủ quan
Rủi ro nguồn nhân lực
Rủi ro pháp lý
Nhận viết luận văn Đại học , thạc sĩ - Zalo: 0917.193.864
Tham khảo bảng giá dịch vụ viết bài tại: vietbaocaothuctap.net
Đánh giá tình hình xuất khẩu của công ty TNHH Nam Vạn Long trong giai đoạn 2013-2016”. Mục đích của đề tài là nhằm tìm hiểu tình hình xuất khẩu nông sản ở Công ty trong thời gian qua, từ đó đưa ra một số giải pháp nhằm đầy mạnh hơn nữa xuất khẩu nông sản của công ty trong thời gian tới
CƠ SỞ LÝ LUẬN VỀ LOGISTICS VÀ DỊCH VỤ LOGISTIC. Logistics là một thuật ngữ có nguồn ngốc từ hy lạp. Khi đó, những chiến binh có chức danh là “logistikas” được giao nhiệm vụ chu cấp, phân phối vũ khí và nhu yếu phẩm, đảm bảo điều kiện cho quân sĩ hành quân từ bản doanh đến một vị trí khác.
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Risk Management Plan PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Project managers often need to present PPT slides projecting certain areas of business concern. At times, it turns out to be a difficult task as forecasting of risks or estimating impact of the same needs a record of data. A Risk Management Plan PowerPoint Presentation Slides, therefore, is a must for all business operations. PowerPoint layout with information in every possible graphical format helps to track the positive and negative aspects of an uncertain event at its occurrence. Thus, presentation template for risk management acts as a buffer guide. Five core areas which include identification of risk, analysis, evaluation or ranking of risks, threat posed by the same and monitoring and review have been sectioned out well in PPT graphics making the task easier for you. The data compiled in PowerPoint slides helps to identify the potential threats and manage risk handling activities. Predefined guidelines and setting of controls in risk management slideshow presentation are also covered Focus on avoiding injury with our Risk Management Plan PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Always advocate careful handling.
Relevance of ISO 31000 for risk professionals.pptxCaptSameerSharma
We live in a complex and dynamic world, and the demands on physical security have increased dramatically.
As the world is constantly changing, the challenges faced by security leaders change as well.
Risk management is now at the forefront of discussion and risk analysis has become the basis for strategic security planning in most organizations.
Historical and current security-related data is fundamental.
Capturing current, complete and insightful data from regional, local, and open sources and blending it with data sourced from the organization’s internal security systems aids in designing an effective security operations framework in effective manner.
Experienced security experts who have had meaningful experience in the area of threat and risk assessment for a decade or more recognize the power of harnessing big data to risk analysis and are bringing solutions that do just that in innovative and ground-breaking ways.
Data models have to be built and designed in such a way that can help to derive and produce better intelligence of what is available today. Patterns and behaviors can help understand, manage, or predict the forces that drive them.
Even predictable patterns and behavior can still be challenging to identify consistently. Designing an adequate data model to manage this risk type is a challenge the security industry has long faced.
Now there exist "The Phantom Menace" that are risks that are already materializing but with losses that haven’t been recognized yet, so they are not captured within the ambit of the security operation data model that is being devised.
The nature of a loss can usually be credited to the specific type of risk that has materialized.
If the operational risk data model captures only losses that have arisen in the past, the model will not reflect the current risk exposure of the institution and potential future loss.
So what is the solution? We might have to revisit the foundation of the operational risk data model, including the data we collect to identify patterns and behaviors.
A case in point is marketing research, what does it involve? Collection and assimilation of potential customer’s data which includes basic or identity Data, engagement, behavioral and attitudinal data, for new product or service launch.
In security operations risk management, we should emulate the similar success and begin to collect wide-ranging data through systems, applications, processes, and human interactions, then derive meaningful patterns and behaviors in line with the unique security risk challenges of organizations and lines of business.
Only through the collection of this data at the broadest level can we identify patterns and behaviors and thus determine which data is truly risk-sensitive. We should look beyond losses if we hope to accurately determine the operational risk exp
This Risk Management Standard is the
result of work by a team drawn from the
major risk management organisations in
the UK - The Institute of Risk
Management (IRM),The Association of
Insurance and Risk Managers (AIRMIC)
and ALARM The National Forum for
Risk Management in the Public Sector.
In addition, the team sought the views and
opinions of a wide range of other
professional bodies with interests in risk
management, during an extensive period
of consultation.
This Risk Management Standard is the result of work by a team drawn from the major risk management organisations in the UK, including the Institute of Risk management (IRM).
Furthermore, the group looked for the perspectives and assessments of a large number of other expert bodies with interests in risk the executives, during a broad time of meeting.
Presentation of ISO 31000:2009, Risk management, Principles and guidelines. This document explain the standard history, certification & accreditation, main concepts and scope. Implementation and implications are already included. Managing risk is other important topic developed in the document. Finally a short list of related standards are mentioned
Discussion1From time to time most organizations make improvement.docxmadlynplamondon
Discussion1
From time to time most organizations make improvements in their ERM framework to compete with latest trends in market and reduce risk factors, or simply choose best ERM framework which adds more value and powerful when compared to current ERM framework. Before selecting any ERM the organization should understand that no ERM is perfect and organizations should choose the best available tool by considering their requirements and future enhancements. In addition to risk analysis and risk management, these days may organizations choosing best ERM for the purpose of financial investments decisions making (Will kenton, 2018).
The ISO31000 is much simpler and superior to Risk scorecard model to mitigate the risk, According to current situation Edmonton Police Service (EPS) who wants to share their ERM with other city departments where new programs and initiatives are needed to be created, Using ISO 31000 is one of the best frameworks an organization can use to manage their risk because it increases the likelihood of an organization to improve on the identification of objectives of threats, achieving organization aim, and objectives and effective allocation and use of resources in risk treatment. Although, ISO 31000 is not used for certification purposes it provides an organization with the best guidelines for internal and external audit programs. This guideline helps an organization to compare their risks with that of other international benchmarks, which end up in providing sound principles for effective corporate governance and effective management. ISO 31000 risk assessment techniques mainly focus on the risk assessment, which helps different decision, makes to be able to understand the risk that may end up affecting the adequacy of the control that is in place and the achievement of the objectives. Therefore in a situation where an organization wants to develop a new ERM for their organization the best framework to use it the ISO 31000 (John Fraser & Betty Simkins, 2014).
Discussion2
The organization needed an enterprise-wide common risk framework, annual assessment cycle, and integration into the strategic planning process. ISO 31000 is intended to provide guidance on the nature of the risk management process and how to implement it. This distinction is a crucial one to understand when comparing the two frameworks and understanding how they can be used.ISO 31000’s focus on risk management as a process devotes more attention to implementation, which broadens its appeal for those looking for insights on that subject
“Risk management creates value, is an integral part of organizational processes; is part of decision making; explicitly addresses uncertainty; is systematic, structured and timely; is based on best available information; is tailored; is transparent and inclusive; is dynamic, iterative and responsive to change; and facilitates continual improvement and enhancement of the organization.”Therefore, ISO 31000 is focused on in ...
Centralized operations – Risk, Control, and CompliancePECB
The webinar covers:
• Centralized operation models (shared services)
• The benefits case
• Options for managing risk, control and compliance in centralized operations
Presenter:
This session was presented by Steve Tremblay, Senior ITSM Consultant and Trainer at ExcelsaTech, and a PECB Certified Trainer.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/LaLWI_ULjjU
PECB Webinar: ISO 31000 – Risk Management and how it can help an organizationPECB
We will cover:
• Brief overview of the Standard content
• What is Risk Management?
• Guidance on how to position Risk Management in an organization
• Three examples of where Risk Management must be considered
Presenter:
This webinar will be presented by Steve Tremblay, Owner and Executive ITSM/ISO Consultant at Excelsa Tech.
Implementation of Enterprise Risk Management with ISO 31000 Risk Management S...PECB
The webinar covers:
• The start of any Enterprise Risk Management Program
• The approach to developing a framework that will assist organizations to integrate RM into their enterprise-wide risk management systems
• The relationship between the foundations of the risk management framework and their objectives
Presenter:
This webinar was presented by M. Youssef K, an executive consultant & trainer with several qualifications. He is an accomplished expert with over 10 years’ experience in the field of risk management, project and program management, PRINCE 2, Agile, EVM, business process analysis and design, as well as operational and organizational excellence.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/9fO-JqENL0I
This white paper explains the concepts, legal requirements, strategies, and global framework for the implementation of risk management. It also deals with fraud and reputation risk management and how the negative reputation of an entity may harm the operations and profitability.
This white paper may be useful in performing the advisory role in Risk Management and Risk Governance.
“Today’s fast-paced business environment encounters a complex and ever-changing risk landscape that may negatively impact organizational value. The only way to respond to it is by having a dynamic and holistic perspective of the risk management approach to ensure business continuity.”
– Jack Zahran, President, Pinkerton
Failure deriving from underestimating risk managementPECB
What is risk? Why are organizations concerned with it?
Whether it is driving, taking a shower or just going at the grocery store, everyone exposes themselves to risk. Organizations face internal and external risks that endanger the possibility of achieving their goals and objectives. As the world becomes more unpredictable, the concept of risk has turned into a major concern to professionals of different industries. According to ISO 31000, risk is the effect of uncertainty on objectives. In addition, risk management is the process of identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing risks. The goal of risk management is to manage risks before they affect the organization.
On 4 November 2010, while climbing through 7,000 ft after departing from Changi Airport, Singapore, the Airbus A380 registered VH-OQA, sustained an uncontained engine rotor failure (UERF) of the No. 2 engine, a Rolls-Royce Trent 900. Debris from the UERF impacted the aircraft, resulting in significant structural and systems damage.
Global MRO market study: The civil maintenance, preventive maintenance and alteration (MRO) market contains four distinct segments: heavy airframe, engine, component and line maintenance.
The articles in this Special Report were previously published in Negotiation,
a monthly newsletter for leaders and business professionals in every field.
Negotiation is published by the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, an interdisciplinary consortium that works to connect rigorous research and scholarship on negotiation and dispute resolution with a deep understanding of practice. For more information about the Program on Negotiation, our Executive Training programs, and
the Negotiation newsletter, please visit www.pon.harvard.edu.
All companies conducting business abroad should be concerned about compliance with
the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA or the Act). Companies in certain industries
— like the aerospace and defense industry—due to the heavily regulated nature of the
industry and the level of interaction with foreign governments, are even more vulnerable
to FCPA liability than others.
Embraer foresees a 5% year-over-year Revenue Passenger Kilometer (RPK) growth over the next 20 years which will require 32,800 new aircraft deliveries representing a total market value of US$ 3,6 trillion.
In an effort to be more competitive, aerospace companies have to embrace a more integrated
and concurrent approach to their operational processes. The aim is to meet the key
requirements of being more cost effective, lean and agile while delivering consistently high
quality performance in their operational practices
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
3. Risk management is an increasingly important
business driver and stakeholders have become
much more concerned about risk. Risk may be a
driver of strategic decisions, it may be a cause of
uncertainty in the organisation or it may simply be
embedded in the activities of the organisation. An
enterprise-wide approach to risk management
enables an organisation to consider the potential
impact of all types of risks on all processes,
activities, stakeholders, products and services.
Implementing a comprehensive approach will
result in an organisation benefiting from what is
often referred to as the ‘upside of risk’.
The global financial crisis in 2008 demonstrated
the importance of adequate risk management.
Since that time, new risk management standards
have been published, including the international
standard, ISO 31000 ‘Risk management –
Principles and guidelines’. This guide draws
together these developments to provide a
structured approach to implementing enterprise
risk management (ERM).
Intended benefits of risk management
For all types of organisations, there is a need to
understand the risks being taken when seeking to
achieve objectives and attain the desired level of
reward. Organisations need to understand the
overall level of risk embedded within their
processes and activities. It is important for
organisations to recognise and prioritise significant
risks and identify the weakest critical controls.
When setting out to improve risk management
performance, the expected benefits of the risk
management initiative should be established in
advance. The outputs from successful risk
management include compliance, assurance and
enhanced decision-making. These outputs will
provide benefits by way of improvements in the
efficiency of operations, effectiveness of tactics
(change projects) and the efficacy of the strategy
of the organisation.
Purpose of this guide
A successful enterprise risk management (ERM)
initiative can affect the likelihood and
consequences of risks materialising, as well as
deliver benefits related to better informed strategic
decisions, successful delivery of change and
increased operational efficiency. Other benefits
include reduced cost of capital, more accurate
financial reporting, competitive advantage,
improved perception of the organisation, better
marketplace presence and, in the case of public
service organisations, enhanced political and
community support.
This guide provides a brief commentary on ISO
31000 as well as setting out advice on the
implementation of an ERM initiative. The purpose
of the guide is to:
G describe the principles and processes of
risk management
G provide a brief overview of the
requirements of ISO 31000
G give practical guidance on designing a
suitable framework
G give practical advice on implementing
enterprise risk management
2 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
Executive summary
4. This guide is the result of work by a team drawn
from the main risk management organisations in
the UK – the Association of Insurance and Risk
Managers (AIRMIC), the public sector risk
management association (Alarm) and the Institute
of Risk Management (IRM). The guide is intended
to be applicable to all types of organisations.
Throughout the guide, the word Board is used to
signify the decision-making body within an
organisation. In the public sector, this body may
be referred to as the Council, Executive or
Authority.
There are many opinions regarding what risk
management involves, how it should be
implemented and what it can achieve.
International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)
standard 31000 was published in 2009 and seeks
to answer these questions. This guide includes a
brief commentary on ISO 31000, as well as
providing further information on the successful
implementation of risk management. Importantly,
this guide recognises that risk has both an upside
and downside.
Risk management principles
Risk management is a process that is under-
pinned by a set of principles. Also, it needs to be
supported by a structure that is appropriate to the
organisation and its external environment or
context. A successful risk management initiative
should be proportionate to the level of risk in the
organisation (as related to the size, nature and
complexity of the organisation), aligned with other
corporate activities, comprehensive in its scope,
embedded into routine activities and dynamic by
being responsive to changing circumstances.
This approach will enable a risk management
initiative to deliver outputs, including compliance
with applicable governance requirements,
assurance to stakeholders regarding the
management of risk and improved decision-
making. The impact or benefits associated with
these outputs include more efficient operations,
effective tactics and efficacious strategy. These
benefits need to be measurable and sustainable.
Appendix A provides a checklist of actions that
should be completed in order to fully satisfy risk
management requirements.
COSO ERM framework and ISO 31000
The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of
the Treadway Commission (COSO) published an
Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) standard in
2004. The COSO ERM cube is well known to risk
management practitioners and it provides a
framework for undertaking ERM. It has gained
considerable influence because it is linked to the
Sarbanes-Oxley requirements for companies listed
in the United States. ISO 31000 was published in
2009 as an internationally agreed standard for the
implementation of risk management principles.
This guide provides a structured approach to
implementing risk management on an enterprise-
wide basis that is compatible with both COSO
ERM and ISO 31000. However, the guide places
more emphasis on ISO 31000 because it is an
international standard and many organisations
have international operations. At the same time as
publishing ISO 31000, ISO also produced Guide
73 ‘Risk management – Vocabulary – Guidelines
for use in standards’.
Acknowledgements
Permission to reproduce extracts from ISO 31000
‘Risk management – Code of practice’ is granted
by the BSI. British Standards can be obtained in
PDF or hard copy formats from the BSI online
shop: www.bsigroup.com/shop or by contacting
BSI Customer Services for hardcopies only: Tel:
+44 (0)20 8996 9001, e-mail:
cservices@bsigroup.com
Figure 1, Figure 4, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4 are
reproduced with kind permission of Kogan Page
Limited from “Fundamentals of Risk Management”
(2010) ISBN 978 0 7494 5942 0
www.koganpage.com
3 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
Introduction
5. Part 1 provides an overview of risk and risk
management with particular reference to ISO
31000. The terminology used to describe the
steps in the risk management process is not
consistent and this part reflects on these
difficulties. A summary of the risk management
requirements that should be in place in order to
ensure good standards of risk governance are
presented by way of a checklist in Appendix A.
1. Nature and impact of risk
Risks can impact an organisation in the short,
medium and long term. These risks are related to
operations, tactics and strategy, respectively.
Strategy sets out the long-term aims of the
organisation, and the strategic planning horizon
for an organisation will typically be 3, 5 or more
years. Tactics define how an organisation intends
to achieve change. Therefore, tactical risks are
typically associated with projects, mergers,
acquisitions and product developments.
Operations are the routine activities of the
organisation.
Definition of risk
There are many definitions of risk and risk
management. The definition set out in ISO Guide
73 is that risk is the “effect of uncertainty on
objectives”. In order to assist with the application
of this definition, Guide 73 also states that an
effect may be positive, negative or a deviation
from the expected, and that risk is often described
by an event, a change in circumstances or a
consequence.
This definition links risks to objectives. Therefore,
this definition of risk can most easily be applied
when the objectives of the organisation are
comprehensive and fully stated. Even when fully
stated, the objectives themselves need to be
challenged and the assumptions on which they
are based should be tested, as part of the risk
management process.
4 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
Part 1: Risk, risk management and ISO 31000
For example, consider the infrastructure of an organisation and the implementation of a new IT
system. The choice of hardware and software are strategic decisions. If these choices are
incorrect, the consequences will not be obvious for some time. The associated risks are strategic
risks and these risks will be taken with the intention of achieving benefits. Correct strategic
decisions deliver benefits that result in achievement of the upside of risk.
The project to install the new hardware and software will be a change initiative that represents the
tactics by which strategy will be implemented. Risks within the project need to be managed, so
that the project is delivered on time, within budget and to specification. Again, it is possible to
achieve an upside in the execution of the project, whereby the project is delivered early and below
budget. It is also possible that the IT hardware and software will deliver greater benefits than
anticipated.
Once the new hardware and software has been installed, the system will be vulnerable to
operational risks, including computer breakdown, loss of data, virus attacks and operator errors.
These operational risks may be very significant, and correct procedures will need to be designed
and implemented to minimise potential disruption.
6. 5 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
1 Name or title of risk G Unique identifier or risk index
2 Scope of risk G Scope of risk and details of possible events, including description of
the events, their size, type and number
3 Nature of risk G Classification of risk, timescale of potential impact and description
as hazard, opportunity or uncertainty
4 Stakeholders G Stakeholders, both internal and external, and their expectations
5 Risk evaluation G Likelihood and magnitude of event and possible impact or
consequences should the risk materialise at current level
6 Loss experience G Previous incidents and prior loss experience of events related to the
risk
7 Risk tolerance, appetite G Loss potential and anticipated financial impact of the risk
or attitude G Target for control of risk and desired level of performance
G Risk attitude, appetite, tolerance or limits for the risk
8 Risk response, treatment G Existing control mechanisms and activities
and controls G Level of confidence in existing controls
G Procedures for monitoring and review of risk performance
9 Potential for risk improvement G Potential for cost-effective risk improvement or modification
G Recommendations and deadlines for implementation
G Responsibility for implementing any improvements
10 Strategy and policy G Responsibility for developing strategy related to the risk
developments G Responsibility for auditing compliance with controls
Table 1: Detailed risk description
Recording risk assessments
Risk assessment involves the identification of risks
followed by their evaluation or ranking. It is
important to have a template for recording
appropriate information about each risk. Table 1
shows the range of information that may need to
be recorded. The objective of a template is to
enable the information to be recorded in a table,
risk register, spreadsheet or a computer-based
system. Although a simple description of a risk is
sometimes sufficient, there are circumstances
where a detailed risk description may be required
in order to facilitate a comprehensive risk
assessment process.
The consequences of a risk materialising may be
negative (hazard risks), positive (opportunity risks)
or may result in greater uncertainty. Organisations
need to establish appropriate definitions for the
different levels of likelihood and consequences
associated with these different risks. Risk ranking
can be quantitative, semi-quantitative or qualitative
in terms of the likelihood of occurrence and the
possible consequences or impact.
Organisations will need to define their own
measures of likelihood of occurrence and
consequences.
For example, many organisations find that
assessing likelihood and consequences as high,
medium or low, with the results presented on a 3 x
3 risk matrix is adequate. Other organisations find
that more options are necessary and a 4 x 4 or 5 x
5 risk matrix is required. By considering the
likelihood and consequences of each risk, it will be
possible to prioritise or rank the key risks for
further analysis.
Risk classification systems
An important part of analysing a risk is to
determine the nature, source or type of impact of
the risk. Evaluation of risks in this way may be
enhanced by the use of a risk classification
system. Risk classification systems are important
because they enable an organisation to identify
accumulations of similar risks. A risk classification
system will also enable an organisation to identify
which strategies, tactics and operations are most
vulnerable.
Risk classification systems are usually based on
the division of risks into those related to financial
control, operational efficiency, reputational
exposure and commercial activities. However,
there is no risk classification system that is
universally applicable to all types of organisations.
7. 6 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
This may be especially true for organisations
operating in the public sector and those involved in
the delivery of services to the public.
There are many risk classification systems
available and the one selected will depend on the
size, nature and complexity of the organisation.
ISO 31000 does not recommend a specific risk
classification system and each organisation will
need to develop the system most appropriate to
the range of risks that it faces.
2: Principles of risk management
Risk management is a central part of the strategic
management of any organisation. It is the process
whereby organisations methodically address the
risks attached to their activities. A successful risk
management initiative should be proportionate to
the level of risk in the organisation, aligned with
other corporate activities, comprehensive in its
scope, embedded into routine activities and
dynamic by being responsive to changing
circumstances.
The focus of risk management is the assessment
of significant risks and the implementation of
suitable risk responses. The objective is to achieve
maximum sustainable value from all the activities
of the organisation. Risk management enhances
the understanding of the potential upside and
downside of the factors that can affect an
organisation. It increases the probability of
success and reduces both the probability of failure
and the level of uncertainty associated with
achieving the objectives of the organisation.
Context for risk management
Risk management should be a continuous
process that supports the development and
implementation of the strategy of an organisation.
It should methodically address all the risks
associated with all of the activities of the
organisation. In all types of undertaking, there is
the potential for events that constitute
opportunities for benefit (upside), threats to
success (downside) or an increased degree of
uncertainty.
It is often argued that, for health and safety risks,
the consequences can only be negative and the
management of safety risk should focus on
prevention and mitigation of harm. However, for
outsourced service providers, setting good
standards of health and safety may be part of
winning contracts and this demonstrates that
there is an upside to safety risk management.
Risk aware culture
Risk management must be integrated into the
culture of the organisation and this will include
mandate, leadership and commitment from the
Board. It must translate risk strategy into tactical
and operational objectives, and assign risk
management responsibilities throughout the
organisation. It should support accountability,
performance measurement and reward, thus
promoting operational efficiency at all levels.
Achieving a good risk aware culture is ensured by
establishing an appropriate risk architecture,
strategy and protocols.
In order to successfully implement, support and
sustain the risk management process, a structure
is required. ISO 31000 refers to this structure as
the risk management context.
Figure 1 illustrates a suitable structure in terms of
the risk architecture, strategy and protocols, and
briefly describes the key features of each element.
This structure is designed to give context to risk
management activities and support the risk
management process.
Risk management process
The risk management process can be presented
as a list of co-ordinated activities. There are
alternative descriptions of this process, but the
components listed below are usually present. This
list represents the 7Rs and 4Ts of (hazard) risk
management:
G recognition or identification of risks
G ranking or evaluation of risks
G responding to significant risks
N tolerate
N treat
N transfer
N terminate
G resourcing controls
G reaction planning
G reporting and monitoring risk performance
G reviewing the risk management
framework
8. Figure 1: Risk architecture, strategy and protocols
7 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
Recognition and ranking of risks together form the
risk assessment activity. ISO 31000 uses the
phrase ‘risk treatment’ to include all of the 4Ts
included under the heading ‘risk response’. The
scope of risk responses available for hazard risks
includes the options of tolerate, treat, transfer
or terminate the risk or the activity that gives rise to
the risk. For many risks, these responses may
be applied in combination. For opportunity risks,
the range of available options includes exploiting
the risk. Reaction planning includes business
continuity planning and disaster recovery planning.
3: Review of ISO 31000
ISO 31000 describes the components of a risk
management implementation framework. Figure 2
provides a simplified version of this implementation
framework. It includes the essential steps in the
implementation and ongoing support of the risk
management process. The initial component of
the ISO 31000 framework is ‘mandate and
commitment’ by the Board and this is followed by:
G design of framework
G implement risk management
G monitor and review framework
G improve framework
Framework for managing risk
ISO 31000 describes a framework for
implementing risk management, rather than a
framework for supporting the risk management
process. Information on designing the framework
that supports the risk management process is not
set out in detail in ISO 31000. An organisation will
describe its framework for supporting risk
management by way of the risk architecture,
strategy and protocols for the organisation.
The risk architecture, strategy and protocols
shown in Figure 1 represent the internal
arrangements for communicating on risk issues.
It also sets out the roles and responsibilities of the
individuals and committees that support the risk
management process. The risk strategy should set
out the objectives that risk management activities
in the organisation are seeking to achieve. Finally,
the risk protocols describe the procedures by
which the strategy will be implemented and risks
managed.
4: Achieving the benefits of ERM
Figure 3 provides a simplified version of the risk
management process from ISO 31000 using the
terminology of Guide 73. The key stages in the
process are represented as risk assessment and
risk treatment. Figure 3 also indicates that the risk
management process takes place within the risk
management context of the organisation.
Risk architecture
G Risk architecture specifies the
roles, responsibilities,
communication and risk reporting
structure
Risk strategy
G Risk strategy, appetite, attitudes
and philosophy are defined in the
Risk Management Policy
Risk protocols
G Risk protocols are presented in the form of the risk guidelines for the
organisation and include the rules and procedures, as well as specifying the
risk management methodologies, tools and techniques that should be used
Risk management process
9. Figure 2: Framework for managing risk (based on ISO 31000)
8 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
Mandate and commitment
Design of framework
G Organisation and its context
G Risk management policy
G Embedding risk management
Implement risk
management
G
Implement framework
G
Implement RM process
Improve framework
Monitor and review framework
Risk assessment
Risk identification establishes the exposure of the
organisation to risk and uncertainty. This requires
an intimate knowledge of the organisation, the
market in which it operates, the legal, social,
political and cultural environment in which it exists,
as well as an understanding of strategic and
operational objectives. This will include knowledge
of the factors critical to success and the threats
and opportunities related to the achievement of
objectives. It should be approached in a
methodical way to ensure that all value-adding
activities within the organisation have been
evaluated and all the risks flowing from these
activities defined.
The result of the risk analysis can be used to
produce a risk profile that gives a rating of
significance to each risk and provides a tool for
prioritising risk treatment efforts. This ranks the
relative importance of each identified risk. This
process allows the risks to be mapped to the
business area affected, describes the primary
control mechanisms in place and indicates where
the level of investment in controls might be
increased, decreased or reapportioned.
The risk analysis activity assists the effective and
efficient operation of the organisation by identifying
those risks that require attention by management.
This will facilitate the ability to prioritise risk control
actions in terms of their potential to benefit the
organisation. The range of available risk response
treatments include tolerate, treat, transfer and
terminate. An organisation may decide that there
is also a need to improve the control environment.
Risk treatment
Risk treatment is presented in ISO 31000 as the
activity of selecting and implementing appropriate
control measures to modify the risk. Risk
treatment includes as its major element, risk
control (or mitigation), but extends further to, for
example, risk avoidance, risk transfer and risk
financing. Any system of risk treatment should
provide efficient and effective internal controls.
Effectiveness of internal control is the degree to
which the risk will either be eliminated or reduced
by the proposed control measures. The cost-
effectiveness of internal control relates to the cost
of implementing the control compared to the risk
reduction benefits achieved.
Compliance with laws and regulations is not an
option. An organisation must understand the
applicable laws and must implement a system of
controls that achieves compliance. One method of
obtaining financial protection against the impact of
risks is through risk financing, including insurance.
However, it should be recognised that some
losses or elements of a loss may be uninsurable,
such as uninsured costs and damage to employee
morale and the reputation of the organisation.
10. 9 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
Figure 3: Risk management process (based on ISO 31000)
Risk identification
Risk treatment
Risk evaluation
Risk analysis
Establish context
Communicationandconsultation
Monitoringandreview
Risk assessment
Feedback mechanisms
ISO 31000 recognises the importance of feedback
by way of two mechanisms. These are monitoring
and review of performance and communication
and consultation. Monitoring and review ensures
that the organisation monitors risk performance
and learns from experience. Communication and
consultation is presented in ISO 31000 as part of
the risk management process, but it may also be
considered to be part of the supporting
framework.
Reporting and disclosure are only very briefly
mentioned in ISO 31000 and they are not included
in the process shown in Figure 3. Also, the
monitoring and review feedback activities set out
in ISO 31000 do not explicitly mention the tasks of
monitoring risk performance and reviewing the risk
management framework.
11. Part 2 provides an overview of the steps involved in
the implementation of an enterprise risk
management (ERM) initiative. The terminology used
in this part is based on the 7Rs and 4Ts of (hazard)
risk management. A brief description of the steps
involved in the implementation of an ERM initiative
is provided in Appendix B.
5: Planning and designing
There are a number of factors that should be
considered when designing and planning an ERM
initiative. Details of the risk architecture, strategy
and protocols should be recorded in a risk
management policy for the organisation. Table 2
provides information on the contents of a typical
risk management policy.
Board mandate and commitment
Many organisations issue an updated version of
their risk management policy each year. This
ensures that the overall risk management approach
is in line with current best practice.
It also gives the organisation the opportunity to
focus on the intended benefits for the coming year,
identify the risk priorities and ensure that
appropriate attention is paid to emerging risks. The
policy should also describe the risk architecture of
the organisation. Figure 4 illustrates a typical risk
architecture of a large listed company.
Mandate and commitment from the Board is
critically important and it needs to be continuous
and high-profile. Unless this mandate and
commitment are forthcoming, the risk management
initiative will be unsuccessful. Keeping the risk
management policy up to date demonstrates that
risk management is a dynamic activity fully
supported by the Board.
10 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
Table 2: Contents of risk management policy
A risk management policy should include the following sections:
G Risk management and internal control objectives (governance)
G Statement of the attitude of the organisation to risk (risk strategy)
G Description of the risk aware culture or control environment
G Level and nature of risk that is acceptable (risk appetite)
G Risk management organisation and arrangements (risk architecture)
G Details of procedures for risk recognition and ranking (risk assessment)
G List of documentation for analysing and reporting risk (risk protocols)
G Risk mitigation requirements and control mechanisms (risk response)
G Allocation of risk management roles and responsibilities
G Risk management training topics and priorities
G Criteria for monitoring and benchmarking of risks
G Allocation of appropriate resources to risk management
G Risk activities and risk priorities for the coming year
Part 2: Enterprise risk management
12. Scope of the initiative
In order to be successful, the ERM initiative needs to
be comprehensive. However, introducing enhanced
standards of risk management is a progressive
process that cannot be achieved instantaneously.
Therefore, it is necessary for an organisation to decide
the scope of the ERM initiative, as it develops. The
scope of the initiative will be defined by the range of
benefits the organisation is seeking to achieve and this
will be influenced by the expectations of the various
stakeholders in the organisation.
11 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
Direct and monitor
Reports for evaluation
Figure 4: Risk architecture of a large PLC
The Board
G Overall responsibility for risk
management
G Ensure risk management is
embedded into all processes and
activities
G Review group risk profile
Audit Committee
G Receive routine reports from GRMC
G Set annual audit programme and priorities
G Monitor progress with audit recommendations
G Provide risk assurance to the Board
G Oversee RM structures and processes
Disclosures Committee
G Review and evaluate disclosure
controls and procedures
G Consider materiality of information
disclosed to external parties
Group Risk Management Committee (GRMC)
G Formulate strategy and policy based on risk appetite,
risk attitudes and risk exposures
G Receive reports from business units, review risk
management activities and compile the group risk
register
G Receive reports from business units and make reports
and recommendations to the Board
G Track RM activity in the business units and keep the risk
management context under review
Business units
G Produce specific policy statements, as necessary
G Prepare and update the business unit risk register
G Set risk priorities for business unit
G Monitor projects and risk improvements
G Prepare reports for GRMC
G Manage control risk self-certification activities
13. 12 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
Table 3: Risk management responsibilities
1. RM responsibilities for the CEO / Board:
G Determine strategic approach to risk and set risk appetite
G Establish the structure for risk management
G Understand the most significant risks
G Manage the organisation in a crisis
2. RM responsibilities for the business unit manager:
G Build risk aware culture within the unit
G Agree risk management performance targets
G Ensure implementation of risk improvement recommendations
G Identify and report changed circumstances / risks
3. RM responsibilities for individual employees:
G Understand, accept and implement RM processes
G Report inefficient, unnecessary or unworkable controls
G Report loss events and near miss incidents
G Co-operate with management on incident investigations
4. RM responsibilities for the risk manager:
G Develop the risk management policy and keep it up to date
G Document the internal risk policies and structures
G Co-ordinate the risk management (and internal control) activities
G Compile risk information and prepare reports for the Board
5. RM responsibilities for specialist risk management functions:
G Assist the company in establishing specialist risk policies
G Develop specialist contingency and recovery plans
G Keep up to date with developments in the specialist area
G Support investigations of incidents and near misses
6. RM responsibilities for internal audit manager:
G Develop a risk-based internal audit programme
G Audit the risk processes across the organisation
G Receive and provide assurance on the management of risk
G Report on the efficiency and effectiveness of internal controls
Risk management framework
Depending on the nature of the organisation, the risk
management function may range from a part-time risk
manager, to a single risk champion, to a full-scale risk
management department. The role of the internal audit
function will also differ from one organisation to
another. In determining the most appropriate role for
internal audit, the organisation needs to ensure that the
independence and objectivity of internal audit are not
compromised.
The range of risk management responsibilities that
need to be allocated in the policy will be broad and
extensive. Table 3 sets out examples of the risk
management responsibilities that may be allocated in a
typical large organisation. The Board has responsibility
for determining the strategic direction of the
organisation and creating the context for risk
management. There need to be arrangements in place
to achieve continuous improvement in performance
and this responsibility is likely to be allocated to the risk
manager.
14. 6: Implementing and benchmarking
Risk assessment is a fundamentally important part
of the risk management process. In order to
achieve a comprehensive risk management
approach, an organisation needs to undertake
suitable and sufficient risk assessments. A range
of the most common risk assessment techniques
is set out in Table 4.
Establish risk assessment procedures
Risk assessment will be required as part of the
decision-making processes intended to exploit
business opportunities. One way of ensuring that
risk is part of business decision-making is to
ensure that a risk assessment is attached to all
strategy papers presented to the Board. Likewise,
risk assessment of all proposed projects should
be undertaken and further risk assessments
should be undertaken throughout the project.
Finally, risk assessments are also required in
relation to routine operations.
Other considerations relevant to undertaking risk
assessments include decisions on how the risk
assessments will be recorded. It is at this stage
that an organisation will decide the level of detail
that will be recorded about each risk in the risk
description. Another important part of the risk
assessment procedures will be the identification of
the risk classification system to be used by the
organisation.
Undertake risk assessments
An organisation should develop benchmarks to
determine the significance (or materiality) of the
identified risks. The nature of these benchmark
tests will depend on the type of risk. For financial
risks, a sum of money can be used as the
benchmark test of significance. For risks that can
cause disruption to operations, the length of
disruption may be a suitable test. Reputational
risks can be benchmarked in terms of the profile
that the report of the event would receive, the
likely impact of the event on share price, or the
impact on the political and financial support
received from key stakeholders.
13 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
Table 4: Risk assessment techniques
Technique Brief description
G Questionnaires and checklists Use of structured questionnaires and checklists to collect
information to assist with the recognition of the significant risks
G Workshops and brainstorming Collection and sharing of ideas and discussion of the events that
could impact the objectives, stakeholder expectations or key
dependencies
G Inspections and audits Physical inspections of premises and activities and audits of
compliance with established systems and procedures
G Flowcharts and dependency Analysis of processes and operations within the
analysis organisation to identify critical components that are key to
success
G HAZOP and FMEA approaches Hazard and Operability studies and Failure Modes Effects
Analysis are quantitative technical failure analysis techniques
G SWOT and PESTLE analyses Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats (SWOT) and
Political Economic Social Technological Legal Environmental
(PESTLE) analyses offer structured approaches to risk recognition
15. 14 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
Figure 5: Drivers of risk management
FINANCIAL RISKS
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
INTEREST RATES
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
FUNDS AND CREDIT
INTERNAL CONTROL
FRAUD
HISTORICAL LIABILITIES
INVESTMENTS
CAPEX DECISIONS
LIQUIDITY AND CASHFLOW
RECRUITMENT
PEOPLE SKILLS
HEALTH AND SAFETY
PREMISES
IT SYSTEMS
M&A ACTIVITY
R&D ACTIVITIES
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
CONTRACTS
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS
COMPETITION
CUSTOMER DEMAND
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
MARKETPLACE RISKS
PRODUCT RECALL
CSR
PUBLIC PERCEPTION
REGULATOR ENFORCEMENT
COMPETITOR BEHAVIOUR
REPUTATIONAL RISKS
BRAND EXTENSIONS
BOARD COMPOSITION
CONTROL ENVIRONMENT
Having identified suitable risk assessment
procedures and decided the benchmark test of
significance for different classes of risks, it will then
be possible to identify the appetite or attitude to
that type of risk, together with the capacity of the
organisation to withstand that risk. Finally, the
organisation can determine the overall exposure to
the particular type of risk under consideration.
Internal and external factors can give rise to risks.
Figure 5 is based on the FIRM Risk Scorecard risk
classification system and it provides examples of
internal and external key risk drivers. Some risk
classification systems have strategic risk as a
separate category. However, the FIRM Risk
Scorecard approach suggests that strategic (as
well as tactical and operational) risks should be
identified under all four headings.
INFRASTRUCTURE RISKS
COMMUNICATIONS
TRANSPORT LINKS
SUPPLY CHAIN
TERRORISM
NATURAL DISASTERS
PANDEMIC
16. Risk appetite and tolerances
It is important that the Board sets rules for risk-
taking in respect of all types of risk, and some
organisations have produced a risk appetite
statement that is applicable to all classes of risk. It
is fairly easy for an organisation to confirm that it
has no appetite for causing injury and ill health. In
practice, however, this may need to be developed
into a set of targets for health and safety
performance. There is a danger that risk appetite
statements fail to be dynamic, and they can
constrain behaviour and rapid response.
At Board level, risk appetite is a driver of strategic
risk decisions. At executive level, risk appetite
translates into a set of procedures to ensure that
risk receives adequate attention when making
tactical decisions. At operational level, risk appetite
dictates operational constraints for routine
activities. Despite its importance, it is surprising
that the concept of risk appetite is not mentioned
in ISO 31000, although it is included in most other
risk management standards and stock exchange
listing requirements.
7. Measuring and monitoring
It is frequently the case that risk assessments are
recorded in a risk register. There is no standard
format for a risk register and the organisation
should establish a suitable format for this important
document. The risk register should not become a
static record of the significant risks faced by the
organisation. It should be viewed as a risk action
plan that includes details of the current controls
and details of any further actions that are planned.
These further actions should be written as
auditable actions that must be completed within a
defined timescale by identified individuals. This will
enable the internal audit function to monitor the
existing controls and monitor the implementation of
any necessary additional controls. The resources
required to implement the risk management policy
should be clearly established at each level of
management and within each business unit. Risk
management should be embedded within the
strategic planning and budget processes.
As well as monitoring the effectiveness of the
existing controls and the implementation of
additional controls, the cost-effectiveness of the
existing controls should also be monitored.
Additionally, monitoring and measuring includes
evaluation of the risk aware culture and the risk
management framework, and assessment of the
extent to which risk management tasks are aligned
with other corporate activities.
Evaluate existing controls
Monitoring and measuring extends to the
evaluation of culture, performance and
preparedness of the organisation. The scope of
activities covered by monitoring and measuring
also includes monitoring of risk improvement
recommendations and evaluation of the
embedding of risk management activities in the
organisation, as well as routine monitoring of risk
performance indicators.
Monitoring the preparedness of the organisation to
cope with major disruption is an important part of
risk management. This activity normally extends to
the development and testing of business continuity
plans and disaster recovery plans. There is an
overriding need to keep these plans up to date so
that the preparedness of the organisation to cope
with the identified risk events is assured.
Evaluation of the existing controls will lead to the
identification of risk improvement
recommendations. These recommendations
should be recorded in the risk register by way of a
risk action plan. An important part of evaluating the
effectiveness of existing controls is to ensure that
there is adequate evaluation of the business
continuity planning and disaster recovery planning
arrangements in place.
Embed risk aware culture
Changes in the organisation and the environment
in which it operates must be identified and
appropriate modifications made to protocols.
Monitoring activities should provide assurance that
there are appropriate controls in place and that the
procedures are understood and followed. Changes
within the organisation and the external business
environment must be identified, so that existing
procedures can be modified.
15 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
17. Any monitoring and measuring process should also
determine whether:
G the measures adopted achieved the
intended result
G the procedures adopted were efficient
G sufficient information was available for the
risk assessments
G improved knowledge would have helped
to reach better decisions
G lessons can be learned for future
assessments and controls
Embedding risk management involves an
environment that can demonstrate leadership from
senior management, involvement of staff at all
levels, a culture of learning from experience,
appropriate accountability for actions (without
developing an automatic blame culture) and good
communication on risk issues.
8. Learning and reporting
Completing the feedback loop on the risk
management process involves the important steps
of learning from experience and reporting on
performance. In order to learn from experience, an
organisation needs to review risk performance
indicators and measure the contribution that
enterprise risk management has made to the
success of the organisation.
The reasons for undertaking the risk management
initiative should have been clearly established. If
this has not been done, the organisation will be
unable to evaluate whether the contribution was in
line with expectations. Monitoring of risk
performance indicators should include an
evaluation of the contribution being made by risk
management, as well as an evaluation of the
appropriateness of the control mechanisms that
have been selected.
Monitor risk performance
Learning the lessons from risk management also
requires investigation of the opinions of key
stakeholders both internally and externally. In
particular, the opinion of internal audit and
evaluation of risk management activities at audit
committee will be vitally important. Learning from
experience requires more than evaluation of the
risk performance indicators.
An annual review of the risk management
framework will be necessary, including evaluation
of the risk architecture, strategy and protocols. It is
important that the organisation has a risk-based
audit plan and undertakes appropriate risk reviews.
Other features of learning from experience include
evaluation of audit reports and an assessment of
the sources of risk assurance available to the
Board and the audit committee. An evaluation of
the level of assurance that has been obtained is
also necessary. Often, a major source of risk
assurance for the Board will be self-certification,
such as a Control Risk Self Assessment process
that provides assurance regarding risk
management, risk reporting and disclosure, as well
as information about learning from incidents.
Report risk performance
In addition to internal communication and
reporting, there will be an obligation on
organisations to report externally. Increasingly,
these external reports are produced in response to
mandatory requirements related to risk
management and internal control, such as Turnbull
and Sarbanes-Oxley. External risk reporting is
designed to provide external stakeholders with
assurance that risks have been adequately
managed.
External reporting should provide useful information
to stakeholders on the status of risk management
and the actions that are being taken to ensure
continuous improvement in performance. A
company needs to report to its stakeholders on a
regular basis, setting out its risk management
policies and the effectiveness in achieving its
objectives. Increasingly, stakeholders look to
organisations to provide evidence of appropriate
corporate behaviour in such areas as community
affairs, human rights, employment practices, health
and safety, and the environment.
Risk reporting provides information on historical
losses and trends. However, risk disclosure is a more
forward-looking activity that anticipates emerging
risks. There is a clear difference between measuring
and monitoring risk performance and undertaking
steps to learn from experience to improve the risk
management process and framework. Important
lessons can be learned that will assist with improving
the design of the support framework and the
implementation framework.
16 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
18. Risk architecture
G Statement produced that sets out risk responsibilities and lists the risk-based matters reserved for the
Board
G Risk management responsibilities allocated to an appropriate management committee
G Arrangements are in place to ensure the availability of appropriate competent advice on risks and
controls
G Risk aware culture exists within the organisation and actions are in hand to enhance the level of risk
maturity
G Sources of risk assurance for the Board have been identified and validated
Risk strategy
G Risk management policy produced that describes risk appetite, risk culture and philosophy
G Key dependencies for success identified, together with the matters that should be avoided
G Business objectives validated and the assumptions underpinning those objectives tested
G Significant risks faced by the organisation identified, together with the critical controls required
G Risk management action plan established that includes the use of key risk indicators, as appropriate
G Necessary resources identified and provided to support the risk management activities
Risk protocols
G Appropriate risk management framework identified and adopted, with modifications as appropriate
G Suitable and sufficient risk assessments completed and the results recorded in an appropriate manner
G Procedures to include risk as part of business decision-making established and implemented
G Details of required risk responses recorded, together with arrangements to track risk improvement
recommendations
G Incident reporting procedures established to facilitate identification of risk trends, together with risk
escalation procedures
G Business continuity plans and disaster recovery plans established and regularly tested
G Arrangements in place to audit the efficiency and effectiveness of the controls in place for significant
risks
G Arrangements in place for mandatory reporting on risk, including reports on at least the following:
N Risk appetite, tolerance and constraints
N Risk architecture and risk escalation procedures
N Risk aware culture currently in place
N Risk assessment arrangements and protocols
N Significant risks and key risk indicators
N Critical controls and control weaknesses
N Sources of assurance available to the Board
17 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
Appendix A: Risk management checklist
19. Activity Concepts / Tools and techniques
Planning and designing (see Section 5)
1. Identify intended benefits of the enterprise risk management G Benefits of ERM
initiative and gain Board mandate G Embedding risk management
2. Plan the scope of the ERM initiative and develop common G Upside of risk
language of risk G Stakeholder expectations
3. Establish the risk management strategy, framework, and G Risk management policy
the roles and responsibilities G Risk architecture
Implementing and benchmarking (see Section 6)
4. Adopt suitable risk assessment procedures and an agreed G Risk description
risk classification system G Risk classification systems
5. Establish risk significance benchmarks and undertake G Risk assessment techniques
risk assessments G Benchmark tests of significance
6. Determine risk appetite and risk tolerance levels, and G Risk register
evaluate the existing controls G Risk appetite
Measuring and monitoring (see Section 7)
7. Ensure cost-effectiveness of existing controls and introduce G Risk improvement plans
improvements G BCP and DRP
8. Embed risk aware culture and align risk management with G Control environment
other management tasks G Risk communications
Learning and reporting (see Section 8)
9. Monitor and review risk performance indicators to measure G Audit plan and risk reviews
ERM contribution G Sources of risk assurance
10. Report risk performance in line with legal and other G Risk reporting
obligations, and monitor improvement G Legal requirements
18 A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management
The table below provides an overview of the steps
involved in the implementation of an enterprise risk
management (ERM) initiative. Successful
implementation of an ERM initiative is an ongoing
process that involves working through the 10 steps
set out below on a continuous basis. The 10 steps
are divided between:
G Planning and designing
G Implementing and benchmarking
G Measuring and monitoring
G Learning and reporting
Appendix B: Implementation summary
20. The Association of
Insurance and Risk Managers
Telephone 020 7480 7610
6 Lloyd’s Avenue,
London EC3N 3AX
Facsimile 020 7702 3752
Email enquiries@airmic.co.uk
www.airmic.com
This document is available for download free of charge from the websites of the above organisations.
The Institute of Risk Management
Telephone 020 7709 9808
6 Lloyd’s Avenue,
London EC3N 3AX
Facsimile 020 7709 0716
Email enquiries@theirm.org
www.theirm.org
Ashton House
Weston
Sidmouth
Devon EX10 0PF
Facsimile 0333 4560007
Email admin@Alarm-uk.org
www.Alarm-uk.org
The Public Risk Management Association
Telephone 0333 1230007