Slides on Risk Based Approach to Auditing Financial Statements suitable for students preparing for the Auditing Exam either for the university course or for professional body
Understanding and Managing Risks in Management Systems AuditingPECB
The document discusses risks in management systems auditing and risk-based auditing approaches. It defines risk and outlines sources of audit risk such as sampling, time constraints, and independence issues. It also discusses managing risks through establishing procedures for the audit program, identifying and evaluating program risks, and adopting a risk management process of risk assessment, treatment, and monitoring. The overall message is that auditors must take a risk-based approach and apply risk management principles at all stages of the audit process to effectively fulfill audit objectives and manage audit risks.
This document discusses risk-based audit approaches. It defines key risks as those that could impact an organization achieving its objectives if not properly managed. It also defines inherent, control, and detection risks. The document outlines the basic conceptual framework for risk-based audit planning, which involves determining the audit universe, identifying risks, assessing risks, developing risk-based audit plans, and presenting results. It provides examples of risk factors and types of risks that should be considered in audit risk assessment.
The presentation provided an overview of the internal audit department's organization, mission, and 2009/10 audit plan for the audit committee. It discussed the department's responsibilities in providing independent assurance and consulting services. It also outlined the audit approach, including risk-based planning and a rating system for audit reports. Quality assurance processes were reviewed, including onboarding, training, performance reviews, and internal/external reviews. The benefits of internal audit for ensuring adherence to policies and ongoing risk management were also highlighted.
This document provides an overview of operational risk management frameworks and control self-assessment processes. It defines risk management and outlines common risk management frameworks. It then describes a control self-assessment framework that includes setting objectives, assessing risks and controls, analyzing results, and monitoring risks on an ongoing basis. The framework is intended to help managers assess risks and controls in a transparent way and provide regular reporting to senior management.
This document discusses developing a compliance capability for an organization. It outlines principles for taking an end-to-end view of business processes to ensure compliance. Ownership and accountability for compliance must be clear from leadership down. Compliance processes should be integrated into business functions from the start. Automating compliance functions and integrating compliance into transaction lifecycles can help comprehensively control processes. Self-assessments can identify compliance capabilities and gaps to help define a target compliance state.
Final (international standard on auditing 315)Usama Abid
This document outlines the International Standard on Auditing 315 which deals with an auditor's responsibility to identify and assess risks of material misstatement. It defines key terms and sets out requirements for risk assessment procedures, understanding the entity and its internal controls, identifying and assessing risks, and documentation. The standard aims to ensure audits are responsive to clients and reduce audit risk through proper application of its requirements for obtaining an understanding of the client and assessing financial reporting risks.
Internal control is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives relating to operations, reporting, and compliance. It consists of five components: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring activities. The components work together to help ensure reliable financial reporting, effective and efficient operations, and compliance with laws and regulations. Internal control is important for both management and external auditors, and while it cannot provide absolute assurance, it helps reduce risks of failure to achieve goals.
This document provides an overview of challenges that can arise in conducting risk assessment for an audit. It discusses how risks identified may not be properly addressed in the audit response or program. It also provides examples of how low risk areas identified may still have extensive audit procedures. The document outlines the risk assessment planning process, including understanding the entity, its environment, significant transactions, and internal controls. It emphasizes documenting the risk assessment conclusions and tailoring the audit program and procedures based on the risks identified.
Understanding and Managing Risks in Management Systems AuditingPECB
The document discusses risks in management systems auditing and risk-based auditing approaches. It defines risk and outlines sources of audit risk such as sampling, time constraints, and independence issues. It also discusses managing risks through establishing procedures for the audit program, identifying and evaluating program risks, and adopting a risk management process of risk assessment, treatment, and monitoring. The overall message is that auditors must take a risk-based approach and apply risk management principles at all stages of the audit process to effectively fulfill audit objectives and manage audit risks.
This document discusses risk-based audit approaches. It defines key risks as those that could impact an organization achieving its objectives if not properly managed. It also defines inherent, control, and detection risks. The document outlines the basic conceptual framework for risk-based audit planning, which involves determining the audit universe, identifying risks, assessing risks, developing risk-based audit plans, and presenting results. It provides examples of risk factors and types of risks that should be considered in audit risk assessment.
The presentation provided an overview of the internal audit department's organization, mission, and 2009/10 audit plan for the audit committee. It discussed the department's responsibilities in providing independent assurance and consulting services. It also outlined the audit approach, including risk-based planning and a rating system for audit reports. Quality assurance processes were reviewed, including onboarding, training, performance reviews, and internal/external reviews. The benefits of internal audit for ensuring adherence to policies and ongoing risk management were also highlighted.
This document provides an overview of operational risk management frameworks and control self-assessment processes. It defines risk management and outlines common risk management frameworks. It then describes a control self-assessment framework that includes setting objectives, assessing risks and controls, analyzing results, and monitoring risks on an ongoing basis. The framework is intended to help managers assess risks and controls in a transparent way and provide regular reporting to senior management.
This document discusses developing a compliance capability for an organization. It outlines principles for taking an end-to-end view of business processes to ensure compliance. Ownership and accountability for compliance must be clear from leadership down. Compliance processes should be integrated into business functions from the start. Automating compliance functions and integrating compliance into transaction lifecycles can help comprehensively control processes. Self-assessments can identify compliance capabilities and gaps to help define a target compliance state.
Final (international standard on auditing 315)Usama Abid
This document outlines the International Standard on Auditing 315 which deals with an auditor's responsibility to identify and assess risks of material misstatement. It defines key terms and sets out requirements for risk assessment procedures, understanding the entity and its internal controls, identifying and assessing risks, and documentation. The standard aims to ensure audits are responsive to clients and reduce audit risk through proper application of its requirements for obtaining an understanding of the client and assessing financial reporting risks.
Internal control is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives relating to operations, reporting, and compliance. It consists of five components: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring activities. The components work together to help ensure reliable financial reporting, effective and efficient operations, and compliance with laws and regulations. Internal control is important for both management and external auditors, and while it cannot provide absolute assurance, it helps reduce risks of failure to achieve goals.
This document provides an overview of challenges that can arise in conducting risk assessment for an audit. It discusses how risks identified may not be properly addressed in the audit response or program. It also provides examples of how low risk areas identified may still have extensive audit procedures. The document outlines the risk assessment planning process, including understanding the entity, its environment, significant transactions, and internal controls. It emphasizes documenting the risk assessment conclusions and tailoring the audit program and procedures based on the risks identified.
This document provides an overview of challenges that can arise in conducting risk assessment for an audit. It discusses how risks identified may not be properly addressed in the audit response or program. It also provides examples of how low risk areas identified may still have extensive audit procedures performed. The document aims to help audit teams effectively plan their audit around the conclusions of the risk assessment process. It reviews key aspects of risk assessment like identifying significant transaction classes and controls, as well as assessing risks at both the financial statement and assertion levels.
Risk Assessments Best Practice and Practical Approaches WebinarAviva Spectrum™
Risk assessments are the primary component when planning, executing and delivering value in an internal audit. They are the building blocks of your internal audit activities and operational audit program. Sonia Luna CPA, CIA, CEO of Aviva Spectrum and Monica Raffety, CIA
Senior Manager, Financial Controls at Kaiser Permanente will help you to:
Understand risk assessment tools available
Learn how and when to apply risk assessment techniques
Leverage different forms of quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques
Learn when to deviate from risk assessment templates with a memo or scoring
Understand what external auditors, management and the Board need to know when executing a risk assessment.
Understand how risk assessment impact the internal audit activities, from walkthroughs to testing
The IT Auditing Series is a series of 10 2-hour webinars.
The study program consists of 5 modules Basic and 5 modules Advanced spanning a broad range of topics and issues in the IT Auditing field. The emphasis in all webinars is therefore on practical aspects, of Internal Auditing.
The course content is based upon ISACA Framework which has been accepted world-wide as the basis of skills and competencies required for all IT Auditors.
This session covers risk analysis for auditors
This document provides an overview of the continuous risk management program cycle presented by David McCrea of Infosys Limited. It discusses setting the strategy and structure which includes defining goals, objectives, roles and responsibilities. It covers assessing risks such as identifying inherent risks, controls, and assigning risk ratings. It also discusses implementing the risk assessment, updating it, and using tools like heat maps to evaluate inherent, control, and residual risks on an ongoing basis. The overall presentation provides guidance on designing, implementing, checking, correcting and reporting on a continuous risk management program.
The document provides an overview of audit planning and risk assessment according to ISA 300. It defines an audit plan as a list of procedures to gather evidence for an audit opinion. The objectives of adequate planning are to identify potential problems, carry out work efficiently, ensure the right staff and skills, coordinate with other parties, and facilitate supervision and review. Understanding the entity involves its nature, risks, regulations, accounting policies, objectives, strategies, controls, and financial performance. Risks include business risks like strategic, compliance, financial, and operational risks, which can lead to risks of material misstatement. Audit risk is the risk of an inappropriate audit opinion and depends on inherent, control, and detection risk. Detection risk can be reduced through
The document outlines the key steps in conducting an audit:
1. Planning the audit including understanding risks, determining materiality, and developing an audit program.
2. Assessing risks through evaluating inherent risk, internal controls, and determining a combined risk assessment.
3. Performing audit procedures including analytical procedures, tests of details on samples, and obtaining other evidence.
4. Concluding the audit by evaluating results, summarizing findings, and issuing an audit report with an opinion.
Internal Audit Best Practices for Safety, Environment, and Quality AuditsNimonik
Nimonik has seen a wide variety of internal Health, Safety, Environmental and Quality (HSEQ) audit programs. They seem to come in all shapes and sizes! Each company tends to focus on different risks and controls.
Whether your organization conforms to ISO 19011 or another internal audit standard, re-focusing your internal audit program on your risks, controls, and operational reality is a key driver for operational excellence.
On March 14th, John Wolfe shared insights from over 20 years as a hands-on HSE Director and as the Sr. Director of Operations Integrity Audit for a global Oil & Gas company. John outlined the attributes of an outstanding Internal audit program. He showed you how you can build out a program tailored to your operations and add tremendous value to your business.
The document describes the EISA Audit methodology, which takes a continuous improvement approach. It outlines key elements of the EISA Audit including acceptance and continuance, the audit comfort cycle, substantive procedures, other audit procedures, and the audit committee communications plan. The audit comfort cycle involves understanding what management needs comfort on, how they get comfort, if they are entitled to that comfort, and if the auditors can audit that comfort. The methodology is designed to be adaptable to all clients and continuously improve over time with a focus on audit quality.
The document discusses the launch of the IIA Bombay Research Foundation, which aims to conduct surveys and publish research reports on issues facing the internal audit profession. It presents findings from a survey of 30 Chief Audit Executives on how the internal audit function can add value in uncertain economic times. Respondents agreed that focusing on key risks, compliance, engagement and continuous monitoring were important. The document also discusses factors that differentiate effective versus ineffective internal audit functions and new risks that should be addressed, such as costs, fraud, compliance and resilience. It proposes metrics for measuring the impact of internal audit and perspectives on building a world class internal audit function focused on strategic and execution risks.
Risk-based auditing is a style of auditing which focuses upon the analysis and management of risk. ... A traditional audit would focus upon the transactions which would make up financial statements such as the balance sheet. A risk-based approach will seek to identify risks with the greatest potential impact.
The document discusses audit planning and analytical procedures. It covers understanding the client's business and industry, assessing client business risk, and performing preliminary analytical procedures. Analytical procedures involve comparing client data to industry benchmarks and prior periods to identify potential misstatements. They are used in planning, testing phases, and at completion to understand the client and direct attention. The purpose of audit planning is to understand the client's business, assess risks, set materiality, and develop an audit plan.
Tests of Controls in an Audit of Internal Control. The objective of .pdfaquastore223
Tests of Controls in an Audit of Internal Control. The objective of the tests of controls in an audit
of internal control over financial reporting is to obtain evidence about the effectiveness of
controls to support the auditor\'s opinion on the company\'s internal control over financial
reporting. The auditor\'s opinion relates to the effectiveness of the company\'s internal control
over financial reporting as of a point in time and taken as a whole.
The general standards are applicable to an audit of internal control over financial reporting.
Those standards require technical training and proficiency as an auditor, independence, and the
exercise of due professional care, including professional skepticism. This standard establishes
the fieldwork and reporting standards applicable to an audit of internal control over financial
reporting. The auditor should use the same suitable, recognized control framework to perform his
or her audit of internal control over financial reporting as management uses for its annual
evaluation of the effectiveness of the company\'s internal control over financial reporting.
To express an opinion on internal control over financial reporting as of a point in time, the
auditor should obtain evidence that internal control over financial reporting has operated
effectively for a sufficient period of time, which may be less than the entire period (ordinarily
one year) covered by the company\'s financial statements. To express an opinion on internal
control over financial reporting taken as a whole, the auditor must obtain evidence about the
effectiveness of selected controls over all relevant assertions. This requires that the auditor test
the design and operating effectiveness of controls
When concluding on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting for purposes of
expressing an opinion on internal control over financial reporting, the auditor should incorporate
the results of any additional tests of controls performed to achieve the objective related to
expressing an opinion on the financial statements, as discussed in the following section.
Tests of Controls in an Audit of Financial Statements.
To express an opinion on the financial statements, the auditor ordinarily performs tests of
controls and substantive procedures. The objective of the tests of controls the auditor performs
for this purpose is to assess control risk. To assess control risk for specific financial statement
assertions at less than the maximum, the auditor is required to obtain evidence that the relevant
controls operated effectively during the entire period upon which the auditor plans to place
reliance on those controls. However, the auditor is not required to assess control risk at less than
the maximum for all relevant assertions and, for a variety of reasons, the auditor may choose not
to do so.
When concluding on the effectiveness of controls for the purpose of assessing control risk, the
auditor also should evaluate the .
A process, effected by the entity’s board of directors, management, and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding, achievement of (the entity’s) objectives
Operational Risk : Take a look at the raw canvasTreat Risk
Operational risks by banks have never been recognised till BASEL II imposed on banks to look forward. Take a look at the broad canvas of Operational risks applicable for banks
This document provides an overview of conducting an information systems audit, including:
- The challenges of auditing large organizations and relying on sampling techniques.
- The objective is to obtain reasonable assurance about safeguarding assets, maintaining data integrity, and achieving system effectiveness and efficiency.
- Techniques for dealing with complexity include factoring systems into subsystems and assessing the reliability of each subsystem.
- The major risks auditors face include failing to detect material losses or misstatements, and procedures like tests of controls, transactions, and balances are used to manage these risks.
- A key decision is whether to audit around or through the computer system.
This document discusses audit risk and its components. It defines audit risk as the inverse of reasonable assurance, usually set at 1% if 99% certainty is desired. Audit risk is determined by inherent risk, control risk, and detection risk. The document outlines procedures for assessing fraud risk, including making inquiries of management, performing analytical procedures, examining unusual relationships, and brainstorming among audit team members. It also discusses the interrelationships between materiality, detection risk, and substantive audit evidence in the audit process.
This document provides an overview of challenges that can arise in conducting risk assessment for an audit. It discusses how risks identified may not be properly addressed in the audit response or program. It also provides examples of how low risk areas identified may still have extensive audit procedures performed. The document aims to help audit teams effectively plan their audit around the conclusions of the risk assessment process. It reviews key aspects of risk assessment like identifying significant transaction classes and controls, as well as assessing risks at both the financial statement and assertion levels.
Risk Assessments Best Practice and Practical Approaches WebinarAviva Spectrum™
Risk assessments are the primary component when planning, executing and delivering value in an internal audit. They are the building blocks of your internal audit activities and operational audit program. Sonia Luna CPA, CIA, CEO of Aviva Spectrum and Monica Raffety, CIA
Senior Manager, Financial Controls at Kaiser Permanente will help you to:
Understand risk assessment tools available
Learn how and when to apply risk assessment techniques
Leverage different forms of quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques
Learn when to deviate from risk assessment templates with a memo or scoring
Understand what external auditors, management and the Board need to know when executing a risk assessment.
Understand how risk assessment impact the internal audit activities, from walkthroughs to testing
The IT Auditing Series is a series of 10 2-hour webinars.
The study program consists of 5 modules Basic and 5 modules Advanced spanning a broad range of topics and issues in the IT Auditing field. The emphasis in all webinars is therefore on practical aspects, of Internal Auditing.
The course content is based upon ISACA Framework which has been accepted world-wide as the basis of skills and competencies required for all IT Auditors.
This session covers risk analysis for auditors
This document provides an overview of the continuous risk management program cycle presented by David McCrea of Infosys Limited. It discusses setting the strategy and structure which includes defining goals, objectives, roles and responsibilities. It covers assessing risks such as identifying inherent risks, controls, and assigning risk ratings. It also discusses implementing the risk assessment, updating it, and using tools like heat maps to evaluate inherent, control, and residual risks on an ongoing basis. The overall presentation provides guidance on designing, implementing, checking, correcting and reporting on a continuous risk management program.
The document provides an overview of audit planning and risk assessment according to ISA 300. It defines an audit plan as a list of procedures to gather evidence for an audit opinion. The objectives of adequate planning are to identify potential problems, carry out work efficiently, ensure the right staff and skills, coordinate with other parties, and facilitate supervision and review. Understanding the entity involves its nature, risks, regulations, accounting policies, objectives, strategies, controls, and financial performance. Risks include business risks like strategic, compliance, financial, and operational risks, which can lead to risks of material misstatement. Audit risk is the risk of an inappropriate audit opinion and depends on inherent, control, and detection risk. Detection risk can be reduced through
The document outlines the key steps in conducting an audit:
1. Planning the audit including understanding risks, determining materiality, and developing an audit program.
2. Assessing risks through evaluating inherent risk, internal controls, and determining a combined risk assessment.
3. Performing audit procedures including analytical procedures, tests of details on samples, and obtaining other evidence.
4. Concluding the audit by evaluating results, summarizing findings, and issuing an audit report with an opinion.
Internal Audit Best Practices for Safety, Environment, and Quality AuditsNimonik
Nimonik has seen a wide variety of internal Health, Safety, Environmental and Quality (HSEQ) audit programs. They seem to come in all shapes and sizes! Each company tends to focus on different risks and controls.
Whether your organization conforms to ISO 19011 or another internal audit standard, re-focusing your internal audit program on your risks, controls, and operational reality is a key driver for operational excellence.
On March 14th, John Wolfe shared insights from over 20 years as a hands-on HSE Director and as the Sr. Director of Operations Integrity Audit for a global Oil & Gas company. John outlined the attributes of an outstanding Internal audit program. He showed you how you can build out a program tailored to your operations and add tremendous value to your business.
The document describes the EISA Audit methodology, which takes a continuous improvement approach. It outlines key elements of the EISA Audit including acceptance and continuance, the audit comfort cycle, substantive procedures, other audit procedures, and the audit committee communications plan. The audit comfort cycle involves understanding what management needs comfort on, how they get comfort, if they are entitled to that comfort, and if the auditors can audit that comfort. The methodology is designed to be adaptable to all clients and continuously improve over time with a focus on audit quality.
The document discusses the launch of the IIA Bombay Research Foundation, which aims to conduct surveys and publish research reports on issues facing the internal audit profession. It presents findings from a survey of 30 Chief Audit Executives on how the internal audit function can add value in uncertain economic times. Respondents agreed that focusing on key risks, compliance, engagement and continuous monitoring were important. The document also discusses factors that differentiate effective versus ineffective internal audit functions and new risks that should be addressed, such as costs, fraud, compliance and resilience. It proposes metrics for measuring the impact of internal audit and perspectives on building a world class internal audit function focused on strategic and execution risks.
Risk-based auditing is a style of auditing which focuses upon the analysis and management of risk. ... A traditional audit would focus upon the transactions which would make up financial statements such as the balance sheet. A risk-based approach will seek to identify risks with the greatest potential impact.
The document discusses audit planning and analytical procedures. It covers understanding the client's business and industry, assessing client business risk, and performing preliminary analytical procedures. Analytical procedures involve comparing client data to industry benchmarks and prior periods to identify potential misstatements. They are used in planning, testing phases, and at completion to understand the client and direct attention. The purpose of audit planning is to understand the client's business, assess risks, set materiality, and develop an audit plan.
Tests of Controls in an Audit of Internal Control. The objective of .pdfaquastore223
Tests of Controls in an Audit of Internal Control. The objective of the tests of controls in an audit
of internal control over financial reporting is to obtain evidence about the effectiveness of
controls to support the auditor\'s opinion on the company\'s internal control over financial
reporting. The auditor\'s opinion relates to the effectiveness of the company\'s internal control
over financial reporting as of a point in time and taken as a whole.
The general standards are applicable to an audit of internal control over financial reporting.
Those standards require technical training and proficiency as an auditor, independence, and the
exercise of due professional care, including professional skepticism. This standard establishes
the fieldwork and reporting standards applicable to an audit of internal control over financial
reporting. The auditor should use the same suitable, recognized control framework to perform his
or her audit of internal control over financial reporting as management uses for its annual
evaluation of the effectiveness of the company\'s internal control over financial reporting.
To express an opinion on internal control over financial reporting as of a point in time, the
auditor should obtain evidence that internal control over financial reporting has operated
effectively for a sufficient period of time, which may be less than the entire period (ordinarily
one year) covered by the company\'s financial statements. To express an opinion on internal
control over financial reporting taken as a whole, the auditor must obtain evidence about the
effectiveness of selected controls over all relevant assertions. This requires that the auditor test
the design and operating effectiveness of controls
When concluding on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting for purposes of
expressing an opinion on internal control over financial reporting, the auditor should incorporate
the results of any additional tests of controls performed to achieve the objective related to
expressing an opinion on the financial statements, as discussed in the following section.
Tests of Controls in an Audit of Financial Statements.
To express an opinion on the financial statements, the auditor ordinarily performs tests of
controls and substantive procedures. The objective of the tests of controls the auditor performs
for this purpose is to assess control risk. To assess control risk for specific financial statement
assertions at less than the maximum, the auditor is required to obtain evidence that the relevant
controls operated effectively during the entire period upon which the auditor plans to place
reliance on those controls. However, the auditor is not required to assess control risk at less than
the maximum for all relevant assertions and, for a variety of reasons, the auditor may choose not
to do so.
When concluding on the effectiveness of controls for the purpose of assessing control risk, the
auditor also should evaluate the .
A process, effected by the entity’s board of directors, management, and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding, achievement of (the entity’s) objectives
Operational Risk : Take a look at the raw canvasTreat Risk
Operational risks by banks have never been recognised till BASEL II imposed on banks to look forward. Take a look at the broad canvas of Operational risks applicable for banks
This document provides an overview of conducting an information systems audit, including:
- The challenges of auditing large organizations and relying on sampling techniques.
- The objective is to obtain reasonable assurance about safeguarding assets, maintaining data integrity, and achieving system effectiveness and efficiency.
- Techniques for dealing with complexity include factoring systems into subsystems and assessing the reliability of each subsystem.
- The major risks auditors face include failing to detect material losses or misstatements, and procedures like tests of controls, transactions, and balances are used to manage these risks.
- A key decision is whether to audit around or through the computer system.
This document discusses audit risk and its components. It defines audit risk as the inverse of reasonable assurance, usually set at 1% if 99% certainty is desired. Audit risk is determined by inherent risk, control risk, and detection risk. The document outlines procedures for assessing fraud risk, including making inquiries of management, performing analytical procedures, examining unusual relationships, and brainstorming among audit team members. It also discusses the interrelationships between materiality, detection risk, and substantive audit evidence in the audit process.
Similar to Risk Based Approach to Auditing Financial Statements.pptx (20)
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This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
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This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
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These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
2. Risk Based Approach to Auditing
• Business Risk
– The risk that the entity will fail to achieve its
business objectives such as:
• S/H wealth maximisation
• Market share
• Audit Risk
– The risk that an incorrect audit opinion is given on
the financial statements
3. The Components of Audit Risk
• Engagement risk
• Inherent risk
– Entity level
– Account balance & class of transactions level
• Control risk
• Detection risk
– Sampling risk
– Quality control risk
• Independent in fact risk
4. Engagement Risk
• Audit of a new client is more risky than an
existing client due to the lack of in-depth
knowledge of the client
• Risk also stems from the tendering process –
too low an audit fee may result in reduced
audit work
5. Independence in Fact Risk
• There is a close link between engagement risk
and independence in fact risk
• This is the risk of auditor giving a clean audit
report despite the fact that the audit tests and
procedures have detected misstatements
causing the financial statements not to give a
true and fair view
6. Inherent Risk (1)
• This is the risk arising from the nature of the
environment in which the company operates.
• Factors which affects the impact of inherent risk at
the entity level per SAS 300 are:
1. Integrity of directors & management
2. Management experience
3. Changes in management during the period
4. Pressures on directors such as:
• Tight reporting deadlines
• Market expectations
• Large number of business failures in the industry
7. Inherent Risk (2)
5. Nature of entity’s business such as
• The speed at which the company’s products & services
become obsolete
• The complexity of the company’s capital structure
• Significance of the company’s related parties
• Number of locations & geographical spread of the
company’s production facilities
6. Factors affecting the entity’s industry such as
• Economic & competitive conditions
• Regulatory requirements & changes in technology
• Consumer demand
• Accounting practices common in the industry
8. Inherent Risk (3)
• Factors which affect the impact of inherent
risk at account balance level per SAS 300 are:
1.Susceptibility to misstatement evidenced by prior
year’s audit
2.Complexity of underlying transactions
3.Degree of judgement involved in determining
account balances
4.Quality of accounting systems
5.Unusual or complex transactions at year end
6.Number of transactions not subject to ordinary
processing (e.g. politically sensitive transactions)
9. Control Risk (1)
• This is the risk that controls do not operate properly
and fail to reduce the impact of inherent risk
• Factors increasing control risk include:
1. Trade-off between cost & benefit
2. Human error
3. Ability to override controls
4. Controls not keeping pace with change
5. Complex computer systems
6. Not covering non-routine transactions
10. Control Risk (2)
Factors reducing control risk include:
• Good control environment
• Specific controls over account balances &
classes of transactions
SAS 300.3 clearly states
• ‘In planning the audit, auditors should obtain and
document an understanding of the accounting
system and control environment sufficient to
determine their audit approach’.
11. Detection Risk
• This is the risk that material misstatements are
not detected through the planned audit tests
and procedures
• Detection risk can be analysed into:
– Sampling risk
– Quality control risk
12. Sampling risk
Sampling Risk includes:
The risk that sample is not representative of
the population and that results are
misinterpreted
Judgement risk – incorrect conclusion derived
from the sample test
13. Quality Control Risk
• This is the risk that the auditor fails to:
– Collect sufficient audit evidence and/or
– Evaluate the evidence collected properly
• This includes judgement risk by staff and
reviewers of audit files
14. Relationship Between
the Components of Audit Risk
AR = IR x CR x DR
AR = Audit Risk
IR = Inherent Risk
CR = Control Risk
DR = Detection Risk
15. Business Risk & Inherent Risk Approaches (1)
• Similarities
– Both use a top-down approach in that initially the
company is considered in its entirety before
deciding what steps are needed to achieve its
objectives
– Factors affecting inherent risk (and indeed factors
affecting control risk) may well affect business risk
– Analysis of both inherent risk & business risk help
auditors better understand the company and its
operations and in planning and conducting their audit
16. Business Risk & Inherent Risk Approaches (2)
• Dissimilarities
– Auditors consider inherent risk in relation to its
impact on the financial statements whereas the
business risk approach considers those risks
impacting the company in achieving its
objectives
– Some argue that since business objectives are
different from audit objectives, then factors
affecting these two sets of objectives cannot be
similar
17. Business Risk & Audit Process
• A business risk approach might benefit auditors
in the following ways:
– It improves the basic audit of the financial
statements and the chances of giving a correct
audit opinion
– It makes the audit more efficient and
consequently more profitable
– Potential for giving assurance to management
beyond traditional audit
– Due to better understanding of business & its
risks:
Potential to contribute to corporate governance & disclosure
Potential to reduce engagement risk
18. Analytical Review (1)
• Analytical procedures are defined in SAS 410
as:
– The analysis of relationships:
Between items of financial data, or between items of
financial & non-financial data, deriving from the same
period; or
Between comparable financial information deriving
from the different periods or different entities
to identify consistencies and predicted patterns or
significant fluctuations and unexpected
relationships, and the results of investigation
thereof
19. Analytical Review (2)
• SAS 410 also sates:
– Analytical procedures should be applied by
auditors particularly at the planning stage to assist
in:
understanding the entity’s business,
identifying areas of potential audit risk, and
planning the nature, timing and extent of other audit
procedure
• Analytical procedures are an important aid in reducing
overall audit risk and for reducing detection risk