Risk assessment techniques as recomended in ISO31010. All images and notes are compilation from internet and various sources.

1. LIST
OF
TOOLS
&
TECHNIQUES
RECOMMENDED
IN
ISO
31010

2. Brainstorming
produce
an
idea
or
way
of
solving
a
problem
by
holding
a
spontaneous
group
discussion.

3. Structured
&
Semi-­‐structured
Interviews
A
semi-­‐structured
interview is
a
method
of
research used
most
often
in
the
social
sciences.
While
a
structured
interview has
a
rigorous
set
of
questions
which
does
not
allow
one
to
divert,
a
semi-­‐
structured
interview is
open,
allowing
new
ideas
to
be
brought
up
during
the
interview
as
a
result
of
what
the
interviewee
says.
The
interviewer
in
a
semi-­‐structured
interview
generally
has
a
framework
of
themes
to
be
explored.

4. The
Delphi
method is
a
structured
communication
technique or
method,
originally
developed
as
a
systematic,
interactive
forecasting
method which
relies
on
a
panel
of
experts.
The
experts
answer
questionnaires
in
two
or
more
rounds.
Delphi Technique

5. Checklist
Technique

6. The
preliminary
hazard
analysis
(PrHA)
technique
is
a
broad,
initial
study
used
in
the
early
stages
of
system
design.
It
focuses
on
(1)
identifying
apparent
hazards,
(2)
assessing
the
severity
of
potential
accidents
that
could
occur
involving
the
hazards,
and
(3)
identifying
safeguards
for
reducing
the
risks
associated
with
the
hazards.
This
technique
focuses
on
identifying
weaknesses
early
in
the
life
of
a
system,
thus
saving
time
and
money
that
might
be
required
for
major
redesign
if
the
hazards
were
discovered
at
a
later
date.
Preliminary
Hazard
Analysis

7. A
hazard
and
operability
study
(HAZOP)
is
a
structured
and
systematic
examination
of
a
complex
planned
or
existing
process
or
operation
in
order
to
identify
and
evaluate
problems
that
may
represent
risks
to
personnel
or
equipment.
HAZOP
Hazard
and
Operability
Study

8. Hazard
analysis
and
critical
control
points
or
HACCP (/ˈhæsʌp/)
is
a
systematic
preventive
approach
to
food
safety
from
biological,
chemical,
and
physical
hazards
in
production
processes
that
can
cause
the
finished
product
to
be
unsafe,
and
designs
measurements
to
reduce
these
risks
to
a
safe
level.
HACCP

9. Environmental
Risk
Assessment
An
environmental
risk
assessment
(ERA)
is
a
process
of
predicting
whether
there
may
be
a
risk
of
adverse
effects
on
the
environment
caused
by
a
chemical
substance.
Environmental
exposure
concentrations
of
a
chemical
are
predicted
and
compared
to
predicted
no-­‐effect
concentrations
for
different
environmental
compartments.

10. Structure
What
if?
(SWIFT)

11. Scenario
analysis
is
a
process
of
analyzing
possible
future
events
by
considering
alternative
possible
outcomes
(sometimes
called
"alternative
worlds").
Thus,
scenario
analysis,
which
is
one
of
the
main
forms
of
projection,
does
not
try
to
show
one
exact
picture
of
the
future.

12. Business
Impact
Analysis
Risk
Assessment
Business
Impact
Analysis

13. Root
cause
analysis (RCA)
is
a
method
of
problem
solving
used
for
identifying
the
root
causes of
faults
or
problems.
ROOT
CAUSE
ANALYSIS

14. Failure
Mode
Effect
Analysis

15. or
orand
Fault
tree
analysis (FTA)
is
a
top
down,
deductive
failure
analysis in
which
an
undesired
state
of
a
system
is
analyzed
using
Boolean
logic
to
combine
a
series
of
lower-­‐level
events.

16. Event
tree
analysis (ETA)
is
a
forward,
bottom
up,
logical
modeling
technique
for
both
success
and
failure
that
explores
responses
through
a
single
initiating
event and
lays
a
path
for
assessing
probabilities
of
the
outcomes
and
overall
system
analysis.

17. Cause-­‐Consequence
Analysis
Cause-­‐consequence
analysis
(CCA)
is
a
method
for
analyzing
consequence
chains
and
can
be
used
individually
or
as
a
supportive
method
for
other
analysis
methods.
The
objective
of
the
analysis
is
to
recognize
consequence
chains
developing
from
failures
or
other
unwanted
events,
and
to
estimate
these
consequences
with
their
probabilities.
The
cause-­‐consequence
structure
of
the
analysis
is
formed
by
combining
two
different
types
of
tree
structures
together.
To
the
consequence
tree,
built
from
left
to
right,
includes
the
examined
primary
event
and
its
follow-­‐up
events
leading
eventually
to
a
failure
or
some
other
unwanted
event
like
for
example
a
serious
injury
of
a
person.

18. The
Ishikawa
Diagram,
also
known
as
the
Fishbone
Diagram
or
the
Cause-­‐and-­‐Effect
Diagram,
is
a
tool
used
for
systematically
identifying
and
presenting
all
the
possible
causes
of
a
particular
problem
in
graphical
format. The
possible
causes
are
presented
at
various
levels
of
detail
in
connected
branches,
with
the
level
of
detail
increasing
as
the
branch
goes
outward,
i.e.,
an
outer
branch
is
a
cause
of
the
inner
branch
it
is
attached
to. Thus,
the
outermost
branches
usually
indicate
the
root
causes
of
the
problem.
Ishikawa
Diagram
/
Fishbone
Diagram
/
Cause
and
Effect
Diagram

19. Layer of Protection
Analysis (LOPA)
technique is described in detail in The
American
Institute of Chemical Engineers Center for
Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) publication
on
the subject [2]. An overview of the technique
is presented here. For more information the
reader is referred to the CCPS publication,
which contains a number of worked
examples and
extensive references.

20. Decision
treeis
a
decision support
tool
that
uses
a
tree-­‐like
graph
or
model
of
decisions
and
their
possible
consequences,
including
chance
event
outcomes,
resource
costs,
and
utility.
It
is
one
way
to
display
an
algorithm.

21. Once
potential
sources
of
error
have
been
identified,
actions
can
be
developed
to
minimise or
mitigate
their
impact
and
improve
the
reliability of
human performance
within
the
task.
U.S.
Nuclear
Regulatory
Commission
(2005).
The
SPAR-­‐H
Human
Reliability
Analysis Method
(nrc.gov).
Human
Reliability
Analysis

22. ‘Bowtie’is
a
diagram
that
visualizes
the
risk
you
are
dealing
with
in
just
one,
easy
to
understand
the
picture.
The
diagram
is
shaped
like
a
bow-­‐tie,
creating
a
clear
differentiation
between
proactive
and
reactive
risk
management.
The
power
of
a
BowTieXP diagram
is
that
it
gives
you
an
overview
of
multiple
plausible
scenarios,
in
a
single
picture.
In
short,
it
provides
a
simple,
visual
explanation
of
a
risk
that
would
be
much
more
difficult
to
explain
otherwise.

23. Reliability-­‐centered
maintenance
is
a
process
to
ensure
that
systems
continue
to
do
what
their
users
require
in
their
present
operating
context.

24. Sneak
Circuit
Analysis
is
a
vital
part
of
the
safety
assurance
of
safety-­‐critical
electronic
and
electro-­‐mechanical
systems.
Sneak conditions
are
defined
as
latent
hardware,
software,
or
integrated
conditions
that
may
cause
unwanted
actions
or
may
inhibit
a
desired
function,
and
are
not
caused
by
component
failure.

25. A
method
used
to
forecast
the
value
of
a
variable
whose
future
value
is
independent
of
its
past
history.
The
technique
is
named
after
Russian
mathematician
Andrei
Andreyevich Markov,
who
pioneered
the
study
of
stochastic
processes,
which
are
processes
that
involve
the
operation
of
chance.
Markov
Analysis

26. Monte
Carlo
simulation
performs
risk
analysis by
building
models
of
possible
results
by
substituting
a
range
of
values—a
probability
distribution—for
any
factor
that
has
inherent
uncertainty.
It
then
calculates
results
over
and
over,
each
time
using
a
different
set
of
random
values
from
the
probability
functions.

27. Bayesian
network,
Bayes
network,
belief
network,
Bayes(ian)
model or
probabilistic
directed
acyclic
graphical
model is
a
probabilistic
graphical
model (a
type
of
statistical
model)
that
represents
a
set
of
random
variables and
their
conditional
dependencies via
a
directed
acyclic
graph (DAG).

28. F-­N curves:
Curves relating the probability per year of causing
N or more fatalities (F) to N. This is the
complementary cumulative distribution function.
Such curves may be used to express societal risk
criteria and to describe the safety levels of
particular facilities.

29. Risk
Index :
The
risk
index is
the
overall
result
of
a
risk assessment.
All
indicators
and
indexes can
be
used
in
the
calculation
for
the
risk
index.
It
is
a
composite
of
the
likelihood
and
impact
index.
Likelihood
:
The
likelihood
index shows
the
probability
of
a
risk event
occuring.

30. The
most
common
approach
to
the
consequence
matrix is
using
“descriptors”
as
a
way
of
determining
how
each
risk
may
impact
on
the
organisation.
...
catastrophic
impact
on
an
organisation's ability
to
achieve
its
objectives;
irrevocable
damage
to
the
reputation
of
the
organisation;
and.
high
level,
frequent
litigation.
Consequence
/
Probability
Matrix

31. Cost
benefit
analysis
(CBA),
sometimes
called
benefit
cost
analysis (BCA),
is
a
systematic
approach
to
estimating
the
strengths
and
weaknesses
of
alternatives
(for
example
in
transactions,
activities,
functional
business
requirements
or
projects
investments);
it
is
used
to
determine
options
that
provide
the
best
approach
to
achieve
benefits
while
preserving
savings.[1] The
CBA
is
also
defined
as
a
systematic
process
for
calculating
and
comparing
benefits
and
costs of
a
decision,
policy
(with
particular
regard
to
government
policy)
or
(in
general)
project.
Broadly,
CBA
has
two
main
purposes:
1.To
determine
if
an
investment/decision
is
sound
(justification/feasibility)
– verifying
whether
its
benefits
outweigh
the
costs,
and
by
how
much;
2.To
provide
a
basis
for
comparing
projects
–
which
involves
comparing
the
total
expected
cost
of
each
option
against
its
total
expected
benefits.[2]

32. Multi-­‐Criteria
Decision
Analysis,
or
MCDA,
is
a
valuable
tool
that
we
can
apply
to
many
complex
decisions. It
is
most
applicable
to
solving
problems
that
are
characterized
as
a
choice
among
alternatives.
It
has
all
the
characteristics
of
a
useful
decision
support
tool:
It
helps
us
focus
on
what
is
important,
is
logical
and
consistent,
and
is
easy
to
use. At
its
core
MCDA
is
useful
for:
•Dividing
the
decision
into
smaller,
more
understandable
parts
•Analyzing
each
part
•Integrating
the
parts
to
produce
a
meaningful
solution

33. By Ahmad
Azwang Aisram Omar
aisram@gmail.com