Exercise relieves stress by releasing endorphins, increasing blood flow, and allowing meditation while in motion which can help increase sleep. The document recommends finding an enjoyable exercise like activities in the video link provided. Choosing an activity you enjoy makes it more likely you will stick with a stress-reducing exercise routine.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
How do policy makers decide on user fee abolition? valéry ridde
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Scott Haworth, a managing partner at Haworth Coleman & Gerstman in New York City and NYU Law graduate, has published numerous law review essays in his career, including three contributions to the Tort Law Update section of the Syracuse Law Review. Legal reviews and law journals provide an ideal platform for students to express their thoughts on current legal issues and include articles from leading academics, researchers, and practicing attorneys. When composing articles for these publications, authors should keep in mind that the audience has legal expertise but is interested in how the law impacts people today.
2011 abm ag general sales presentation1brucevester
Advanced Biological Marketing (ABM) is a company that provides biological products for agriculture, including seeds treated with beneficial microorganisms. Bruce Vester is a regional sales manager for ABM with over 16 years of experience in the seed industry. ABM emphasizes education, research and marketing of products to enhance crop yields, including seed treatments containing strains of Trichoderma fungi and formulations of rhizobia bacteria for soybeans. Field trials have shown yield increases for corn, wheat and soybeans treated with ABM's products compared to untreated seeds.
A Little black dress is adding by CocoChanel first launched in 1926, the black belt gives some rebellious, dare to show themselves in spirit. It sounds simple, but it is definitely a classic little black dress has been popular for nearly a century. Whether the Hollywood celebrity superstar, or the political arena first ladies are willing to interpret the little black dress with elegant atmosphere. Here we bring you look at these famous people “little black dress moment.”
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Belgian mobile app developers primarily focus on smartphone and tablet platforms. The smartphone installed base is growing and will account for over half of mobile phone sales by 2013. Most developers work as freelancers or at startups and aim to monetize their apps through advertising, in-app purchases, or commissions. Their main challenges include identifying the right business model and skills. Mobile operators could play a role by providing payment, API, and support services to developers.
Exercise relieves stress by releasing endorphins, increasing blood flow, and allowing meditation while in motion which can help increase sleep. The document recommends finding an enjoyable exercise like activities in the video link provided. Choosing an activity you enjoy makes it more likely you will stick with a stress-reducing exercise routine.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Scott Haworth, a managing partner at Haworth Coleman & Gerstman in New York City and NYU Law graduate, has published numerous law review essays in his career, including three contributions to the Tort Law Update section of the Syracuse Law Review. Legal reviews and law journals provide an ideal platform for students to express their thoughts on current legal issues and include articles from leading academics, researchers, and practicing attorneys. When composing articles for these publications, authors should keep in mind that the audience has legal expertise but is interested in how the law impacts people today.
2011 abm ag general sales presentation1brucevester
Advanced Biological Marketing (ABM) is a company that provides biological products for agriculture, including seeds treated with beneficial microorganisms. Bruce Vester is a regional sales manager for ABM with over 16 years of experience in the seed industry. ABM emphasizes education, research and marketing of products to enhance crop yields, including seed treatments containing strains of Trichoderma fungi and formulations of rhizobia bacteria for soybeans. Field trials have shown yield increases for corn, wheat and soybeans treated with ABM's products compared to untreated seeds.
A Little black dress is adding by CocoChanel first launched in 1926, the black belt gives some rebellious, dare to show themselves in spirit. It sounds simple, but it is definitely a classic little black dress has been popular for nearly a century. Whether the Hollywood celebrity superstar, or the political arena first ladies are willing to interpret the little black dress with elegant atmosphere. Here we bring you look at these famous people “little black dress moment.”
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Belgian mobile app developers primarily focus on smartphone and tablet platforms. The smartphone installed base is growing and will account for over half of mobile phone sales by 2013. Most developers work as freelancers or at startups and aim to monetize their apps through advertising, in-app purchases, or commissions. Their main challenges include identifying the right business model and skills. Mobile operators could play a role by providing payment, API, and support services to developers.
Caribbean HIV Conference. AIDS Spending PresentationAndy Fearon
The document discusses HIV expenditure tracking in the Caribbean region. It presents data on HIV spending trends in Trinidad and Tobago from 2002-2009, showing increases in total spending over time but uneven allocation to prevention versus treatment. Expenditure targeting key populations like MSM and sex workers was relatively low. Regional data on four countries is also presented, showing variations in HIV spending as a share of GDP and per capita across countries from 2008-2010.
This document discusses the importance of valuing ecosystem services in food systems and rural economies. It notes that billions of people rely on agricultural production for their livelihoods, including many small farms, and that sustainable farming practices have significantly increased yields. However, private sector activities often generate public costs by damaging ecosystems. For example, shrimp farms in Thailand generated private profits but resulted in large losses from mangrove destruction. The document calls for reforms to address negative externalities of corporations and push them within planetary boundaries. It outlines the TEEB initiative to value ecosystem services in the agriculture and food sector through frameworks, methods, and policy recommendations.
This document summarizes research on the influence of global health initiatives (GHIs) on Mozambique's public health system. It finds that while GHIs increased services for HIV, malaria, and TB, they also negatively impacted health worker performance and retention by making partner organizations more attractive. GHIs placed additional stress on weak financial and monitoring systems without sufficiently strengthening the overall health system. The document concludes that health outcomes could be improved if GHIs targeted strengthening the entire health system in a coherent manner rather than specific disease programs.
Presentation: Human Development Challenges in Southern Africa – What is the B...HFG Project
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Human Development Challenges in Southern Africa – What is the Bank doing?HFG Project
USAID’s Health Finance and Governance (HFG) project and Abt Associates webinar hosted featuring the World Bank’s Paolo Belli, Program Leader for Human Development in the Southern Africa Country Management Unit.
Dr. Belli presents on the main challenges in human development in the Southern Africa subregion, specifically: poverty, inequality, youth unemployment, and education and health service delivery challenges. He also presents on the World Bank’s strategic directions in the subregion and some of the Bank’s landmark engagements in the human development sectors (health, education, social protection, and unemployment).
This document summarizes challenges facing pension systems in Sub-Saharan Africa and options for reforming them. It discusses how existing earnings-based schemes have very low coverage rates due to factors like rural/informal employment and high contribution rates. It also notes aging populations and civil servant schemes are increasing fiscal pressures. Policy options presented include parametric reforms like changing retirement ages and social pensions to reduce elderly poverty, with principles of targeting modest replacement rates and gradual reforms. A process of actuarial modeling and evaluating full social protection measures is suggested for reform consideration.
This document summarizes a strategic plan to promote equity in South African mining. It identifies current inequities such as unsafe working conditions, disease burden, and unfair corporate practices. The plan's strategic approach is to empower workers, align corporate objectives with equity, and complement existing health initiatives. Key actions include expanding access to tuberculosis screening and treatment, aligning corporate objectives with health and social goals through incentives and audits, providing subsidized housing, and empowering workers through peer education programs. The plan estimates total costs of $8.5-$9.4 billion from 2013-2022 to implement health, education, housing and tax incentive programs aimed at achieving greater equity in the South African mining sector.
The document summarizes Cambodia's progress toward rural sanitation goals and challenges in reaching 100% coverage by 2025. It outlines key milestones from emergency response in 1995 to transitioning to a demand-driven, market-based approach from 2009-2011. Coverage is projected to reach the 30% MDG target by 2015 but must increase to achieve the 100% vision by 2025. The RWSSH Strategy 2011-2025 emphasizes demand creation and alternative subsidies to stimulate markets. Reaching the most poor and changing behaviors remain challenges requiring coordinated implementation and addressing financial, human and institutional capacity gaps.
From protection to production: the impact of cash transfer programs on econom...FAO
The document discusses the impact of cash transfer programs on economic activities in sub-Saharan Africa. It summarizes that around half of sub-Saharan countries have government-run cash transfer programs, while most others have programs run by multilateral organizations and NGOs. Impact evaluations in multiple countries have found that cash transfers can increase ownership of livestock and household consumption of own-produced foods, as well as participation in non-farm enterprises, while having mixed effects on labor supply. Simulation models also show cash transfers stimulating local economies through multiplier effects. The document advocates including productive dimensions in cash transfer program design and policy.
This presentation was delivered by Deidre Clarendon, Division Chief, Social Sector, CDB, at the Bank's 47th Annual Meeting held in May 2016 in Montego Bay, Jamaica. For more information about poverty in the Caribbean, visit www.caribank.org.
Deidre Clarendon, Division Chief, Social Sector Division, Caribbean Development Bank shares the findings of a poverty study by the CDB during a seminar hosted by the Bank on 'The Changing Nature of Poverty and Inequality in the Caribbean: New Issues, New Solutions' at the 46th Annual Meeting in Montego Bay, Jamaica on May 18, 2016.
This document summarizes key findings from the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Indonesia. It finds that while Indonesia has experienced strong growth that has reduced poverty, inequality is rising and structural changes are needed to ensure inclusive growth. It recommends strengthening social programs, education, infrastructure spending and the targeting of social security to support inclusive growth and development. Productivity in agriculture and energy diversification also need to increase to make the most of natural resources.
Social Protection against Malnutrition: What do we know about their effective...Miguel Niño-Zarazúa
Social transfers have shown positive but mixed results in reducing malnutrition. Evaluations of conditional cash transfer programs in Latin America found improvements in some anthropometric measures like height, weight, and birth weight, but not always for all age groups or locations. Program effectiveness depended on quality of services, household behaviors, and social norms. Longer program durations correlated with greater impacts on height-for-age. While certain programs improved stunting and wasting, others saw no impact. Overall, targeting nutrition interventions at gestation and the first two years of life may be most effective for long-term impacts on malnutrition.
Social transfers have shown positive but mixed results in reducing malnutrition. Evaluations of conditional cash transfer programs in Latin America found improvements in some anthropometric measures like height, weight, and birth weight, but not always for all age groups or locations. Program effectiveness depends on service quality, household behaviors, and social norms. Longer program durations correlated with greater impacts on height-for-age z-scores. Targeting nutrition interventions at gestation and the first two years of life may have more lasting effects by reducing low birth weight and stunting. More research is still needed due to varying results across programs and contexts.
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This webinar focused on the performance of microinsurance providers from India, South Africa, Kenya and Peru, and examined drivers of profitability as well as strategies that contributed to providing value for customers.
This document discusses the need to reform Uzbekistan's social protection model to align with its future economic and social transformations through 2030. The current model effectively addressed challenges during transition but now replicates aspects of the existing system that need reform. Specifically, the labor market, social assistance, and education systems do not fully support the goals of increasing skilled employment, economic growth from industry/services, and an innovative workforce. Unless reforms are made, sustainability issues will arise for social programs due to constraints on fiscal resources and pension funding. Transforming the economy and ensuring a larger formal sector are keys to enabling necessary changes to social protection.
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
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Extend health cover to the poorest in Africa : abolishing fees and target the worst-off
1. Extend health cover
to the poorest in Africa
V. Ridde, Ph.D.
Workshop on “Equity in universal health coverage:
How to reach the poorest.”
24th September 2012, Marrakesh, Morocco
3. OUTLINE
1985-2000 2000-2012 POST 2012
• USER FEES • FREE FOR • UHC
FOR ALL MDG
• EXEMPTION GROUP
FOR THE
WORST-OFF
4. OUTLINE
1985-2000 2000-2012 POST 2012
• USER FEES • FREE FOR • UHC
FOR ALL MDG
• EXEMPTION GROUP
FOR THE
WORST-OFF
5. 25 YEARS OF USER FEES
0.40
pre-IB IB + 5 Y 2010
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
BENIN GUINÉE BURKINA FASO MALI
6. PUBLIC SPENDING IN PHC + USER FEES
40
Poorest Richest
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Côte d'Ivoire Ghana Guinea Kenya Madagascar Tanzania South Africa
Castro Leal, et al. 2000
8. OUTLINE
1985-2000 2000-2012 POST 2012
• USER FEES • FREE FOR • UHC
FOR ALL MDG
• EXEMPTION GROUP
FOR THE
WORST-OFF
9. ABOLITION SUPPORT
• 2007 : WORLD BANK IF COUNTRIES…
• 2009 : UN AGENCIES (Preg. Women + < 5 Y)
• 2010 : AFRICAN UNION (Preg. Women + < 5 Y)
• 2012 :
– UHC = WHA +UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY
– THE LANCET
10. NO MORE CONSENSUS FOR USER FEES
FREE HEALTH CARE ?
NUANCED 50 GLOBAL HEALTH ACTORS
2%
NEGATIVE NO STANCE
0% 29%
POSITIVE
59%
NEUTRAL
10%
Robert et Ridde, 2012
11. 25 YEARS OF USER FEES
0.40
pre-IB IB + 5 Y 2010
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
BENIN GUINÉE BURKINA FASO MALI
12. 2 or 3 YEARS OF ABOLITION
3.50
pre-IB IB + 5 Y 2010
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
Benin Guinée Burkina Faso Mali Burkina 3 y free Mali 2 y of free
<5y <5y
13. HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR
100
WHITOUT USER FEES
90
80
70
60
USER FEES
50
40
30
20
10
0
Rwanda Burkina Mali 2006 Niger 2006 Sierra Sierra Burkina 1 y. Mali 1 y Niger 2 y
2008 2010 Leone 2008 Leone 3 m. 2009 2008 2009
2010
14. Benefit incidence analysis of abolition
160%
BURKINA FASO
140%
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
< 5km 5 - 10 km >=10 km
Ridde et Haddad, 2012
15. Severe illness < 5 years after abolition :
Incidence rate ratios BURKINA FASO
POOREST OTHER
< 5 km 5,23 [1,30- 2,23 [1,29-
20,99] 3,86]
> 5 km 1,28 [0,90- 1,56
1,82] [0,87-2,79]
Ridde et Haddad, 2012
17. 2000-2012 ????
WORST-OFF
????
HIGH
FREE FOR
UTILIZATION
MDG
+ LOW
TARGET
EXCLUSION
18. OUTLINE
1985-2000 2000-2012 POST 2012
• USER FEES • FREE FOR • UHC
FOR ALL MDG
• EXEMPTION GROUP
FOR THE
WORST-OFF
19. INSURANCE AND WORST-OFF
• Rwanda : « one of the major challenges faced
by the GoR is how to ensure that the poorest
benefit equally from Mutuelles (Lu et al. 2012)
• « even nominal copayments can lead to
massive exclusion of the poor from life-saving
health services »(Sachs, Lancet 2012)
20. «as long as careful attention is given
to specific design features, such as
government subsidies to ensure
that the poor are included in
them, otherwise [UHC] can actually
harm progress towards this goal».
Joe Kutzin, OMS, 2012
21. Measures to promote health insurance
membership among the poor
• Premium subsidised 100%
• Premium partially subsidised
• Premium varies based on income
• Premium paid in kind or by work
• Loans to help pay the premium
• Dividing the premium into smaller payments
• Payment of the premium at harvest time
Morestin et Ridde, 2010
23. CHALLENGES/DESIGN
• Who will finance the subsidise ?
– Local cost-recovery : contribution and conflict of interest
– Values and targeting paradox
• Who are the worst-off ?
– Materiel and social
– Beyond the health sector
• How to select the worst-off ?
– Identification at the point of use is not enough
– Pre-identification is costly and time-consuming
• Community-based are accepted (rural) but challenging to scale
up
• Administrative-based are complex, need criteria and budget for
survey for pre-identification
24. TO READ
• Bitran, R., & Giedion, U. (2002). Waivers and exemptions
for health services in developing countries. Final Draft (p.
89): World Bank.
• Aryeetey, G. C. et al . (2012). Costs, equity, efficiency and
feasibility of identifying the poor in Ghana’s National
Health Insurance Scheme: empirical analysis of various
strategies. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 17(1),
43-51
• Ridde, V., et al. (2010). Low coverage but few inclusion
errors in Burkina Faso: a community-based targeting
approach to exempt the indigent from user fees. BMC
Public Health, 10:631
• Ridde, V., et al. (2011). Targeting the worst-off for free
health care: a process evaluation in Burkina Faso.
Evaluation and Program Planning, 34(4), 333-342
25. OUTLINE
1985-2000 2000-2012 POST 2012
• USER FEES • FREE FOR • UHC
FOR ALL MDG
• EXEMPTION GROUP
FOR THE
WORST-OFF
26. UHC : A WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY
FOR THE WORST-OFF ?
• POLITICAL WILL
• ACTION AND EVIDENCE
27. 1985-2000 2000-2012 POST 2012
• USER FEES • FREE FOR • UHC
FOR ALL MDG
• EXEMPTION GROUP
FOR THE
WORST-OFF
LOW HIGH FREE FOR
UTILIZATION UTILIZATION ALL AT THE
HIGH LOW POINT OF
EXCLUSION EXCLUSION USE +
SCHEMES
FOR THE
WORST OFF