Trend-following strategies have been unprofitable in recent years due to a lack of strong trends in most markets. Prices have remained trapped within narrow ranges for prolonged periods, making it difficult for trend-following to be successful. The last 3 years have been the most challenging for trend-following since 1995, with fewer than 45% of markets exhibiting trends. However, trend-following is not dead - strong trends often follow long periods of consolidation, and will likely emerge again when market conditions change to allow for smooth price moves between levels.

1.
Trend‐following is Dead! Long live trend‐following!
Is trend‐following dead?
The last three years have not been profitable for trend‐followers. Does this mean trend‐following is
dead? The short answer is no. For a longer answer, we quote Stanley Fink, CEO of International
Standard Asset Management, ex‐CEO of Man Group, PLC (via Bloomberg.com, Jesse Westbrook
reporting, Oct. 3, 2013): “People say to me ‘Isn’t trend‐following dead?’” Fink said. “I probably
remember four or five occasions in my experience in the fund‐management world when people have
said that. In each case, it’s been absolutely wrong, and the industry tends to roar back when most
people have capitulated.”
Why has trend‐following not worked? (Because prices have remained in a narrow range for long time)
Trend‐following works when a large percentage of markets in a portfolio have smooth price moves from
one level to another. This means trend‐following is unprofitable if there are few markets with smooth
trends, if price moves are short, or if price moves are choppy, i.e., they go back and forth rapidly.
Fundamentally, if your average trade length, or holding period, is x‐days, each trade is a forecast that
prices will move substantially in the direction of the trade at the end of x‐days. Trend‐following buys
strength and sells weakness. This means trend‐following systems buy markets that are rising and sell
markets that are falling. Each trade is a forecast that prices will be higher (or lower) at the end of the
holding period. The trade will be unprofitable if prices reverse course over the x‐day period, falling
when higher prices are forecast, or rising when lower prices are predicted.
When do prices reverse instead of following through in the desired direction? When there is confusion
and volatility, as has been the case after the Lehman bankruptcy in September, 2008.
Is there a way to visualize prices trapped in a narrow range? (i.e., How to identify consolidations?)
A price chart is a simple way to visualize price action. When prices are trapped in a triangle or in a
rectangle for long periods of time, then they reverse at the boundaries of that formation. However, by
design, trend‐following systems are forecasting that they will break‐out of the consolidation pattern.
Hence, trend‐following systems will be unprofitable when prices are trapped in a consolidation pattern.
We illustrate these ideas using the Cocoa futures prices chart in Figure 1 below. Observe how prices
were inside a large triangle lasting nearly three years. Within the large triangle, there are many periods,
shown using dotted rectangles, when prices traded in a narrow range, sometimes within a smaller
Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. There is significant risk of loss in trading derivative products.
© 2013 Rho Asset Management AG Baarerstrasse 78 CH‐6300 Zug Switzerland
www.rhoam.ch

2.
triangular pattern. Trend‐following strategies that traded the breakout were unprofitable until prices
staged a successful breakout.
Short move after breakout, into larger resistance.
Successful Break‐out
Sustainable breakout?
False Break‐out
Figure 1: This continuous chart of Cocoa futures contract shows a series of triangular consolidations
and breakouts from those consolidations. Observe how prices have stayed within the large triangle for
almost three years before breaking out in July/August this year. Trend‐following strategies that
bought near the upper triangular line, or sold near the lower triangular line were unprofitable due to
reversals. The dashed circles show some, but not all, of the points at which break‐out systems could
have generated unprofitable signals.
Trend‐following models come in many flavors and styles, varying in speed with which they react, so that
the holding period, or length of trade, can be varied. Figure 1 also shows some, but not all, of the points
at which trend‐following strategies could have generated unprofitable signals. Figure 1 shows the
essential problem trend‐following strategies have faced over the last few years. A majority of markets
have consolidated for a very long time. This means when they trend, opportunities will be plentiful.
How bad is it? (Really bad)
We look at the Rho Trend Barometer over rolling 36‐month intervals starting 1995 to show that trading
conditions have never been this bad, at least since 1995. The Rho Trend Barometer measures the
percentage of markets with measurable trends on the last trading day of each month. The break‐even
Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. There is significant risk of loss in trading derivative products.
© 2013 Rho Asset Management AG Baarerstrasse 78 CH‐6300 Zug Switzerland
www.rhoam.ch

3.
level for trend‐following profitability is approximately 45%, which means if fewer than 45% of market
are trending, then trend‐followers as a group are likely to be unprofitable.
70%
> 60% ==>Period of strong, sustained trends for many months
% of 36‐month intervals with %T > 45%
60%
50%
40%
< 50% ==> Prolonged period with few trends: trend‐following
strategies are unsuccessful
30%
20%
Extremely difficult for trend‐following strategies: only 33% of rolling 36‐
month intervals had meanigful trends
10%
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0%
Figure 2: We show the long‐term evolution of the number of months with sustainable trends over
rolling 36‐month intervals starting in 1995 (so first interval ends Dec, 1997). Between 1995 and 2009,
there were very few 36‐month intervals in which fewer than half the months were below break‐even.
Since 2011, this number has declined sharply, to about 33%, i.e., only 12 of 36 months had trends
above break‐level of 45 percent. Trend‐followers have not faced such tough trading conditions since
1995.
On the vertical axis of Figure 2 we show the percentage of months (over rolling 36‐month intervals) with
trends above the 45% break‐even level. Naturally, the greater the number of months with above‐
average trends, the more profitable trend‐followers will be. Note how the number of months with
sustained trends has dropped to an all‐time low of only 33% during 2013.
Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. There is significant risk of loss in trading derivative products.
© 2013 Rho Asset Management AG Baarerstrasse 78 CH‐6300 Zug Switzerland
www.rhoam.ch

4.
Can there be great trends after consolidations?
We illustrate this idea using the Simex Nikkei futures contract. This market consolidated in a triangular
formation for nearly four years, before staging a powerful breakout. Thus, external conditions must
change before markets will have major trends. In the case for the Nikkei, it was the election of Prime
Minister Abe and his inflationary policies that fundamentally changed the situation in Japan, and the
markets adjusted to the new reality with a major trend.
Figure 3: We show the long‐term chart of the Simex Nikkei contract to show that a change in the
external factors (in this case a new prime minister) is needed to end the market consolidation, and
that a break‐out after a prolonged consolidation can lead to powerful trends.
Trends have been limited to Bonds, and Stocks.
We show the Rho Trend Barometer by sector to show that over the last few years, trends have been
limited to Bonds (interest rate complex), and equity index futures. We will also show that there have
been very few trends in commodities.
Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. There is significant risk of loss in trading derivative products.
© 2013 Rho Asset Management AG Baarerstrasse 78 CH‐6300 Zug Switzerland
www.rhoam.ch

5.
Financials
Sector trend strength (<30 or > 30 is desirable)
90
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0
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Figure 4: We show Rho Trend Barometer (RTB) for the Financials sector (interest rates and long
bonds). There are good trends when the RTB is greater than 30 or less than ‐30. Note that most the
RTB values have been greater than +30, implying good long‐side trends.
Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. There is significant risk of loss in trading derivative products.
© 2013 Rho Asset Management AG Baarerstrasse 78 CH‐6300 Zug Switzerland
www.rhoam.ch

6.
Stock Indexes
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Sector trend strength (<30 or > 30 is desirable)
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Figure 5: We show Rho Trend Barometer (RTB) for the Stock Index sector. There are good trends when
the RTB is greater than 30 or less than ‐30. Note for example in 2008 when values were < ‐30 after the
vicious sell offs following the Lehman bankruptcy. Also, observe the recent values > +30 due to strong
moves in Simex Nikkei and Swiss Market Index.
Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. There is significant risk of loss in trading derivative products.
© 2013 Rho Asset Management AG Baarerstrasse 78 CH‐6300 Zug Switzerland
www.rhoam.ch

7.
All Commodities
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Sector trend strength (<30 or > 30 is desirable)
90
Figure 6: We show Rho Trend Barometer (RTB) for the Commodities sector. There are good trends
when the RTB is greater than 30 or less than ‐30. Note for example in 2008 when values were < ‐30
after the vicious sell offs following the Lehman bankruptcy. However, there have been few trends since
2011, with most of the values between ‐30 and +30, the neutral zone.
68% of markets have consolidated since 2010: So there is a lot of tinder for trends to catch fire
A recent internal review found that only 14/44 or approximately 32% of markets in our portfolio were
not locked in a long‐term consolidation pattern. This means fully 68% of the markets have not trended
since 2010. This explains why trend‐followers have not done well over the past few years. However,
this also shows the potential for powerful breakouts as soon as external conditions improve
Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. There is significant risk of loss in trading derivative products.
© 2013 Rho Asset Management AG Baarerstrasse 78 CH‐6300 Zug Switzerland
www.rhoam.ch