RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a wireless technology used for identifying and tracking objects through electromagnetic fields, composed of tags, readers, and antennas. It is applied in various industries for automation and data accuracy, utilizing different types of tags (passive, active, semi-passive) and operational frequencies (LF, HF, UHF, microwave). The communication process involves a reader sending a signal to a tag, which responds with its data, and various protocols guide the interaction between tags and readers.

1. RFID Basics and Applications

2. Introduction to RFID
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a
wireless system that uses electromagnetic
fields to transfer data for the purpose of
identifying and tracking objects. RFID systems
consist of tags, readers, and antennas.
• RFID systems are widely used in various
industries such as logistics, healthcare, retail,
and smart cities due to their ability to
automate processes and enhance data
accuracy.

3. Components of RFID
• 1. RFID Tags: Devices that store data and can
be attached to items. Tags can be passive,
active, or semi-passive.
• 2. RFID Readers: Devices that send and receive
signals from RFID tags.
• 3. Antennas: Antennas are used by both tags
and readers to communicate by transmitting
electromagnetic waves.

4. Types of RFID Tags
• 1. Passive RFID Tags: Do not have a power
source and rely on the reader's signal.
• 2. Active RFID Tags: Contain an internal power
source (battery) and have a longer range.
• 3. Semi-passive RFID Tags: Have a battery but
only activate when they receive a signal from
the reader.

5. RFID Operating Frequencies
• 1. Low Frequency (LF): 30 kHz to 300 kHz
• Applications: Access control, animal tracking.
• 2. High Frequency (HF): 3 MHz to 30 MHz
Applications: Public transport cards, library
systems.
• 3. Ultra High Frequency (UHF): 300 MHz to 3
GHz
Applications: Supply chain management,
retail.
• 4. Microwave Frequency: 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz

6. RFID Communication Process
• 1. Reader sends an interrogation signal.
• 2. Tag receives signal and responds with its
stored data.
• 3. Reader collects the tag data and sends it to
the system for processing.

7. Capacitance in RFID Systems
• Capacitance in RFID systems affects the tuning
of the antenna and ensures proper impedance
matching. Proper tuning allows for maximum
signal transfer between the tag and reader.
• Matching capacitance ensures that the
impedance of the tag's antenna matches the
reader's impedance to optimize signal
strength.

8. RFID Protocols
• RFID systems follow different protocols for
communication between tags and readers.
These protocols define how data is
transmitted and include standards like ISO
18000, ISO 14443, and EPCglobal.

9. RFID Readers and Antennas
• 1. Handheld RFID Readers: Portable readers
used for inventory and tracking.
• 2. Fixed RFID Readers: Stationary readers used
in toll collection, entrance systems.
• 3. Antennas: RFID antennas come in various
designs, such as dipole, loop, and patch
antennas, to ensure optimal communication.

10. Sensing Applications of RFID
• RFID sensors can detect environmental
conditions like temperature, pressure, and
humidity. These sensors can be integrated into
RFID tags for real-time data collection.

11. Experiment Results
• This slide is intentionally left blank for
experiment results.