The document provides information about an upcoming final exam for a Public Relations course. It is divided into 3 sections worth a total of 30 marks. Students must answer 1 question from each section, with Sections A and B containing essay questions and Section C requiring a concise PR plan. The document also discusses ethical practices in PR and various PR theories.
Este documento presenta la sílabo del curso de Química Inorgánica de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca. El curso dura 17 semanas y cubre temas como los fundamentos de la química, estequiometría, reacciones químicas, sistemas dispersos y equilibrio químico. El curso incluye tanto clases teóricas como prácticas de laboratorio.
The document provides an overview of new features in CSS3, including new selectors, pseudo-elements, properties, and property groups. Some key points include:
- New selectors allow selecting elements based on attributes, relationships, and positions.
- New pseudo-elements and classes allow selecting elements based on their position or status.
- New properties control features like animation, transitions, transforms, backgrounds, borders, boxes, color, font, text and multi-column layouts.
- Property groups organize related properties for areas like animation, transitions, transforms and user interface.
- The document lists examples and resources for learning about each new CSS3 module.
Este documento resume las actividades y estrategias de ventas de una empresa dedicada a vestir chicas con actitud y pasión por el deporte. La empresa vende ropa de marca a adolescentes deportivas con precios que van desde $50 hasta $100, y utiliza estrategias de venta por teléfono, internet y folletos para distribuir y promover sus productos.
FPF - Simulação Final - Navegação em SAPBruno Pereira
Este documento fornece uma introdução ao software SAP para usuários finais, abordando os pré-requisitos, público-alvo, objetivos gerais e específicos do treinamento. Ele também apresenta uma visão geral dos tópicos a serem cobertos, incluindo o SAP Logon, autenticação, navegação na interface gráfica do usuário SAP e seus elementos, avaliação final e recursos adicionais.
Este documento presenta la sílabo del curso de Química Inorgánica de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca. El curso dura 17 semanas y cubre temas como los fundamentos de la química, estequiometría, reacciones químicas, sistemas dispersos y equilibrio químico. El curso incluye tanto clases teóricas como prácticas de laboratorio.
The document provides an overview of new features in CSS3, including new selectors, pseudo-elements, properties, and property groups. Some key points include:
- New selectors allow selecting elements based on attributes, relationships, and positions.
- New pseudo-elements and classes allow selecting elements based on their position or status.
- New properties control features like animation, transitions, transforms, backgrounds, borders, boxes, color, font, text and multi-column layouts.
- Property groups organize related properties for areas like animation, transitions, transforms and user interface.
- The document lists examples and resources for learning about each new CSS3 module.
Este documento resume las actividades y estrategias de ventas de una empresa dedicada a vestir chicas con actitud y pasión por el deporte. La empresa vende ropa de marca a adolescentes deportivas con precios que van desde $50 hasta $100, y utiliza estrategias de venta por teléfono, internet y folletos para distribuir y promover sus productos.
FPF - Simulação Final - Navegação em SAPBruno Pereira
Este documento fornece uma introdução ao software SAP para usuários finais, abordando os pré-requisitos, público-alvo, objetivos gerais e específicos do treinamento. Ele também apresenta uma visão geral dos tópicos a serem cobertos, incluindo o SAP Logon, autenticação, navegação na interface gráfica do usuário SAP e seus elementos, avaliação final e recursos adicionais.
Con motivo del ClinicSEO Abril 2013 celebrado en Barcelona, SEOGuardian preparó material en forma de informes breves sobre 6 dominios propuestos para análisis SEO y SEM: matmax.es, ropamoto.com, campuseuropa.com, schneiderelectric.es,
pikeando.com, sushifresh.es. De cada uno de ellos se analiza brevemente su entorno de competidores SEO y SEM, su posicionamiento y recomendaciones dados los datos que han salido en el informe de SEOGuardian
1. The document is a graded assignment submitted by a student named Seiya Hoshi for a course on speaking and writing.
2. It includes an example of a business email written by Seiya Hoshi requesting information from a Dr. Smith about their research.
3. The assignment discusses why learning to write business emails is important, how to improve skills in writing emails in English, and concludes that having this capability is required in modern society.
Prezentacija na #WPMeetupBG, mart 2015 - Osnovno objašnjenje Google Tag Managera i upotreba Google GTM na Wordpress websajtu. Primeri korišćenja GTM za instaliranje Universal Analytics, skidanje fajlova i isključivanje internog saobraćaja iz analitike
Este documento presenta 70 casos de innovación apoyados por INNOVA Chile de CORFO entre 2000 y 2006. INNOVA Chile busca impulsar la innovación en empresas chilenas para aumentar la competitividad del país. Los casos muestran diferentes tipos de innovación como nuevos productos, procesos mejorados, materiales y modelos de negocios. Algunas innovaciones son resultado de I+D mientras otras adoptan tecnologías externas. Juntos, estos casos ilustran cómo la innovación se ha vuelto clave para las estrategias empresariales en Chile.
Use social media to strengthen your online brand, reinforce tenant relationships, and reach prospects!
Presented by: Patrick Braswell
This Presentation will show you how web-based and mobile technologies can be leveraged to keep you informed, improve tenant management, and develop your relationships with contacts, companies, and prospects.
Register to view presentations On-Demand:
http://be.buildingengines.com/Reg-On-Demand-Webinar-Casting-a-Wider-Network.html
Есть ли у природы «плохая» погода? Рассказ о методах ее выявления и о зонтах — средствах коллективной защиты;
И сказ про то, как живут многоканальные цикозорги.
The document provides information about Search Technologies, a leading independent IT services firm specializing in enterprise search and big data search solutions. It details their expertise in Microsoft Search, Google Search Appliance, and open source search technologies. It also describes their content processing framework Aspire, connectors for integrating various content sources, and query processing language QPL.
Our round up of our presence at the political party conferences in 2015. Our stand and events, which promoted our report, Under The Microscope, saw leading MPs and decision makers engaging with charities on a wide range of key issues affecting the third sector. Our events have seen CAF nominated for a Best Party Conference Event at the Public Affairs Awards 2015. Find out more at cafonline.org
El informe anual de 2012-2013 del Colegio Internacional Puerto la Cruz (CIPLC) resume los logros del año escolar pasado. Bajo la guía de un excelente personal docente, los estudiantes continuaron demostrando fuertes avances en el rendimiento académico y el desarrollo social a pesar de la tensión política en el país. La junta directiva y el superintendente se enfocaron en garantizar la estabilidad financiera a largo plazo de la escuela y retener al personal docente de alto rendimiento mediante un paquete de
O documento apresenta um relatório de uma equipe de professores da FECAP sobre o Exame de Suficiência do CFC de setembro de 2012, com as seguintes informações em destaque:
1) A divisão das questões continua semelhante aos exames anteriores, com grande quantidade de questões de Contabilidade Societária e Contabilidade de Custos/Gerencial.
2) A tabela apresenta a distribuição das questões por assunto, sendo Contabilidade Societária o assunto com maior número de questões (22).
3) O coordenador agradece o trabalho
El documento resume la historia y evolución de la industria de los videojuegos desde sus orígenes en los años 40 y 50 hasta los años 90. Detalla los primeros dispositivos electrónicos experimentales que pueden considerarse precursores de los videojuegos modernos, así como el desarrollo de las primeras consolas domésticas en los años 70 por parte de empresas como Magnavox, Atari y Nintendo. Finalmente, describe las consolas y competencia clave entre Sega y Nintendo en la cuarta generación de los años 90, incluyendo el lanzamiento de la Sega Mega
The document discusses Grunig and Hunt's four models of public relations: press agentry, public information, one-way asymmetrical, and two-way symmetrical. It provides definitions of each model, discusses their history, factors of influence, critiques, benefits and downsides, and examples of organizations that use each model and when. The presentation seeks to analyze the models and provide practical examples to broaden understanding of when each could be applied by PR practitioners.
This presentation is for use when covering media ethics in an introductory mass media course. Includes media organization ethics, the need for ethics, types of ethics, ethical media examples.
Module 1: Overview of Professional Ethics
Professional Ethics - Big Picture View - Organizational Culture and Climate- Senses of ‘Engineering Ethics’- Leadership theories: Transactional, Transformational, charismatic leadership, situational leadership - Participative style of management- Engineers as Managers - Concept of Continuous improvement- PDCA Cycle- Suggestion Schemes and Quality circles
This document provides an overview of audience theory, including key theorists and concepts. It discusses primary, secondary and tertiary media; passive and active audiences; and effects versus uses and gratifications models. Key theorists mentioned include Katz & Bulmer, Morley, Hall, Ang, and Katz & Lazerfield. Central concepts covered include encoding/decoding, cultivation analysis, situated culture, and moral panics. The document also references studies by Morley, Ang, and Buckingham and evaluates whether older audience models still apply given changes in media forms and technologies.
Be The Change Course 2015 Media Activism 101James Redmond
This document provides guidance on media activism and alternatives to mainstream media. It discusses common critiques of mainstream media, including that they represent powerful interests, lack diversity, prioritize business over truth, and are influenced by advertisers and government.
The document then gives examples of alternative media models, like independent magazines and videos created by unemployed people. It also discusses tactics for media activists, such as identifying framing of issues in different sources, working with groups on shared issues, and using hashtags to shape counter-narratives. The final sections provide tips for campaigns, like having a clear narrative, being media-ready, and evaluating existing activist groups.
Media Research Methods provides an overview of media and communication research. It discusses how research has developed into an academic area, drawing on methods from other social sciences. Research covers a wide range of topics using various methods. The document outlines the importance, scope, and characteristics of scientific research. It also discusses the growth of research in mass communication due to forces like wars, advertising, publishers, and public concern. Finally, it examines the phases of research development within a new medium and importance of research for knowledge, theory, and solving real-world problems.
This document outlines an advocacy workshop that discusses key concepts in advocacy including:
- Defining advocacy and providing examples of both advocacy and non-advocacy activities.
- Describing common dimensions of advocacy campaigns including awareness raising, research, training, social mobilization, lobbying, and networking.
- Explaining tools for advocacy like official channels, judicial actions, referendums, and non-violent direct action.
- Discussing the role of communication and language in advocacy through examples like the 15-M movement in Spain and the eviction of Catalunya Square.
The workshop aims to frame the role of advocacy and provide tools to implement advocacy campaigns through discussion and group activities
Public Relations Practice 2014: Week 3Kane Hopkins
The document discusses several models and theories relevant to public relations campaigns and practice. It covers situational theory of publics which segments audiences into categories based on their involvement and recognition of issues. Four models of public relations are described: press agentry focuses on propaganda; public information provides truthful information; two-way asymmetric aims to change audience beliefs through research; and two-way symmetric builds understanding through dialogue. Social exchange theory and systems theory are also referenced in relation to communication and relationships. Child abuse, domestic violence, and drinking culture issues in New Zealand are briefly outlined.
Con motivo del ClinicSEO Abril 2013 celebrado en Barcelona, SEOGuardian preparó material en forma de informes breves sobre 6 dominios propuestos para análisis SEO y SEM: matmax.es, ropamoto.com, campuseuropa.com, schneiderelectric.es,
pikeando.com, sushifresh.es. De cada uno de ellos se analiza brevemente su entorno de competidores SEO y SEM, su posicionamiento y recomendaciones dados los datos que han salido en el informe de SEOGuardian
1. The document is a graded assignment submitted by a student named Seiya Hoshi for a course on speaking and writing.
2. It includes an example of a business email written by Seiya Hoshi requesting information from a Dr. Smith about their research.
3. The assignment discusses why learning to write business emails is important, how to improve skills in writing emails in English, and concludes that having this capability is required in modern society.
Prezentacija na #WPMeetupBG, mart 2015 - Osnovno objašnjenje Google Tag Managera i upotreba Google GTM na Wordpress websajtu. Primeri korišćenja GTM za instaliranje Universal Analytics, skidanje fajlova i isključivanje internog saobraćaja iz analitike
Este documento presenta 70 casos de innovación apoyados por INNOVA Chile de CORFO entre 2000 y 2006. INNOVA Chile busca impulsar la innovación en empresas chilenas para aumentar la competitividad del país. Los casos muestran diferentes tipos de innovación como nuevos productos, procesos mejorados, materiales y modelos de negocios. Algunas innovaciones son resultado de I+D mientras otras adoptan tecnologías externas. Juntos, estos casos ilustran cómo la innovación se ha vuelto clave para las estrategias empresariales en Chile.
Use social media to strengthen your online brand, reinforce tenant relationships, and reach prospects!
Presented by: Patrick Braswell
This Presentation will show you how web-based and mobile technologies can be leveraged to keep you informed, improve tenant management, and develop your relationships with contacts, companies, and prospects.
Register to view presentations On-Demand:
http://be.buildingengines.com/Reg-On-Demand-Webinar-Casting-a-Wider-Network.html
Есть ли у природы «плохая» погода? Рассказ о методах ее выявления и о зонтах — средствах коллективной защиты;
И сказ про то, как живут многоканальные цикозорги.
The document provides information about Search Technologies, a leading independent IT services firm specializing in enterprise search and big data search solutions. It details their expertise in Microsoft Search, Google Search Appliance, and open source search technologies. It also describes their content processing framework Aspire, connectors for integrating various content sources, and query processing language QPL.
Our round up of our presence at the political party conferences in 2015. Our stand and events, which promoted our report, Under The Microscope, saw leading MPs and decision makers engaging with charities on a wide range of key issues affecting the third sector. Our events have seen CAF nominated for a Best Party Conference Event at the Public Affairs Awards 2015. Find out more at cafonline.org
El informe anual de 2012-2013 del Colegio Internacional Puerto la Cruz (CIPLC) resume los logros del año escolar pasado. Bajo la guía de un excelente personal docente, los estudiantes continuaron demostrando fuertes avances en el rendimiento académico y el desarrollo social a pesar de la tensión política en el país. La junta directiva y el superintendente se enfocaron en garantizar la estabilidad financiera a largo plazo de la escuela y retener al personal docente de alto rendimiento mediante un paquete de
O documento apresenta um relatório de uma equipe de professores da FECAP sobre o Exame de Suficiência do CFC de setembro de 2012, com as seguintes informações em destaque:
1) A divisão das questões continua semelhante aos exames anteriores, com grande quantidade de questões de Contabilidade Societária e Contabilidade de Custos/Gerencial.
2) A tabela apresenta a distribuição das questões por assunto, sendo Contabilidade Societária o assunto com maior número de questões (22).
3) O coordenador agradece o trabalho
El documento resume la historia y evolución de la industria de los videojuegos desde sus orígenes en los años 40 y 50 hasta los años 90. Detalla los primeros dispositivos electrónicos experimentales que pueden considerarse precursores de los videojuegos modernos, así como el desarrollo de las primeras consolas domésticas en los años 70 por parte de empresas como Magnavox, Atari y Nintendo. Finalmente, describe las consolas y competencia clave entre Sega y Nintendo en la cuarta generación de los años 90, incluyendo el lanzamiento de la Sega Mega
The document discusses Grunig and Hunt's four models of public relations: press agentry, public information, one-way asymmetrical, and two-way symmetrical. It provides definitions of each model, discusses their history, factors of influence, critiques, benefits and downsides, and examples of organizations that use each model and when. The presentation seeks to analyze the models and provide practical examples to broaden understanding of when each could be applied by PR practitioners.
This presentation is for use when covering media ethics in an introductory mass media course. Includes media organization ethics, the need for ethics, types of ethics, ethical media examples.
Module 1: Overview of Professional Ethics
Professional Ethics - Big Picture View - Organizational Culture and Climate- Senses of ‘Engineering Ethics’- Leadership theories: Transactional, Transformational, charismatic leadership, situational leadership - Participative style of management- Engineers as Managers - Concept of Continuous improvement- PDCA Cycle- Suggestion Schemes and Quality circles
This document provides an overview of audience theory, including key theorists and concepts. It discusses primary, secondary and tertiary media; passive and active audiences; and effects versus uses and gratifications models. Key theorists mentioned include Katz & Bulmer, Morley, Hall, Ang, and Katz & Lazerfield. Central concepts covered include encoding/decoding, cultivation analysis, situated culture, and moral panics. The document also references studies by Morley, Ang, and Buckingham and evaluates whether older audience models still apply given changes in media forms and technologies.
Be The Change Course 2015 Media Activism 101James Redmond
This document provides guidance on media activism and alternatives to mainstream media. It discusses common critiques of mainstream media, including that they represent powerful interests, lack diversity, prioritize business over truth, and are influenced by advertisers and government.
The document then gives examples of alternative media models, like independent magazines and videos created by unemployed people. It also discusses tactics for media activists, such as identifying framing of issues in different sources, working with groups on shared issues, and using hashtags to shape counter-narratives. The final sections provide tips for campaigns, like having a clear narrative, being media-ready, and evaluating existing activist groups.
Media Research Methods provides an overview of media and communication research. It discusses how research has developed into an academic area, drawing on methods from other social sciences. Research covers a wide range of topics using various methods. The document outlines the importance, scope, and characteristics of scientific research. It also discusses the growth of research in mass communication due to forces like wars, advertising, publishers, and public concern. Finally, it examines the phases of research development within a new medium and importance of research for knowledge, theory, and solving real-world problems.
This document outlines an advocacy workshop that discusses key concepts in advocacy including:
- Defining advocacy and providing examples of both advocacy and non-advocacy activities.
- Describing common dimensions of advocacy campaigns including awareness raising, research, training, social mobilization, lobbying, and networking.
- Explaining tools for advocacy like official channels, judicial actions, referendums, and non-violent direct action.
- Discussing the role of communication and language in advocacy through examples like the 15-M movement in Spain and the eviction of Catalunya Square.
The workshop aims to frame the role of advocacy and provide tools to implement advocacy campaigns through discussion and group activities
Public Relations Practice 2014: Week 3Kane Hopkins
The document discusses several models and theories relevant to public relations campaigns and practice. It covers situational theory of publics which segments audiences into categories based on their involvement and recognition of issues. Four models of public relations are described: press agentry focuses on propaganda; public information provides truthful information; two-way asymmetric aims to change audience beliefs through research; and two-way symmetric builds understanding through dialogue. Social exchange theory and systems theory are also referenced in relation to communication and relationships. Child abuse, domestic violence, and drinking culture issues in New Zealand are briefly outlined.
Unethical practice in different professionShikha Basnet
The document provides an overview of unethical practices in different professions. It begins by explaining the reasons for choosing this topic, noting that unethical behavior is more common than thought and can take many forms beyond extreme cases. It then discusses the definitions and importance of ethics. The document outlines the historical evolution of ethics guidelines, including events like the Nuremberg trials, Nuremberg Code, Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Belmont Report, and Helsinki Declaration. It also discusses types of unethical workplace behavior and causes of unethical behavior. Finally, it provides examples of major institutions working to prevent unethical practices in Nepal.
Lesson 15 AS Media Studies - media effectsElle Sullivan
The document discusses the hypodermic needle theory, which suggests that media has a direct and powerful influence over passive audiences. It was influenced by several factors in the early-to-mid 20th century, including the rise of popular media like radio and television, the advertising industry, and propaganda studies. The theory proposes that media can uniformly influence large groups of people by "injecting" them with targeted messages designed to trigger a desired response. It cites the 1938 War of the Worlds radio broadcast as an example that allegedly caused mass hysteria and panic among listeners who believed the fictional account of a Martian invasion. While the theory assumed audiences were passive, it continues to influence perspectives on how media can shape ideas and behaviors through moral
Launching a new scholarly press involves a number of considerations; many of the decisions to be made involve tradeoffs and ethical considerations. Framing the discussion is the balance between “profitability” and scholarly contribution. Questions of funding sources, recruiting staff, developing editorial and business strategy, creating an advisory board, and evaluating new projects and authors contain ethical choices. Ethical climates vary; the right climate in the organization and fit between alliance partners are key. Deviance in its positive sense can be a source of innovation and creativity. Stories can be used to connect with our readers; stories are also useful in organizations to impart ethics and purposeful direction to organizations. The quest is to change the way we publish—thinking digitally from the beginning of the process, pursuing diverse funding sources, innovating in dissemination and marketing.
This slideshow explains how Advertisement Business is related to Ethics and what are the government regulations for ethical practices in Advertisement industry in India. Also, it highlights Nestle case to understand the topic better
Communication Theory | The Socio-Psychological Tradition of CommunicationRohit Rohan
This document discusses the socio-psychological tradition of communication theory. Some key points:
- The socio-psychological tradition focuses on how understandings, meanings, norms and roles are constructed through communication in groups and society. Reality is seen as constructed through interaction rather than objective.
- It was intended as an explanatory method to understand when persuasive messages succeed by looking at factors like likelihood of attitude change, direction of change, and commitment levels.
- The document discusses examples like the "third party technique" used in marketing of putting an expert's or celebrity's words behind a product to increase credibility and sales.
- It analyzes examples like Aamir Khan's TV show "Satyamev
This document discusses news curation as a form of journalism. It defines news curation and differentiates it from traditional journalism. Both arguments for and against news curation as a journalistic practice are presented. Best practices for ethical news curation are outlined, including properly attributing sources and adding original value. The role of news curators as network gatekeepers is explored through media theory. Legal issues around news curation are still developing as court cases progress. Overall, the document aims to educate on news curation while encouraging thoughtful consideration of related ethical issues.
This document discusses business communication and ethics. It provides background on how ethical situations arise and how ethics relate to communication issues. Personal ethics can be influenced by people, culture, philosophy, law, and religion. Communication and ethics issues include legal matters like defamation and privacy, as well as ethical concerns around written/spoken messages, cross-cultural communication, and advertising. Organizations have a responsibility to address ethics both formally through policies and mission statements, and informally through individuals and management behavior.
This document provides information about the 2013 British film A Field In England and discusses various audience theories that could be applied to understanding the film's audience. It includes details about the film's production, director, and cast. It also covers several key audience and media concepts like genre, narrative, representation, demographics, psychographics, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the 4Cs audience typology, encoding/decoding theory, reception theory, two-step flow theory, uses and gratifications theory, and Dyer's theory of utopian pleasures. Students are prompted to consider how these concepts help explain the appeal and targeting of the film's audience.
Exam lessons 3 (audiences) Section A A2 Media Exam Belinda Raji
The document discusses media audience theory, focusing on concepts like the hypodermic needle model, uses and gratifications theory, and reception theory. It provides details on each concept, including critiques of the hypodermic needle model which sees audiences as passive, and examples of how uses and gratifications theory and reception theory see audiences as more active in making meaning. It also discusses audience segmentation models and provides quotes related to understanding audiences and conducting audience research.
This document discusses ethics in media management. It begins by defining ethics and outlining ways of studying ethics. It then discusses ethical decision making in media industries and challenges in making ethical decisions. It outlines several ethical norms used in decision making such as the golden mean, Judeo-Christian ethics, and utilitarianism. The document also discusses ethical codes, issues in media management, and implementing an ethics program.
This document summarizes a workshop on advocacy for libraries. The workshop aims to explore advocacy within libraries, highlight the importance of mission and purpose, and understand how to advocate to different viewpoints. It covers defining advocacy, different philosophical approaches to social justice, and how to design an effective advocacy strategy tailored to the audience. Participants will discuss the Northern Ireland context and consider how to advocate for libraries by speaking the language of decision makers and communities.
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The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
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Unlock your kitchen's true potential with expert remodeling services from O'Brien Group Inc. Transform your space into a functional, modern, and luxurious haven with their experienced professionals. From layout reconfiguration to high-end upgrades, they deliver stunning results tailored to your style and needs. Visit obriengroupinc.com to elevate your kitchen's beauty and functionality today.
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Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SUmsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
Tired of chasing down expiring contracts and drowning in paperwork? Mastering contract management can significantly enhance your business efficiency and productivity. This guide unveils expert secrets to streamline your contract management process. Learn how to save time, minimize risk, and achieve effortless contract management.
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NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
Efficient PHP Development Solutions for Dynamic Web ApplicationsHarwinder Singh
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Revision pr 500 (principles)
1. 6/4/2010
Public Relations (Principles) 500
REVISION
Dr. Ulysses Chioatto
Ulysses.Chioatto@cbs.curtin.edu.au
Final Exam
• preparing for the final exam.
• divided into 3 sections each worth 10 marks for
a total of 30 marks.
• Y must answer 3 questions in t t l (
You t ti i total (one f
from
each section).
• Each section has a choice of two questions.
• Sections A and B contain essay questions.
Exam Sections
• Section A
• focus: fundamental question of what is public
relations and importance of ethics to professional
practice.
• Section B
• questions about theoretical concepts in public
relations.
– use of relevant real life examples VERY IMPORTANT
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2. 6/4/2010
Section C develop concise PR plan
• based on a hypothetical scenario provided.
• Do NOT write an essay in section C.
• Present answer as a mini-PR plan
• use of sub-headings and dot points.
• Focus on the key elements in a PR plan, i.e.
– PR Goals;
– Publics/Stakeholders;
– Strategies;
– Tactics; and,
– Evaluation.
Ethical Practice
• Introduction
• What is ethics?
Ethical Practice
• The Potter Box Technique
• The truth (the principle of objectivity)
– Conflict with advertisers
– Puffery
y
• The one way communication model
– See (the 4 Grunig models)
• Demand to fill editorial space
• The circus & stunts
• Phineas Barnum
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3. 6/4/2010
Ethical Practice
• Manufacturing news
– Photo opportunities
– Planting stories
– Stopping stories
pp g
• The US Office of War Information
• (recent example Bush speaking to soldiers
in Iraq)
• Newsreel, radio and newspapers in the
1940s
Ethical Practice
• PR Institute of Australia (PRIA)
• 1950s
• Still mainly publicity or press agentry
• Banks
• Airlines
• Government
• In 1961 3 million pounds spent on PR
Ethical Practice
• Television in 1956
• Conflicts between newspapers & TV
• 1970s
– Video clips
• Multinational PR firms come to Australia
• The first PR degrees
– Charles Stuart Uni
– Queensland Uni
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4. 6/4/2010
Ethical Practice
• 1980s and 1990 PR continues to be
emphasized in universities
• 25% growth 1994 to 1999
• M t unis now offer PR
Most i ff
• PR is now much more than just publicity
Ethical Practice
• News outlets have a public responsibility
• Governments have a responsibility to
ensure the press can be free
• H i af
Having few owners of media outlets
f di tl t
limits opposing voices
Ethical Practice
• Social Responsibility Theory
– Servicing the economic system but
• Promotes the democratic process
• Keeps the public informed
– Provides entertainment but
• Entertainment must be good
• The press must be accurate, fair, good
quality information
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5. 6/4/2010
Ethical Practice
• Grunig’s models
Press agentry Public information
Sports No sell
Entertainment Public sector
Product promotion Non commercial
Two way asymmetric Two way symmetric
Mostly to advance the of the Unrealistic or idealistic
projects or organizations in
question
PR’s Questionable Ethical
Reputation
• The very term “Public Relations” implies
unethical behaviour for some people
• Th late Harold Wilson, B iti h P i
The l t H ld Wil British Prime
Minister in the 1960s and 70s, is said to
have described PR as “organised lying”
PR’s Questionable Ethical
Reputation
• Well publicised cases such as:
Hill and Knowlton’s work
on the first Gulf War
have added to
popular perceptions
C Company, 1st Battalion, The
Staffordshire Regiment, 1st UK
Armoured Division
5
6. 6/4/2010
PR’s Questionable Ethical
Reputation
• Hill and Knowlton:
– Kuwait government influence American
opinion;
– spectacular false accounts;
spectacular,
– Citizens for a Free Kuwait was formed in the
U.S.;
– public relations firm Hill and Knowlton hired by
Kuwaiti government ($11 million).
PR’s Questionable Ethical
Reputation
• campaign describing Iraqi soldiers pulling babies
out of incubators in Kuwaiti hospitals and letting
them die on the floor.
• US TV networks;
• false testimony in Congress and the UN Security
Council.
• fifteen-year-old girl witness was the daughter of
Kuwaiti ambassador;
• surgeon witness was a dentist who admitted to
lying.
PR’s Questionable Ethical
Reputation
• There is a climate of cynicism and
suspicion today in which the boundaries of
fact and fiction seem to merge
– Consider for example the plot of the 1998
movie Wag the Dog
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7. 6/4/2010
Why the stigma?
• The critics probably perceive PR activities as
purely falling into the categories we have
previously described as:
– Press Agentry/Publicity; and
– Two-way Asymmetrical
• Much professional public relations work can be
characterised by those two models
• While this does not necessarily make such
practice unethical, PR - like any profession -
has its share of unethical operators
Why the stigma (cont.)?
• Some practitioners behave like “technicians”
rather than responsible professionals/managers
– “We can’t be blamed for what the media release says
- we’re just the PR firm that issues it”
• However the two way symmetrical approach
However, two-way
has ethics “built-in” as it systematically attempts
to harmonise organisational behaviour with the
needs and expectations of relevant publics
Business Ethics
• Recent events (e.g. Enron, WorldCom, HIH) have put
the spotlight on business ethics and corporate
governance
– Corporate governance refers to the system by which
organisations are directed and controlled
g
• Many companies now have in-house codes of ethics or
codes of conduct
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8. 6/4/2010
Business Ethics
• Triple bottom line reporting (3Ps) is becoming
commonplace
– People (social performance) and
– Planet (environmental performance)
– as well as Profits (the traditional bottom line)
• Companies like Shell and McDonald’s have issued
Statements of Business Principles and Social
Responsibility reports
Defining Ethics
• A value system for making decisions about
what is right or wrong
• The conduct of individuals and
organisations is measured not only against
their own consciences but also in relation
to societal and professional norms
Defining Ethics
• Different people, organisations and
cultures frequently have different
standards and conflicting values
• Ethical behaviour implies a higher
standard than merely obeying the law - the
law is a “floor”
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9. 6/4/2010
The Potter Box
Define situation Identify values
Choose loyalties to
Select principles stakeholders
(McElreath 1993)
Ethics - Two Basic Approaches
• Deontological
– Also referred to as intuitive or absolutist
• A philosophical approach based on duty
– Every decision is either right or wrong regardless of
the
th consequences
• The end does NOT justify the means
– Leading historical proponent:
• Immanuel Kant
– Kant’s Categorical Imperative states you should only do
something if you would be happy for everyone else to do the
same thing
» I.e., moral principles are universal
Ethics - Two Basic Approaches
(cont.)
• Teleological
– Also referred to as inductive, naturalistic or situational
• Focuses on the consequences of particular actions
– If the consequences of a particular action are good, the act is
ethical. If they are bad, the act is unethical.
• However, from whose point-of-view are we to judge whether the
consequences are good or bad?
– Leading historical proponents:
• Utilitarians such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
• The principle of utilitarianism is “the greatest good for the greatest
number”
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10. 6/4/2010
Combining the Two Approaches
• A combination of the intuitive and
naturalistic approaches is very common
• Basic values like honesty, keeping
p
promises, reliability, loyalty and
, y, y y
commitment can be used as the
foundation for making decisions in
particular circumstances
– Beyond that the consequences of proposed
actions can be considered
Combining the Two Approaches
• Aristotle proposed a system of virtue-
based ethics founded on the notions of
habit, the mean, and nobility or beauty
– Aristotle’s mean teaches that virtue is often
Aristotle s
found between two extremes (such as
deontology and teleology)
Why Ethical Dilemmas are
Especially Common in PR
• PR frequently deals with highly controversial and
sensitive issues
• PR deals with relationships on interpersonal,
organisational and societal levels
• Often there are conflicts between the needs and
Often,
expectations of diverse publics
– E.g., employees, customers, shareholders, local communities,
pressure groups, government etc
• PR professionals must act as advocates of external and
internal publics whilst also representing the interests of
their organisations
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11. 6/4/2010
PR - Serving Several Masters
• PR practitioners must consider the ethical
imperatives of:
– Employers/clients
– Organisational publics
– Professional bodies, e.g. PRIA
– Themselves as individuals
• What if the employer’s or client’s values, the
publics’ values, professional codes of ethics
and/or the practitioner’s personal values are in
conflict?
Ethics and PR - The Realities
• Ethical dilemmas are common in public
relations as in other management fields
• Ethical choices are rarely black and white
• Oft the “right” d i i i
Often th “ i ht” decision involves
l
choosing the lesser of several evils
• A good rule of thumb:
– Would you feel comfortable if your decision/course of
action was outlined in a front-page newspaper story
tomorrow?
Professional Associations in PR
• In Australia, the peak professional body for public
relations practitioners is the
– Public Relations Institute of Australia (PRIA)
• There are similar bodies elsewhere, e.g.
– IPR (UK),
– PRSA (US) and
– IPRS (Singapore)
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12. 6/4/2010
Professional Associations in PR
• There is also the
• International Public Relations Association (IPRA) and the
• International Association of Business Communicators
(IABC)
• In common with its overseas counterparts, the PRIA has
a Code of Ethics which all members must agreed to
uphold – see text book appendix
Why Does Ethics Matter?
• Companies with good records on ethics and
social responsibility are likely to enjoy better
public relations than less ethical competitors
• Good public relations
creates a climate of
acceptance for
organisations –
a key source of
competitive advantage
What is a professional?
• Many people think a professional is
merely someone who gets paid for
doing something
• But the real meaning of a ‘professional’
is very different
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13. 6/4/2010
What is a professional?
• Five broad characteristics of a professional have
been identified:
1. Belief in values
• E.g., importance of service to others over economic reward
• Professional freedom
• Ability to operate independently without close supervision
• Ability to say and do what is right - not being forced to conform for the
sake of money or position
2. Membership of strong professional organisations
3. Adherence to professional norms
• E.g., Code of Ethics of professional body
4. An intellectual tradition and a body of knowledge
5.Technical skills acquired through professional training
• Professionals stay in the same field throughout their careers
(Grunig and Hunt 1984)
Examples of Ethical Issues in PR
• Lying for a client or employer
• Making exaggerated claims
• Telling only part of the truth to give a misleading impression
• Helping to conceal an illegal, unethical or hazardous situation
• Using deception to gather information
• Offering expensive gifts or other benefits to journalists or
politicians Attempting to use clout as an advertiser to influence
editorial coverage
• Denigrating fellow professional practitioners or the profession in
general
• Poaching another practitioner’s clients/employees
• Promising clients editorial coverage
• Working for clients/employers with questionable ethics
– The “hired gun” syndrome
Examples of Ethical Issues in PR
(cont.)
• Conflicts of interest
• Failure to disclose sources of
funding/sponsorship - establishing “front”
g
organisations
• Insider trading
• Respecting client/employer confidentiality
• Whistle-blowing
• Accepting benefits/commissions from suppliers
or anyone to whom you refer business
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14. 6/4/2010
PR Theories Overview
• Agenda setting theory
• Systems Theory
• Semiotics
• Critical Theory
• Rhetorical Theory
• Social Exchange
• Social Learning
• Communications Theories- Hierarchies of Effects
Why theory?
• ‘Theories in PR come from a variety of
other disciplines including management,
marketing, communication studies,
sociology, psychology, etc.
sociology psychology etc
• Theories have also been developed
specifically within the PR field
– E.g. The ‘four models’ (Grunig and Hunt
1984)
Agenda Setting Theory
• Assumes a two-step flow when PR uses
mass communication:
– From PR practitioner to the media
– From media to target publics
• Suggests the significance of mass media
lies not in telling people what to think but
what to think about, i.e. the media is very
good at setting the agenda for public
debate
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15. 6/4/2010
Agenda Setting Theory (cont.)
• Media Coverage can
– Build awareness of issues
– Increase the importance a person attaches to an
issue
– Increase the priority attached to particular aspects of
an issue
• Achieving media coverage depends on the
ability of the PR practitioner to make the issue
newsworthy
• Repeated media exposure is often needed to
have an effect
Systems Theory
A management theory that provides an ideal
framework for PR
Views organisations as systems with permeable
boundaries
The systems are comprised of various sub-systems
Public relations practitioners adopt a “boundary-
spanning” role
Open systems must constantly respond to and interact
with their environment
Closed systems do not take the wider environment
into account
Major Systems Concepts
Boundary
Environment
System
Input Output
Throughput
Feedback
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16. 6/4/2010
“Once, the job of management
was to keep an established
production organization smoothly
functioning. Now, management
seeks constantly to adapt a
k t tl t d t
flexible organism to dynamic and
complex environments.”
Baskin and Aronoff (1992, p.44)
Semiotics
• The study of any cultural product (e.g. a ‘text’)
as a formal system of signs
– Associated with American logician C. S.
Peirce and F
P i d French li
h linguist F di
i t Ferdinand d
d de
Saussure
• The media and others manipulate signs in
order to construct understandings of self-
identity and social structure
Semiotics
• Signs comprise:
– The signifier
• The form the sign takes
– The signified
• Not so much the represented entity as the
p y
mental conception of that entity
• Many signs are culturally specific
• ‘Texts’ can be ‘deconstructed’ to reveal hidden
meanings which may be conveyed
subconsciously for deliberatively persuasive
purposes
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17. 6/4/2010
An image ripe for
‘deconstruction’?
• Source: www.warforum.net
Powerful images
• Source: news.bbc.co.uk
Past images
• Source: www.answers.com
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18. 6/4/2010
Meaningful image
• Source: news.bbc.co.uk
Strong images
• Source: nwww.historywiz.com & www.famous-india.com
Critical theory
• Associated with Jurgen Habermas
• Essentially a critique of contemporary global
capitalism, public relations and marketing
• Refers to ‘ideal speech conditions’
ideal conditions
– Discussants genuinely want to reach understanding
– Rational not emotional discussion used
– Cogent reasoning used as basis for validating
arguments
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19. 6/4/2010
Critical theory
• However these conditions cannot exist unless
there is a power balance amongst the
discussants
• Habermas argues modern capitalism is not
g p
conducive to creating such conditions of equality
• Therefore public relations helps to maintain a
system Habermas views as unfair
Rhetorical theory
• Goes back to Aristotle and the philosophy of Ancient Greece
• Modern PR scholar Robert Heath is an advocate of rhetoric as a
theoretical framework for the discipline
• Assumes the existence of a ‘marketplace for ideas’ in which
professional communicators compete to have their ideas accepted
• To be ethical, parties involved in a debate must have an equal right
to speak
Rhetorical theory
• Ideas stand or fall on their merits as a result of rational argument
• Particularly applicable when PR deals with ‘big picture’ issues
• Faces similar criticisms as Grunig’s Two-Way Symmetric model in
terms of unrealistic assumptions about power balances
• Note contrast with relationship management model of public
relations
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20. 6/4/2010
Social Exchange
• Suggests a target public will seek to
reciprocate if provided with something of
value. Typically, the ‘something’ provided
in return by the public could be goodwill
goodwill,
support or favourable attitudes
• This is the underlying rationale for many
sponsorship activities and corporate
community contributions
Social Learning
• Relies on concept that people will be more likely
to adopt new behaviours if they have the
opportunity to see examples of those behaviours
being performed
• Impact is stronger if observers identify with or
admire role models depicted and if the outcome
of the behaviour is in their own self-interest
Communication Theories: The
Communication Conundrum
• The word ‘communication’ is derived from the
Latin words for ‘coming together’ or ‘union with’
• Other words with a similar origin include
common, community and even communist
• Communication aims at the sharing of meaning
but there are many barriers to effective
communication
• As semiotics teaches us, words are mere signs -
code for the meanings we are trying to convey
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21. 6/4/2010
The Communication Conundrum
(cont.)
• To communicate effectively, the sender’s
words must mean the same thing to the
receiver as they do to the sender
• This may be relatively straightforward when
discussing, say, physical objects. But what
about abstract concepts, e.g. ‘free enterprise’,
‘human rights’?
The Communication Conundrum
(cont.)
• There are many other types of symbols we
can use to communicate, e.g. pictures and
even body language
• A politician once threatened to sue a TV
interviewer for defamation because he
claimed the interviewer’s eyebrows were
strategically raised throughout the broadcast!
Mass Communication - From
One Step to Multi-Stage
• Mass communication was once seen as a
one step ‘injection’
– The ‘magic bullet’ theory
• Later as a two-step process from sender
two step
to opinion leaders to broader population
• Today mass communication is viewed as
a complex, multi-stage, multi-directional
process
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22. 6/4/2010
The Basic Elements of Effective
Communication
• There are five basic elements in any
effective communication - all essential in
public relations practice
– Sender
– Message
– Channel
– Receiver
– Feedback
The Communication Process
Event or Information Source
Message encoded and sent by sender
Through a channel or medium of communication
Noise
Decoded by receiver
Received at destination
Feedback
Must be decoded by original sender
Key Factors in Successful
Communication
• The sender must have adequate information and
credibility in the eyes of the receiver
• The sender must transmit in codes the receiver
can understand. Encoding and decoding is
g g
carried out in the context of the knowledge and
experience of sender and receiver respectively
– The message must be within the capacity of the
receiver to understand
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23. 6/4/2010
Key Factors in Successful
Communication (Cont.)
• To be influential, the message must be
relevant to the needs of the receiver
• Communications aimed at behaviourial effects
usually motivate through appealing to the self-
self
interest of the receiver to act – ‘What’s in it for
me?’
• The receiver is not passive but a selective
user of information for his/her own
purposes
• Uses and gratifications theory
The Effects of Communication
• As communicators, it is essential always to consider the
effect we hope to have on our audience.
• Broadly, there are three possible ‘levels’ of effect we
might seek. In ascending order of difficulty these are:
– Knowledge effect
• Seeks a cognitive change in the audience, e.g. create awareness
– Attitude/Opinion effect
• Seeks to modify or reinforce attitudes and opinions
– Behaviourial effect
• Seeks to modify or reinforce behaviours
Hierarchies of Effects
• The relationship between attitude and
behaviour is complex and not necessarily
unidirectional
• Sometimes new knowledge leads to
Sometimes,
attitude formation which leads to
behaviour
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24. 6/4/2010
Hierarchies of Effects
• In other circumstances, people have to
experience something for themselves before
forming attitudes
• Different channels of communication are more
effective at achieving different objectives, e.g.
g j g
• Mass media for creating awareness
• Interpersonal communication for influencing attitudes
and opinions
• Ultimately personal experience and self-interest are
key to determining behaviour
A Hierarchy of
Communication Channels
• The effectiveness of a message often depends on the channel used.
Volkmann (1991) provides the following list in descending order of
effectiveness. PR practitioners should force communication up the
ladder of effectiveness.
– One-to-one, face-to-face conversation
– Small group discussion, meeting
– Speaking before a large group
– Phone conversation
– Personal note
– Mass-produced, non-personal letter
– Brochure or pamphlet sent as direct mail piece
– Article in an organisational newsletter
– News carried in the mass media
– Advertising in the mass media
– Billboards, skywriting etc
The communication
conundrum revisited
• “To be successful, a message must be received
by the intended individual or audience. It must
get the audience’s attention. It must be
understood. It must be believed. It must be
remembered. And ultimately, in some fashion,
it must be acted upon. Failure to accomplish
any of these tasks means the entire message
fails.”
– Therkelsen (1995)
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25. 6/4/2010
Section C develop concise PR plan
• based on a hypothetical scenario provided.
• Do NOT write an essay in section C.
• Present answer as a mini-PR plan
• use of sub-headings and dot points.
• Focus on the key elements in a PR plan, i.e.
– PR Goals;
– Publics/Stakeholders;
– Strategies;
– Tactics; and,
– Evaluation.
25