The Treaty of Lausanne was signed in 1923 between Turkey and the Allies to replace the earlier Treaty of Sevres. The Treaty of Sevres had punished Turkey harshly and resented the loss of control of Constantinople to the League of Nations. The Treaty of Lausanne returned territories like Eastern Thrace and Smyrna to Turkey and dropped demands for war reparations and disarmament. Turkey's successful challenge to the Treaty of Sevres through Mustafa Kemal Ataturk marked the end of the old Ottoman Empire and led to better relations with the victorious Allies as Turkey was seen as a victor that had won its independence.