Narcissistic Personality Disorder has no single known cause but is influenced by multiple risk factors. Childhood experiences like insecure attachment styles, neglectful or unequal parenting, abuse and loss increase the risk. Genetics and innate personality traits may also contribute to risk. More research is still needed to better understand the roles of genetics and personality as well as develop more effective treatment options for this difficult to treat condition.
"One in four women will be sexually assaulted during her college career. Sexual assault and rape effect victims and survivors in a number of detrimental ways. The victims’ and survivors’ academic and social lives are often torn apart, creating a disparity between their lives and the lives of others on campus. Title IX, part of the Education Amendments of 1972, protects women against sex-based discrimination and harassment in academia. Rape and sexual assault are considered extreme forms of harassment under Title IX. The law mandates that schools, including colleges and universities, follow guidelines set by the Office of Civil Rights to prevent and remedy inequities caused by sexual assault.
I posit that Occidental College violates Title IX by acting with deliberate indifference in regards to sexual assault and rape. To determine whether my hypothesis is correct, I measured students’ attitudes of sexual assault on campus using a campus-wide blog. I paired the qualitative analysis of the blog with quantitative analysis using a survey of survivors and victims at Occidental. After the analyses, I concluded that Occidental administration violates Title IX through deliberate indifference and because of incomplete compliance with the Dear Colleague Letter by the Office of Civil Rights."
Wechsler, A., Kaur, H., Patterson, C., Kearney, C. (2009, November). The additive traumatic effects of neglect on maltreated adolescents. Poster presented at the 2009 U.S. Psychiatric and Mental Health Congress, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Contributors: Frank Putnam, MD, UNC at Chapel Hill, NC
William Harris, PhD, Children’s Research and Education Institute
& New School for Social Research, NYC, NY
Alicia Lieberman, PhD, UCSF, San Francisco, CA
Karen Putnam, PhD, UNC at Chapel Hill, NC
Lisa Amaya-Jackson, MD, Duke University, Durham, NC
Why Can't I Move On? Narcissistic Abuse: A Complex Trauma. Compiled by Jeni M...Jeni Mawter
A person with Narcissistic Personality Disorder sucks the life and shatters the soul out of the caring person in the relationship. Healing from Narcissistic Abuse is a long and painful process. To move on from this toxic and hopeless situation seems insurmountable. This PowerPoint was created to address the question I am most commonly asked: ‘Why Can’t I Move On?’ I hope it helps. Jeni Mawter
Verbal Abuse and the Narcissist: Communication Tactics Designed to Make you C...Jeni Mawter
People with Narcissistic Personality Disorders have an inflated sense of their own importance, a strong sense of entitlement, a deep need for admiration, yet a lack of empathy for others.
They use verbal abuse for power and control. Verbal Abuse is often dismissed as insignificant when compared to physical abuse. BUT, the long-term effect of verbal abuse is that you can lose your sense of 'self'. You no longer know who you are. It feels like you've lost your soul.
"One in four women will be sexually assaulted during her college career. Sexual assault and rape effect victims and survivors in a number of detrimental ways. The victims’ and survivors’ academic and social lives are often torn apart, creating a disparity between their lives and the lives of others on campus. Title IX, part of the Education Amendments of 1972, protects women against sex-based discrimination and harassment in academia. Rape and sexual assault are considered extreme forms of harassment under Title IX. The law mandates that schools, including colleges and universities, follow guidelines set by the Office of Civil Rights to prevent and remedy inequities caused by sexual assault.
I posit that Occidental College violates Title IX by acting with deliberate indifference in regards to sexual assault and rape. To determine whether my hypothesis is correct, I measured students’ attitudes of sexual assault on campus using a campus-wide blog. I paired the qualitative analysis of the blog with quantitative analysis using a survey of survivors and victims at Occidental. After the analyses, I concluded that Occidental administration violates Title IX through deliberate indifference and because of incomplete compliance with the Dear Colleague Letter by the Office of Civil Rights."
Wechsler, A., Kaur, H., Patterson, C., Kearney, C. (2009, November). The additive traumatic effects of neglect on maltreated adolescents. Poster presented at the 2009 U.S. Psychiatric and Mental Health Congress, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Contributors: Frank Putnam, MD, UNC at Chapel Hill, NC
William Harris, PhD, Children’s Research and Education Institute
& New School for Social Research, NYC, NY
Alicia Lieberman, PhD, UCSF, San Francisco, CA
Karen Putnam, PhD, UNC at Chapel Hill, NC
Lisa Amaya-Jackson, MD, Duke University, Durham, NC
Why Can't I Move On? Narcissistic Abuse: A Complex Trauma. Compiled by Jeni M...Jeni Mawter
A person with Narcissistic Personality Disorder sucks the life and shatters the soul out of the caring person in the relationship. Healing from Narcissistic Abuse is a long and painful process. To move on from this toxic and hopeless situation seems insurmountable. This PowerPoint was created to address the question I am most commonly asked: ‘Why Can’t I Move On?’ I hope it helps. Jeni Mawter
Verbal Abuse and the Narcissist: Communication Tactics Designed to Make you C...Jeni Mawter
People with Narcissistic Personality Disorders have an inflated sense of their own importance, a strong sense of entitlement, a deep need for admiration, yet a lack of empathy for others.
They use verbal abuse for power and control. Verbal Abuse is often dismissed as insignificant when compared to physical abuse. BUT, the long-term effect of verbal abuse is that you can lose your sense of 'self'. You no longer know who you are. It feels like you've lost your soul.
Red Flags to Narcissistic Personality Disorder compiled by Jeni MawterJeni Mawter
Narcissistic Personality Disorder is insidious and toxic. It destroys relationships with partners, family, friends, work colleagues and members of the community.
This slide show identifies some of the red flags that signal a relationship with someone with a Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
It is an attempt to explain aberrant relationship behaviours that may be observed at home, with partners, at work, or in community groups.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
The Birds and the Bees” Differ for Boys and GirlsSex Diffe.docxmehek4
The “Birds and the Bees” Differ for Boys and Girls:
Sex Differences in the Nature of Sex Talks
Barry X. Kuhle
University of Scranton
Dawn K. Melzer
Sacred Heart University
Chelsea A. Cooper, Andrew J. Merkle, Nicole A. Pepe, Aida Ribanovic,
Arielle L. Verdesco, and Tiffany L. Wettstein
University of Scranton
The daughter-guarding hypothesis posits that “parents possess adaptations with design
features that function to defend their daughter’s sexual reputation, preserve her mate value,
and protect her from sexual victimization” (Perilloux, Fleischman, & Buss, 2008, p. 219).
One way that parents may attempt to guard their daughters’ sexualities is by conveying to
them certain messages about sex. To explore this possibility we administered an online
questionnaire that tested 8 sex-linked predictions derived from the daughter-guarding
hypothesis about the content of parent– child communications about sex. Participants were
undergraduates from a Northeastern U.S. Jesuit Catholic university (n � 226) and young
adults recruited through Facebook (n � 391). As predicted, daughters were more likely
than sons to recall receiving messages from their parents that (a) emphasized being
discriminating in allocating sexual access; (b) emphasized abstinence; (c) encouraged them
to deter, inhibit, and defend against their partners’ sexual advances; (d) encouraged them to
not emulate depictions of sexual activity; (e) stipulated when they were old enough to date;
and (f) curtailed contact with the opposite sex. Results supported several hypothesized
design features of the daughter-guarding hypothesis. Parents may be socializing children in
ways that fostered ancestral reproductive success through sex-linked birds-and-the-bees
talks and messages.
Keywords: birds and the bees, daughter-guarding, evolutionary psychology, parent– child sex
talks, sex differences
A rite of passage for many American children
is the parent– child sex talk. Although this
“birds and the bees” talk is fairly common and
commonly fraught with awkwardness for both
parties, relatively little is known about its con-
tent. Using evolutionary psychological theories
as a guidepost, we explored the content of com-
munications about sex that parents have with
their children. Our focal question was whether
parents tell certain things about sex to their
daughters and other things to their sons.
Although previous studies have explored pa-
rental sex talks, most have adopted an atheoreti-
cal perspective with regard to the content of
such talks for boys and for girls (e.g., DiIorio,
Kelley, & Hockenberry-Eaton, 1999; Downie &
This article was published Online First June 30, 2014.
Barry X. Kuhle, Department of Psychology, University
of Scranton; Dawn K. Melzer, Department of Psychology,
Sacred Heart University; Chelsea A. Cooper, Andrew J.
Merkle, Nicole A. Pepe, Aida Ribanovic, Arielle L.
Verdesco, and Tiffany L. Wettstein Department of Psy-
chology, University of Scranton.
Nicole A. Pepe i ...
Child Gender Influences Paternal Behavior, Language, and Brain.docxbartholomeocoombs
Child Gender Influences Paternal Behavior, Language, and Brain Function
Jennifer S. Mascaro
Emory University
Kelly E. Rentscher
University of Arizona
Patrick D. Hackett
Emory University
Matthias R. Mehl
University of Arizona
James K. Rilling
Emory University
Multiple lines of research indicate that fathers often treat boys and girls differently in ways that impact
child outcomes. The complex picture that has emerged, however, is obscured by methodological
challenges inherent to the study of parental caregiving, and no studies to date have examined the
possibility that gender differences in observed real-world paternal behavior are related to differential
paternal brain responses to male and female children. Here we compare fathers of daughters and fathers
of sons in terms of naturalistically observed everyday caregiving behavior and neural responses to child
picture stimuli. Compared with fathers of sons, fathers of daughters were more attentively engaged with
their daughters, sang more to their daughters, used more analytical language and language related to
sadness and the body with their daughters, and had a stronger neural response to their daughter’s happy
facial expressions in areas of the brain important for reward and emotion regulation (medial and lateral
orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]). In contrast, fathers of sons engaged in more rough and tumble play (RTP),
used more achievement language with their sons, and had a stronger neural response to their son’s neutral
facial expressions in the medial OFC (mOFC). Whereas the mOFC response to happy faces was
negatively related to RTP, the mOFC response to neutral faces was positively related to RTP, specifically
for fathers of boys. These results indicate that real-world paternal behavior and brain function differ as
a function of child gender.
Keywords: experience sampling, fathers, fMRI, gender socialization, play
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000199.supp
A number of studies argue that parents treat girls and boys
differently, and learning theory proposes that parents model and
reinforce gender stereotypes in their children (Bandura & Walters,
1977; Bussey & Bandura, 1999). For example, some research
indicates that mothers talk more (Leaper, Anderson, & Sanders,
1998; MacDonald & Parke, 1984) and are more restrictive of
physical risk-taking with daughters (Morrongiello & Hogg, 2004)
than with sons. Other research indicates that western fathers and
mothers are more elaborative in autobiographical storytelling with
girls than boys (Fivush, 2011). Moreover, parents often encourage
gender-stereotyped play behavior and household chores and dis-
courage gender-atypical behavior (Lytton & Romney, 1991), and
both mothers and fathers are more likely to engage in rough and
tumble (RTP) play with boys than with girls (McIntyre & Ed-
wards, 2009; Paquette & Dumont, 2013; Pellegrini & Smith,
1998). Related lines of research also point to differences in paren-
tal behavio.
Resource List The Biological PerspectiveAmerican Psychological .docxdebishakespeare
Resource List: The Biological Perspective
American Psychological Association. (2014). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
Genetics: Heredity, twin, and adoption studies
· Demirkan, A. A., Penninx, B., Hek, K. K., Wray, N. R., Amin, N. N., Aulchenko, Y. S., Middeldorp, C. M. (2011). Genetic risk profiles for depression and anxiety in adult and elderly cohorts. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(7), 773–783.
· Shyn, S. I., & Hamilton, S. P. (2010). The genetics of major depression: Moving beyond the monoamine hypothesis. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824618/
· Kendler, K. S., & Myers, J. (2010). The genetic and environmental relationship between major depression and the five-factor model of personality. Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 801–806.
· Elder, B. L., & Mosack, V. (2011). Genetics of depression: An overview of the current science. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32(4), 192–202.
· Schnittker, J. (2010). Gene-environment correlations in the stress-depression relationship.Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(3), 229–243.
· Silberg, J. L., Maes, H., & Eaves, L. J. (2010). Genetic and environmental influences on the transmission of parental depression to children's depression and conduct disturbance: An extended children of twins study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(6), 734–744.
Biochemical Studies
· France, C. M., Lysaker, P. H., & Robinson, R. P. (2007). The "chemical imbalance" explanation for depression: Origins, lay endorsement, and clinical implications. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(4), 411– 420.
· JAMA and Archives Journals. (2009, February 8). Hormone level during pregnancy may identify women at risk for postpartum depression.Science Daily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090202174820.htm
· The Endocrine Society. (2009, June 29). Symptoms of depression in obese children linked to elevated cortisol. Obesity & Diabetes Week, 151.
· Howland, R. H. (2010). Use of endocrine hormones for treating depression. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 48(12), 13–16.
· Krishnan, V., & Nestler, E. J. (2010). Linking molecules to mood: New insight into the biology of depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(11), 1305–1320.
· Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K., & Sen, S. (2011). The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisited: Evidence of genetic moderation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(5), 444–454.
· Munafò, M. R. (2012). The serotonin transporter gene and depression. Depression and Anxiety, 29(11), 915–917.
· Naninck, E. F. G., Lucassen, P. J., & Baker, J. (2011). Sex differences in adolescent depression: Do sex hormones determine vulnerability?Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 23(5), 383–392.
· Young, E., & Korszun, A. (2010). Sex, trauma, stress hormones and depression. Molecular Psychi ...
1Running Head FINAL PROPOSAL CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEAL.docxdrennanmicah
1
Running Head: FINAL PROPOSAL: CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEALTH
2
FINAL PROPOSAL: CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEALTH
Diamond Newton
Southern New Hampshire University
March 3, 2019
Problem Statement
Several adults struggle from a variety of mental health issues (suicidal thoughts and tendencies, alcoholism, depression, and drug abusers.) A lot of those issues may stem from what took place during an adult’s childhood that stem from a variety of reasons. Some adults seek help and some refuse to seek help. The adults who do seek help come to realize that their current issues stem from when they were a child and still developing as a human. Child abuse can come in many forms, physical, mental, and sexual. Adults who have been exposed or experienced this are likely to suffer from some form of mental health issue. It is important to figure out the root of mental health issues in adults so the root can be addressed. Children need to be in a healthy environment with nothing short of love and care. Exposing children to a harsh reality is only breeding them into an adult who suffers from mental health issues.
Literature Review
The study of psychology helps researchers to understand better what is going on with a person. Researchers studied what happened in a person's life that causes them to make the decisions they do and behave in a certain way. Adults have this stigmatism that they can do whatever they want because they are "grown." Many adults suffer from something that can cause to lead towards suicidal thoughts and tendencies, alcoholism, depression, and drug abusers. A lot of those issues may stem from what took place during an adult’s childhood. There could be some reasons adults tend to display certain mental health traits that have been studied in many different forms by researchers. What we will be reviewed is the abuse, physical or mental, that an adult endured as a child and how it affects them in their adulthood.
Blanco, C., Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Lin, K. H., Olfson, M. Sugaya, L. (2012) recognized that child physical abuse had been associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts. The study conducted included Blacks, Hispanics and young adults between the ages of 18-24 in 2001-2002 and 2004-2005. In person, interviews were conducted in Wave 1. In Wave 2 used similar methods as Wave 1 but it excluded the individuals who were not eligible. Wave 2 also interviews went into depth about the questions asked for the participants first 17 years of life. There are many other variables that have been added to the data that relate to childhood physical abuse and mental health distress in adult years. Those other adversatives included the history of child sexual abuse and neglect, parental psychopathology, and perceived parental support, described as emotional neglect.
The advantages to this design would be the inclusion of other childhood adversities that could contribute to adult psychiatri.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
While the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, adequately describes narcissistic personality disorder, it does not, however, offer much in terms of explaining its development in individuals.
John Bowlby believed that attachments formed during childhood have an undeniable impact on adult psychopathy, and his idea was furthered by the work of Mary Ainsworth and her development of the different attachment styles (Feist & Feist, 2009). Attachment theory works on the premise that the relationship style between a parent and child can be either secure or insecure (Lyddon & Sherry, 2001).
Heinz Kohut suggested that narcissistic personality disorder develops when parents are neglectful, devaluing, or unempathetic towards the child, while Theodore Millon maintains that it actually develops from “unrealistic parental overvaluation” (Butcher, Minneka, & Hooley, 2010, p. 354).
There have been a multitude of other arguments made as to the risk factors associated with the development of NPD, and they generally deal primarily with environmental and family factors. While there are many different factors, the overall consensus is that major loss and major abuse are the two biggest contributors.
While some research has focused on the possible genetic, personality traits, and neurological aspects that may contribute to the development of NPD, it is, as of yet, hardly concrete.
Based on the previously mentioned research, it is evident that there is a multitude of possible risk factors that may play a role in the development of NPD. There is still, however, a broad area that remains inadequately researched. A more in-depth analysis of the role of genetics and inborn personality traits play, and how they interact with previously mentioned risk factors is needed. Knowledge of the risk factors involved can be helpful in identifying possible preventative interventions, therapeutic treatments, and drug options.
It is very apparent that more research is needed for this difficult personality disorder. After all, in order to properly treat NPD, it is imperative to figure out what’s behind its development first (Kluger & Song, 2003).
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