1. The document discusses bioanalytical method development and validation which is important for quantifying drug and metabolite concentrations in biological samples like plasma.
2. Key parameters that are validated for a bioanalytical method include selectivity, accuracy, precision, linearity, limits of detection/quantification, recovery, robustness and stability.
3. There are three types of validation - full validation for a new method/drug, partial validation for modifications to an existing method, and cross-validation to compare different methods analyzing the same samples. Validated methods must be used to generate reliable results for clinical and nonclinical studies.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A General Review on Bioanalytical Method Development & Validation for LC-MS/MSijtsrd
Rapid growth in the use of LC-MS/MS for the analysis of drugs in biological matrices has been compelled by the need for timely and high-quality data at every stages in drug discovery and development process: from throughput screening of drug candidates and rapid data generation for pre-clinical studies to almost 'real-time' analysis of clinical samples. A well developed bioanalytical development and its validation plays a pivotal role in achieving the goals. . The aim behind this review is to enlighten the need of validation which provide a practical approach for determining the different parameters like selectivity, specifity, limit of detection, lower limit of quantitation, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, recovery, stability, ruggedness, and robustness to help the perfect studies of pharmacokinetic, toxic kinetic, bioavailability and bioequivalence. Bio-analysis study is for the quantitative determination of drug and their metabolites in biological fluids. Accurate and robust methods for quantitative analysis of drug and their metabolites are important for the successful conduct of pre-clinical, bio-pharmaceutics and clinical pharmacology. Ashutosh Badola | Preeti Joshi | Preeti Kothiyal"A General Review on Bioanalytical Method Development & Validation for LC-MS/MS" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14203.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/14203/a-general-review-on-bioanalytical-method-development-and-validation-for-lc-msms/ashutosh-badola
An Analysis on the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry MethodAI Publications
In the pharmaceutical industry, quality control is a necessary process. Pharmaceutical medicinal products must be advertised as safe, therapeutically active formulations with predictable qualities and performance. The main aim of the study is an analysis on the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry Method. UV spectroscopy was performed on Shimadzu 1700 uv spectrometer, 1cm cell quartz cuvette. Mode was set as UV mode and Detector wavelength was kept at 231 nm and 276 nm. A simple, rapid, accurate, sensitive and cost economical methodology for simultaneous estimation and precise ultraviolet radiation methodology has been developed and valid as per ICH guidelines for simultaneous Estimation of MET and AGP in Their Combined dose form.
Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation..
Bioanalytical method validation include all the procedure that demonstrate that a particular method used for quantitative measurement of analyte in given biological matrix are reliable and reproducible for intended use.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A General Review on Bioanalytical Method Development & Validation for LC-MS/MSijtsrd
Rapid growth in the use of LC-MS/MS for the analysis of drugs in biological matrices has been compelled by the need for timely and high-quality data at every stages in drug discovery and development process: from throughput screening of drug candidates and rapid data generation for pre-clinical studies to almost 'real-time' analysis of clinical samples. A well developed bioanalytical development and its validation plays a pivotal role in achieving the goals. . The aim behind this review is to enlighten the need of validation which provide a practical approach for determining the different parameters like selectivity, specifity, limit of detection, lower limit of quantitation, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, recovery, stability, ruggedness, and robustness to help the perfect studies of pharmacokinetic, toxic kinetic, bioavailability and bioequivalence. Bio-analysis study is for the quantitative determination of drug and their metabolites in biological fluids. Accurate and robust methods for quantitative analysis of drug and their metabolites are important for the successful conduct of pre-clinical, bio-pharmaceutics and clinical pharmacology. Ashutosh Badola | Preeti Joshi | Preeti Kothiyal"A General Review on Bioanalytical Method Development & Validation for LC-MS/MS" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14203.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/14203/a-general-review-on-bioanalytical-method-development-and-validation-for-lc-msms/ashutosh-badola
An Analysis on the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry MethodAI Publications
In the pharmaceutical industry, quality control is a necessary process. Pharmaceutical medicinal products must be advertised as safe, therapeutically active formulations with predictable qualities and performance. The main aim of the study is an analysis on the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry Method. UV spectroscopy was performed on Shimadzu 1700 uv spectrometer, 1cm cell quartz cuvette. Mode was set as UV mode and Detector wavelength was kept at 231 nm and 276 nm. A simple, rapid, accurate, sensitive and cost economical methodology for simultaneous estimation and precise ultraviolet radiation methodology has been developed and valid as per ICH guidelines for simultaneous Estimation of MET and AGP in Their Combined dose form.
Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation..
Bioanalytical method validation include all the procedure that demonstrate that a particular method used for quantitative measurement of analyte in given biological matrix are reliable and reproducible for intended use.
A Review Analytical Quality Control and Methodology in Internal Quality Contr...ijtsrd
Analysis quality control, often abbreviated in AQC, refers to all those processes and processes designed to ensure that the results of laboratory analysis are consistent, comparable, accurate and within certain limits of accuracy. The components submitted to the analysis laboratory must be accurately described to avoid misinterpretations, assumptions, or incorrect results. Quality data and quantity produced in the laboratory may be used for decision making. In the chemical sense, quantitative analysis refers to the quantitative or concentration of an element or chemical compound in a matrix that differs in element or compound. Fields such as industry, pharmaceuticals, and law enforcement can use AQC. The first important factor in setting up the internal quality control IQC of a clinical laboratory evaluation process is to select the appropriate IQC procedure to be used, i.e. to select the mathematical method or control rules, and the number of control measures, depending on quality. required for methodological evaluation and performance. Then the appropriate IQC process should be used correctly. This review focuses on strategies for planning and implementing IQC processes to improve IQC quality. The plural editing process is defined which can be used with image tools such as dynamic work or critical graphs and performance specification charts. Finally, a comprehensive QC strategy is developed to reduce costs and increase quality. The standard IQC implementation strategy is recommended to use a three phase design where the first phase provides high error detection, the second phase low false rejection and the third phase defines the duration of the analytical implementation, using an algorithm that integrates data from normal patient data. Aniket Shewale | Smita Aher | Rushikesh Bachhav "A Review Analytical Quality Control and Methodology in Internal Quality Control of Chemical Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52723.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/52723/a-review-analytical-quality-control-and-methodology-in-internal-quality-control-of-chemical-analysis/aniket-shewale
Analytical Method Development by High Performance Liquid Chromatographyijtsrd
HPLC is the dominant separation technique in modern pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis because it results in highly efficient separations and in most cases provides high detection sensitivity. Most of the drugs in multi component dosage forms can be analyzed by HPLC method because of the several advantages like rapidity, specificity, accuracy, precision and ease of automation in this method. HPLC methods development and validation plays an important role in new discovery, development, manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs and various other studies related to humans and animals. This review gives information regarding various stages involved in development and validation of HPLC method. Validation of HPLC method as per ICH Guidelines covers all the performance characteristics of validation, like Accuracy, Precision, Specificity, Linearity, Range and Limit of detection, Limit of quantification, Robustness and system suitability testing. Tanmayi Kalamkar | Tejaswini Kande | Naziya Sayyad | Dipti Patil "Analytical Method Development by High Performance Liquid Chromatography" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50177.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/50177/analytical-method-development-by-high-performance-liquid-chromatography/tanmayi-kalamkar
Four strategies to upgrade clinical trial quality in this computerized world ...Pubrica
• Biostatistics Services is important for collecting, reviewing, presenting, and interpreting data in clinical research.
• Applications of clinical biostatistics services are in different areas, such as epidemiology, clinical trials, population genetics, the biology of structures, and more.
Reference : https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/biostatistics-and-statistical-programming-services/
Continue Reading: http://bit.ly/36nwtcs
Why Pubrica?
When you order our services, Plagiarism free|onTime|outstanding customer support|Unlimited Revisions support|High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
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United Kingdom: +44- 74248 10299
Regulatory consideration for biosimilars by fdaGopal Agrawal
Need for biosimilars
First to approve guidelines for biosimilars
Clinical Pharmacology Data to Support a Demonstration of Biosimilarity to a Reference Product (as per FDA)
Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimationProfessor Beubenz
Brief about analytical method development and validation
Subscribe to the YouTube Channel #Professor_Beubenz
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC84jGf2iRN5VjwnQqi6qmXg?view_as=subscriber
Recommendations on biomarker bioanalytical method validation by GCC (Global C...Wei Garofolo
The 5th GCC in Barcelona (Spain) and 6th GCC in San Antonio (TX, USA) closed forums provided a unique opportunity for CRO leaders to openly share opinions and perspectives, and to agree upon recommendations on biomarker bioanalytical method validation.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Analytical Method Development by High Performance Liquid Chromatographyijtsrd
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Four strategies to upgrade clinical trial quality in this computerized world ...Pubrica
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Reference : https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/biostatistics-and-statistical-programming-services/
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Contact us :
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44- 74248 10299
Regulatory consideration for biosimilars by fdaGopal Agrawal
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The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
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Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
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The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
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The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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the bioanalytical method for each analyte [1,15,19].
Full validation is important:
1. When developing and implementing a
bioanalytical method for the first time.
2. For a new drug entity.
3. A full validation of the revised assay is important
if metabolites are added to an existing assay for
quantification [19,21].
Partial validation:
Partial validations are modifications of already
validated bioanalytical methods or Modification of
validated bioanalytical methods that do not
necessarily call for full revalidation [15,16,18].
Partial validation can range from as little as one intra-
assay accuracy and precision determination to a
nearly full validation. Typical bioanalytical method
changes that fall into this category include, but are not
limited to:
1. Bioanalytical method transfers between
laboratories or analysts
2. Change in analytical methodology (e.g., change in
detection systems)
3. Change in anticoagulant in harvesting biological
fluid
4. Change in matrix within species (e.g., human
plasma to human urine)
5. Change in sample processing procedures [21].
6. Change in species within matrix (e.g., rat plasma
to mouse plasma)
7. Change in relevant concentration range
8. Changes in instruments and/or software platforms
9. Limited sample volume (e.g., pediatric study)
10. Rare matrices
11. Selectivity demonstration of an analyte in the
presence of concomitant medications Selectivity
demonstration of an analyte in the presence of
specific metabolites [1,17,19].
Cross validation:
Cross-validation is a comparison of validation
parameters when two or more bioanalytical methods
are used to generate data within the same study or
across different studies [15,18,22].
1. An example of cross-validation would be a
situation where an original validated bioanalytical
method serves as the reference and the revised
bioanalytical method is the comparator. The
comparisons should be done both ways.
A. When sample analyses within a single study are
conducted at more than one site or more than one
laboratory, cross validation with spiked matrix
standards and subject samples should be
conducted at each site or laboratory to establish
inter laboratory reliability.
B. Cross-validation should also be considered when
data generated using different analytical
techniques (e.g., LC-MS-MS vs. ELISA) in
different studies are included in a regulatory
submission [1,15,17,21].
IMPORTANCE OF BIOANALYTICAL
METHOD VALIDATION
1. It is paramount to utilize completely verified and
validated methods of Bioanalysis for showcasing
dependable results which can be interpreted
tolerably.
2. Such methods of bioanalysis and their sets of
techniques are regularly altered and developed.
3. It is vital to highlight that every single technique
of Bioanalysis has unique peculiarities that may
change depending on the type of analyte, there
has to be development of a particular criteria for
assessment of every other analyte.
4. On top of that, the suitability of the technique can
also change with respect to the aim of the study
that needs to be done. For e.g., during analysis of
a specific sample for defined research is carried
out at multiple sites, it is essential to assess the
method of Bioanalysis at every site and present
relevant assessment data for various sites to set up
inter-laboratory stability.
1. Need of Bioanalytical Method Validation:
1. It is essential to used well-characterized and
fully validated bioanalytical methods to yield
reliable results that can be satisfactoryinterpreted.
2. It is recognized that bioanalytical methods and
techniques are constantly undergoing changes and
improvements; they are at the cutting edge of the
technology.
3. It is also important to emphasize that each
bioanalytical technique has its own
characteristics, which will vary from analyte to
analyte, specific validation criteria ma need to be
developed for each analyte.
4. Moreover, the appropriateness of the technique
may also be influenced by the ultimate objective
of the study. When samples analysis for a given
study is conducted at more than one site, it is
necessary to validate the bioanalytical methods at
each site and provide appropriate validation
information for different sites to establish inter-
laboratory reliability 18.
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Typical parameters to validate are include:
selectivity, accuracy, precision, linearity and range,
limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery,
robustness and stability. General recommendation for
analytical method validation. i.e. for pharmaceutical
methods, can be found in the FDA guidelines or other
publications.
Accuracy: The degree of closeness of the observed
concentrations to the nominal or known true
concentration. It is typically measured as relative
error (% RE) [19]. Accuracy is an absolute
measurement an accurate method depends on several
factors such as specificity and precision. Accuracy is
sometimes termed as trueness. Accuracy is
determined by replicate analysis of samples
containing known amounts of the analyte. Accuracy
should be measured using minimum of five
determinations per concentrations. A minimum of
three concentrations in the range of expected study
sample concentrations is recommended. The mean
value should be within 15% of the nominal value
except at LLOQ, where it should not deviate by more
than 20%. The deviation of the mean from the
nominal value serves as the measure of accuracy.
The two most commonly used ways to determine the
accuracy or method bias of an analytical method are
1. Analysing control samples spiked with analyte
and
2. by comparison of the analytical method with a
reference method.
Accuracy is best reported as % bias which is
calculated from the expression:
Absolute% Bias = measured value – true value/ true
value X 100.
Precision: The precision of a bioanalytical method is
a measure of the random error and is defined as the
closeness of agreement between a series of
measurement obtained from multiple sampling of the
same homogenous sample under the prescribed
conditions. Measurement of scatter for the
concentrations obtained for replicate samplings of a
homogenous sample. It is typically measured as
coefficient of variation (%CV) or relative standard
deviation (R.S.D.) of the replicate measurement 20%
C V = standard deviation / men X 100
Repeatability: Repeatability express the analytical
variability under the same operating over a short
interval of time (within assay, intra assay).
Repeatability means how the method performs in one
lab and on one instrument, within a given day.
Precision measured under the best condition possible
(short period, one analyst etc.)
Reproducibility: Reproducibility is the precision
between laboratories (collaborative or interlaboratory
studies), is not required for submission, but can be
taken into account for standardization of analytical
procedures. Ability of the method to yield similar
concentrations for a sample when measured on
different occasions. Reproducibilityrefers to how that
method performs from lab-to-lab, from day-to-day,
from analyst-to-analyst, and from instrument-to-
instrument, again in both qualitative and quantitative
terms [21].
Linearity: The ability of the bioanalytical procedure
to obtain test results that are directly proportional to
the concentrations of analyte in the sample within the
range of the standard curve. The concentrations range
of the calibration curve should at least span those
concentrations expected to be measured in the study
samples. If the total range cannot be described by a
single calibration curve, two calibration ranges can be
validated. It should be kept in mind that the accuracy
and precision of the method will be negatively
affected at the extremes of the range by extensively
expanding the range beyond necessity. Correlation
coefficients were most widely used to test linearity.
Selectivity and specificity: The ability of the
bioanalytical methods to measure and differentiate the
analytes in the presence of components that may be
expected to be present. These could include
metabolites, impurities, degradants or matrix
components [22]. Selectivity is the documented
demonstrations of the ability of the Bioanalytical
procedure to discriminate the analyte from interfering
components. It is usually defined as the ability of the
bioanalytical method to measure unequivocally and to
differentiate “the analytes in the presence of
components, which may be expected to be present”
[22]. Analysis of blank samples of the appropriated
biological matrix should be obtained from at least six
sources. Each blank sample should be tested for
interference and selectivity should be ensured at the
lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) [23]. These
interference may arise from the constituents of the
biological matrix under study, be it an animal (age,
sex, race, ethnicity etc.) or a plant (development
stage, variety, nature of the soil, etc.) or they could
also depend on environmental exposure (climatic
conditions such as UV –light, temperature and
relative humidity). Specificity is the ability to assess
unequivocally the analyte in the presence of
components that may be expected to be present. For
example, in high- performance liquid chromatography
with UV detection (RP-HPLC-UV), a classic
chromatographic method, the method is specific if the
assigned peak at a given retention time belongs only
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to one chemical entity; in liquid chromatography with
mass spectrometry detection the detector could
measure selective an analyte, even if this is not fully
separated from endogenous compounds etc. Despite
this controversy, there is a broad agreement that
specificity/ selectivity is the critical basis of each
analytical procedure.
Limit of Detection (LOD): The lowest amount of
analyte that can be detected but not quantified [21].
The calculation of the LOD is open to mis
interpretation as some bioanalytical laboratories just
measure the lowest amount of a reference solution
that can be detected and others the lowest
concentration that can be detected in biological
sample [23]. There is an overall agreement that the
LOD should represent the smallest detectable amount
or concentration of the analyte of interest.
Limit of Quantitation: The quantitation limit of
individual analytical procedure is the lowest amount
of analyte in a sample, which can be quantitatively
determined with suitable precision and accuracy[23].
LLOQ is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample
that can be quantitatively determined with suitable
precision and accuracy. Determining LLOQ on the
basis of precision and accuracy is probably the most
practical approach and defines the LLOQ as the
lowest concentration of the sample that can still be
quantified with acceptable precision and accuracy.
LLOQ based on signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) can only
be applied only when there is baseline noise, for
example to chromatographic methods. A 10:1 S/N is
considered to be sufficient to discriminate the analyte
from the background noise. Upper limit of
quantification (ULOQ) is the maximum analyte
concentration of a sample that can be quantified, with
acceptable precision and accuracy. The ULOQ is
identical with the concentration of the highest
calibration standards.
Quantification Range: The range of concentration,
including the LLOQ and ULLOQ that can be reliably
and reproducibly quantified with suitable accuracy
and precision through the use of a concentration
response relationship.
Recovery: The extraction efficiency of an analytical
process, reported as percentage of the known amount
of an analyte carried through the sample extraction
and processing steps of the method. Recovery
pertains to the extraction efficiency of an analytical
method within the limits of variability. Recovery of
the analyte need not to be 100%, but the extent of
recovery of an analyte and of the internal standard
should be consistent, precise, and reproducible
Recovery experiments should be performed by
comparing the analytical results for extracted samples
at three concentrations (low, medium, and high) with
unextracted standards that represent 100% recovery.
It also be given by absolute recovery [21].
Absolute recovery =response of analyte spiked into
matrix (processed)/response of analyte of pure
standard (unprocessed) X 100
Specific Recommendation for Bioanalytical
Method Validation:
1. For validation of the bioanalytical method,
accuracy and precision should be determined
using a minimum of five determinations per
concentration level. The mean value should be
within 15% of the theoretical value. Other
methods of assessing accuracy and precision that
meet these limits may be equally acceptable.
2. The accuracy and precision with which known
concentrations of analyte in biological matrix can
be determined should be demonstrated. This can
be accomplished by analysis of replicate sets of
analyte samples of known concentrations QC
samples from an equivalent biological matrix.
3. The stability of the analyte in biological matrix at
intended storage temperature should be
established.
4. The stability of the analyte in matrix at ambient
temperature should be evaluated over a time
period equal to the typical sample preparation,
sample handling and analytical run times.
5. Reinjection reproducibility should be evaluated to
determine if an analytical run could be reanalysed
in the case of instrument failure.
6. The specificity of the assay methodology should
be established using a minimum of six
independent source of the same matrix.
Processed sample stability: The stability of
processed samples, including the time until
completion of analysis, should be determined.
Range: The range of analytical procedures is the
interval between the upper and lower concentrations
of analyte in the sample for which it has been
demonstrated that the analytical procedures has a
suitable level of precision, accuracy and linearity. The
range of a bioanalytical assay is the concentration
interval over which an analyte can be measured with
acceptable precision and accuracy.
Robustness: According to ICH guidelines, the
robustness of an analytical procedure is the measure
of its capacity to remain unaffected by small, but
deliberate variations in method parameters and
provide an indication of its reliability during normal
usage. Robustness can be described as the ability to
reproduce the method in different laboratories or
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under different circumstances without the occurrence
of unexpected differences in the obtained results and
a robustness test as an experimental set-up to evaluate
the robustness of a method.
Ruggedness: This includes different analysts,
laboratories, columns, instruments, sources of
reagents, chemicals, solvents. Ruggedness of an
analytical method is the degree of reproducibility of
test results obtained by the analysis of the same
samples under a variety of normal test condition. The
ruggedness of the method was studied by changing
the experimental condition such as, Changing to
another column of similar type and Different
operations in the same laboratory.
Bioanalysis in the Drug Discovery and
Development Lifecycle:
The lead optimization / selection, confirmation, and
testing process for new drug candidates is well
defined as a series of activities. Broadly, these can be
split into discovery, lead optimization and preclinical
development, through to clinical elevation (phases 1
to 40). Each stage places different requirements on
the bioanalytical assay used to provide information.
The use of LC/MS/MS assays gives the specificity,
flexibility, and sensitivity to enable fast and effective
decision-making at each stage.
pk and bioanalysis in drug discovery:
Full pk characterization in the drug discoveryphase is
not required; however, in conjunction with in vitro
techniques, the ability to assess the bioavailability of
a compound through bioanalysis provides a good
indication of suitability for advancement to
development.
Some analytical priorities are:
Fast pass/fail determination of pk parameters.
Medium-sensitivity assay.
Minimum assay development.
High specificity for the compounds of interest.
pk and bioanalysis in efficacy and safety studies.
Phase I: First time in to humans.
The key requirements for this stage are that the assay
must completely characterize the absorption and
elimination phases of the plasma concentration-time
curve. All metabolites must be fully resolved,
identified, and quantified. Adverse effects of a drug
(toxicokinetic, TK) are investigated and need accurate
measurement of AUC and C-max after single and
multiple doses. in the way the "no-toxic-effect dose
level" can be established, a key parameter when
dosing in first-time-into-human and further trails. The
demands placed on the bioanalytical assay are for:
High sensitivity to ensure that the lowest effective
doses can be identified.
High sensitivity to identify and quantitate
metabolites.
Moderative throughput; sample groups are small.
Full validation is required.
Phase II a: proof of concept
The drug compound id tested in small groups of
patients to assess efficacy in treating the disease
state.pk analysis is employed to assess the
dose/exposure response(pk/pd).this is another key
stage in deciding whether the drug should progress
further through clinical trials and therefore incur the
investment required.
Phase II b:
Dose ranging studies are carried out on patients to
establish effective doses for phase 2 trails.
Analytical priorities include:
High sensitivity assays.
High specificity assays for drug compound and
metabolites.
Fast turnaround of samples.
Phase III: Long Term Studies
Large numbers of patients take part in phase3 clinical
trials with the objective of showing efficacy across a
wide range of populations. vast numbers of samples
must be handled and analysed with a bioanalytical
assay that is specific, robust, and fast.
Assay specific to very few analytes.
Robust to variations in matrix.
Ability to process very large volumes of data.
Stability
It is the chemical stability of an analyte in a given
matrix under specific conditions for given time
intervals. The aim of a stability test is to detect any
degradation of the analyte(s) of interest, during the
entire period of sample collection, processing,
storage, preparation, and analysis. All but long term
stability studies can be performed during the
validation of the analytical method. Long term
stability studies might not be complete for several
years after clinical trials begin. The condition under
which the stability is determined is largely dependent
on the nature of the analyte, the biological matrix, and
the anticipated time period of storage (before
analysis) [4].
A. Freeze-thaw stability:
The influence of freeze/thaw cycles on analyte
stability should be determined after at least 3cycles at
2 concentrations in triplicate. At least three aliquots at
each of the low and high concentrations should be
stored at intended storage temperature for 24 hours
and thawed at room temperature. When completely
thawed, refreeze again for 12-24 hours under the
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same conditions. This cycle should be repeated two
more times, then analyse on 3rd cycle. All stability
determinations should use a set of samples prepared
from a freshly made stock solution of the analyte in
the appropriate blank, interference-free biological
matrix. Standard deviation of error should be <15%.
If analyte unstable freeze at -70o
C for three freeze-
thaw cycles.
B. Short-term stability:
Three aliquots of each of the low and high
concentrations should be thawed at room temperature
and kept at this temperature for 4-24 hours and
analyse. % Deviation should be <15%.
C. Long-term stability:
At least three aliquots of each of low and high
concentrations should be thawed at room temperature
and kept at this temperature for 4-24 hours and
analyse. Analyse on three separate occasions. Storage
time should exceed the time between the date of first
sample collection and the date of last sample analysis.
D. Stock-solution stability:
The stability of stock solutions of drug and the
internal standard should be evaluated at room
temperature for at least 6 hours. % Deviation should
be <15%. If the stock solutions are refrigerated or
frozen for the relevant period, the stability should be
documented. After completion of the desired storage
time, the stability should be tested by comparing the
instrument response with that of freshly prepared
solutions.
E. Post-Preparative Stability:
The stability of processed samples, including the
resident time in the auto sampler, should be
determined. The stability of the drug and the internal
standard should be assessed over the anticipated run
time for the batch size in validation samples by
determining concentrations on the basis of original
calibration standards. SOPs should clearly describe
the statistical method and rules used. Additional
validation may include investigation of samples from
dosed subjects.
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