The document summarizes various pathologies of the respiratory system including pneumonias, pneumoconiosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchogenic carcinoma. It describes the pathogenesis, classification, clinical features, and histopathology of conditions like lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, atelectasis, pneumoconiosis, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, and lung cancer. Key points covered include the etiology and predisposing factors for pneumonias, different types of pneumoconiosis based on inhaled dust, components of COPD, and molecular pathogenesis involving oncogene mutations in lung cancer.
This document provides information on lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children, specifically acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. It defines each condition, discusses causes and risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, and treatment approaches. Acute bronchitis involves inflammation of the bronchi and causes symptoms like cough and wheezing. Bronchiolitis commonly affects infants under 6 months and is usually caused by viruses like RSV. Pneumonia can be bacterial, viral, fungal, or other causes, and manifests as inflammation and consolidation in the lungs. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, chest x-ray, and microbiological testing. Management involves antibiotics, antivirals, or antifung
This document discusses various types of lower respiratory problems including acute bronchitis, pertussis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. It provides information on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnostic testing, and nursing management of each condition. Key learning outcomes focus on comparing and contrasting the different problems, prioritizing nursing care, and describing collaborative treatment approaches.
The document summarizes respiratory diseases and conditions. It begins with an introduction to the respiratory system and its functions. It then discusses various respiratory diseases including sinusitis, viral upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, asthma, and classifications of respiratory diseases. For each condition, it describes clinical findings, management, and in some cases oral health considerations. The highest level information is that the document classifies and describes several common respiratory diseases and infections, focusing on symptoms, causes, and treatment approaches for each.
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that is commonly caused by a microbial infection. It can be classified based on its causative agent such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Common symptoms include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves physical examination, sputum culture, chest x-ray, and other tests. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, using antibiotics if caused by bacteria, and preventing complications through rest and fluid intake.
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that causes symptoms like cough, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Bacterial pneumonias often start as a primary infection in the bronchioles and spread within the lungs. Viral pneumonias typically cause a primary infection of the bronchioles as well but spread differently, resulting in interstitial pneumonia. The pathology of pneumonia interferes with gas exchange in the lungs, which can lead to hypoxemia, cyanosis, and respiratory distress if severe. Clinical signs depend on the causative agent and stage of illness, and may include fever, cough, nasal discharge, labored breathing, and lung sounds
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that causes symptoms like cough, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Bacterial pneumonias often start as a primary infection in the bronchioles and spread within the lungs. Viral pneumonias typically cause a primary infection of the bronchioles as well but spread differently, resulting in interstitial pneumonia. The pathology of pneumonia interferes with gas exchange in the lungs, which can lead to hypoxemia, cyanosis, and respiratory distress if severe. Clinical signs depend on the causative agent and stage of illness, and may include fever, cough, nasal discharge, labored breathing, and lung sounds
Respiratory diseases and associated with dental managment Student طالب جامعي
The document provides an overview of respiratory diseases. It begins by describing the functions of the respiratory system and its main components. It then discusses specific respiratory conditions like sinusitis, viral infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, asthma and COPD. For each condition, it describes the causes, clinical findings, management and oral health considerations. The document aims to comprehensively cover the major respiratory diseases and related topics.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the respiratory system. It outlines the major components of the respiratory tract from the trachea down to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It then discusses common lung diseases including pneumonia, lung abscess, tuberculosis, and obstructive/restrictive lung diseases. In particular, it provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
This document provides information on lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children, specifically acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. It defines each condition, discusses causes and risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, and treatment approaches. Acute bronchitis involves inflammation of the bronchi and causes symptoms like cough and wheezing. Bronchiolitis commonly affects infants under 6 months and is usually caused by viruses like RSV. Pneumonia can be bacterial, viral, fungal, or other causes, and manifests as inflammation and consolidation in the lungs. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, chest x-ray, and microbiological testing. Management involves antibiotics, antivirals, or antifung
This document discusses various types of lower respiratory problems including acute bronchitis, pertussis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. It provides information on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnostic testing, and nursing management of each condition. Key learning outcomes focus on comparing and contrasting the different problems, prioritizing nursing care, and describing collaborative treatment approaches.
The document summarizes respiratory diseases and conditions. It begins with an introduction to the respiratory system and its functions. It then discusses various respiratory diseases including sinusitis, viral upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, asthma, and classifications of respiratory diseases. For each condition, it describes clinical findings, management, and in some cases oral health considerations. The highest level information is that the document classifies and describes several common respiratory diseases and infections, focusing on symptoms, causes, and treatment approaches for each.
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that is commonly caused by a microbial infection. It can be classified based on its causative agent such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Common symptoms include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves physical examination, sputum culture, chest x-ray, and other tests. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, using antibiotics if caused by bacteria, and preventing complications through rest and fluid intake.
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that causes symptoms like cough, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Bacterial pneumonias often start as a primary infection in the bronchioles and spread within the lungs. Viral pneumonias typically cause a primary infection of the bronchioles as well but spread differently, resulting in interstitial pneumonia. The pathology of pneumonia interferes with gas exchange in the lungs, which can lead to hypoxemia, cyanosis, and respiratory distress if severe. Clinical signs depend on the causative agent and stage of illness, and may include fever, cough, nasal discharge, labored breathing, and lung sounds
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue that causes symptoms like cough, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Bacterial pneumonias often start as a primary infection in the bronchioles and spread within the lungs. Viral pneumonias typically cause a primary infection of the bronchioles as well but spread differently, resulting in interstitial pneumonia. The pathology of pneumonia interferes with gas exchange in the lungs, which can lead to hypoxemia, cyanosis, and respiratory distress if severe. Clinical signs depend on the causative agent and stage of illness, and may include fever, cough, nasal discharge, labored breathing, and lung sounds
Respiratory diseases and associated with dental managment Student طالب جامعي
The document provides an overview of respiratory diseases. It begins by describing the functions of the respiratory system and its main components. It then discusses specific respiratory conditions like sinusitis, viral infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, asthma and COPD. For each condition, it describes the causes, clinical findings, management and oral health considerations. The document aims to comprehensively cover the major respiratory diseases and related topics.
The document describes the anatomy and function of the respiratory system. It outlines the major components of the respiratory tract from the trachea down to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It then discusses common lung diseases including pneumonia, lung abscess, tuberculosis, and obstructive/restrictive lung diseases. In particular, it provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
this ppt gives information about COPD , Asthma(the respiratory disease)As stated before, diseases of the heart affect the lungs and diseases of the lungs affect the heart.
This is because of the peculiar characteristics of pulmonary vasculature. The pressure in the pulmonary arteries is much lower than in the systemic arteries.
The pulmonary arterial system is466 SECTION III Systemic Pathology thinner than the systemic arterial system.
They are thin elastic vessels which can be easily distinguished from thick-walled bronchial arteries supplying the large airways and the pleura.
General diseases of vascular origin occurring in the lungs such as pulmonary oedema, pulmonary congestion, pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarction, have all been already discussed.
This document provides information on pneumonia and lung abscess from a seminar presentation. It begins with an introduction to pneumonia, defining it as an infection of the lungs. It then discusses the incidence of pneumonia globally and in various countries. Etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, classification, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and management of pneumonia are explained. It also provides detail on lung abscess including definition, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and management. Surgical interventions for complications like empyema are also mentioned.
1) Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis are obstructive lung diseases. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are often grouped together as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) since most patients have features of both, likely due to cigarette smoking.
2) COPD is a major public health problem and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Heavy cigarette smoking and environmental pollutants are significant risk factors.
3) Emphysema is characterized by irreversible destruction of lung tissue and airspace enlargement. It is classified according to anatomical location within the lung lobe. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and mucus buildup in the bronchi.
This document discusses pneumonia and emphysema. It provides details on pneumonia, including the pathogenesis, etiology, classification, and features of lobar pneumonia. Pneumonia is defined as acute lung inflammation distal to the terminal bronchioles. It is commonly caused by bacteria, viruses, or other factors. Lobar pneumonia specifically involves inflammation of an entire lung lobe. It is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and presents as distinct pathological phases from congestion to resolution. Complications can include organization of exudate, pleural effusions, empyema, or lung abscesses.
Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs caused by various bacterial, viral and other pathogens. It can develop through several routes of entry including inhalation, aspiration or spread from other sites. The lungs have defense mechanisms but these can be impaired by factors like smoking, viruses or immunocompromise. Pneumonia is classified based on location in the lungs (lobar, bronchopneumonia), clinical setting (community vs. hospital acquired) or cause. Bacterial pneumonias like those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause lobar or bronchopneumonia with distinct pathological stages including congestion, hepatization and resolution. Symptoms include fever, cough and chest pain.
Lecture 14 disorders of the respiratory system- Pathology Areej Abu Hanieh
This document provides an overview of respiratory system disorders and diseases. It discusses various respiratory infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or aspiration and can be classified as typical (caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae) or atypical (caused by viruses or atypical bacteria). Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and forms granulomas in the lungs. Symptoms include cough and chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like tuberculin skin tests and sputum cultures. Treatment requires a long course of multiple antibiotics.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is caused by chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Patients experience difficulty exhaling all air from their lungs, and exhaled air comes out more slowly than normal. The two main components of COPD are chronic bronchitis, which involves chronic inflammation and excessive mucus in the airways, and emphysema, which permanently enlarges and destroys air spaces in the lungs. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Symptoms include dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production, and prolonged expiration.
The document discusses pneumonia, specifically lobar pneumonia. It describes the pathogenesis, morphological features, and stages of lobar pneumonia including congestion, red hepatization, grey hepatization, and resolution. Complications of untreated lobar pneumonia are also discussed, such as organization of exudate leading to fibrosis, pleural effusions, empyema, lung abscesses, and metastatic infection.
The document discusses several respiratory conditions including pneumonia, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. It provides details on the pathogenesis and morphology of pneumonia and tuberculosis, including the different types of pneumonia, typical causative organisms and clinical features. It also discusses the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, including how the bacteria infect macrophages and the immune response involving T helper 1 cells and granuloma formation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma are also briefly introduced.
Common suppurative diseases of lung- Bronchiectasis...!Sharmin Susiwala
Bronchiectasis is a condition characterized by irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree due to damage to elastic and muscular components, usually from acute or chronic infection. It requires both an infectious insult and impaired drainage or airway obstruction. Symptoms include daily cough and sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest imaging showing abnormal lung signs and high-resolution CT scanning. Treatment focuses on controlling infections with antibiotics and clearing secretions. Complications can include lung damage and recurrent pneumonia.
This document discusses various pulmonary infections including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and their classifications. It describes bronchopneumonia as a patchy pneumonia localized around bronchioles and surrounding alveoli. Lobar pneumonia involves consolidation of an entire lobe and is often caused by pneumococcus. Interstitial pneumonia shows inflammation predominantly in alveolar walls. The document outlines etiologies, pathogenesis, histopathology, and clinical features of different pulmonary infections.
This document discusses pneumonia, including its definition, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by an infectious agent. Microorganisms can gain access to the lungs through various routes like aspiration or inhalation. The lungs are vulnerable because of their gas exchange function. Clinical features include cough, dyspnea, fever, and chest pain. Pneumonia is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and chest x-ray findings. Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common type and is usually bacterial in nature.
The document discusses diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), also known as interstitial lung disease. It describes that DPLD encompasses hundreds of diseases that can be classified based on known versus unknown causes. Key points include that DPLD involves the lung interstitium and alveoli, and common patterns include reticulation, ground glass opacities, and nodules. Diagnosis involves considering clinical presentation, disease progression, radiological findings such as high-resolution CT, and histopathology from procedures like bronchoscopy. Common etiologies include connective tissue disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, drugs, radiation, and idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) represent a heterogeneous group of over 200 lung disorders that involve the parenchyma of the lungs. ILDs can be caused by various factors including hazardous exposures, autoimmune diseases, infections, and idiopathic factors. Clinically, ILDs present with dyspnea, cough, and crackles on exam. Diagnosis involves imaging such as chest X-ray and HRCT which show patterns of reticular opacities, honeycombing, and fibrosis. Pulmonary function tests typically show a restrictive defect. Precise diagnosis requires consideration of clinical features, imaging patterns, and sometimes lung biopsy.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking. In COPD, airflow to the lungs is limited by inflammation and damage to airways and lung tissue. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and managing exacerbations. Nursing care aims to improve ventilation and gas exchange, manage anxiety, and ensure effective airway clearance and rest.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking. In COPD, airflow to the lungs is limited by inflammation and damage to airways and lung tissue. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and managing exacerbations. Nursing care aims to improve ventilation and gas exchange, manage anxiety, and promote effective airway clearance and activity tolerance.
Respiratory diseases range from mild to life-threatening conditions affecting the lungs and respiratory tract. Common respiratory diseases include the common cold, influenza, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and emphysema. Pneumonia and bronchitis often develop as secondary infections after colds or influenza. Asthma involves inflammation and tightening of the airways. Emphysema damages lung air sacs over time. Smoking is the primary risk factor for emphysema and other chronic respiratory diseases.
1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.
2. Emphysema is characterized by enlargement of the air spaces in the lungs and destruction of their walls, causing shortness of breath.
3. Chronic bronchitis is defined as a cough with mucus production for at least three months in a year for two years in a row, excluding other potential causes, and is usually caused by long-term heavy smoking or air pollution.
this ppt gives information about COPD , Asthma(the respiratory disease)As stated before, diseases of the heart affect the lungs and diseases of the lungs affect the heart.
This is because of the peculiar characteristics of pulmonary vasculature. The pressure in the pulmonary arteries is much lower than in the systemic arteries.
The pulmonary arterial system is466 SECTION III Systemic Pathology thinner than the systemic arterial system.
They are thin elastic vessels which can be easily distinguished from thick-walled bronchial arteries supplying the large airways and the pleura.
General diseases of vascular origin occurring in the lungs such as pulmonary oedema, pulmonary congestion, pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarction, have all been already discussed.
This document provides information on pneumonia and lung abscess from a seminar presentation. It begins with an introduction to pneumonia, defining it as an infection of the lungs. It then discusses the incidence of pneumonia globally and in various countries. Etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, classification, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and management of pneumonia are explained. It also provides detail on lung abscess including definition, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and management. Surgical interventions for complications like empyema are also mentioned.
1) Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis are obstructive lung diseases. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are often grouped together as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) since most patients have features of both, likely due to cigarette smoking.
2) COPD is a major public health problem and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Heavy cigarette smoking and environmental pollutants are significant risk factors.
3) Emphysema is characterized by irreversible destruction of lung tissue and airspace enlargement. It is classified according to anatomical location within the lung lobe. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and mucus buildup in the bronchi.
This document discusses pneumonia and emphysema. It provides details on pneumonia, including the pathogenesis, etiology, classification, and features of lobar pneumonia. Pneumonia is defined as acute lung inflammation distal to the terminal bronchioles. It is commonly caused by bacteria, viruses, or other factors. Lobar pneumonia specifically involves inflammation of an entire lung lobe. It is usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and presents as distinct pathological phases from congestion to resolution. Complications can include organization of exudate, pleural effusions, empyema, or lung abscesses.
Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs caused by various bacterial, viral and other pathogens. It can develop through several routes of entry including inhalation, aspiration or spread from other sites. The lungs have defense mechanisms but these can be impaired by factors like smoking, viruses or immunocompromise. Pneumonia is classified based on location in the lungs (lobar, bronchopneumonia), clinical setting (community vs. hospital acquired) or cause. Bacterial pneumonias like those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause lobar or bronchopneumonia with distinct pathological stages including congestion, hepatization and resolution. Symptoms include fever, cough and chest pain.
Lecture 14 disorders of the respiratory system- Pathology Areej Abu Hanieh
This document provides an overview of respiratory system disorders and diseases. It discusses various respiratory infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or aspiration and can be classified as typical (caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae) or atypical (caused by viruses or atypical bacteria). Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and forms granulomas in the lungs. Symptoms include cough and chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like tuberculin skin tests and sputum cultures. Treatment requires a long course of multiple antibiotics.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is caused by chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Patients experience difficulty exhaling all air from their lungs, and exhaled air comes out more slowly than normal. The two main components of COPD are chronic bronchitis, which involves chronic inflammation and excessive mucus in the airways, and emphysema, which permanently enlarges and destroys air spaces in the lungs. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Symptoms include dyspnea, chronic cough, sputum production, and prolonged expiration.
The document discusses pneumonia, specifically lobar pneumonia. It describes the pathogenesis, morphological features, and stages of lobar pneumonia including congestion, red hepatization, grey hepatization, and resolution. Complications of untreated lobar pneumonia are also discussed, such as organization of exudate leading to fibrosis, pleural effusions, empyema, lung abscesses, and metastatic infection.
The document discusses several respiratory conditions including pneumonia, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. It provides details on the pathogenesis and morphology of pneumonia and tuberculosis, including the different types of pneumonia, typical causative organisms and clinical features. It also discusses the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, including how the bacteria infect macrophages and the immune response involving T helper 1 cells and granuloma formation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma are also briefly introduced.
Common suppurative diseases of lung- Bronchiectasis...!Sharmin Susiwala
Bronchiectasis is a condition characterized by irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree due to damage to elastic and muscular components, usually from acute or chronic infection. It requires both an infectious insult and impaired drainage or airway obstruction. Symptoms include daily cough and sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest imaging showing abnormal lung signs and high-resolution CT scanning. Treatment focuses on controlling infections with antibiotics and clearing secretions. Complications can include lung damage and recurrent pneumonia.
This document discusses various pulmonary infections including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and their classifications. It describes bronchopneumonia as a patchy pneumonia localized around bronchioles and surrounding alveoli. Lobar pneumonia involves consolidation of an entire lobe and is often caused by pneumococcus. Interstitial pneumonia shows inflammation predominantly in alveolar walls. The document outlines etiologies, pathogenesis, histopathology, and clinical features of different pulmonary infections.
This document discusses pneumonia, including its definition, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by an infectious agent. Microorganisms can gain access to the lungs through various routes like aspiration or inhalation. The lungs are vulnerable because of their gas exchange function. Clinical features include cough, dyspnea, fever, and chest pain. Pneumonia is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and chest x-ray findings. Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common type and is usually bacterial in nature.
The document discusses diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), also known as interstitial lung disease. It describes that DPLD encompasses hundreds of diseases that can be classified based on known versus unknown causes. Key points include that DPLD involves the lung interstitium and alveoli, and common patterns include reticulation, ground glass opacities, and nodules. Diagnosis involves considering clinical presentation, disease progression, radiological findings such as high-resolution CT, and histopathology from procedures like bronchoscopy. Common etiologies include connective tissue disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, drugs, radiation, and idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) represent a heterogeneous group of over 200 lung disorders that involve the parenchyma of the lungs. ILDs can be caused by various factors including hazardous exposures, autoimmune diseases, infections, and idiopathic factors. Clinically, ILDs present with dyspnea, cough, and crackles on exam. Diagnosis involves imaging such as chest X-ray and HRCT which show patterns of reticular opacities, honeycombing, and fibrosis. Pulmonary function tests typically show a restrictive defect. Precise diagnosis requires consideration of clinical features, imaging patterns, and sometimes lung biopsy.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking. In COPD, airflow to the lungs is limited by inflammation and damage to airways and lung tissue. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and managing exacerbations. Nursing care aims to improve ventilation and gas exchange, manage anxiety, and ensure effective airway clearance and rest.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking. In COPD, airflow to the lungs is limited by inflammation and damage to airways and lung tissue. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, shortness of breath, and weight loss. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and managing exacerbations. Nursing care aims to improve ventilation and gas exchange, manage anxiety, and promote effective airway clearance and activity tolerance.
Respiratory diseases range from mild to life-threatening conditions affecting the lungs and respiratory tract. Common respiratory diseases include the common cold, influenza, asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and emphysema. Pneumonia and bronchitis often develop as secondary infections after colds or influenza. Asthma involves inflammation and tightening of the airways. Emphysema damages lung air sacs over time. Smoking is the primary risk factor for emphysema and other chronic respiratory diseases.
1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.
2. Emphysema is characterized by enlargement of the air spaces in the lungs and destruction of their walls, causing shortness of breath.
3. Chronic bronchitis is defined as a cough with mucus production for at least three months in a year for two years in a row, excluding other potential causes, and is usually caused by long-term heavy smoking or air pollution.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
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Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. PNEUMONIAS
Pneumonia is defined as acute inflammation of the
lung parenchyma distal to the terminal bronchioles
(consisting of the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar
ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli).
The terms ‘pneumonia’ and ‘pneumonitis’ are often
used synonymously for inflam mation of the lungs,
while ‘consolidation’ (mean ing solidification) is the
term used for gross and radiologic appearance of
the lungs in pneumonia.
3. PATHOGENESIS
The microorganisms gain entry into the lungs by
one of the following four routes:
1. Inhalation of the microbes present in the air.
2. Aspiration of organisms from the nasopharynx or
oropharynx.
3. Haematogenous spread from a distant focus of
infection.
4. Direct spread from an adjoining site of infection.
Failure of defense mecha nisms and presence of
certain predisposing factors result in pneumonias.
4. CONTD…
These conditions are as under:
1. Altered consciousness
2. Depressed cough and glottic reflexes
3. Impaired mucociliary transport
4. Impaired alveolar macrophage function
5. Endobronchial obstruction
6. Immuno compromised states
5. CLASSIFICATION
I. On the basis of the anatomic region of the lung
parenchyma involved, pneumonias are traditionally
classified into 3 main types:
1. Lobar pneumonia
2. Bronchopneumonia (or Lobular pneumonia)
3. Interstitial pneumonia.
6. CONTD…
II. Based on the clinical settings in which infection
occurred, pneumonias are classified as under:
1. Community-acquire pneumonia
2. Health care-associated pneumonia (including
hospital-acquired pneumonia)
3. Ventilator-associated pneumonia
7. CONTD…
III. Based on etiology and pathogenesis,
pneumonias are classified as under:
A. Bacterial pneumonia
B. Viral pneumonia
C. Pneumonias from other etiologies
8. LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Lobar pneumonia is an acute bacterial infection of a
part of a lobe, the entire lobe, or even two lobes of
one or both the lungs.
ETIOLOGY
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Staphylococcal pneumonia
Streptococcal pneumonia
9. MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES
Laennec’s original description divides lobar
pneumonia into 4 sequen tial pathologic phases:
stage of congestion (initial phase),
red hepatisation (early consolidation),
grey hepatisation (late consolidation) and
resolution
10. CLINICAL FEATURES
Classically, the onset of lobar pneumonia is
sudden.
The major symptoms are: shaking chills, fever,
malaise with pleuritic chest pain, dyspnoea and
cough with expectoration which may be mucoid,
purulent or even bloody.
The common physical findings are fever,
tachycardia, and tachypnoea, and sometimes
cyanosis if the patient is severely hypoxaemic.
There is generally a marked neutrophilic
leucocytosis. Blood cultures are positive in about
30% of cases. Chest radio graph may reveal
consolidation.
11. BRONCHOPNEUMONIA (LOBULAR
PNEUMONIA)
Bronchopneumonia or lobular pneumonia is
infection of the terminal bronchioles that extends
into the surrounding alveoli resulting in patchy
consolidation of the lung.
The condition is particularly frequent at the
extremes of life (i.e. in infancy and old age), as a
terminal event in chronic debilitating diseases and
as a secondary infection following viral respiratory
infec tions such as influenza, measles etc.
12. ETIOLOGY
The common organisms responsible for
bronchopneumonia are staphylococci, streptococci,
pneumococci, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus
influenzae, and gram-negative bacilli like
Pseudomonas and coliform bacteria
13. CLINICAL FEATURES
The patients of broncho pneumonia are generally
infants or elderly individuals.
There may be history of preceding bed-ridden
illness, chronic debility, aspiration of gastric
contents or upper respiratory infection.
Chest radiograph shows mottled, focal opacities in
both the lungs, chiefly in the lower zones.
14. ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
(HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a
severe, at times lifethreatening, form of progressive
respiratory insufficiency which involves pulmonary
tissues diffusely i.e. involvement of the alveolar
epithelium, alveolar lumina and interstitial tissue
15. CLINICAL FEATURES AND
CONSEQUENCES
These are different in children and adults: ”
Neonatal ARDS occurring in newborn infants
begins with dyspnoea within a few hours after birth
with tachypnoea, hypoxia and cyanosis; in severe
cases death may occur within a few hours. ”
16. CONTD…
Adult ARDS is known by various synonyms such
as shock-lung syndrome, diffuse alveolar damage
(DAD), acute alveolar injury, traumatic wet lungs
and post-traumatic respiratory insufficiency.
Adult ARDS also presents clinically by sudden and
severe respiratory distress, tachypnoea,
tachycardia, cyanosis and severe hypoxaemia
17. PATHOGENESIS
NARDS - The basic defect in neonatal ARDS is a
deficiency of pulmonary surfactant, normally
synthesised by type II alveolar cells.
The main function of alveolar surfactant being
lowering of alveolar surface tension, its deficiency
leads to increased alveolar surface tension which in
turn causes atelectasis
18. ADULT ARDS
i) Activated pulmonary macrophages release
proinflammatory cytokines such as IL8, IL1, and
tumour necrosis factor (TNF), while macro phage
inhibitory factor (MIF) helps to sustain inflammation
in the alveoli.
In either case, injury to the capillary endothelium
leads to increased vascular permeability while
injured pneumocytes, especially type 1, undergo
necrosis. The net effect of injury to both capillary
endothelium and alveolar epithelium is interstitial
and intra-alveolar
19. ATELECTASIS AND COLLAPSE
Atelectasis in the newborn or primary atelectasis is
defined as incomplete expansion of a lung or
part of a lung, while
pulmonary collapse or secondary atelectasis is the
term used for reduction in lung size of a
previously expanded and well-aerated lung.
Obviously, the former occurs in newborn whereas
the latter may occur at any age..
20. CONTD..
ATELECTASIS Stillborn infants have total
atelectasis, while the newborn infants with weak
respiratory action develop incomplete expansion of
the lungs and clinical atelectasis. The common
causes are prematurity, cerebral birth injury, CNS
malformations and intrauterine hypoxia.
COLLAPSE Pulmonary collapse or secondary
atelectasis in children and adults may occur from
various causes such as compression, obstruction,
contraction and lack of pulmonary surfactant
21. PNEUMOCONIOSES
Pneumoconiosis is the term used for lung diseases
caused by inhalation of dust, mostly at work
(pneumo = lung; conis = dust in Greek).
These diseases are, therefore, also called ‘dust
diseases’ or ‘occupational lung diseases’
22. ETIOLOGY
The type of lung disease varies according to the
nature of inhaled dust. Some dusts are inert and
cause no reaction and no damage at all, while
others cause immunologic damage and predispose
to tuberculosis or to neoplasia.
23. FACTORS AFFECTING
The factors which determine the extent of damage
caused by inhaled dusts are as under:
1. size and shape of the particles;
2. their solubility and physicochemical composition;
3. the amount of dust retained in the lungs;
4. the additional effect of other irritants such as
tobacco smoke; and
5. host factors such as efficiency of clearance
mecha nism and immune status of the host.
24. REACTIONS
The tissue response to inhaled dust may be one of
the following three types: ”
Fibrous nodules e.g. in coal-workers’
pneumoconiosis and silicosis. ”
Interstitial fibrosis e.g. in asbestosis. ”
Hypersensitivity reaction e.g. in berylliosis.
26. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
(COPD)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or
chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD) are com
monly used clinical terms for a group of
pathological conditions in which there is chronic,
partial or complete, obstruction to the airflow at any
level from trachea to the smallest airways resulting
in functional disability of the lungs i.e. these are
diffuse lung diseases.
One etiologic factor which is a common
denominator in all forms of COPD is smoking.
27. CEB(2)S
The following entities are included in COPD:
I. Chronic bronchitis
II. Emphysema
III. Bronchial asthma
IV. Bronchiectasis
V. Small airways disease (bronchiolitis)
28. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Chronic bronchitis is a common condition defined
clinically as persistent cough with expectoration
on most days for at least three months of the
year for two or more consecutive years. The
cough is caused by over secretion of mucus.
29. ETIOPATHOGENESIS
The two most important etio logic factors
responsible for majority of cases of chronic
bronchitis are: cigarette smoking and atmospheric
pollution.
Other contri butory factors are occupation,
infection, familial and genetic factors
30. CLINICAL FEATURES
1. Persistent cough with copious expectoration of
long duration; initially beginning in a heavy smoker
with ‘morning catarrh’ or ‘throat clearing’ which
worsens in winter.
2.Recurrent respiratory infections are common.
3. Dyspnoea is generally not prominent at rest but
is more on exertion.
31. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Asthma is a disease of airways that is characterised
by increased responsiveness of the
tracheobronchial tree to a variety of stimuli resulting
in widespread spas modic narrowing of the air
passages which may be relieved spontaneously
or by therapy.
Asthma is an episodic disease manifested clinically
by paroxysms of dyspnoea, cough and wheezing.
However, a severe and unremitting form of the
disease termed status asthma ticus may prove
fatal.
32. ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND TYPES
1. Extrinsic (atopic, allergic) asthma
This is the most common type of asthma. It usually
begins in childhood or in early adult life. Most
patients of this type of asthma have personal and/or
family history of preceding allergic diseases such
as rhinitis, urticaria or infantile eczema.
33. CONTD…
Hyper sensitivity to various extrinsic antigenic
substances or ‘allergens’ is usually present in these
cases. There is increased level of IgE in the serum
and positive skin test with the specific offending
inhaled antigen representing an IgEmediated type I
hypersensi tivity reaction which includes an ‘acute
immediate response’ and a ‘late phase reaction’.
34. 2. INTRINSIC (IDIOSYNCRATIC, NON-ATOPIC)
ASTHMA
This type of asthma develops later in adult life with
negative personal or family history of allergy,
negative skin test and normal serum levels of IgE.
Most of these patients develop typical symptom-
complex after an upper respiratory tract infection by
viruses
35. FEATURES
G/A The lungs are overdistended due to over-
inflation. The cut surface shows characteristic
occlusion of the bronchi and bronchioles by viscid
mucus plugs.
M/E 1. The mucus plugs contain normal or
degenerated respiratory epithelium forming twisted
strips called Curschmann’s spirals.
36. CONTD…
2. The sputum usually contains numerous eosino
phils and diamond-shaped crystals derived from
eosino phils called Charcot-Leyden crystals.
3. The bronchial wall shows thickened basement
membrane of the bronchial epithelium, submucosal
oedema and inflammatory infiltrate consisting of
lymphocytes and plasma cells with prominence of
eosino phils
37. BRONCHIECTASIS
Bronchiectasis is defined as abnormal and irreversible
dilatation of the bronchi and bronchioles (greater
than 2 mm in diameter) developing secondary to inflam
matory weakening of the bronchial walls.
The most characteristic clinical manifestation of
bronchiectasis is persistent cough with
expectoration of copious amounts of foul-smelling,
purulent sputum.
38. ETIOPATHOGENESIS
The origin of inflammatory destruc tive process of
bronchial walls is nearly always a result of two
basic mechanisms: endobronchial obstruction and
infection.
1. Hereditary and congenital factors
2. Obstruction
3. As secondary complication
39. FEATURES
G/A
The dilated airways, depending upon their gross or
broncho graphic appearance, have been
subclassified into the following different types:
i) Cylindrical
ii) Fusiform
iii) Saccular
iv) Varicose
40. CONTD…
M/E :
i) The bronchial epithelium may be normal,
ulcerated or may show squamous metaplasia.
ii) The bronchial wall shows infiltration by acute and
chronic inflammatory cells and destruction of
normal muscle and elastic tissue with replacement
by fibrosis.
iii) The intervening lung parenchyma shows fibrosis,
while the surrounding lung tissue shows changes of
interstitial pneumonia.
41. CLINICAL FEATURES
The clinical manifestations of bronchiectasis
typically consist of chronic cough with foul-
smelling sputum production, haemoptysis and
recurrent pneumonia.
Sinusitis is a common accompaniment of diffuse
bronchiectasis.
Late complications occurring in cases uncontrolled
for years include development of clubbing of the
fingers, metastatic abscesses (often to the brain),
amyloidosis and cor pulmonale
42. BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
The term bronchogenic carcinoma is commonly
used for cancer of the lungs which includes
carcinomas arising from the respiratory epithelium
lining the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
43. INCIDENCE
Lung cancer is the most common primary malignant
tumour in men and accounts for nearly 30% of all
cancer deaths in both sexes in developing
countries.
Currently, the incidence of lung cancer in females in
the United States has already exceeded breast
cancer as a cause of death in women
44. MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS
Molecular studies have revealed that there are
several genetic alterations in cancer stem cells
which produce clones of malignant cells to form
tumour mass.
1. Activation of growth-promoting oncogenes
Mutation in K-RAS oncogene has been seen as the
dominant change in lung cancer. Besides, there is
mutation in tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR
oncogene in cases of adenocarcinoma lung in non-
smokers