Respiratory system
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A short powerpoint presentation into the Biological workings of inhalation and exhalation (suitable for high school level).
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Anatomical basis for respiration in female Vs male
Let's learn the anatomical basis behind thoracoabdominal respiration in females and abdominothoracic respiration in males
Muscles of respiration Dr. MADHUKIRAN, MD.PULMONOLOGY
1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are responsible for quiet inspiration by contracting to increase the thoracic cavity volume.
2. Quiet expiration is a passive process where these muscles relax and the lungs and chest wall recoil, decreasing thoracic cavity volume and expelling air.
3. Forced expiration involves contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles like the rectus abdominis to compress the abdomen and further increase intrathoracic pressure, expelling more air from the lungs.
Mechanics of respiration
The document summarizes the mechanics of respiration. It describes how respiration occurs in 5 steps through the contraction and relaxation of muscles like the diaphragm, ribs, and abdomen. This causes the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs to increase and decrease, creating pressure differences that drive air into and out of the lungs. Inspiration is an active process requiring muscle contraction, while expiration is usually passive. Pulmonary ventilation depends on tidal volume and breathing rate. Various pressures including atmospheric, intra-alveolar, and intrapleural pressure drive lung inflation and deflation.
Mechanics of respiration ii
1. There are two main respiratory pressures - intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure.
2. Intrapleural pressure is negative pressure in the pleural cavity that prevents lung collapse. Intra-alveolar pressure causes air flow into and out of alveoli during breathing.
3. Compliance refers to the elasticity and expandability of the lungs and thorax. Static compliance measures elastic resistance at rest while dynamic compliance measures it during breathing. Increased compliance occurs in emphysema while decreased compliance occurs in conditions like fibrosis.
Regulation of respiration during exercise
This document discusses how pulmonary ventilation changes during exercise. It notes that during light exercise, ventilation increases primarily by deeper breathing (higher tidal volume). During intense exercise, ventilation increases mainly by faster breathing frequency. At steady state exercise, ventilation rises through both deeper breathing and faster frequency. Ventilation is regulated centrally and also responds to chemical signals like increased blood carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and other factors. Training improves ventilation efficiency during exercise by allowing higher tidal volumes and lower breathing frequencies at a given workload.
Introduction to respiration and mechanics of ventilation (the guyton and hall...
Respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out.
Respiration is classified into two types:
1. External respiration
It involves exchange of respiratory gases, i.e. oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood.
2. Internal respiration
It involves exchange of gases between blood and tissues.
Respiration occurs in two phases:
Inspiration during which air enters the lungs from atmosphere.
2. Expiration during which air leaves the lungs.
During normal breathing, inspiration is an active
process and expiration is a passive process.
Respiratory tract is divided into two parts:
1. Upper respiratory tract that includes all the
structures from nose up to vocal cords; vocal cords are the folds of mucous membrane within larynx that vibrates to produce the voice
2. Lower respiratory tract, which includes Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
RESPIRATORY UNIT
Respiratory unit is defined as:
“The structural and functional unit of lung”. Exchange of gases occurs only in this part of the respiratory tract.
STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY UNIT
1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveolar sacs
4. Antrum
5. Alveoli
Between the trachea and alveoli airways divide 23 times
Out of 23 divisions first 16 are just to conduct air and these divisions of airways are up to terminal bronchioles.
The last 7 divisions are for the exchange of gases and these divisions which are for exchange of gases includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs and the alveolar surface form s an area of 70-100 square meters
Mechanism of respiration. corrected
The document discusses the mechanism of breathing, including inspiration and expiration. It describes how inspiration is an active process that involves movements of the ribs and diaphragm to decrease intrathoracic pressure and allow air to flow into the lungs. Expiration is usually a passive process involving elastic recoil, but can become active through contraction of abdominal muscles. Accessory muscles assist with forced inspiration. Pressure changes during ventilation within the lungs and pleural cavity are also covered.
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Anatomical basis for respiration in female Vs male
Let's learn the anatomical basis behind thoracoabdominal respiration in females and abdominothoracic respiration in males
Muscles of respiration Dr. MADHUKIRAN, MD.PULMONOLOGY
1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are responsible for quiet inspiration by contracting to increase the thoracic cavity volume.
2. Quiet expiration is a passive process where these muscles relax and the lungs and chest wall recoil, decreasing thoracic cavity volume and expelling air.
3. Forced expiration involves contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles like the rectus abdominis to compress the abdomen and further increase intrathoracic pressure, expelling more air from the lungs.
Mechanics of respiration
The document summarizes the mechanics of respiration. It describes how respiration occurs in 5 steps through the contraction and relaxation of muscles like the diaphragm, ribs, and abdomen. This causes the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs to increase and decrease, creating pressure differences that drive air into and out of the lungs. Inspiration is an active process requiring muscle contraction, while expiration is usually passive. Pulmonary ventilation depends on tidal volume and breathing rate. Various pressures including atmospheric, intra-alveolar, and intrapleural pressure drive lung inflation and deflation.
Mechanics of respiration ii
1. There are two main respiratory pressures - intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure.
2. Intrapleural pressure is negative pressure in the pleural cavity that prevents lung collapse. Intra-alveolar pressure causes air flow into and out of alveoli during breathing.
3. Compliance refers to the elasticity and expandability of the lungs and thorax. Static compliance measures elastic resistance at rest while dynamic compliance measures it during breathing. Increased compliance occurs in emphysema while decreased compliance occurs in conditions like fibrosis.
Regulation of respiration during exercise
This document discusses how pulmonary ventilation changes during exercise. It notes that during light exercise, ventilation increases primarily by deeper breathing (higher tidal volume). During intense exercise, ventilation increases mainly by faster breathing frequency. At steady state exercise, ventilation rises through both deeper breathing and faster frequency. Ventilation is regulated centrally and also responds to chemical signals like increased blood carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and other factors. Training improves ventilation efficiency during exercise by allowing higher tidal volumes and lower breathing frequencies at a given workload.
Introduction to respiration and mechanics of ventilation (the guyton and hall...
Respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out.
Respiration is classified into two types:
1. External respiration
It involves exchange of respiratory gases, i.e. oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood.
2. Internal respiration
It involves exchange of gases between blood and tissues.
Respiration occurs in two phases:
Inspiration during which air enters the lungs from atmosphere.
2. Expiration during which air leaves the lungs.
During normal breathing, inspiration is an active
process and expiration is a passive process.
Respiratory tract is divided into two parts:
1. Upper respiratory tract that includes all the
structures from nose up to vocal cords; vocal cords are the folds of mucous membrane within larynx that vibrates to produce the voice
2. Lower respiratory tract, which includes Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
RESPIRATORY UNIT
Respiratory unit is defined as:
“The structural and functional unit of lung”. Exchange of gases occurs only in this part of the respiratory tract.
STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY UNIT
1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveolar sacs
4. Antrum
5. Alveoli
Between the trachea and alveoli airways divide 23 times
Out of 23 divisions first 16 are just to conduct air and these divisions of airways are up to terminal bronchioles.
The last 7 divisions are for the exchange of gases and these divisions which are for exchange of gases includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs and the alveolar surface form s an area of 70-100 square meters
Mechanism of respiration. corrected
The document discusses the mechanism of breathing, including inspiration and expiration. It describes how inspiration is an active process that involves movements of the ribs and diaphragm to decrease intrathoracic pressure and allow air to flow into the lungs. Expiration is usually a passive process involving elastic recoil, but can become active through contraction of abdominal muscles. Accessory muscles assist with forced inspiration. Pressure changes during ventilation within the lungs and pleural cavity are also covered.
Influence of exercise on respiratory system
Exercise has both short-term and long-term effects on the respiratory system. In the short-term, exercise increases respiratory rate, tidal volume, and the rate of gas exchange. In the long-term, it strengthens respiratory muscles, increases respiratory volume, improves lung efficiency, and makes gas exchange more efficient. Regular exercise helps the lungs work harder to increase oxygen intake and remove carbon dioxide, ultimately improving pulmonary function.
Respiratory movement
1. The document describes the mechanics of respiratory movement during breathing.
2. There are two main types of movement during breathing - alterations in the capacity of the thorax brought about by movement of the thoracic wall, and elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall during expiration.
3. The ribs act as levers during breathing, and their upward movement causes the thoracic cavity to expand in the anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical directions.
Mechanism of respiration
The document discusses the mechanism of respiration, which involves breathing and the exchange of gases through diffusion in the alveoli. Inspiration is an active process where inhaling decreases pressure and draws air into the lungs. Expiration is passive as exhaling increases pressure and expels air. Oxygen diffuses into blood and tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses out, carried by hemoglobin, plasma, and bicarbonate ions to the lungs.
Mechanics of respiration 1
This document discusses respiratory movements and the muscles involved in respiration. It describes that respiration occurs in two phases - inspiration and expiration. Inspiration is an active process involving contraction of inspiratory muscles like the diaphragm and external intercostals to enlarge the thoracic cage. Expiration is usually a passive process. The document also discusses the factors that prevent the lungs from collapsing, including intrapleural pressure and pulmonary surfactant secreted by type II alveolar cells and Clara cells to reduce surface tension in the alveoli. It further describes respiratory distress syndrome, also known as hyaline membrane disease, which affects premature infants due to surfactant deficiency.
Mechanism of breathing
The document describes the mechanisms and structures involved in human respiration. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens while the intercostal muscles raise the rib cage, both actions serving to expand the thoracic cavity and decrease internal pressure. This pressure difference causes air to flow into the lungs. During exhalation, the muscles relax and the thoracic cavity size decreases, raising pressure and forcing air out of the lungs. Key gas laws including Boyle's law and Charles' law are also discussed in relation to lung volume and pressure changes during breathing.
Mechanics of Respiration
The document describes the mechanics of respiration including the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration. It discusses the pressure changes that occur during ventilation including the negative pressures in the pleural cavity and alveoli that drive lung inflation. Surfactant is described as reducing alveolar surface tension to prevent lung collapse and its role in hyaline membrane disease seen in premature infants is explained.
Lec 6b resp Physiology of Exercise
Pulmonary respiration refers to breathing and the exchange of gases in the lungs. During exercise, pulmonary respiration plays a key role in maintaining blood-gas homeostasis by increasing ventilation, gas exchange, and blood flow to the lungs. The conducting zone transports air to the respiratory zone, where gas exchange occurs in alveoli within the lungs.
Mechanism of breathing
introduction>muscles of respiration>muscles are involved>respiratory pressure>movement of thoracic cage and lungs during respiration>movement of expiration
FISIOLOGI SENAM Respiration during exercise
The document summarizes key concepts about respiration during exercise from a textbook chapter:
1. It outlines the structure and function of the respiratory system, including how gases are diffused and transported in the lungs and blood.
2. It describes the mechanics of breathing, including how inspiration and expiration occur and factors that influence airway resistance.
3. It discusses how pulmonary ventilation, blood flow to the lungs, and the ventilation-perfusion ratio change with exercise intensity and posture. Maintaining an optimal ventilation-perfusion ratio is important for gas exchange.
Human breathing mechanism 1 ppt
Human breathing involves two processes - inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing the lungs to expand. This decreases air pressure in the lungs, allowing outside air to rush in. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and expands, decreasing the thoracic cavity volume, compressing the lungs, and increasing air pressure to allow the exhaling of air from the lungs.
Mechanism of respiration
This presentation provide in depth knowledge on one of the most important system of human being that is Respiratory system or mechanism of breathing.
Breathing
This document discusses proper breathing techniques for singing. It outlines the differences between normal breathing and breathing for singing, including taking deeper breaths and prolonging exhalation. Good breathing for singing involves taking air deep into the lungs and setting up resistance between the intercostal and abdominal muscles to pressurize the air. The four steps of breathing for singing are inspiration, suspension, exhalation, and recovery. Common faults include chest, rib, back, and belly breathing as well as hypofunctional and hyperfunctional breathing. Proper breathing for singing involves gentle expansion around the ribs, back and abdomen on inspiration and maintaining expansion during exhalation.
Mechanics of respiration
This document discusses the mechanism of respiration, including the anatomy of the respiratory system and the four main steps of respiration: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport in blood, and internal respiration in tissues. It describes the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration, important lung pressures, Boyle's law relating gas pressure and volume, lung compliance, surface tension in the alveoli, and factors that can increase the work of breathing.
02 Effect Of Exercise On Breathing
The document explains how exercise affects breathing and pulse rates. It states that breathing and pulse rates increase during exercise to supply more oxygen, which is needed for aerobic respiration to release energy. The brain monitors carbon dioxide levels in the blood and signals the lungs to breathe faster to remove it if levels get too high. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and its equation is given. Anaerobic respiration, which occurs during intense exercise when oxygen can't be supplied fast enough, is also discussed.
Mechanics of breathing 1 for mbbs
1. The mechanics of breathing involve reversing pressure gradients between the alveoli and atmosphere through cyclic respiratory muscle activity to allow air flow into and out of the lungs.
2. Three important pressures in respiration are atmospheric pressure, intra-alveolar pressure, and intra-pleural pressure.
3. Lung volumes include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Lung capacities include functional residual capacity, inspiratory capacity, expiratory capacity, and total lung capacity.
Chemical control of respiration
This document discusses the chemical control of respiration through two main sets of chemoreceptors - central chemoreceptors located in the medulla that are sensitive to increased carbon dioxide, and peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies that are sensitive to decreased oxygen, increased carbon dioxide, and increased hydrogen ions. It also describes the locations and functions of the central and peripheral chemoreceptors and how they stimulate respiration in response to changes in blood gases.
Mechanism of-respiration
This document discusses the mechanism of respiration. It describes the anatomy of the respiratory system and the mechanics of breathing, including inspiration and expiration. It explains external and internal respiration processes and the role of muscles like the diaphragm in breathing. Pressure changes in the lungs during ventilation are analyzed. Muscle involvement in inspiration and expiration is outlined.
Mechanics of breathing FOR DENTAL STUDENTS
This document discusses the mechanics of breathing and pressures involved in respiration. It explains that air flows from higher to lower pressure down a pressure gradient. There are three important pressures in respiration: atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mm Hg, intra-alveolar pressure within the alveoli, and intrapleural pressure within the pleural cavity which is usually lower than atmospheric pressure at 756 mm Hg. During inspiration, muscle contraction increases the chest volume and reduces intrapleural pressure, allowing air to flow into the alveoli until pressures equalize. During expiration, muscle relaxation decreases chest volume and increases intrapleural pressure, causing air to flow out of the alveoli until pressures equalize again.
Role of respiratory muscles and various pressures in pulmonary ventilation
The document discusses respiratory muscles, pulmonary ventilation, and pressures involved in breathing. It describes:
1) The major inspiratory muscles that expand the thoracic cavity including the diaphragm and ribs, inducing inhalation. Expiratory muscles compress the thorax during exhalation.
2) Pulmonary ventilation is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute at rest, approximately 6-7 liters.
3) Pressures involved in breathing include the intra-alveolar pressure that decreases during inhalation and increases slightly during exhalation, and the negative intra-pleural pressure that helps keep the lungs inflated. Changes in these pressures and volumes drive air flow into and out
Mechanics of breathing
This document summarizes the mechanics of breathing. It describes normal breathing rates and types of abnormal breathing. It discusses the boundaries of the thoracic cage and the two pleura layers. Breathing involves both positive pressure from inspiration and negative pressure from expiration. Inspiration is an active process using the diaphragm and intercostal muscles while expiration is usually passive. Gas exchange occurs through pressure gradients in the lungs. The document outlines the muscles, pressures, and mechanics involved in inspiration and expiration.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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Influence of exercise on respiratory system
Exercise has both short-term and long-term effects on the respiratory system. In the short-term, exercise increases respiratory rate, tidal volume, and the rate of gas exchange. In the long-term, it strengthens respiratory muscles, increases respiratory volume, improves lung efficiency, and makes gas exchange more efficient. Regular exercise helps the lungs work harder to increase oxygen intake and remove carbon dioxide, ultimately improving pulmonary function.
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1. The document describes the mechanics of respiratory movement during breathing.
2. There are two main types of movement during breathing - alterations in the capacity of the thorax brought about by movement of the thoracic wall, and elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic wall during expiration.
3. The ribs act as levers during breathing, and their upward movement causes the thoracic cavity to expand in the anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical directions.
Mechanism of respiration
The document discusses the mechanism of respiration, which involves breathing and the exchange of gases through diffusion in the alveoli. Inspiration is an active process where inhaling decreases pressure and draws air into the lungs. Expiration is passive as exhaling increases pressure and expels air. Oxygen diffuses into blood and tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses out, carried by hemoglobin, plasma, and bicarbonate ions to the lungs.
Mechanics of respiration 1
This document discusses respiratory movements and the muscles involved in respiration. It describes that respiration occurs in two phases - inspiration and expiration. Inspiration is an active process involving contraction of inspiratory muscles like the diaphragm and external intercostals to enlarge the thoracic cage. Expiration is usually a passive process. The document also discusses the factors that prevent the lungs from collapsing, including intrapleural pressure and pulmonary surfactant secreted by type II alveolar cells and Clara cells to reduce surface tension in the alveoli. It further describes respiratory distress syndrome, also known as hyaline membrane disease, which affects premature infants due to surfactant deficiency.
Mechanism of breathing
The document describes the mechanisms and structures involved in human respiration. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens while the intercostal muscles raise the rib cage, both actions serving to expand the thoracic cavity and decrease internal pressure. This pressure difference causes air to flow into the lungs. During exhalation, the muscles relax and the thoracic cavity size decreases, raising pressure and forcing air out of the lungs. Key gas laws including Boyle's law and Charles' law are also discussed in relation to lung volume and pressure changes during breathing.
Mechanics of Respiration
The document describes the mechanics of respiration including the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration. It discusses the pressure changes that occur during ventilation including the negative pressures in the pleural cavity and alveoli that drive lung inflation. Surfactant is described as reducing alveolar surface tension to prevent lung collapse and its role in hyaline membrane disease seen in premature infants is explained.
Lec 6b resp Physiology of Exercise
Pulmonary respiration refers to breathing and the exchange of gases in the lungs. During exercise, pulmonary respiration plays a key role in maintaining blood-gas homeostasis by increasing ventilation, gas exchange, and blood flow to the lungs. The conducting zone transports air to the respiratory zone, where gas exchange occurs in alveoli within the lungs.
Mechanism of breathing
introduction>muscles of respiration>muscles are involved>respiratory pressure>movement of thoracic cage and lungs during respiration>movement of expiration
FISIOLOGI SENAM Respiration during exercise
The document summarizes key concepts about respiration during exercise from a textbook chapter:
1. It outlines the structure and function of the respiratory system, including how gases are diffused and transported in the lungs and blood.
2. It describes the mechanics of breathing, including how inspiration and expiration occur and factors that influence airway resistance.
3. It discusses how pulmonary ventilation, blood flow to the lungs, and the ventilation-perfusion ratio change with exercise intensity and posture. Maintaining an optimal ventilation-perfusion ratio is important for gas exchange.
Human breathing mechanism 1 ppt
Human breathing involves two processes - inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing the lungs to expand. This decreases air pressure in the lungs, allowing outside air to rush in. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and expands, decreasing the thoracic cavity volume, compressing the lungs, and increasing air pressure to allow the exhaling of air from the lungs.
Mechanism of respiration
This presentation provide in depth knowledge on one of the most important system of human being that is Respiratory system or mechanism of breathing.
Breathing
This document discusses proper breathing techniques for singing. It outlines the differences between normal breathing and breathing for singing, including taking deeper breaths and prolonging exhalation. Good breathing for singing involves taking air deep into the lungs and setting up resistance between the intercostal and abdominal muscles to pressurize the air. The four steps of breathing for singing are inspiration, suspension, exhalation, and recovery. Common faults include chest, rib, back, and belly breathing as well as hypofunctional and hyperfunctional breathing. Proper breathing for singing involves gentle expansion around the ribs, back and abdomen on inspiration and maintaining expansion during exhalation.
Mechanics of respiration
This document discusses the mechanism of respiration, including the anatomy of the respiratory system and the four main steps of respiration: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport in blood, and internal respiration in tissues. It describes the muscles involved in inspiration and expiration, important lung pressures, Boyle's law relating gas pressure and volume, lung compliance, surface tension in the alveoli, and factors that can increase the work of breathing.
02 Effect Of Exercise On Breathing
The document explains how exercise affects breathing and pulse rates. It states that breathing and pulse rates increase during exercise to supply more oxygen, which is needed for aerobic respiration to release energy. The brain monitors carbon dioxide levels in the blood and signals the lungs to breathe faster to remove it if levels get too high. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and its equation is given. Anaerobic respiration, which occurs during intense exercise when oxygen can't be supplied fast enough, is also discussed.
Mechanics of breathing 1 for mbbs
1. The mechanics of breathing involve reversing pressure gradients between the alveoli and atmosphere through cyclic respiratory muscle activity to allow air flow into and out of the lungs.
2. Three important pressures in respiration are atmospheric pressure, intra-alveolar pressure, and intra-pleural pressure.
3. Lung volumes include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Lung capacities include functional residual capacity, inspiratory capacity, expiratory capacity, and total lung capacity.
Chemical control of respiration
This document discusses the chemical control of respiration through two main sets of chemoreceptors - central chemoreceptors located in the medulla that are sensitive to increased carbon dioxide, and peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies that are sensitive to decreased oxygen, increased carbon dioxide, and increased hydrogen ions. It also describes the locations and functions of the central and peripheral chemoreceptors and how they stimulate respiration in response to changes in blood gases.
Mechanism of-respiration
This document discusses the mechanism of respiration. It describes the anatomy of the respiratory system and the mechanics of breathing, including inspiration and expiration. It explains external and internal respiration processes and the role of muscles like the diaphragm in breathing. Pressure changes in the lungs during ventilation are analyzed. Muscle involvement in inspiration and expiration is outlined.
Mechanics of breathing FOR DENTAL STUDENTS
This document discusses the mechanics of breathing and pressures involved in respiration. It explains that air flows from higher to lower pressure down a pressure gradient. There are three important pressures in respiration: atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mm Hg, intra-alveolar pressure within the alveoli, and intrapleural pressure within the pleural cavity which is usually lower than atmospheric pressure at 756 mm Hg. During inspiration, muscle contraction increases the chest volume and reduces intrapleural pressure, allowing air to flow into the alveoli until pressures equalize. During expiration, muscle relaxation decreases chest volume and increases intrapleural pressure, causing air to flow out of the alveoli until pressures equalize again.
Role of respiratory muscles and various pressures in pulmonary ventilation
The document discusses respiratory muscles, pulmonary ventilation, and pressures involved in breathing. It describes:
1) The major inspiratory muscles that expand the thoracic cavity including the diaphragm and ribs, inducing inhalation. Expiratory muscles compress the thorax during exhalation.
2) Pulmonary ventilation is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute at rest, approximately 6-7 liters.
3) Pressures involved in breathing include the intra-alveolar pressure that decreases during inhalation and increases slightly during exhalation, and the negative intra-pleural pressure that helps keep the lungs inflated. Changes in these pressures and volumes drive air flow into and out
Mechanics of breathing
This document summarizes the mechanics of breathing. It describes normal breathing rates and types of abnormal breathing. It discusses the boundaries of the thoracic cage and the two pleura layers. Breathing involves both positive pressure from inspiration and negative pressure from expiration. Inspiration is an active process using the diaphragm and intercostal muscles while expiration is usually passive. Gas exchange occurs through pressure gradients in the lungs. The document outlines the muscles, pressures, and mechanics involved in inspiration and expiration.
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Role of respiratory muscles and various pressures in pulmonary ventilation
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
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Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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