1. OH Species Papers:
Source Type Surface Species/Gas
Mixure
Notes Applications Citation
Microplasmas
created by
laser pulses
Water on one
side and air,
argon, or
nitrogen on
the other
OH and NH
for longer
exposure
times. H-
alpa and H-
beta as well
as atomic
oxygen for
shorter
times.
LIB spectroscopy
was used to
identify species
Ablation on the
surface of any
body of
standing liquid
— where no
additional
sample-
preparation is
required.
Adamson, M., et al.
"Laser-induced
breakdown
spectroscopy at a
water/gas interface: A
study of bath gas-
dependent molecular
species." Spectrochimic
a Acta Part B: Atomic
Spectroscopy 62.12
(2007): 1348-1360.
“Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy at a water/gas interface: A study of bath gas-dependent molecular
species” – Adamson, M 2007
Confined and
Unconfined
Argon Plasma
Jet
No surface Ar+
, ArH+
,
H2O+
,
H+
(H2O),
H+
(H2O)2,
O+
, OH+
,
NO+
, Ar+ ,
N+
, NO+
Power was varied
between 20 and 50
W. A microwave
power generator of
2.45 GHz was
employed.
Treatments of
biomass using
plasma were
investigated
Amorim, J., M. A.
Ridenti, and V. Guerra.
"Experimental and
theoretical study of
atmospheric-pressure
argon microplasma
jets." Plasma Physics
and Controlled
Fusion 57.7 (2015):
074001.
“Experimental and theoretical study of atmospheric -pressure argon microplasma jets” – Amorim, J, 2015
He/O2 Cold
Plasma
Microjet
Distilled
water
Hydroxyl
radicals
Greater than 99%
inactivation of S.
aureus in water was
observed
Treatment of
water for
pathogens that
are resistant to
other types of
disenfentants,
like UV rays
Bai, Na, et al.
"Inactivation of
Staphylococcus aureus
in water by a cold,
He/O2 atmospheric
pressure plasma
microjet." Plasma
Processes and
Polymers 8.5 (2011):
424-431.
“Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in Water by a Cold, He/O2 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Microjet ” –
Bai, N, 2013
REVIEW Barekzi, Nazir, and
Mounir Laroussi.
"Effects of low
temperature plasmas
on cancer
cells." Plasma

2. Processes and
Polymers 10.12 (2013):
1039-1050.
“Effects of Low Temperature Plasmas on Cancer Cells” – Barekzi, N, 2013
Argon with
1% Nitrogen
Iron sheets
covered with
a layer of
Fe2O3
NO and CN
radicals
Nitrogen is used
because it gives the
substrate an
afterglow that
allows them to use
OES
Cleaning metal
surfaces
Belmonte, T., J. M.
Thiebaut, and D.
Mezerette. "Role of
active species in
surface cleaning by an
Ar-N2 atmospheric
pressure post-
discharge." Journal of
Physics D: Applied
Physics 35.16 (2002):
1919.
“Role of active species in surface cleaning by an Ar-N2atmospheric pressure post-discharge” – Belmonte,
T, 2002
Open air
APPJ as well
as a hot gas
flow
Polyamide 6 OH and
NOx
depending
on the
frequency.
Different
frequencies caused
different radicals to
form. At 25 kHz,
the yellow
afterglow showed
signs of NO2
formation.
Interesing Paper
An
economically
important
process for
bonding
technologies
Ben Salem, Dhia, et al.
"Amorphization and
Polymorphism
Modification of
Polyamide‐6 Films via
Open‐Air Non‐
Equilibrium
Atmospheric Pressure
Plasma Jet
Treatment." Plasma
Processes and
Polymers 11.10 (2014):
961-973.
“Amorphization and Polymorphism Modification of Polyamide-6 Films via Open-Air Non-Equilibrium
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Treatment” – Ben Salem, D, 2014
DBD Polypropylen
e sheet
O, OH, and
O3
O and OH cause
short term changes.
O3 accumulates
over time. A
combination of gas
flow and a moving
polymer sheet is
used to customize
the flux of species.
More
customization
of surface
properties in
industry
Bhoj, Ananth N., and
Mark J. Kushner.
"Continuous processing
of polymers in
repetitively pulsed
atmospheric pressure
discharges with moving
surfaces and gas
flow." Journal of
Physics D: Applied
Physics 40.22 (2007):
6953.

3. “Continuous processing of polymers in repetitively pulsed atmospheric pressure discharges with moving surfaces and gas flow”-
Bhoj, AN, 2007
DBD Polypropylen
e sheet
O2+, O,
OH, and O3
Discusses a
computational
model of the
plasma/surface
interactions in
humid air
Uses in the
textile and
biomedical
fields
Bhoj, Ananth N., and
Mark J. Kushner.
"Repetitively pulsed
atmospheric pressure
discharge treatment of
rough polymer surfaces:
I. Humid air
discharges." Plasma
sources science and
technology 17.3 (2008):
035024.
“Repetitively pulsed atmospheric pressure discharge treatment of rough polymer surfaces: I. Humid air discharges ”-Bhoj, AN,
2008
DBD Polypropylen
e
NHx and O
containing
groups
(OH, O,
O3)
The results of a
discharge in a
He/NH3/H2O
mixture is
compared with a
He/O2/H2O
mixture.
Biomedical
applications
such as the
immobilization
of
biomolecules.
Bhoj, Ananth N., and
Mark J. Kushner.
"Repetitively pulsed
atmospheric pressure
discharge treatment of
rough polymer surfaces:
II. Treatment of micro-
beads in He/NH3/H2O
and He/O2/H2O
mixtures." Plasma
Sources Science and
Technology 17.3
(2008): 035025.
“Repetitively pulsed atmospheric pressure discharge treatment of rough polymer surfaces: II. Treatment of micro-beads in He/NH3
/H2 O and He/O2 /H2 O mixtures” – Bhoj, AN, 2008
DBD Glass OH
Ambient
gas was:
Ar, Ar
mixed with
N2, and Ar
mixed with
O2
Increased
frequency caused
an increased WCA.
Adding O2 and N2
to Ar did not
improve treatment.
The surface
treatment of
glass panels for
the electronic
industry in
order to
improve the
surface
wettability
Blajan, Marius, Akira
Umeda, and Kazuo
Shimizu. "Surface
treatment of glass by
microplasma." Industry
Applications, IEEE
Transactions on 49.2
(2013): 714-720.
“Surface treatment of glass by microplasma” – Blajan, M, 2013
DBD N/A OH, NO
Ambient
gas was:
Ar, N2/Ar,
O2/Ar
N2 SPS showed up
mostly towards the
anode. A high
concentration of Ar
allowed for a better
glow-like
performance from
Plasma surface
treatments as
well as using
emission
spectroscopy to
diagnose
species
Blajan, Marius, and
Kazuo Shimizu. "Spatial
Distribution of Light
Emission in
Microplasma under 100
µm Gaps." Japanese
Journal of Applied
Physics51.8S1 (2012):

4. the plasma 08HC03.
“Spatial Distribution of Light Emission in Microplasma under 100 µm Gaps.” – Blajan, M, 2012
Discharge
with liquid
cathode and a
metal anode
Distilled
water and
electrolyte
solutions
OH and N2 The conductivity
played a role in the
cathode/anode
voltage drop. The
plasma was very
filamentary
Environmental
applications.
Liquid
cathodes allow
for large
volume
plasmas at
atmospheric
pressure
Bruggeman, Peter, et
al. "Characteristics of
atmospheric pressure
air discharges with a
liquid cathode and a
metal anode." Plasma
Sources Science and
Technology 17.2
(2008): 025012.
“Characteristics of atmospheric pressure air discharges with a liquid cathode and a metal anode” –
Bruggeman, 2008
APPJ Dry and wet
biomass
Singlet
Oxygen,
NO2,
HNO2 and
OH
The strongest
effects are
obtained when the
samples are
treated in the air–
water plasma
afterglow due to
the increased
plasma reactivity.
The production
of cellulosic
ethanol from
sugarcane
biomass
Bundaleska, N., et al.
"Air–water ‘tornado’-
type microwave
plasmas applied for
sugarcane biomass
treatment." Journal of
Physics D: Applied
Physics 47.5 (2014):
055201.
“Air–water 'tornado'-type microwave plasmas applied for sugarcane biomass treatment” – Bundaleska, N,
2014
He/H202
plasma jet
Surface
Tissue
OH OH radicals have a
dominant role in
surface tissue
removal
Electrosurgical
procedures
with plasma
reduces the
tissue char that
normally
occurs
Choi, Myeong Yeol, et
al. "Plasma Jet
Irradiation of Tissue
Surfaces: Study of
Dominant Pathways For
Plasma Chemical
Tissue
Removal." Plasma
Science, IEEE
Transactions on 41.4
(2013): 907-914.
“Plasma Jet Irradiation of Tissue Surfaces: Study of Dominant Pathways For Plasma Chemical Tissue
Removal” – Choi, MY, 2013
DBD in air,
helium, and
argon
Polyester and
Polypropylen
e films
Atmoic
Oxygen,
OH and UV
photons/ion
s
All scenarios show
increase in
hydrophilicity. In
air the reaction is
quick, but in argon
and helium cross-
linking causes a
Use of polymer
films with an
increased
surface energy.
De Geyter, Nathalie, et
al. "Treatment of
polymer films with a
dielectric barrier
discharge in air, helium
and argon at medium
pressure." Surface and
Coatings
Technology 201.16

5. slower reaction (2007): 7066-7075.
“Treatment of polymer films with a dielectric barrier discharge in air, helium and argon at medium pressure”
– De Geyter, N, 2007
APPJ in
Argon and
argon/water
mixtures
Poly-ε-
Caprolactone
OH An decrease in
WCA is observed.
The highest
polymer
modification
effieciency is
achieved in the
water vapor
mixture due to a
high concentration
of OH radicals.
To make tissue
replacements
more
hydrophilic to
lead to higher
cell
attachment,
spreading, and
proliferation
De Geyter, Nathalie, et
al. "Surface Modification
of Poly-ε-Caprolactone
with an Atmospheric
Pressure Plasma
Jet." Plasma Chemistry
and Plasma
Processing33.1 (2013):
165-175.
“Surface Modification of Poly-ε-Caprolactone with an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet” - De Geyter, N,
2013
APPJ in water
vapor
SiC OH Water vapor
plasma allowed for
a smoother surface
with only atomic
level roughness
Dry polishing
of SiC surfaces
which can be
used as
semiconductors
.
Deng, Hui, et al.
"Damage-free dry
polishing of 4H-SiC
combined with
atmospheric-pressure
water vapor plasma
oxidation." Japanese
Journal of Applied
Physics 50.8S1 (2011):
08JG05.
“Damage-Free Dry Polishing of 4H-SiC Combined with Atmospheric-Pressure Water Vapor Plasma
Oxidation” – Deng, H, 2011
APPJ in
ambient air
N/A OH An argon plasma is
used and the
temperature/electro
n density is studied
Possible large
scale
biomedical
applications.
Deng, Xiaolong, et al.
"Absolute and relative
emission spectroscopy
study of 3 cm wide
planar radio frequency
atmospheric pressure
bio-plasma
source."Applied Physics
Letters 107.5 (2015):
053702.
“Absolute and relative emission spectroscopy study of 3 cm wide planar radio frequency atmospheric pressure
bio-plasma source” – Deng, X, 2015
Corona
discharge
through a
grounded
mesh. Plasma
generated in
O2, N2, Ar,
and He
mixtures
Bacteria on
the surface of
agarose gel
OH For best results in
inactivation
occurred in an
oxygen and water
containing mixture
For use in
inactivation of
bacteria-
biomedical
applications
Dobrynin, Danil, et al.
"Inactivation of bacteria
using dc corona
discharge: role of ions
and humidity." New
journal of physics 13.10
(2011): 103033.

6. “Inactivation of bacteria using dc corona discharge: role of ions and humidity” – Dobrynin, D, 2011
APPJ He-O2
plasma in air
Polyethylene
terephthalate
(PET)
OH WCA were studied
to determine the
effects on the
polymer
Changing the
surface energy
of polymers for
commercial
application
Donegan, Mick,
Vladimir Milosavljević,
and Denis P. Dowling.
"Activation of PET using
an RF atmospheric
plasma
system." Plasma
Chemistry and Plasma
Processing 33.5 (2013):
941-957.
“Activation of PET Using an RF Atmospheric Plasma System” – Donegan, M, 2013
Hollowneedle
-plate DBD
Polyethylene OH and O
atoms
Does not focus on
surface treatment.
Found a plume
length of 3 cm for
an Argon flow rate
of 3.5-6.1 ml/min.
Highest
concentration of O
was in the middle.
Atmospheric
pressure
plasmas can
improve the
wettability of
plastics for
industry.
Dong, Lifang, et al.
"Diagnostics and
Application of an
Atmospheric Pressure
Plasma Generated With
a Hollowneedle-Plate
Dielectric Barrier
Discharge."Plasma
Science, IEEE
Transactions on 40.6
(2012): 1701-1706.
“Diagnostics and Application of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Generated With a Hollowneedle-Plate
Dielectric Barrier Discharge” – Dong, LF, 2012
DBD in
ambient air
Glass OH and
CH3
This paper uses
WCA, surface
resistance, and wet
flashover voltage
tests to determine
the modifications to
the surface.
Use in material
surface
modification in
industry,
specifically
changing
wettability
Zhi, Fang, et al.
"Improving
hydrophobicity of glass
surface using dielectric
barrier discharge
treatment in
atmospheric
air." Plasma Science
and Technology 9.5
(2007): 582.
“Improving Hydrophobicity of Glass Surface Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Treatment in Atmospheric
Air” – Fang, Z, 2007
Planar
microelectrod
e arrays
(MEA)
N/A OH The paper finds
that operating at a
few hundred volts
just below or at
atmospheric
pressure minimizes
cost
Pollution
control and
surface
modification
Gericke, K-H., C.
Geßner, and P.
Scheffler.
"Microstructure
electrodes as a means
of creating uniform
discharges at
atmospheric
pressure." Vacuum 65.3
(2002): 291-297.
“Microstructure electrodes as a means of creating uniform discharges at atmospheric pressure” – Gericke,
KH, 2002
Gliding Arc
Discharge
(GAD) in
humid air
Carbon Steel OH mostly,
also H2O2
Treatment times are
varied and the steel
is immersed in a
corrosive NaCl
Corrosion
inhibition
Ghali, Noureddine, et
al. "Corrosion inhibition
of carbon steel in 0.5 M
NaCl aqueous solution
by humid air plasma

7. solution after
treatment. A 60
minute treatment
leads to 75%
corrosion
protection
treatment." The
European Physical
Journal Applied
Physics 61.03 (2013):
30801.
“Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution by humid air plasma treatment” – Ghali,
N, 2013
Plasma needle
glow
discharge
S. mutans
bacteria on a
surface of
agar
OH and O The effect of gas
flow rate on
bacterial
disinfection is
studied. As flow
rate increases, the
treatment moves
from a solid circle
to a ring
Disinfection of
bacteria using
these
atmospheric
pressure
plasmas
Goree, J., Bin Liu, and
David Drake. "Gas flow
dependence for
plasma-needle
disinfection of S.
mutans
bacteria." Journal of
Physics D: Applied
Physics 39.16 (2006):
3479.
“Gas flow dependence for plasma-needle disinfection of S. mutans bacteria” – Goree, J, 2006
Plasma needle
discharge
Water OH is
focused on,
also NO
A 22 kHz and 15
W plasma source
with Ar gas flow is
used. This is to
prevent too much
heat or electrical
shock.
Biomedical
applications,
especially
using
hydroxyls to
kill cells
Hong, Y. J., et al.
"Measurement of
hydroxyl radical density
generated from the
atmospheric pressure
bioplasma jet." Journal
of Instrumentation 7.03
(2012): C03046.
“Measurement of hydroxyl radical density generated from the atmospheric pressure bioplasma jet” – Hong,
YJ, 2012
Nozzleless
Microwave
Plasma
Source (MPS)
N/A OH Nitrogen gas was
used to generate the
plasma. They also
introduced a
swirling N2 gas
flow to prevent the
quartz tube from
heating up. The
source was stable
for a variety of
gases.
Studied the
usefulness of
this new type
of MPS
Hrycak, B., M. Jasiński,
and J. Mizeraczyk.
"Spectroscopic
characterization of
nitrogen plasma
generated by
waveguide-supplied
coaxial-line-based
nozzleless microwave
source." Journal of
Physics: Conference
Series. Vol. 406. No. 1.
IOP Publishing, 2012.
“Spectroscopic characterization of nitrogen plasma generated by waveguide-supplied coaxial-line-based
nozzleless microwave source” – Hrycak, B, 2012
DBD Methylene
blue solution
in water
OH+, O3,
N2O+, NO,
H2O+
The degradation of
the solution is
studied based on
differend pH levels.
The degradation is
higher in acidic
Treatment of
water
containing the
methylene blue
solution
Huang, Fangmin, et al.
"Analysis of the
degradation mechanism
of methylene blue by
atmospheric pressure
dielectric barrier
discharge

8. solutions. plasma." Chemical
Engineering
Journal 162.1 (2010):
250-256.
“Analysis of the degradation mechanism of methylene blue by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier
discharge plasma” – Huang, FM, 2010
Needle point
DBD (varying
number of
needles)
Methylene
blue solution
in water
OH, O3,
H2O2
OH radicals
produced by the
interaction between
high-energy
electrons and water
vapor are attributed
to the
decomposition of
methylene blue.
Different gas flows
are used (N2-O2 vs
Ar-O2 mixtures).
Ar-O2 has a high
rate of
decomposition
Water
treatment with
methylene blue
in it
Ikoma, Shin, Kohki
Satoh, and Hidenori
Itoh. "Decomposition of
methylene blue in an
aqueous solution using
a pulsed-discharge
plasma at atmospheric
pressure." IEEJ
Transactions on
Fundamentals and
Materials 129 (2009):
237-244.
“Decomposition of Methylene Blue in an Aqueous Solution Using a Pulsed-Discharge Plasma at Atmospheric
Pressure” – Ikoma, S, 2012
A nozzle
anode and a
1% NaCl
solution
cathode with
Helium gas
flow
N/A OH The OH radicals
were found near the
NaCl solution
cathode. This
suggests the
formation of OH
radicals from the
solution
Characterizing
this plasma
source in terms
of what
radicals it
creates
Ishigame, Hiroaki,
Shusuke Nishiyama,
and Koichi Sasaki.
"Spatial distribution of
OH radical density in
atmospheric-pressure
dc helium glow plasma
in contact with
electrolyte
solution." Japanese
Journal of Applied
Physics 54.1S (2015):
01AF02.
“Spatial distribution of OH radical density in atmospheric-pressure dc helium glow plasma in contact with
electrolyte solution” – Ishigame, H, 2015
Jung, Heesoo, et al.
"Enhanced inactivation
of bacterial spores by
atmospheric pressure
plasma with catalyst
TiO 2." Applied
Catalysis B:
Environmental 93.3

9. (2010): 212-216.
“Enhanced inactivation of bacterial spores by atmospheric pressure plasma with catalyst TiO2” – Jung, H,
2010
Atomic oxygen species:
Source Type Surface Species Notes: Application Citation
Photoelectro
n
spectroscop
y
low-density
polyethylene (LDPE)
surfaces
Ar, O(2) Measurements of the
surface roughness and of
the oxygen surface
concentration suggested
the competition of two
processes playing a role on
the surface hydrophilicity
and occurring during the
post-discharge treatment:
the etching and the
activation of the surface.
Food
packaging
Abou Rich, S et
al 2014
Low-density polyethylene films treated by an atmospheric Ar-O-2 post-discharge: functionalization, etching,
degradation and partial recovery of the native wettability state
laser-
induced
breakdown
spectroscop
y (LIBS
Bulk water sample Air,
atomic
oxygen,
Argon,
Nitroge
n gas
Plasma temperatures were
measured in each of the
three bath gasses as a
function of laser pulse
energy and gate delay
time.
Molecular
spectroscopy
M. Adamson
et al 2007
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy at a water/gas interface: A study of
bath gas-dependent molecular species
TIGRES
Plasma-
polyimide Oxygen,
nitrogen
atmospheric pressure
plasma-treated polyimide
Aviation and
space
Akram, M et al
2015

10. BLASTER
MEF
equipment
radicals to polyimide adhesive
bonds
show much stronger
strength compared to
atmospheric
plasma-treated polyimide
to titanium adhesive bond
strength
application
Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Modification on Polyimide and Adhesive Joining with Titanium
Atmospheric
pressure
plasma
treament
polyphenylquinoxali
ne (PPQ) foils
Ar, He ●The peeling values for
Ann1-foils treated using
O2- or Ar-gas
were found to be higher
than those of their
counterparts
● For a short treating time
of 6 s, increasing the
plasma power
resulted in a noticable
decrease in the peeling
values for Ar-
He-treated Ann1- and
Ann2-foils
Bonding
technology
Anagreh, N et
al 2014
Adhesion Behavior of Different Annealed Polyphenylquinoxaline Foils Treated Using Low Pressure Plasma
chemical
vapor
deposition
fluorinated silica
glass
Helium,
oxygen
The glass
coating deposited from
pure TEOFS precursor had
the lowest surface
roughness, porosity or void
space, and refractive
index.
Optical
coating,
semiconduct
or industries
Barankin, MD
et al 2010

11. Properties of fluorinated silica glass deposited at low temperature by atmospheric plasma-enhanced chemical
vapor deposition
photoelectro
n
spectroscop
y
vulcanized ethylene
propylene diene
polymethylene
Argon,
oxygen
●Reported improvement
of adhesion strength of the
Ar/O2 plasma modified
vulcanized EPDM rubber
co-cured with
natural rubber
● During the plasma
treatment, the rubber
surface is bombarded by
ions, electrons
and UV irradiation causing
surface rougher as
compared to
the untreated rubber.
Food
packaging
Basak, GC, et
al 2011
Surface modification of argon/oxygen plasma treated vulcanized ethylene propylene diene polymethylene surfaces
for improved adhesion with natural rubber
DBD, APPJ Isolated and cellular
DNA
Reactive
Oxygen
and
nitrogen
species
●review emphasized the
importance of
understanding the
underlying mechanisms
regarding
plasma-induced damage to
DNA
● A summary of the APP
effects observed on
isolated and cellular DNA is
shown
Biomedical
applications
Arjunan, KP et
al 2015
Effects of Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas on Isolated and Cellular DNA-A Review
RF
atmospheric
plasma torch
polytetrafluoroethyl
ene
(PTFE)
Ar, O(2) ●for pure Ar plasma
treatments there
are no significant changes
in the morphology of the
surface
●The addition of oxygen to
the Ar
Biocompatibi
lity
applications
Carbone, EAD
et al 2010

12. Singlet Delta Oxygen species:
SingletDeltaOxygenRadicals
plasma seems to increase
the formation of volatile
species,
which leads to a
roughening of the surface
How to increase the hydrophobicity of PTFE surfaces using an r.f. atmospheric-pressure plasma torch
Air-plasma
torch
Anticoagulated
whole-blood
samples
Atomic
oxygen
●plasma torch can rapidly
clot blood
●It is attributed to the
activation of
platelets by the atomic
oxygen in the plasma
effluent of the
torch
Biomedical
applications
Chen, CY et al
2010
Blood Clotting by Low-Temperature Air Plasma
Source Type Surface Species Notes: Application Citation
Micro Hollow
Cathode
Discharge
(MHCD)
Organic
compounds
Singlet
oxygen
●MHCD used as
a plasma cathode
to generate a stable
discharge of larger
volume, between
the MHCD and a
third positively
biased
electrode placed
some distance
away.
Decontamination,
sterilization
Puech, V, et
al 2008

13. Microplasmas: physics and application to the production of singlet oxygen O-2(a(1)Delta(g))
three-
electrode
microcathode
sustained
discharge
(MCSD)
He,
O(2), NO
mixtures
●The results of
two-dimensional
modelling of a
radio-frequency
dielectric barrier
discharge (RF DBD)
in a hydrogen-
oxygen
stoichiometric
mixture under
atmospheric
pressure are
presented
Biological
applications
Sousa JS et
al 2008
O(2)(a(1)Delta(g)) production at atmospheric pressure by microdischarge
micro-
cathode
sustained
discharges
He, No,
O(2)
●results show that
O2(a1Δg) number
densities higher
than 1016 cm−3
can be obtained at
atmospheric
pressure
and transported
over some tens of
cm for helium flows
in the range 2000–
30 000 sccm.
Removal of air
pollutants,
medicine, laser
excitation
Sousa, JS et
al 2009
Atmospheric pressure generation of O-2(a(1)Delta(g)) by microplasmas
APPJ, RF
discharge
Helium,
oxygen
● report absolute
SDO density
measurements
in the effluent of
two different APPJs
● opposite
trends have been
observed for the
gas flow
Biomedical
applications
Sousa, JS et
al 2011

14. dependence.
Whereas the SDO
density increases
with gas flow in
the kHz plasma, it
decreases in the rf
discharge.
Cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets as sources of singlet delta oxygen for
biomedical applications
microcathode
sustained
discharges
(MCSDs)
electrodes He,
O(2), NO
●Evidence has
been
accumulated which
strongly indicates
that O2 is able
to oxidize cellular
DNA
● experiments
showed that
O2 and O3 are able
to oxidize DNA
causing
considerable
damage such as
double-strand
breaks and base
oxidation.
potential
application for
the pumping
of the chemical
oxygen–iodine
laser (COIL)
●biomedical
applications
Sousa, JS et
al 2013
Arrays of microplasmas for the controlled production of tunable high fluxes of reactive oxygen
species at atmospheric pressure
Sustained
electric
discharge
electrode SDO •significant amounts
of hydrocarbons can
be oxidized by low-
temperature plasma
chemical reactions
before ignition is
achieved
•the pulser-
aerospace
applications
Igor V.
Adamovich et
al (2008)

15. sustainer discharge
was used to generate
singlet oxygen in an
electric discharge
excited oxygen-
iodine laser.
Repetitively Pulsed Nonequilibrium Plasmas for Magnetohydrodynamic Flow Control and Plasma-
Assisted Combustion
chemical vapour
deposition
silicon
dioxide
Oxygen,
argon
•Describes the
effects of APP on
isolated and cellular
DNA in prokaryotes
and eukaryotes.
Biomedical
applications
Arjunan, KP et
al (2015)
Effects of Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas on Isolated and Cellular DNA-A Review
APPJ
polyphenolics AR feed
gas
•The selected
flavonoids are ideal
target compounds
due to their
antioxidant activity
protecting cells
against the
damaging effects of
reactive oxygen
species
Processed food
industry
Grzegorzewski,
F et at (2009)
Plasma-oxidative Degradation of Polyphenolics - Influence of Non-thermal Gas Discharges with Respect
to Fresh Produce Processing
He, O2 •Reactive oxygen
species directs
interaction with
superficial cells
•Another role is
triggering of a
secondary chemistry
that propagates the
plasma treatment to
regions away from
the plasma-surface
Plasma
medicine
Liu, DX et al
(2015)

16. interface
He+O-2+H2O plasmas as a source of reactive oxygen species
APPJ electrode fixed
helium-
oxygen
feed gas
mixture
(He+
0.5% O-
2)
•model suggests
that the reactive
species
predominantly
formed in the
afterglow are major
ROS O-2(D-1) and O-
3 (of the order of
10(15) cm(-3)) and
rather minor
hydrogen-and
nitrogen-based
reactive species OH,
H2O2, HNO3 and
NO2/NO3
Biomedical
applications
Murakami, T
et al (2014)
Afterglow chemistry of atmospheric-pressure helium–oxygen plasmas with humid air impurity
atmospheric
pressure radio
frequency
discharge
(APRFD)
Double-
walled
carbon
nanotubes
(DWCNTs)
He/H2 •The top CNT layer
was severely
damaged, showing a
large D-band peak in
the Raman spectrum
•Atmospheric
pressure plasma
treatment of CNTs is
more beneficial than
liquid phase and
low-pressure plasma
processing because
treatment readily
introduces
C[BOND]H groups
while the vertical
alignment is
preserved.
applications of
CNTs such as
biosensors,
photovoltaics,
and energy
storage
devices.
Nozaki, T et al
(2012)
Plasma-Induced Damage and Surface Functionalization of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using
Atmospheric Pressure RF Discharge

17. Non-equilibrium
atmospheric
pressure plasma
(NEAPP)
biomolecules OH ●Direct exposure to
rat liver in saline
produced
immunohistochemical
evidence of 4-
hydroxy-2-nonenal-
and acrolein-
modified proteins.
Biomedical
applications
Ozaki I, et al
2014
Direct exposure of non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma confers simultaneous oxidative and
ultraviolet modifications in biomolecules
DBD Nitrogen ●additional process
supplying
the inter-electrode
space with charges
appears to play
an important role on
the discharge
transition to the
aforementioned
steady-state regime
plasma display
panels and
biological
decontamination to
flow
controland surface
treatment
E Panousis et
al 2007
Numerical modelling of an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge in nitrogen: electrical and
kinetic description
photo-triggered
discharge
hydroxyl,
oxygen
●deals with the
kinetics
of some molecules
(propene, propane,
acetaldehyde,
acetone),
chosen as examples
to gain insight into
the decomposition
mechanisms of OMs
in nitrogen or in
nitrogen/oxygen
mixture
plasmas
treatment of
pollutants
S Pasquiers,et
al 2013
Kinetics of organic molecules in pulsed plasmas of nitrogen or N-2/O-2 mixtures at near atmospheric
pressure
chemical
oxygen-iodine
laser (COIL) d
He, O2,
Delta
Oxygen
●found that yields of
O2s (delta) increase
linearly with O2
specific energy
Industrial
applications
Stafford, DS et
al 2004

18. NOx Species:
Source type Surface Species Notes application
Citation:
Inductively
Coupled
plasma- 500W–
13.56 MHz
Agar plates
contaminated with
B. atrophaeus
NO and
NO2
Three operating conditions were
examined with varying distances
and flow rate. The condition with
closest distance and highest flow
rate caused the highest
deactivation of the bacterial
species. Used FTIR spectroscopy
to examined concentration of NO
and NO2 (ppm)
Decontamination of
bacteria in
biomedical field
D. Barbieri et al. - 2015- Investigation of the antimicrobial activity at safe levels for eukaryotic cells
RF plasma 27.12
MHz and
system power
P = 20 W
Polyethylene strips
contaminated with
25 μL of a
usedilution
suspension of
Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia
coli,
or B. atrophaeus
spores,
NO and
NO2; OH
VU and UVU treatments are less
effective than that of the direct
plasma treatment. Different
bacterial species were all affected
by the direct plasma treatment
due to species reacting with
surfaces
Decontamination of
surfaces. Applicable
in the bio-medical
field
Brandenburg et al.- 2009 Antimicrobial Effects of UV and VUV Radiation of Non thermal Plasma Jets
DBD Bacteria Agar plates RNS
species,
OH
species
NO generation is caused by direct
impact of electrons not at
1600Kelvins. High nitrogen
concentration was the most
Surface
decontamination
deposition
up to a saturation
regime at 5–8 eV per
molecule before
decreasing again as
O2 dissociation
begins to dominate
the
kinetics.
O-2((1)Delta) production in He/O-2 mixtures in flowing low pressure plasmas

19. effective in disinfecting bacteria
Ferrel et al. – 2015- Studies of air, water, and ethanol vapor atmospheric pressure plasmas
Nonthermal
atmospheric
pressure Plasma
with Voltage of
2000 V and
current of 30
mA
Bacteria on Pig Skin RNS, ROS Decontamination of Bacteria on
pig skin. Direct application of
plasma inactivated bacterial cells
by 10^6 on agar plates and 10^3
on porcine skin. Production of
oxidative stress by ROS and RNS
on bacteria cells. Modification of
skin roughness was discovered by
treatment
Bacterial
decontamination.
Surface modification
Heller et al – 2011- Inactivation of bacterial opportunistic skin pathogens by non thermal DC-operated
afterglow atmospheric plasma
Nonthermal
quenched
atmospheric
pressure
Species of H. alvei
was concentrated
and treated with the
plasma
H2O2,
NOo
HNO2
and
HNO3
Examination of gildarc technology
in microbial decontamination
NOo is oxidized to HNO2 and
HNO3. HNO3 was discovered in
the experiment. Ph of H. alvei
suspensions fell from 6.1 to 3.6
Bacterial inactivation
Youbi et al. -2007- Evidence of Temporal Postdischarge Decontamination of Bacteria byGliding Electric
Discharge Application
Nonequilibrium
Air plasma,
Surface micro
discharge (SMD)
plasma 6kv,
36kHz, 10W,
power density
of .5W/cm^2,
Temperature
between 26.2
to 34.1 oC
B. Cereus on agar on
pitri dishes
NO and
OH
NO contributes to cell injury and
cell apoptosis when exposed to
high concentraitons. NO
contributes to inhibitin lipid
peroxidation and protein
oxidation
Production of HNO3 was
observed.
Diagramof [OH] and [NO] vs time
is noteworthy
Bacterial inhibition
Liao et al – 2014- Inactivation Effect of Surface Micro discharge Plasma on Bacillus cereus
DC driven
transient spark
discharge
200MHZ NOT
PLASMA
E.Coli on agar plates NOx, and
H2O2
In addition to decrease in pH of
solution bacteria was in. Diagram
of Nitrite and Nitrate and
hydrogen peroxide
concentrations measured water
and PB (Na2HPO4/KH2PO4
buffer) solutions worth looking
at.
Bacterial
deactivation

20. Treatment led to the acidification
and the production of nitrites,
nitrates, peroxides, and
peroxynitrites in the liquid.
At lowered pH, nitrites were
quickly oxidized to nitrates which
led to strong bactericidal effect.
Machala et al – 2013- Formation of ROS and RNS in Water Electro-Sprayed through Transient Spark Discharge
in Air and their Bactericidal Effects
Cold
Atmospheric
Plasma 1kHz
and .02
W/cm^2
E. Coli cells on 96
well plate
NO and
NOx
Bactericidal effect of Cap is
related to combination of
oxidative and nitrosative effects.
NONOate works well with
hydrogen peroxide
Bacteria disinfection
Boxhammer et al- 2012- Bactericidal action of cold atmospheric plasma in solution
DBD, 7.5 W, .75
kV and 80 mA
Fungal cells NO, OH,
single
delta
oxygen
Fungal deactivation effect. Spore
germination effect decreases as
treatment time increases. In
addition, examined the effects of
plasma treatment on tomato
plants
Anti-Fungal
treatment
Panngom et al. – 2014 Non-Thermal Plasma Treatment Diminishes Fungal Viability and Up-Regulates
Resistance Genes in a Plant Host
APPJ 900MHz
and 2.5 W
Acceleration of
blood coagulation
OH, NO
and O
Quantifying of relative species
and application in blood
coagulation. Blood coagulation
was increased compared to
natural blood coagulation
Plasma Medicine
Choi Jun et al. – 2010- 900-MHz Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet for Biomedical Applications
*Could not access PDF file
APP, 500kHZ,
30W
Rat Skin with burn NO Using plasma irradiation to cure
burns. NO species were caused by
atmospheric affluent air which
has no cause on increased healing
of burn on rat.
Plasma medicine
Hirata et al.-2013-Healing burns using atmospheric pressure plasma irradiation
APPJ- 1-5kV, 1.5
MHZ
Treatment of
Bacterial Species
developed on
macroscopic
colonies
NO, OH NO species were not found in
here. OH species produced were
able to disinfect bacteria
Medical Treatment
of pathogenic
bacteria
G. Daeschlein et al.-2010-Antibacterial Activity of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Against Relevant Wound
Pathogens in vitro on a Simulated Wound Environment
CAP- 8kHZ,8kV HePG2 Cells(human NO No direct examination of Nitric Medical Treatment

21. hepatocellular
carcinoma cell)
Oxide species, Examined biology
mechanism that lead to cell
death( Bcl-2 expression is blocked
which decreases cell viability
along with up regulation of BAX
protein which causes cell death)
of cancer cells
Yan et al-2010-On the Mechanism of Plasma Inducing Cell Apoptosis
Cold
Atmospheric
gaseous
plasma(CGP)13.
56 MHz Rf
Power of 20kHZ
feline calicivirus Argon,
RNS, ROS
Production of H2O2 has no effect
on virucidal effect. Caused by ROS
and RNS, which is produced by
addition of O2. Addition of H2O2
decreased virucidal effect
Human norovirus
killing. Ready to eat
food application.
Aboubakr et al - 2015-Virucidal Effect of Cold Atmospheric Gaseous Plasma on Feline
RF plasma 1.7
Watts, 13.56
kHz
P. aeruginosa
(bacteria) on agar
plate
NO, O3 H2O2 had a significant effect on
the bacterial cell apoptosis while
RNS had little production and no
effect at high concentrations
Bacterial
Deactivation
Boekema et al-2013-Antibacterial plasma at safe levels for
CAP jet, 5.5kv,
10kHz
Gelatin-
PolyVinylalcohol
(PVA)- phosphate
buffered saline With
use of bovine serum
albumin
(BSA) protein
He-
H2O2,
NO2-,
OH-(
RONS
and ROS )
Use of BSA produces Peroxides as
species.
RONS and ROS species. Oxidation
of serum proteins could provide a
therapeutic shielding response in
tissue where a sustained, low flux
of RONS into cells
Increased RONS
species delivery in
cell.
Gaur et al-2015Combined effect of protein and oxygen on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the plasma
treatment of tissue
using a plasma
pretreatment
equipment
(Plasmatreat
GmbH,
Germany)
Air, N2,
and Ar
Water angle of surface is
calculated.
Water contact angle
The changes
in the wettability, the surface free
energy, the surface chemical
composition, and the surface
roughness due to the APP
exposure
with three gas sources were in
the following order: N2
gas > air > Ar gas.
Surface Treatment
with surface free
energy and
wettability
Gotoh et al-2012-Surface modification of PET films by atmospheric pressure

22. RF plasma, 30W
–followed
Brandenburg et
al 2007
Endospores B.
Subtilis
N2, OH,
Atomic
Oxygen
Variated different concentrations
of O2 and N2 as variable. ROS
species displayed the highest
inactivation of spores. While RNS
combined with ROS had the
second highest inactivation
Deactivation of
spores and bacteria
Hertwig et al 2015- Impact of surface structure and feed gas composition on bacillus subtilis
APPJ- 27.12
MHz 30W
followed
Brandenburg et
al 2009
Bacillus spores O2, N2,
Argon(ca
rrier)
Applied Variation of O2 and N2
concentration in feed gas to
produce comparable results. Gas
with O2 and N2 showed better
deactivation than O2 alone
Explains for ROS species and RNS
species working together in
mechanism for deactivation
UV light also played a role in
deactivation of B subtilis spore
“If the UV intensity is high enough
spore inactivation
is dominated by action of UV
photons, in the absence of UV,
the inactivation
is controlled by the action of
reactive and metastable species.”
Bacterial
Deactivation
Reineke et al 2015- The impact of different process gas compositions on the inactivation effect of an
atmospheric pressure plasma jet on Bacillus spores
Ar/N2 plasma Easy and Eco-friendly method to
improve electrochemical
performance of lithium batteries
by doping N3_ ions into
O2_ sites through Ar/N2 plasma
irradiation at atmospheric
pressure.
Showed comparisons in
performance between treated
LTO and control LTO (Spinel
lithium titanate)
Fabrication and
surface modification
C. Lan et al- 2015-One-step argon-nitrogen binary plasma jet irradiation of Li4Ti5O12 for stable high-rate