Biology is the study of life and living organisms. It is a vast field that encompasses various sub-disciplines such as genetics, ecology, anatomy, and more. The study of biology is essential as it helps us understand the world around us and how living organisms interact with each other and their environment.
One of the most fascinating aspects of biology is genetics. Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. It is a crucial field as it helps us understand how traits are passed down from one generation to another and how genetic mutations can lead to diseases.
Another important sub-discipline of biology is ecology. Ecology is the study of how living organisms interact with each other and their environment. It is a crucial field as it helps us understand how ecosystems function and how human activities can impact the environment.
In conclusion, biology is a vast and fascinating field that encompasses various sub-disciplines. It is essential as it helps us understand the world around us and how living organisms interact with each other and their environment. If you are interested in learning more about biology, there are many resources available online that can help you get started ¹²³⁴..
Source: Conversation with Bing, 29/12/2023
(1) Biology Essay Questions And Answers - KCPE-KCSE. https://kcpe-kcse.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/KCSE-BIOLOGY-ESSAY-QUESTIONS-AND-ANSWERS.pdf.
(2) Biology Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas | PapersOwl.com. https://papersowl.com/examples/biology/.
(3) 160 Biology Essay Topics – EssayStone. https://essaystone.com/blog/160-biology-essay-topics/.
(4) Essays About Biology: Top 5 Best Examples and 6 Prompts. https://becomeawritertoday.com/essays-about-biology/.
(5) Biology | Definition, History, Concepts, Branches, & Facts. https://www.britannica.com/science/biology.
(6) en.wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology.
This document discusses research methodology and provides guidelines for conducting research. It defines key terms like methodology, method, and research. It outlines the typical steps in the scientific research process, including formulating objectives and hypotheses, preparing a research design, and designing experiments. It also describes different types of research like exploratory, descriptive, analytical and predictive research. The document emphasizes the importance of reviewing existing literature and provides tips for doing so. Overall, it provides an overview of developing and planning a research study using proper scientific methodology.
In 3 sentences:
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts like research objectives, types of research, research approaches, and the scientific steps of research including developing research questions, conducting a literature review, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The document also covers formulating hypotheses and research design to systematically study research problems.
Research and experimental development (R&D)
Creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It begins with definitions of research and discusses the objectives and characteristics of good business research. It then explains the scientific method and key aspects of the research process such as identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. Finally, it outlines the typical structure of a research proposal, including sections on the problem statement, objectives, literature review, research design, and data analysis. The overall purpose is to guide the reader through the steps of conducting systematic research.
Research involves systematically studying issues to create new knowledge or apply existing knowledge in new ways. It is done to understand phenomena, test theories, answer questions, and expand knowledge. High quality research builds on past studies, can be replicated, generalized, logically tied to theories, practical in scope, and generates new inquiries.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methods course. The course aims to teach students key concepts in research including constructs, relationships, indicators, and research models. It will explain quantitative, qualitative, and design science approaches. Students will learn skills like formulating research questions, designing instruments, collecting and analyzing data, writing proposals, and reviewing research articles. The course will be taught through lectures, discussions, assignments, projects and presentations. Students will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, exams, and a project proposal.
The document provides an overview of the research process and defines key concepts. It discusses that research is an organized and systematic way to find answers to questions. The document outlines different types of research including pure basic research, applied research, and action research. It also defines primary and secondary research. Key steps in the research process are identified such as developing a research question, conducting a literature review, and developing a rationale for the study. Methods for conducting research through libraries and online search engines are also reviewed.
This document discusses research methodology and provides guidelines for conducting research. It defines key terms like methodology, method, and research. It outlines the typical steps in the scientific research process, including formulating objectives and hypotheses, preparing a research design, and designing experiments. It also describes different types of research like exploratory, descriptive, analytical and predictive research. The document emphasizes the importance of reviewing existing literature and provides tips for doing so. Overall, it provides an overview of developing and planning a research study using proper scientific methodology.
In 3 sentences:
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts like research objectives, types of research, research approaches, and the scientific steps of research including developing research questions, conducting a literature review, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The document also covers formulating hypotheses and research design to systematically study research problems.
Research and experimental development (R&D)
Creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It begins with definitions of research and discusses the objectives and characteristics of good business research. It then explains the scientific method and key aspects of the research process such as identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. Finally, it outlines the typical structure of a research proposal, including sections on the problem statement, objectives, literature review, research design, and data analysis. The overall purpose is to guide the reader through the steps of conducting systematic research.
Research involves systematically studying issues to create new knowledge or apply existing knowledge in new ways. It is done to understand phenomena, test theories, answer questions, and expand knowledge. High quality research builds on past studies, can be replicated, generalized, logically tied to theories, practical in scope, and generates new inquiries.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methods course. The course aims to teach students key concepts in research including constructs, relationships, indicators, and research models. It will explain quantitative, qualitative, and design science approaches. Students will learn skills like formulating research questions, designing instruments, collecting and analyzing data, writing proposals, and reviewing research articles. The course will be taught through lectures, discussions, assignments, projects and presentations. Students will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, exams, and a project proposal.
The document provides an overview of the research process and defines key concepts. It discusses that research is an organized and systematic way to find answers to questions. The document outlines different types of research including pure basic research, applied research, and action research. It also defines primary and secondary research. Key steps in the research process are identified such as developing a research question, conducting a literature review, and developing a rationale for the study. Methods for conducting research through libraries and online search engines are also reviewed.
The document provides an overview of the research process. It begins by defining research as the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to answer a question or solve a problem. It then discusses key aspects of developing a research proposal, including selecting a topic, reviewing existing literature, developing objectives and hypotheses, and outlining the methodology. The document presents examples of components to include in a research proposal, such as an introduction with the research problem, a theoretical framework, proposed hypotheses, and descriptions of variables and data collection methods. Overall, the document serves as a guide for planning and structuring a research study from selecting a topic to developing a proposal.
Lecture 1 & 2 ppt Research topics m.techRuchiGautam28
The document provides an overview of research methodology and biostatistics. It outlines the course objectives to develop a research orientation in students and acquaint them with research fundamentals. The outcomes are for students to gain knowledge of research design and learn how to formulate research problems and solve new issues using research processes. The document then defines research and discusses research types including exploratory, descriptive, causal and analytical research. It explains the meaning, objectives, and motivation for research.
This document provides information on the course "Research Methodology and Intellectual Property Rights" including the course objectives, outcomes, and modules. The course objectives are to understand research basics, literature reviews, citations, and ethics in engineering research. It also covers intellectual property rights concepts. The first module introduces research meaning, objectives, types, and ethics.
The document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a phenomenon. Research involves formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments or studies, and interpreting results to draw conclusions. There are different types of research including basic, applied, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. Scientific research follows the scientific method and involves making observations, developing hypotheses, conducting experiments or studies, and analyzing results. Engineering research focuses on developing new technologies to design products.
The document discusses research design and its types. It begins by defining research design as the conceptual framework for conducting research that includes plans for collecting and analyzing data. There are different types of research designs such as exploratory, descriptive, causal/experimental based on the nature and purpose of the study. Exploratory design is used to gain a deeper understanding of a problem and provide direction for more structured research in the future. It involves flexible qualitative methods like interviews and is not intended to test hypotheses. The purpose is to explore and define the research problem, variables, and potential relationships to study.
The document provides an introduction to key concepts in research methods. It defines research as a systematic process of investigation to establish facts and reach new conclusions. The main purposes of research are to learn and gather evidence. There are three main types of research: exploratory research which is unstructured, descriptive research which is structured, and explanatory research which uses hypotheses. Good research has clear definitions, acknowledges limitations, is planned, uses sufficient data, allows for generalization, and is systematic and logical. The scope of research includes areas like the environment, technology, innovation, competitors, markets, products, pricing, promotion, sales, customers, and organizations. Research can be pure/basic research aimed at knowledge, applied research aimed at solving problems, or
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable advising on how to misrepresent or spin research results in a paper. Academic integrity and honesty are of utmost importance.
The document discusses several key aspects of quality research:
1. Quality research is anchored on a sound research question and acknowledges previous research on the topic.
2. It follows a systematic, appropriate methodology and uses relevant empirical data and proper analysis methods.
3. Quality research is representative of the population, generalizable, and guided by logic.
The document provides an overview of business research methodology. It discusses key concepts like research methodology, objectives of research, scope of business research, and the research process. The research process involves 8 steps - identifying the problem, evaluating literature, creating hypotheses, designing the research, describing the population, collecting data, analyzing data, and report writing. It also outlines different types of research based on objectives, outcomes, logic, process, inquiry mode, and concepts. The document serves as a useful introduction to research methodology for business students.
This document discusses various aspects of research including definitions, objectives, types, methods, and processes. It defines research as a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control observed phenomena. The objectives of research are to gain insights, describe characteristics, determine frequencies of occurrences, and test hypotheses. Key methods discussed include quantitative and qualitative research, observation techniques, questionnaires, and research design. It also outlines the steps in the research process from defining the problem to interpreting results.
The document discusses research methodology, including defining research, the objectives and importance of research methodology, and qualities of a researcher. It provides information on key concepts like the difference between research methods and methodology. The document also includes an example research topic (domestic violence), and discusses formulating a research problem and evaluating if a problem can be addressed given available resources and knowledge.
Research is defined as a systematic investigation to establish facts and reach new conclusions. The objectives of research include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, accurately portraying characteristics of individuals or groups, and testing hypotheses about causal relationships between variables. The types of research include descriptive research involving surveys, analytical research analyzing available data, applied research solving practical problems, fundamental research formulating theories, quantitative research based on measurement, and qualitative research involving phenomena related to quality. The research process involves formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, determining sampling, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Chapter-2.pptxyear upon out upon hhhhhhhhteddiyfentaw
The document discusses the research process and provides details on key steps. It begins by explaining that research involves a series of linked stages that are usually presented linearly but are not always distinct. It then lists common stages as formulating the topic, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Subsequent sections provide more details on formulating the research problem, developing a research proposal, reviewing literature, research design, and other stages.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and lists its purposes, which include testing existing knowledge, understanding issues from different perspectives, establishing reliable guides, expanding knowledge, and providing solutions to problems. The document also outlines the classification of research by purpose (basic, applied, action, evaluation) and method (historical, correlational, experimental, descriptive). Key aspects of the research process are described, including identifying a problem, developing research questions and hypotheses, designing and conducting the study, analyzing and interpreting data, and drawing conclusions. Operational definitions of terms, scope of study, and conceptual frameworks are also discussed.
The document discusses research design as presented by Dr. Rachna Gihar. It defines research design and outlines its key functions which include identifying procedures to answer research questions and ensuring the validity of the study. The document then discusses different types of research design including exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. It focuses on exploratory design, outlining its purpose of exploring research questions without definitive answers. Common methods for exploratory design include surveys, interviews, focus groups, observations, literature reviews, and case studies.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses definitions of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It covers research design principles like defining variables and controlling for extraneous factors. It also outlines different research designs for exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies. Sample design concepts involving probability and non-probability sampling are presented. Methods of primary data collection like observation, interviews and questionnaires are explained. Finally, it provides guidance on constructing questionnaires and successful interviewing techniques.
The document discusses various research designs and methods. It begins by explaining exploratory research design which is used to gain initial insights into a problem. Descriptive research designs such as cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are used to observe and describe behaviors without influencing them. Experimental research designs allow controlling variables to establish causal relationships. Various factors that influence the validity and types of experimental designs are also outlined.
business research methods 1 introductiondaniyarehan2
Research is a systematic investigation to discover new facts or verify existing facts. It involves searching for knowledge in a planned, organized manner. The main purposes of research are discovery of new information and verification of existing information. Research follows defined methodological steps and aims to provide generalizable conclusions through objective, systematic inquiry. There are different types of research based on purpose, approach, and nature of variables studied. The overall research process typically involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting findings.
Instagram has become one of the most popular social media platforms, allowing people to share photos, videos, and stories with their followers. Sometimes, though, you might want to view someone's story without them knowing.
The document provides an overview of the research process. It begins by defining research as the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data to answer a question or solve a problem. It then discusses key aspects of developing a research proposal, including selecting a topic, reviewing existing literature, developing objectives and hypotheses, and outlining the methodology. The document presents examples of components to include in a research proposal, such as an introduction with the research problem, a theoretical framework, proposed hypotheses, and descriptions of variables and data collection methods. Overall, the document serves as a guide for planning and structuring a research study from selecting a topic to developing a proposal.
Lecture 1 & 2 ppt Research topics m.techRuchiGautam28
The document provides an overview of research methodology and biostatistics. It outlines the course objectives to develop a research orientation in students and acquaint them with research fundamentals. The outcomes are for students to gain knowledge of research design and learn how to formulate research problems and solve new issues using research processes. The document then defines research and discusses research types including exploratory, descriptive, causal and analytical research. It explains the meaning, objectives, and motivation for research.
This document provides information on the course "Research Methodology and Intellectual Property Rights" including the course objectives, outcomes, and modules. The course objectives are to understand research basics, literature reviews, citations, and ethics in engineering research. It also covers intellectual property rights concepts. The first module introduces research meaning, objectives, types, and ethics.
The document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a phenomenon. Research involves formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments or studies, and interpreting results to draw conclusions. There are different types of research including basic, applied, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. Scientific research follows the scientific method and involves making observations, developing hypotheses, conducting experiments or studies, and analyzing results. Engineering research focuses on developing new technologies to design products.
The document discusses research design and its types. It begins by defining research design as the conceptual framework for conducting research that includes plans for collecting and analyzing data. There are different types of research designs such as exploratory, descriptive, causal/experimental based on the nature and purpose of the study. Exploratory design is used to gain a deeper understanding of a problem and provide direction for more structured research in the future. It involves flexible qualitative methods like interviews and is not intended to test hypotheses. The purpose is to explore and define the research problem, variables, and potential relationships to study.
The document provides an introduction to key concepts in research methods. It defines research as a systematic process of investigation to establish facts and reach new conclusions. The main purposes of research are to learn and gather evidence. There are three main types of research: exploratory research which is unstructured, descriptive research which is structured, and explanatory research which uses hypotheses. Good research has clear definitions, acknowledges limitations, is planned, uses sufficient data, allows for generalization, and is systematic and logical. The scope of research includes areas like the environment, technology, innovation, competitors, markets, products, pricing, promotion, sales, customers, and organizations. Research can be pure/basic research aimed at knowledge, applied research aimed at solving problems, or
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable advising on how to misrepresent or spin research results in a paper. Academic integrity and honesty are of utmost importance.
The document discusses several key aspects of quality research:
1. Quality research is anchored on a sound research question and acknowledges previous research on the topic.
2. It follows a systematic, appropriate methodology and uses relevant empirical data and proper analysis methods.
3. Quality research is representative of the population, generalizable, and guided by logic.
The document provides an overview of business research methodology. It discusses key concepts like research methodology, objectives of research, scope of business research, and the research process. The research process involves 8 steps - identifying the problem, evaluating literature, creating hypotheses, designing the research, describing the population, collecting data, analyzing data, and report writing. It also outlines different types of research based on objectives, outcomes, logic, process, inquiry mode, and concepts. The document serves as a useful introduction to research methodology for business students.
This document discusses various aspects of research including definitions, objectives, types, methods, and processes. It defines research as a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control observed phenomena. The objectives of research are to gain insights, describe characteristics, determine frequencies of occurrences, and test hypotheses. Key methods discussed include quantitative and qualitative research, observation techniques, questionnaires, and research design. It also outlines the steps in the research process from defining the problem to interpreting results.
The document discusses research methodology, including defining research, the objectives and importance of research methodology, and qualities of a researcher. It provides information on key concepts like the difference between research methods and methodology. The document also includes an example research topic (domestic violence), and discusses formulating a research problem and evaluating if a problem can be addressed given available resources and knowledge.
Research is defined as a systematic investigation to establish facts and reach new conclusions. The objectives of research include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, accurately portraying characteristics of individuals or groups, and testing hypotheses about causal relationships between variables. The types of research include descriptive research involving surveys, analytical research analyzing available data, applied research solving practical problems, fundamental research formulating theories, quantitative research based on measurement, and qualitative research involving phenomena related to quality. The research process involves formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, determining sampling, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
Chapter-2.pptxyear upon out upon hhhhhhhhteddiyfentaw
The document discusses the research process and provides details on key steps. It begins by explaining that research involves a series of linked stages that are usually presented linearly but are not always distinct. It then lists common stages as formulating the topic, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Subsequent sections provide more details on formulating the research problem, developing a research proposal, reviewing literature, research design, and other stages.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and lists its purposes, which include testing existing knowledge, understanding issues from different perspectives, establishing reliable guides, expanding knowledge, and providing solutions to problems. The document also outlines the classification of research by purpose (basic, applied, action, evaluation) and method (historical, correlational, experimental, descriptive). Key aspects of the research process are described, including identifying a problem, developing research questions and hypotheses, designing and conducting the study, analyzing and interpreting data, and drawing conclusions. Operational definitions of terms, scope of study, and conceptual frameworks are also discussed.
The document discusses research design as presented by Dr. Rachna Gihar. It defines research design and outlines its key functions which include identifying procedures to answer research questions and ensuring the validity of the study. The document then discusses different types of research design including exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. It focuses on exploratory design, outlining its purpose of exploring research questions without definitive answers. Common methods for exploratory design include surveys, interviews, focus groups, observations, literature reviews, and case studies.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses definitions of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It covers research design principles like defining variables and controlling for extraneous factors. It also outlines different research designs for exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies. Sample design concepts involving probability and non-probability sampling are presented. Methods of primary data collection like observation, interviews and questionnaires are explained. Finally, it provides guidance on constructing questionnaires and successful interviewing techniques.
The document discusses various research designs and methods. It begins by explaining exploratory research design which is used to gain initial insights into a problem. Descriptive research designs such as cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are used to observe and describe behaviors without influencing them. Experimental research designs allow controlling variables to establish causal relationships. Various factors that influence the validity and types of experimental designs are also outlined.
business research methods 1 introductiondaniyarehan2
Research is a systematic investigation to discover new facts or verify existing facts. It involves searching for knowledge in a planned, organized manner. The main purposes of research are discovery of new information and verification of existing information. Research follows defined methodological steps and aims to provide generalizable conclusions through objective, systematic inquiry. There are different types of research based on purpose, approach, and nature of variables studied. The overall research process typically involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting findings.
Instagram has become one of the most popular social media platforms, allowing people to share photos, videos, and stories with their followers. Sometimes, though, you might want to view someone's story without them knowing.
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needsLaura Szabó
The product workshop focused on exploring the requirements of Generation Z in relation to marketplace dynamics. We delved into their specific needs, examined the specifics in their shopping preferences, and analyzed their preferred methods for accessing information and making purchases within a marketplace. Through the study of real-life cases , we tried to gain valuable insights into enhancing the marketplace experience for Generation Z.
The workshop was held on the DMA Conference in Vienna June 2024.
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Meet up Milano 14 _ Axpo Italia_ Migration from Mule3 (On-prem) to.pdfFlorence Consulting
Quattordicesimo Meetup di Milano, tenutosi a Milano il 23 Maggio 2024 dalle ore 17:00 alle ore 18:30 in presenza e da remoto.
Abbiamo parlato di come Axpo Italia S.p.A. ha ridotto il technical debt migrando le proprie APIs da Mule 3.9 a Mule 4.4 passando anche da on-premises a CloudHub 1.0.
Understanding User Behavior with Google Analytics.pdfSEO Article Boost
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2. AGENDA
• Introduction
• Meaning of Research
• Objectives of Engineering Research
• Motivation in Engineering Research
• Types of Engineering Research
• Finding and Solving a Worthwhile Problem
• Ethics in Engineering Research
• Ethics in Engineering Research Practice
• Types of Research Misconduct
• Ethical Issues Related to Authorship
3. Introduction about Research
Research
• Careful, well-defined (or redefined), objective, and systematic method of search for knowledge, or
formulation of a theory that is driven by inquisitiveness unknown and useful on a particular aspect to make
an original contribution to expand the existing knowledge base.
• Formulation of hypothesis/Proposition of solutions, Data analysis, and deductions; and ascertaining whether
the conclusions fit the hypothesis.
• Process of creating, or formulating knowledge that does not yet exist.
4. Research Flow Diagram
• Booth et al. [1] explains that the research cycle starts with
basically a practical problem
• One must be clear what the problem being attempted to solve
is and why it is important.
• Problem motivates a research question without which one can
tend to get lost in a giant swamp of information.
• The question helps one zero in onto manageable volume of
information, and in turn defines a research project which is an
activity or set of activities that ultimately leads to result or
answer, which in turn helps to solve the practical problem that
one started with in the first place as shown.
5. • Foundation : Ability to connect different areas.
• The purpose is to prepare the mind for active work as opposed to becoming a repository or an encyclopedia.
• Research is adding, small and specific, yet original contribution to that existing body of knowledge.
• Rresearch - Posing a question which has relevance to the world that we are living in, and while looking for that
answer one has to be as systematic as one can be.
• There must be a balance between what is achievable in a research program with a finite endpoint and also, the
contribution it is going to make.
• The objective of a good research program is to try and gain insight into something.
• Or indeed, to try and solve a problem.
• Good research questions develop throughout the project actually and one can even keep modifying them.
• Through research, one would like to make, or develop, new knowledge about the world around us which can be
written down or recorded in some way, and that knowledge can be accessed through that writing or recording.
6. Ways Of Developing And Accessing Knowledge
Observation
• Fundamental way of obtaining information from a source,
• Strange , exciting, difficult to observe.
• Takes different forms
• Examples : Measurements in a laboratory , Survey among a group of subjects , Time it takes for a firmware
routine to run.
• Needs to be processed in some form and this leads to the model.
7. Models
• Models are approximated in the form of a statistical relationship, a figure, or a set
of mathematical equations.
• Modeling equation captures the relationship between different attributes or the
behavior of the device in an abstract form and enables us to understand the observed
phenomena.
8. • The final category is a way of arranging or doing things through
• Processes
• Algorithms
• Procedures
• Arrangements
• Reference designs
to get a certain desired result.
10. Good research
• Systematic collection and analysis of information
• Attempt to infer a little bit beyond the already known information in a way that is a significant value addition.
Engineering research
• Journey that traverses from a research area (example: Control Systems) to the topic (Example:Control of Microbial Fuel
Cells) and finally onto the problem (example: Adaptive Control of Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells)
Area → Topic → Problem
• Getting a good problem to solve is more than half the work done.
• However, sometimes the journey can be reverse, for example, the traversal from (Problem → Topic →Area).
• This can happen when one is led to a problem through a connection to another problem whose top structure is
different.
11. • Engineering research is the process of developing the perspectives and seeking improvements in
knowledge and skills to enable the recognition, planning, design, and execution of research in a wide
range of forms relevant for engineering and technology investigations and developments.
• Characteristics of the Research Problem
• Bugging
• Worrying us and that we should be addressing
• something we would like to do,
• accomplish but currently can not because we lack the knowledge to do so. ,
• something that already works, but we do not know why and we would like to understand it better. ,It
could be that we want to do something to see what will happen.
12. Objectives of Engineering Research
• Solve new and important problems, and since the conclusion at the end of one’s research outcome has to be new,
but when one starts, the conclusion is unknown.
• So, the start itself is tricky, one may say.
• The answer is, based on “circumstantial evidence”, intuition, and imagination, one guesses what may be a possible
conclusion.
• A guess gives a target to work toward, and after initial attempts, it may turn out that the guess is incorrect.
• But, the work may suggest new worthy avenues or targets which may be based on some modifications of the initial
target, or may need new techniques, or one may obtain negative results which may render the initial target or some
other targets as not realizable, or may lead to fortunate discoveries while looking for something else (serendipity).
Research objectives can sometimes be convoluted and difficult to follow.
13. • Knowing where and how to find different types of information helps one solve engineering problems, in
both academic and professional career.
• Lack of investigation into engineering guidelines, standards, and best practices result in failures with severe
repercussions.
• As an engineer, the ability to conduct thorough and accurate research while clearly communicating the
results is extremely important in decision making.
• The main aim of the research is to apply scientific approaches to seek answers to open questions, and
although each research study is particularly suited for a certain approach,
• Different types of research studies - exploratory or formulative, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-
testing.
• The objectives of engineering research should be to develop new theoretical or applied knowledge and not
necessarily limited to obtaining abilities to obtain the desired result.
• The objectives should be framed such that in the event of not being able to achieve the desired result that is
being sought, one can fall back to understanding why it is not possible, because that is also a contribution
toward ongoing research in solving that problem.
• Of course, someone else might come along and actually propose a different approach where the desired
objective is indeed possible to be achieved.
14. Motivation in Engineering Research
(i) Intrinsic motivations like interest, challenge, learning, meaning, purpose, are linked to strong creative
performance
(ii) Extrinsic motivating factors like rewards for good work include money, fame, awards, praise, and status are very
strong motivators, but may block creativity.
For example: Research outcome may enable obtaining a patent which is a good way to become rich and famous.
(iii) Influences from others like competition, collaboration, commitment, and encouragement are also motivating
factors in research.
For example: my friends are all doing research and so should I, or, a person that I dislike is doing well and I want to
do better.
(iv) Personal motivation in solving unsolved problems, intellectual joy, service to community, and respectability are
all driving factors.
15. • The following factors would be a mix of extrinsic and intrinsic aspects:
(i) Wanting to do better than what has been achieved in the world,
(ii) Improve the state of the art in technology
(iii) Contribute to the improvement of society,
(iv) Fulfillment of the historical legacy in the immediate sociocultural context.
Several other factors like government directives, funding opportunities in certain areas, and terms of employment, can
motivate people to get involved in engineering research.
16. Types of Engineering Research
• Descriptive versus Analytical
• Applied versus Fundamental
• Quantitative versus Qualitative:
17. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICAL
Includes comparative and correlational methods, and
fact-finding inquiries, to effectively describe the
present state of art
Already available facts for analysis and critical
evaluation are utilized
Researcher holds no control over the variables rather
only reports as it is
includes attempts to determine causes even though the
variables cannot be controlled.
18. APPLIED FUNDAMENTAL
• Applied research seeks to solve an immediate
problem facing the organization
Fundamental research is concerned with
generalizations and formulation of a theory.
• Examples: To identify social or economic trends,
whether certain communications will be read and
understood
Examples : Natural phenomena , Pure mathematics
• Primary Objective : To determine a solution for
compelling problems in actual practice
Aimed at seeking information which could have a
broad base of applications in the medium to long term
19. QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
• Uses statistical observations of a sufficiently
large number of representative cases to draw
any conclusions
• Rely on a few nonrepresentative cases or
verbal narrative in behavioral studies such as
clustering effect in intersections in
Transportation engineering to make a
proposition.
20. Finding and Solving a Worthwhile Problem
• A researcher may start out with the research problems stated by the Supervisor or posed by others that are yet to be
solved.
• Alternately, it may involve rethinking of a basic theory, or need to be formulated or put together from the
information provided in a group of papers suggested by the Supervisor.
• Research scholars are faced with the task of finding an appropriate problem on which to begin their research.
• Skills needed to accomplish such a task at the outset, while taking care of possible implications are critically
important but often not taught [4].
21. • Once the problem is vaguely identified, the process of literature survey and technical reading, as
described in the next chapter, would take place for more certainty of the worthiness of the intended
problem.
• However, an initial spark is ideally required before the process of literature survey may duly begin.
Sometimes, an oral presentation by somebody which is followed by asking questions or introspection
provides this perspective which reading papers do not.
• At other times, a development in another subject may have produced a tool or a result which has direct
implications to the researcher’s subject and may lead to problem identification.
22. • A worthwhile research problem would have one or more attributes.
• It could be nonintuitive/counterintuitive even to someone who knows the area,
something that the research community had been expecting for sometime, a major
simplification of a central part of the theory, a new result which would start off a new
subject or an area, provides a new method or improves upon known methods of doing
something which has practical applications, or a result which stops further work in an
area.
• The researcher has to be convinced that the problem is worthwhile before beginning to
tackle it because best efforts come when the work is worth doing, and the problem
and/or solution has a better chance of being accepted by the research community.
23. • Not all problems that one solves will be great, and sometimes major advancements are
made through solutions to small problems dealt with effectively.
• Some problems are universally considered hard and open, and have deep implications and
connections to different concepts.
• The reality is that most researchers in their lifetime do not get into such problems.
• However, hard problems get solved only because people tackle them.
• The question a researcher has to grapple with whether the time investment is worth it given
that the likely outcome is negative, and so it is a difficult personal decision to make.
• At the same time, even in the case of failure to solve the intended hard problem, there may
be partial/side results that serve the immediate need of producing some results for the
dissertation.
24. George Pólya (1887–1985) suggested a 4-step procedure for mathematical problem-
solving [5], which is relevant to engineering researchers as well.
Recent work such as [6, 7] suggest the relevance of these recommendations.
The recommended steps to solve a research problem are
(i) Understand the problem, restate it as if its your own, visualize the problem by
drawing figures, and determine if something more is needed.
(ii) One must start somewhere and systematically explore possible strategies to solve
the problem or a simpler version of it while looking for patterns.
25. (iii) Execute the plan to see if it works, and if it does not then start over with another approach.
Having delved into the problem and returned to it multiple times, one might have a flash of insight or a
new idea to solve the problem.
(iv) Looking back and reflecting helps in understanding and assimilating the strategy, and is a sort of
investment into the future
26. Ethics in Engineering Research
• Ethics generally refers to a set of rules distinguishing acceptable and unacceptable conduct, distinguishing
right from wrong, or wise aphorisms like the sayings of Chanakya.
• Most people learn such norms in their formative years [1], but moral development continues through different
stages of growth.
• Although everyone recognizes some common ethical norms, but there is difference in interpretation and
• application.
• Ethical principles can be used for evaluation, proposition or interpretation of laws [2].
• Although ethics are not laws, but laws often follow ethics because ethics are our shared values.
27. • International norms for the ethical conduct of research have been there since the adoption of the Nuremberg
Code in 1947 [3].
• According to Whitbeck [4], the issues related to research credit dates back to the establishment of the British
Royal Society (BRS) in the seventeenth century to refine the methods and practices of modern science [4].
• This event altered the timing and credit issues on the release of research results since BRS gave priority to
whoever first submitted findings for publication, rather than trying to find out who had first discovered.
28. • Whitbeck [4] raised two simple but significant questions to address the tricky issue of authorship in research:
(1) who should be included as an author
(2) Appropriate order of listing of authors.
• In an increasingly interconnected world, the issue of coauthorship is very relevant to all researchers.
• There are issues around individuals who may be deeply involved during the conduct of the research work, but
may not contribute in the drafting phase.
• Additionally, certain universities now put restrictions on coauthorship to prevent malpractices
29. • Government bodies, and universities worldwide have adopted certain codes for research ethics.
• Research ethics and the responsible conduct of research are often erroneously used interchangeably.
• Research ethics examines the appropriate application of research outcomes, while responsible conduct of research
deals with the way the work is undertaken.
30. Ethics in Engineering Research Practice
• Technological developments raise a whole range of ethical concerns such as privacy issues and data related to surveillance
systems, and so engineering researchers need to make ethical decisions and are answerable for the repercussions borne out
of their research as outcomes.
• The reason that ethics matter in data used in engineering research is usually because there is impact on humans.
• Certain practices may be acceptable to certain people in certain situations, and the reasons for unacceptability
• may be perfectly valid.
• We have unprecedented access to data today, and unprecedented options for analysis of these data and consequences in
engineering research related to such data.
• Are there things that are possible to do with this data, that we agree we should not do?
• Engineering ethics gives us the rule book; tells us, how to decide what is okay to do and what is not.
• Engineering research is not work in isolation to the technological development taking place.
• Researchers make many choices that matter from an ethical perspective and influence the effects of technology in many
different ways:
31. (i) By setting the ethically right requirements at the very outset, engineering researchers can ultimately influence the
effects of the developed technology.
(ii) Influence may also be applied by researchers through design (a process that translates the requirements into a
blueprint to fulfill those requirements). During the design process, decision is to be made about the priority in
importance of the requirements taking ethical aspects into consideration.
(iii) Thirdly, engineering researchers have to choose between different alternatives fulfilling similar functions.
32. • Research outcomes often have unintended and undesirable side effects.
• It is a vital ethical responsibility of researchers to ensure that hazards/risks associated with the technologies
that they develop, are minimized and alternative safer mechanisms are considered.
• If possible, the designs should be made inherently safe such that they avoid dangers, or come with safety
factors, and multiple independent safety barriers, or if possible a supervisory mechanism to take control if the
primary process fails.
33. Types of Research Misconduct
Engineering research should be conducted to improve the state-of-the-art of technologies.
Research integrity encompasses dealing fairly with others, honesty about the methods and results, replicating the results
wherever possible so as to avoid errors, protecting the welfare of research subjects, ensuring laboratory safety, and so
forth.
In order to prevent mistakes, peer reviews should take place before the research output is published.
There may be different types of research misconduct as described in research articles like [5] and [6], which can be
summarized as follows:
34. (i) Fabrication (Illegitimate creation of data)
• Fabrication is the act of conjuring data or experiments with a belief of knowledge about what the conclusion
of the analysis or experiments would be, but cannot wait for the results possibly due to timeline pressures
from supervisor or customers.
(ii) Falsification (Inappropriate alteration of data)
• Falsification is the misrepresentation or misinterpretation, or illegitimate alteration of data or experiments,
even if partly, to support a desired hypothesis even when the actual data received from experiments suggest
otherwise.
• Falsification and fabrication of data and results, hamper engineering research, cause false empirical data to
percolate in the literature, wreck trustworthiness of individuals involved, incur additional costs, impede
research progress, and cause actual and avoidable delays in technical advancement.
• Misleading data can also crop up due to poor design of experiments or incorrect measurement practices.
35. The image of engineering researchers as objective truth seekers is often jeopardized by the discovery of data related
frauds. Such misconduct can be thwarted by researchers by always trying to reproduce the results independently
whenever they are interested to do further work in a published material which is likely to be part of their literature
survey.
(iii) Plagiarism (Taking other’s work sans attribution): Plagiarism takes place when someone uses or reuses the work
(including portions) of others (text, data,tables, figures, illustrations or concepts) as if it were his/her own without
explicit acknowledgement. Verbatim copying or reusing one’s own published work is termed as self-plagiarism and is
also an unacceptable practice in scientific literature. The increasing availability of scientific content on the internet
seems to encourage plagiarism in certain cases, but also enables detection of such practices through automated
software packages.2
36. How are supervisors, reviewers or editors alerted to plagiarism?
(i) Original author comes to know and informs everyone concerned.
(ii) Sometimes a reviewer finds out about it during the review process.
(iii) Or, readers who come across the article or book, while doing research.
• Although there are many free tools and also paid tools available that one can procure institutional license of, one
cannot conclusively identify plagiarism, but can only get a similarity score which is a metric that provides a score
of the amount of similarity between already published content and the unpublished content under scrutiny.
• However, a low similarity score does not guarantee that the document is plagiarism free.
• It takes a human eye to ascertain whether the content has been plagiarized or not.
• It is important to see the individual scores of the sources, not just the overall similarity index. Setting a standard
of a maximum allowable similarity index is inadequate usage of the tool.
• Patchwork plagiarism is more difficult to evaluate.
37. • There are simple and ethical ways to avoid a high similarity count on an about to be submitted manuscript.
Sometimes, certain published content is perfect for one’s research paper, perhaps in making a connection or
fortifying the argument presented.
• The published material is available for the purpose of being used fairly.
• One is not expected to churn out research outcomes in thin air.
• However, whatever is relevant can be reported by paraphrasing in one’s own words, that is, without verbatim copy.
One can also summarize the relevant content and naturally, the summary invariably would use one’s own words.
• In all these cases, citing the original source is important.
• However,merely because one has cited a source, it does not mean that one can copy sentences (or paragraphs)
• of the original content verbatim.
• A researcher should practise writing in such a way that the reader can recognize the difference between the ideas
• or results of the authors and those that are from other sources.
• Such a practice enables one to judge whether one is disproportionately using or relying on content from existing
literature.
38. Other Aspects of Research Misconduct
• Serious deviations from accepted conduct could be construed as research misconduct.
• When there is both deception and damage, a fraud is deemed to have taken place.
• Sooner or later ethical violations get exposed.
• Simultaneous submission of the same article to two different journals also violates publication policies.
• Another issue is that when mistakes are found in an article or any published content, they are generally
• not reported for public access unless a researcher is driven enough to build on
• that mistake and provide a correct version of the same which is not always the
• primary objective of the researcher.
39. Ethical Issues Related to Authorship
Academic authorship
• Communicating scholarly work, Establishing priority for their discoveries, Building peer-reputation, and Comes with
intrinsic burden of acceptance of the responsibility for the contents of the work.
• Primary basis of evaluation for employment, promotion, and other honors.
• Credit for research contributions is attributed in three major ways in research publications: by
• Authorship (of the intended publication),
• Citation (of previously published or formally presented work), and through
• Written acknowledgment (of some inputs to the present research)
• Authorship establishes both accountability and gives due credit.
• A person is expected to be listed as an author only when associated as a significant contributor in research design, data
interpretation, or writing of the paper.
40. Including “guest” or “gift” (coauthorship bestowed on someone with little or no contribution to the work)
authors dilutes the contribution of those who actually did the work, inappropriately inflates credentials of the
listed authors [8], and is ethically a red flag highlighting research misconduct [9].
• Career-boost authorship
Primary author dubiously bestows coauthorship on a junior faculty or a student to boost their chances of
employment or promotion.
• Career-preservation authorship
Head of the department, a dean, a provost, or other administrators are added as Coauthors because of quid pro
quo arrangement wherein the principal author benefits from a “good relation” with the superiors and the
administrator benefits from authorship without doing the required work for it [11].
41. • Sometimes, an actual contributor abstains from the list of authors due to nondisclosed conflict of interest
within the organization [10].
• Such coauthorships can be termed as ghost coauthorship.
• Full disclosure of all those involved in the research is important so that evaluation can happen both on the
basis of findings, and also whether there was influence from the conflicts.
• In another type of questionable authorship, some researchers list one another as coauthors as a reciprocal
gesture with no real collaboration except minimal reading and editing, without truly reviewing the work
threadbare.
42. • Some authors, in trying to acquire a sole-authored work, despite relying on significant
contribution to the research work from others, recognize that effort only by an
acknowledgment, thereby misrepresenting the contributions of the listed authors.
• The unrecognized “author” is as a consequence, unavailable to readers for elaboration.
• All listed authors have the full obligation of all contents of a research article, and so naturally,
they should also be made aware of a journal submission by the corresponding author.
• It is imperative that their consent is sought with respect to the content and that they be
agreeable to the submission.
43. Inappropriate authorship
• while the perpetrator is easier to find, the degree of appropriate accountability of the coauthors is not
always obvious.
• Being able to quantify the contributions so as to appropriately recognize and ascertain the degree of
associated accountability of each coauthor, is appealing.
Double submission
• Involves submission of a paper to two forums simultaneously.
• The motivation is to increase publication possibility and possibly decrease time to publication.
• Reputed journals want to publish original papers, i.e., papers which have not appeared elsewhere, and
strongly discourage double submission.