This document is a research paper analyzing the characteristics of the market structure of the English newspaper industry in the Delhi NCR region of India. It begins with an introduction describing the significance of studying this industry and the factors that will be examined, including advertising, barriers to entry/exit, pricing strategies, profits, public response, and concentration ratios. The document then describes the methodology, which includes primary data collection through surveys and interviews, and secondary data collection from business models and advertisements. The investigation is divided into sections on public response, forms of competition, advertising, barriers to entry/exit, profitability, pricing strategies, consumer knowledge, and concentration ratios. In total, the research paper aims to determine whether the English newspaper market in Delhi
A project report on comparative analysis of the new indian express, times of ...Babasab Patil
This document analyzes and compares three major Indian newspapers: The New Indian Express, Times of India, and The Hindu. It discusses the objectives of the study, which are to understand customer attitudes and evaluations of these newspapers regarding delivery, service quality, content, and pricing. The methodology section notes that data was collected through interviews with 100 customers in Hubli city using a questionnaire. Key findings include that most readers are male, satisfied with delivery times and service, and prefer newspapers for their content and prices. The conclusion is that newspapers need to improve quality, focus more on local news, and address customer complaints to remain competitive.
This document provides an overview and comparative analysis of three major English newspapers in India - The New Indian Express, Times of India, and The Hindu. It outlines the objectives of the study which are to understand customer attitudes, delivery systems, service evaluations, and expectations towards each newspaper. The methodology section notes that primary data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with 100 customers in Hubli city, with findings showing customer satisfaction levels with delivery times and services for the newspapers. Suggestions are provided to improve quality, distribution, and attract new subscribers.
Thesis expansion potential Russia M.J.E.Eggen December 2010Maurice Eggen
This document summarizes a master's thesis that examines retail expansion potential in Russia. The thesis investigates retail real estate development in Russia over the last two decades to understand current market characteristics. It analyzes how retailers internationalize and identifies criteria to forecast retail potential in different Russian regions. A Geographic Information Systems tool is developed to guide retailers on locations with the highest potential based on demand factors, existing supply, and investment risk levels. While modern retail formats have grown, traditional stores remain important. The thesis aims to help domestic and international retailers identify opportunities in Russia's expanding retail market despite challenges like the global economic crisis.
This survey conducted in Ahmedabad city examined the reading habits of readers for English newspapers. Key findings include: 80% of respondents read newspapers, with 75% reading English newspapers. The Times of India was the most read at 46.67%. Awareness of The Indian Express was only 40%. Most used newspapers for work or home. 50% received updates about schemes through word of mouth. While 62.5% were aware of newspaper schemes, only 41.67% recommended them to others. Recommendations include improving attractiveness, targeting all demographics, and including more local and entertainment news.
The document provides details about a research project conducted to understand people's buying and reading behaviors towards various newspapers. The research was conducted through a questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents. The questionnaire aimed to understand people's interest in newspapers, which papers they prefer, the types of news they like, and how they rate different newspapers. The responses were analyzed to see how behaviors varied by age and occupation. The research also sought to identify other content people want in newspapers and reasons for liking or disliking them.
Masterthesis exploring the concept of branding in the political marketplace. Specifically branding for political parties. Case study from Norway and The Green Party using the Identity Theory.
Bar Talk: The away-from-home consumption phenomenonfebo leondini
The away-from-home consumption phenomenon:
A fuzzy research study between induction and deduction.
It is the english version of "Chiacchiere da Bar": a research on Away From Home Consumption.
This document provides an introduction to a master's thesis that analyzes the legal and commercial issues in EU-Russia relations in the context of sanctions policy. It outlines the goals and structure of the thesis. The thesis will examine EU-Russia relations before and after sanctions were imposed in 2014 over Ukraine, the legal framework around the sanctions, and their impact on trade. It will also explore ways to optimize EU-Russia relations going forward. The introduction establishes that relations between the EU and Russia are an ongoing issue that significantly impacts international politics and economics.
A project report on comparative analysis of the new indian express, times of ...Babasab Patil
This document analyzes and compares three major Indian newspapers: The New Indian Express, Times of India, and The Hindu. It discusses the objectives of the study, which are to understand customer attitudes and evaluations of these newspapers regarding delivery, service quality, content, and pricing. The methodology section notes that data was collected through interviews with 100 customers in Hubli city using a questionnaire. Key findings include that most readers are male, satisfied with delivery times and service, and prefer newspapers for their content and prices. The conclusion is that newspapers need to improve quality, focus more on local news, and address customer complaints to remain competitive.
This document provides an overview and comparative analysis of three major English newspapers in India - The New Indian Express, Times of India, and The Hindu. It outlines the objectives of the study which are to understand customer attitudes, delivery systems, service evaluations, and expectations towards each newspaper. The methodology section notes that primary data was collected through questionnaires and interviews with 100 customers in Hubli city, with findings showing customer satisfaction levels with delivery times and services for the newspapers. Suggestions are provided to improve quality, distribution, and attract new subscribers.
Thesis expansion potential Russia M.J.E.Eggen December 2010Maurice Eggen
This document summarizes a master's thesis that examines retail expansion potential in Russia. The thesis investigates retail real estate development in Russia over the last two decades to understand current market characteristics. It analyzes how retailers internationalize and identifies criteria to forecast retail potential in different Russian regions. A Geographic Information Systems tool is developed to guide retailers on locations with the highest potential based on demand factors, existing supply, and investment risk levels. While modern retail formats have grown, traditional stores remain important. The thesis aims to help domestic and international retailers identify opportunities in Russia's expanding retail market despite challenges like the global economic crisis.
This survey conducted in Ahmedabad city examined the reading habits of readers for English newspapers. Key findings include: 80% of respondents read newspapers, with 75% reading English newspapers. The Times of India was the most read at 46.67%. Awareness of The Indian Express was only 40%. Most used newspapers for work or home. 50% received updates about schemes through word of mouth. While 62.5% were aware of newspaper schemes, only 41.67% recommended them to others. Recommendations include improving attractiveness, targeting all demographics, and including more local and entertainment news.
The document provides details about a research project conducted to understand people's buying and reading behaviors towards various newspapers. The research was conducted through a questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents. The questionnaire aimed to understand people's interest in newspapers, which papers they prefer, the types of news they like, and how they rate different newspapers. The responses were analyzed to see how behaviors varied by age and occupation. The research also sought to identify other content people want in newspapers and reasons for liking or disliking them.
Masterthesis exploring the concept of branding in the political marketplace. Specifically branding for political parties. Case study from Norway and The Green Party using the Identity Theory.
Bar Talk: The away-from-home consumption phenomenonfebo leondini
The away-from-home consumption phenomenon:
A fuzzy research study between induction and deduction.
It is the english version of "Chiacchiere da Bar": a research on Away From Home Consumption.
This document provides an introduction to a master's thesis that analyzes the legal and commercial issues in EU-Russia relations in the context of sanctions policy. It outlines the goals and structure of the thesis. The thesis will examine EU-Russia relations before and after sanctions were imposed in 2014 over Ukraine, the legal framework around the sanctions, and their impact on trade. It will also explore ways to optimize EU-Russia relations going forward. The introduction establishes that relations between the EU and Russia are an ongoing issue that significantly impacts international politics and economics.
A STUDY ON RESPONSE OF READERS TOWARDS NEWSPAPER ADVERTISEMENT WITH SPECIAL R...Amal James
Advertising is a marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, nonpersonal message to promote or sell a product, service or idea. Newspaper is a type of mass
media used by the organisations and companies to advertise their product or services. Even
though there emerged a large number of other mass medias and influence of digital marketing,
newspaper still have existence in the field of advertisement. But other forms of advertisements
are considered as more effective than newspaper advertisements.
There exist a large number of people who read newspaper. It includes not only older
generation but also youths. Newspaper advertisements are able to change attitude of people
towards products. The society and people believe in newspaper advertisements. Newspaper
advertisement is able to change their purchase decisions. Influence of demographic profile and
income of the people are also explained in this project. The study will help the organisation to
take decisions while using advertisement as a source of income
This document is a summer training project report submitted to the Department of Management Studies at Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan in Jaipur, India. It examines fluctuations in the Indian stock market over a two-year period from 2008 to 2010. The report includes an introduction, research methodology, core study, SWOT analysis, conclusion, and bibliography. The objective is to understand market trends and provide information to help future investors.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a dissertation submitted by Mark Birman to earn a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Salford. The dissertation investigates factors that impact the success of technological innovation. It includes acknowledgments, an abstract, table of contents, and outlines 8 chapters that will comprise the full dissertation. The introduction provides background on technological innovation, states the objectives to identify critical success factors of commercializing innovations and study the impact of specific factors like marketing, human resources and financing. It also outlines the research methodology to be used, involving a literature review, theoretical framework development, data collection through interviews, analysis and conclusions.
Impact of E-WOM, Social Networking Sites and Perceived Value on Purchase Inte...Hassaan Elahi
This research is being carried out in order to determine whether the purchase intentions of cosmetic product customers living in Karachi are influenced by electronic word of mouth marketing, perceived value of the product and social networking sites and how these variables are influencing the purchase decisions of online buyers. The study also focuses on finding the significance of perceived value, social networking sites and e-WOM in influencing the purchase intentions of customers of cosmetic products living in Karachi. It was really important for us to conduct the research on this topic in order to find out the gap between our research and the previous researches that have been conducted in different countries of the world. The pathway undertaken in this paper was explanatory research which served as a basis for our data collection and analysis as we had to check the existence of any potential relationship that may exist between our dependent and independent variables. We have used 150 respondents for the sample size of this research. The target population for our research were women who are the ultimate users of cosmetic products and brands. The sampling technique used in our research was systematic random technique. The instrument that we chose for our data collection was questionnaires which consist of Likert scale questions. We have analyzed our data and determined the relationship that exist between our dependent variable and independent variables by using one sample t-test technique. The result of the test concludes that each of our independent variable (e-WOM, social networking sites and perceived value) has an impact on our dependent variable which is purchase intentions of customers of cosmetic products. Finally, at the end of this report, we have also provided the conclusions and discussions based on our understanding of previous literatures and knowledge that we gained while conducting this research. The implications and recommendations were also provided in this research to facilitate our various stakeholders and to solve the problems that were the focus of this research. Lastly, we have also given the limitations of this research at the end of the report.
This document is a study from the Center for Social and Economic Research in Warsaw that examines vertical product differentiation in three Polish manufacturing industries. It analyzes survey data from 77 companies to identify different market segments based on customer characteristics like income level. It finds evidence that industries producing capital goods have shifted towards higher market segments between 2002-2005, likely due to competitive pressures. The study aims to contribute to understanding quality and competitiveness challenges in Polish manufacturing.
This document is the table of contents for a master's thesis that examines the conscious and unconscious effects of context on advertising. It includes sections on traditional marketing theory, modern views incorporating social psychology and neuroscience, a literature review on key concepts like emotions, arousal and valence. It outlines two experiments measuring participants' pupil size and subjective ratings to test hypotheses about the relationship between arousal and valence, and how ads viewed in context versus isolation affect unconscious and conscious responses. The research aims to provide new insights into how context influences consumer reactions beyond traditional models of isolated ad analysis.
This document provides an abstract and contents outline for a research project examining the impact of gender perceptions on online impulse purchases in the UK fashion industry. The abstract indicates the research will use a positivist approach and quantitative methods including surveys and statistical analysis to analyze the relationship between gender and online impulse buying behaviors. The contents outline includes chapters on literature review, conceptual framework, research methodology, results, analysis and discussion, and conclusions. The introduction provides background on the lack of research in this area and importance for online fashion retailers. The literature review discusses theories of impulse purchasing and examines prior research finding gender influences impulse buying tendencies and online behaviors. The document establishes the research aim and objectives and questions to be addressed by the study.
Stimulation of recreational consumers to visit downtown shopping centersPeter Raijmakers
This document provides a summary of a graduation paper that aims to improve the attractiveness of downtown shopping centers in the Netherlands for recreational consumers. The paper is divided into two phases: phase one investigates the personal, time, and leisure characteristics that influence a person's choice to do recreational shopping; phase two focuses on the relationship between shopping center attributes and a person's choice of shopping center for recreational shopping. Statistical models are used to analyze data on Dutch citizens, their leisure activities, and nine downtown shopping centers. The results provide advice on how to attract different demographic groups by modifying attributes like store supply, colors, and size of the shopping centers.
Vistalon 5601 is an ethylene propylene diene terpolymer rubber produced using ExxonMobil Chemical's EXXPOL Technology. It has a tailored molecular weight distribution and medium diene content. The product is applicable for industrial and automotive hoses, extruded profiles, and molding applications. Key features include good processing characteristics for smooth and fast extrusions, improved mixing, mill handling, and physical properties.
El documento describe los principales avances tecnológicos del siglo XX, incluyendo la invención de aeronaves, antibióticos, electrodomésticos, energía nuclear y cohetes.
This document provides information about the solar system and astronomy. It begins by discussing important astronomers throughout history and their contributions. It then provides facts about the solar system, including that it formed 4.6 billion years ago from a nebula and consists of the sun and objects that orbit it. The document outlines the terrestrial and gas giant planets, providing details about each. It also discusses the moon's phases and constellations. In the end, it lists the top 10 closest stars to our solar system.
The document discusses safety management in Pakistan's upstream oil industry. It provides context on Pakistan's geography, economy, and oil/gas resources. The oil and gas exploration history began in 1885. While regulations exist, compliance is uneven and regulators have limited resources. However, international oil companies operating in Pakistan follow strict health, safety, and environmental (HSE) standards, which has fostered a culture of safety compliance among national companies as well. Efforts are ongoing to develop indigenous HSE expertise, including through training programs and professional associations. Key safety activities include management systems certification, risk assessments, and contractor management.
Os Sobreviventes de TWD: da volta à fazenda de Hurshel até AlexandriaProfessor Belinaso
O documento resume as principais características e trajetórias de sobrevivência de diversos personagens da série The Walking Dead, desde que eles se reuniram na fazenda de Hurshel até a chegada em Alexandria. São descritos os papéis-chave de Abraham, Eugene e Morgan para manter o grupo vivo e unido, assim como as funções que Padre Gabriel, Aaron, Douglas Monroe e outros exerceram na comunidade de Alexandria.
WBSETCL Subhash Gram 220KV Substation Training ReportArijit Basu
The document summarizes the Subhash Gram 220 KV substation operated by WBSETCL. It receives power at 220 KV from a nearby PGCIL substation, steps it down through transformers, and distributes it to nearby substations and customers. Key components include two 160 MVA 220/132/33 KV transformers, various circuit breakers, isolators, buses, and protection/metering equipment like CTs and CVTs. The substation layout includes separate switchyards for the 220 KV, 132 KV and 33 KV voltage levels.
The document provides information about a project report submitted for an MBA program. It includes an introduction, acknowledgements, table of contents, and initial chapters on research methodology, introduction to the circulation department, and company profile of Hindustan Times. Specifically, it outlines the objective of studying customer perception of Hindustan Times newspaper. It also provides background details on Hindustan Times such as its founding in 1924, ownership, circulation figures, and history.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on consumer behavior towards print media (newspapers) in India, specifically focusing on The Times of India newspaper. The presentation includes:
- An introduction to the study objectives of understanding consumer behavior and preferences related to newspaper products and features.
- A brief background on the newspaper industry in India and an introduction to The Times of India publishing group.
- Details on the products and magazines published by The Times of India.
- An outline of the research methodology used, including a descriptive design, sample size of 150, and data collection methods.
- Analysis of survey results showing consumer preferences and perceptions around newspaper readership, The Times of India features, and quality
A STUDY ON RESPONSE OF READERS TOWARDS NEWSPAPER ADVERTISEMENT WITH SPECIAL R...Amal James
Advertising is a marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, nonpersonal message to promote or sell a product, service or idea. Newspaper is a type of mass
media used by the organisations and companies to advertise their product or services. Even
though there emerged a large number of other mass medias and influence of digital marketing,
newspaper still have existence in the field of advertisement. But other forms of advertisements
are considered as more effective than newspaper advertisements.
There exist a large number of people who read newspaper. It includes not only older
generation but also youths. Newspaper advertisements are able to change attitude of people
towards products. The society and people believe in newspaper advertisements. Newspaper
advertisement is able to change their purchase decisions. Influence of demographic profile and
income of the people are also explained in this project. The study will help the organisation to
take decisions while using advertisement as a source of income
This document is a summer training project report submitted to the Department of Management Studies at Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan in Jaipur, India. It examines fluctuations in the Indian stock market over a two-year period from 2008 to 2010. The report includes an introduction, research methodology, core study, SWOT analysis, conclusion, and bibliography. The objective is to understand market trends and provide information to help future investors.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a dissertation submitted by Mark Birman to earn a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Salford. The dissertation investigates factors that impact the success of technological innovation. It includes acknowledgments, an abstract, table of contents, and outlines 8 chapters that will comprise the full dissertation. The introduction provides background on technological innovation, states the objectives to identify critical success factors of commercializing innovations and study the impact of specific factors like marketing, human resources and financing. It also outlines the research methodology to be used, involving a literature review, theoretical framework development, data collection through interviews, analysis and conclusions.
Impact of E-WOM, Social Networking Sites and Perceived Value on Purchase Inte...Hassaan Elahi
This research is being carried out in order to determine whether the purchase intentions of cosmetic product customers living in Karachi are influenced by electronic word of mouth marketing, perceived value of the product and social networking sites and how these variables are influencing the purchase decisions of online buyers. The study also focuses on finding the significance of perceived value, social networking sites and e-WOM in influencing the purchase intentions of customers of cosmetic products living in Karachi. It was really important for us to conduct the research on this topic in order to find out the gap between our research and the previous researches that have been conducted in different countries of the world. The pathway undertaken in this paper was explanatory research which served as a basis for our data collection and analysis as we had to check the existence of any potential relationship that may exist between our dependent and independent variables. We have used 150 respondents for the sample size of this research. The target population for our research were women who are the ultimate users of cosmetic products and brands. The sampling technique used in our research was systematic random technique. The instrument that we chose for our data collection was questionnaires which consist of Likert scale questions. We have analyzed our data and determined the relationship that exist between our dependent variable and independent variables by using one sample t-test technique. The result of the test concludes that each of our independent variable (e-WOM, social networking sites and perceived value) has an impact on our dependent variable which is purchase intentions of customers of cosmetic products. Finally, at the end of this report, we have also provided the conclusions and discussions based on our understanding of previous literatures and knowledge that we gained while conducting this research. The implications and recommendations were also provided in this research to facilitate our various stakeholders and to solve the problems that were the focus of this research. Lastly, we have also given the limitations of this research at the end of the report.
This document is a study from the Center for Social and Economic Research in Warsaw that examines vertical product differentiation in three Polish manufacturing industries. It analyzes survey data from 77 companies to identify different market segments based on customer characteristics like income level. It finds evidence that industries producing capital goods have shifted towards higher market segments between 2002-2005, likely due to competitive pressures. The study aims to contribute to understanding quality and competitiveness challenges in Polish manufacturing.
This document is the table of contents for a master's thesis that examines the conscious and unconscious effects of context on advertising. It includes sections on traditional marketing theory, modern views incorporating social psychology and neuroscience, a literature review on key concepts like emotions, arousal and valence. It outlines two experiments measuring participants' pupil size and subjective ratings to test hypotheses about the relationship between arousal and valence, and how ads viewed in context versus isolation affect unconscious and conscious responses. The research aims to provide new insights into how context influences consumer reactions beyond traditional models of isolated ad analysis.
This document provides an abstract and contents outline for a research project examining the impact of gender perceptions on online impulse purchases in the UK fashion industry. The abstract indicates the research will use a positivist approach and quantitative methods including surveys and statistical analysis to analyze the relationship between gender and online impulse buying behaviors. The contents outline includes chapters on literature review, conceptual framework, research methodology, results, analysis and discussion, and conclusions. The introduction provides background on the lack of research in this area and importance for online fashion retailers. The literature review discusses theories of impulse purchasing and examines prior research finding gender influences impulse buying tendencies and online behaviors. The document establishes the research aim and objectives and questions to be addressed by the study.
Stimulation of recreational consumers to visit downtown shopping centersPeter Raijmakers
This document provides a summary of a graduation paper that aims to improve the attractiveness of downtown shopping centers in the Netherlands for recreational consumers. The paper is divided into two phases: phase one investigates the personal, time, and leisure characteristics that influence a person's choice to do recreational shopping; phase two focuses on the relationship between shopping center attributes and a person's choice of shopping center for recreational shopping. Statistical models are used to analyze data on Dutch citizens, their leisure activities, and nine downtown shopping centers. The results provide advice on how to attract different demographic groups by modifying attributes like store supply, colors, and size of the shopping centers.
Vistalon 5601 is an ethylene propylene diene terpolymer rubber produced using ExxonMobil Chemical's EXXPOL Technology. It has a tailored molecular weight distribution and medium diene content. The product is applicable for industrial and automotive hoses, extruded profiles, and molding applications. Key features include good processing characteristics for smooth and fast extrusions, improved mixing, mill handling, and physical properties.
El documento describe los principales avances tecnológicos del siglo XX, incluyendo la invención de aeronaves, antibióticos, electrodomésticos, energía nuclear y cohetes.
This document provides information about the solar system and astronomy. It begins by discussing important astronomers throughout history and their contributions. It then provides facts about the solar system, including that it formed 4.6 billion years ago from a nebula and consists of the sun and objects that orbit it. The document outlines the terrestrial and gas giant planets, providing details about each. It also discusses the moon's phases and constellations. In the end, it lists the top 10 closest stars to our solar system.
The document discusses safety management in Pakistan's upstream oil industry. It provides context on Pakistan's geography, economy, and oil/gas resources. The oil and gas exploration history began in 1885. While regulations exist, compliance is uneven and regulators have limited resources. However, international oil companies operating in Pakistan follow strict health, safety, and environmental (HSE) standards, which has fostered a culture of safety compliance among national companies as well. Efforts are ongoing to develop indigenous HSE expertise, including through training programs and professional associations. Key safety activities include management systems certification, risk assessments, and contractor management.
Os Sobreviventes de TWD: da volta à fazenda de Hurshel até AlexandriaProfessor Belinaso
O documento resume as principais características e trajetórias de sobrevivência de diversos personagens da série The Walking Dead, desde que eles se reuniram na fazenda de Hurshel até a chegada em Alexandria. São descritos os papéis-chave de Abraham, Eugene e Morgan para manter o grupo vivo e unido, assim como as funções que Padre Gabriel, Aaron, Douglas Monroe e outros exerceram na comunidade de Alexandria.
WBSETCL Subhash Gram 220KV Substation Training ReportArijit Basu
The document summarizes the Subhash Gram 220 KV substation operated by WBSETCL. It receives power at 220 KV from a nearby PGCIL substation, steps it down through transformers, and distributes it to nearby substations and customers. Key components include two 160 MVA 220/132/33 KV transformers, various circuit breakers, isolators, buses, and protection/metering equipment like CTs and CVTs. The substation layout includes separate switchyards for the 220 KV, 132 KV and 33 KV voltage levels.
The document provides information about a project report submitted for an MBA program. It includes an introduction, acknowledgements, table of contents, and initial chapters on research methodology, introduction to the circulation department, and company profile of Hindustan Times. Specifically, it outlines the objective of studying customer perception of Hindustan Times newspaper. It also provides background details on Hindustan Times such as its founding in 1924, ownership, circulation figures, and history.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on consumer behavior towards print media (newspapers) in India, specifically focusing on The Times of India newspaper. The presentation includes:
- An introduction to the study objectives of understanding consumer behavior and preferences related to newspaper products and features.
- A brief background on the newspaper industry in India and an introduction to The Times of India publishing group.
- Details on the products and magazines published by The Times of India.
- An outline of the research methodology used, including a descriptive design, sample size of 150, and data collection methods.
- Analysis of survey results showing consumer preferences and perceptions around newspaper readership, The Times of India features, and quality
Research on cosumer perception-Alok & AjinkyaALOK MOKASE
The document discusses research conducted to understand consumer preferences and perceptions regarding stock market investment. It analyzes data collected through interviews of 114 individuals in Pune, India. The results show that most consumers prefer investing in gold (65.8%) and real estate (61.8%) over stocks (11.8%), and see the stock market as a gamble (78%). It also finds that consumers are more likely to take investment advice from experts (71.1%) than make their own analysis. Factor analysis identified 5 key factors influencing stock market perception and investment, including awareness of financial magazines and past stock market investment experience.
This document provides an overview of newspaper readership and the marketing mix in India. It discusses factors driving the growth of newspaper circulation in India, unlike other countries where circulation is declining. Hyper-localization and low pricing are key factors. Regional language newspapers are most popular due to covering local news and publishing in local languages. The Times of India is the largest selling English newspaper globally. The 4Ps of the marketing mix - product, price, place and promotion - are discussed in the context of newspaper marketing strategies.
The document discusses secondary research procedures for businesses. It describes secondary research as using existing data for new purposes. It distinguishes internal secondary data a company collects from external secondary data from vendors, governments and public sources. It provides steps companies and individuals should take to effectively use secondary research, including maintaining an internal library, consulting services, and making resources accessible online. It also outlines procedures for using secondary research in market research projects and ongoing market intelligence activities.
Comparative Analysis of Promotional Strategy of Central and Shoppers StopAjit gupta
This document is a thesis submitted by Ajit Kumar Gupta to the National Institute of Fashion Technology in Jodhpur, India in 2013. The thesis conducts a comparative analysis of the promotional strategies of Central and Shopper's Stop, two major retail chains in India. It includes sections on the overview of the retail industry, case studies of the promotional approaches of each company, a customer survey, and analysis and recommendations. The objective is to identify areas of excellence and areas for improvement for each company to provide strategic suggestions.
A Study on Store Atmosphere in Grocery Retail Market at Tiruchirappalliijtsrd
Store atmosphere plays an important role in the retail market and also it is new concept to present the product with light, color, music, interior, exterior, fixtures and display. Store atmosphere is the way of presenting store by displaying the products to the customer. A proper store atmosphere help the store to increase the customer walk ins and in turn increase the sales of the product. The increase in competition has necessitated retailers to differentiate themselves from their competition Mr. Robinson. M | Shanmugapriya. P ""A Study on Store Atmosphere in Grocery Retail Market at Tiruchirappalli"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23668.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/23668/a-study-on-store-atmosphere-in-grocery-retail-market-at-tiruchirappalli/mr-robinson-m
Summer training project report on fluctuation of indian stock marketshailehpalrecha
This document is a summer training project report submitted by Rahul Jajoo to the Rajasthan Technical University. The report studies the fluctuations of the Indian stock market over the past two years under the supervision of Prabath Financial Services Limited. The objective is to understand the factors affecting stock prices and market trends to help investors make informed decisions. The report includes research methodology, analysis of market fluctuations, and conclusions about how this impacts the Indian economy.
Writing a Literature Review ... When writing a Lit Rev, y.docxericbrooks84875
Writing a Literature Review ...
When writing a Lit Rev, you need to understand its functions , i.e. a Lit Rev
- helps to justify the research topic and questions you have chosen
- helps to ascertain the importance of the topic
- provides background information relevant to your study
- demonstrates that you are familiar with the research topic
- ideally sets your research as part of the chain of research in the field
- is selective in which literature to include – according to its relevance to the
research questions
- should adopt the funnel approach of starting out wide and narrowing quickly
towards the specific research questions
Sources that make up the ‘literature’ under review include:
• journal articles
• monographs
• computerized databases
• conferences proceedings
• empirical studies
• government reports and reports from other bodies
• statistical handbooks.
Questions that should guide your Lit Rev are:
• What has been done in your field of research?
• How are you going to order your discussion? Chronological, thematic,
conceptual, methodological, or a combination?
• What section headings will you use?
• How do the various studies relate to each other? What precise
contribution do they make to the field? What are their limitations?
• How does your own research fit into what has already been done?
Writing a Literature Review ...
When writing a Lit Rev, you need to understand its functions , i.e. a Lit Rev
- helps to justify the research topic and questions you have chosen
- helps to ascertain the importance of the topic
- provides background information relevant to your study
- demonstrates that you are familiar with the research topic
- ideally sets your research as part of the chain of research in the field
- is selective in which literature to include – according to its relevance to the
research questions
- should adopt the funnel approach of starting out wide and narrowing quickly
towards the specific research questions
Sources that make up the ‘literature’ under review include:
• journal articles
• monographs
• computerized databases
• conferences proceedings
• empirical studies
• government reports and reports from other bodies
• statistical handbooks.
Questions that should guide your Lit Rev are:
• What has been done in your field of research?
• How are you going to order your discussion? Chronological, thematic,
conceptual, methodological, or a combination?
• What section headings will you use?
• How do the various studies relate to each other? What precise
contribution do they make to the field? What are their limitations?
• How does your own research fit into what has already been done?
Introducing a new four wheeler in the Nepalese Market
Table of content Page number
Executi.
The Internet has developed into a new distribution channel and online transactions are rapidly increasing. This has created a need to understand how the consumer perceives online purchases. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine if there are any particular factors that influence the online consumer. Primary data was collected through a survey that was conducted on students and Employees from different part of India. Price, Trust and Convenience were identified as important factors. Price was considered to be the most important factor for a majority of the Customers. Furthermore, three segments were identified, High Spenders, Price Easers and Bargain Seekers. Through these segments found a variation of the different factors importance and established implications for online stores. Mrs. T. Sreerekha | Mrs. R. Saranya | Mr. V. S. Prabhu "Consumer Behaviour in Online Shopping" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26354.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing-management/26354/consumer-behaviour-in-online-shopping/mrs-t-sreerekha
Marketing Orientation in Public Institutions in Ghana.researcher2015
This document summarizes a research study on marketing orientation in public institutions in Ghana, using the Accra Metropolitan Assembly as a case study. The study aims to investigate the extent to which the Accra Metropolitan Assembly practices market orientation and its key elements: customer orientation, competitor orientation, and inter-functional coordination. A survey was administered to 100 employees of the Accra Metropolitan Assembly. The results found that customer orientation received the lowest score, showing weakness in orientation towards customers. Corporate social responsibility received the highest score, likely due to the public institution's focus on community welfare. Overall, the Accra Metropolitan Assembly's market orientation score was not strong. The study recommends improving customer orientation through staff training, given the institution's prominent role and ability
International journal of sciences basic and appiled researchPatrick Sweet
The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the market orientation in public institutions in Ghana with specific emphasis on Accra Metropolitan Assembly. A sample size of one hundred (100) employees of Accra Metropolitan Assembly was selected for the study using the purposive and convenience sampling method. The data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0) software. From the study, the researcher found out that, the mean score computed for each of the elements showed that customer orientation received the lower of 2.8 on a five point scale. This shows the level of weakness in the assembly towards customers. Corporate social responsibility recorded the highest of 3.09 which is probably due to the fact that as public institution, it has sought the welfare of the people. But even that the figure is still not strong. In general, market orientation recorded a mean of 2.99 which is not strong. The results therefore suggest that market orientation practice by AMA is not strong.In view of the above findings, the study recommended that; Authorities in charge of the assembly need to intensify training of staff on customer orientation. This owing to the fact the AMA is a key public institution in the country and the biggest among all Metropolitan Assemblies in the country.
The document is a market research report submitted by a group of students to their professor. It includes an introduction, objectives, methodology, analysis, limitations, recommendations, and conclusion regarding a survey of consumer preferences for beer in Delhi, India. The methodology section describes how the survey was conducted using standard marketing research practices on a sample of 476 households. The analysis section summarizes the findings of the report and includes cross tabulation analysis. The report aims to provide useful insights into consumer preferences to help beer companies with marketing decisions.
This document is a summer internship project report submitted by Jogendra Singh Yadav to MIT School of Telecom Management in Pune, India in partial fulfillment of a post graduate diploma in management. The report examines the competitive analysis of trading at Bonanza Portfolio Ltd. through primary and secondary research. It provides an overview of the stock brokerage industry in India and analyzes major players in the region like Sharekhan, Angle Broking, Indiabulls Securities, HDFC Securities, and Bonanza Portfolio Ltd. The research methodology used surveys and questionnaires to collect data from 100 investors in Pune on their preferences and perceptions.
This document discusses different types of information products including newsletters, in-house journals, state-of-the-art reports, trend reports, and technical reports. It provides details on the purpose and format of each type of information product. Newsletters are described as regular publications focused on a particular subject that keep members informed. In-house journals are produced by organizations to inform the public of their performance and style of functioning. Trend reports provide consolidated information on the direction of research in a subject based on a review of current developments.
The document discusses customer satisfaction with BSNL products and services in India. It aims to understand customer preferences for landline and mobile services, ascertain customer satisfaction levels, and suggest guidelines to help BSNL provide better focused services. A questionnaire was designed and primary data was collected through surveys to analyze customer opinions, satisfaction levels for specific services, and brand awareness/loyalty to conclude brand equity. Suggestions include increasing service quality, introducing promotional activities, strengthening advertising, improving availability of SIM cards and broadband speeds, and focusing on value-added plans to attract customers in competitive markets. The conclusion is that BSNL must understand evolving customer expectations to thrive against competitors in the communications industry.
The document discusses customer satisfaction with BSNL products and services in India. It aims to understand customer preferences for landline and mobile services, ascertain customer satisfaction levels, and suggest guidelines to help BSNL provide better focused services. A questionnaire was designed and primary data was collected through surveys to analyze customer opinions, satisfaction levels for specific services, and brand awareness/loyalty to conclude brand equity. Suggestions include increasing service quality, introducing promotional activities, strengthening advertising, improving availability of SIM cards and broadband speeds, and focusing on value-added plans to attract customers in competitive markets. The conclusion is that BSNL must understand evolving customer expectations to excel against competitors in the communications industry.
The Luxury Watch Industry & the Gray market : Changing consumer behaviour due...Vivek Sharma
This thesis focuses on the Luxury Watch Market in Europe and the USA and tries to concentrate on the parallel market that co-exists in this economy. The main point of discussion being the Gray Market and the effects it has on consumer behavior and the way the consumers perceive the brand image due to the existence of this parallel market.
The data for this research had been gathered from various sources including researches from books dedicated to Luxury & Market studies, Online portals, articles or case studies, and primary data including interviews with respondents linked with the Luxury Watch Industry and survey conducted from the consumers of the particular market. More people, especially young people, have online access to Gray market dealers who are hampering the image of brands. With this, the market not only has adverse effects on the customers but also poses a great threat in maintaining the market standing of the companies involved.
The thesis will commence with the different theories and surveys to explain consumer behavior with respect to the market qualitatively. And in the second half, the interpretation from the interviews and surveys will help create analysis with different business concepts. All the suggestions formed are entirely dependent on the way the companies take them into account and try to help eliminate this parallel market to revamp the Watch Industry back to what it was.
The Luxury Watch Industry & the Gray market : Changing consumer behaviour due...
Research Paper Econ
1. Pranjalya Shukla
Research Paper
“Analysing and Studying the Characteristics of Market Structure
of the English Newspaper Industry (Broadsheet Format) in Delhi
NCR”
Pranjalya Shukla
EXTENDED ESSAY !1
2. Pranjalya Shukla
Table of Contents
1. Abstract…………………………………………………………3
2. Introduction…………………………………………………….4-5
3. Method of Investigation…………………………………………6-8
4. Investigation of Market Structure……………………………….9-20
4.1 Public Response…………………………………………………9 - 10
4.2 Forms of Competition………………………………………………11
4.3 Advertising………………………………………………………12-13
4.4 Barriers to Entry and Exit in the Market………………………..13-14
4.5 Profit Making Possibilities……………………………………….15-16
4.6 Pricing Strategies of the Firms………………………………….16-18
4.7 Consumer Knowledge………………………………………………19
4.8 Concentration Ratio……………………………………………..19-20
5. Conclusion and Evaluation……………………………………21-23
5.1 Assumptions……………………………………………………..21-22
5.2 Viewpoints Concerning the Analysis of Business Models………….22
5.3 Limitations………………………………………………………22-23
5.4 Conclusions…………………………………………………………23
6. Bibliography…………………………………………………24-25
6.1 Acknowledgement………………………………………………24-25
6.2 List of All the Works Cited in the Essay……………………………25
7. Appendix I…………………………………………………..26-27
8. Appendix II………………………………………………….28-35
9. Appendix III……………………………………………….. 35-37
EXTENDED ESSAY !2
3. Pranjalya Shukla
Abstract
A nation like ours can boast of a hundred and one different languages, all of
which are very significant to us. We see that the vernacular newspapers have
been subdued due to the major English newspapers such as The Times of India,
Hindustan Times, Indian Express and The Hindu.
Due to this, I went on to write my paper “Analysing and Studying the
Characteristics of Market Structure of the English Newspaper
Industry (Broadsheet Format) in Delhi NCR”
I’ve conducted research on this market for factors such as advertising, barriers to
entry and exit, consumer knowledge, pricing strategies of firms, ability to make
profits, public response and calculation of concentration ratio of the industry. I
have also carried out interviews of Marketing Heads of firms and personal
surveys related to Public Response.
While investigating, I divided the area of research into five different
divisions<mentioned in detail in the Introduction>.
After obtaining the data, I’ve drawn out a conclusion that states the
concentration ratio of the industry and ‘what kind of a market structure it is’.
This is carried out on the basis of advertising, barriers to entry and exit,
consumer knowledge, pricing strategies of firms, ability to make profits, public
response and calculation of concentration ratio of the industry.
My hypothesis for the research, the survey and the investigation is that the
English Newspaper Industry (Broadsheet Format) in Delhi NCR is an Oligopoly.
EXTENDED ESSAY !3
4. Pranjalya Shukla
Introduction
Newspapers are an integral part of our day to day lives. From waiting for the
newspaper supplements early in the morning to reading the online issues on the
smartphones, we can’t deny the fact that the media industry has had a profound
impact on our imagination as well as the thought process of the society. The
media industry also has deep roots in our nation’s history and parliamentary
policies. It has helped in the dissemination of knowledge during the Indian War
of Independence and now is known as the ‘sword-arm’ of democracy and is
also considered as the ‘Fourth Pillar’ of Democracy. Furthermore, it has been
used as a means to promote a plethora of things that are either a positive
externality or a negative externality for the community.
The newspaper giants have adopted different methods to portray their services
regarding news and have been attracting readers. The inference here is that
these few newspaper giants have been active for quite few decades now; these
english newspapers have been competing against each other to emerge as the
‘most-read’ newspaper.
Indian newspaper industry is one of the largest in the world and is one of the
fastest growing Indian industries. It grew by 8.3% from INR 193 billion in 2010
to INR 209 billion in 2011.1
The significance of the research is to study the market structure of the English
newspaper industry in New Delhi and come up with an appropriate conclusion
that can determine the status and condition of several other firms in the
industry. Thus, this study could also project the picture of the status of a firm in
the stock market as well as the public response towards it. Hence, we will also
come to know whether it is advisable for a new firm to join the market or not.
The study will give us an insight of the way the market works and what kind of
competitions do the firms face. Furthermore, this research will provide one with
explanations that will enhance the knowledge of the consumers regarding the
market. This will be beneficial for consumers as the newspaper industry is not
one that consumers are aware of and thus, it succeeds in eating in the consumer
surplus.
In my research paper, I will be considering to elaborate on:
EXTENDED ESSAY !4
1Harish, Vinnakota, Pausali Chakraborthi, Hymavathi Pavithra, and Thousif Mohammad. Indian
Print Media Industry. Indian Print Media Industry. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Aug. 2014.
5. Pranjalya Shukla
• Looking at the CR ratio of the english newspapers that dominate the
newspaper industry and how do they affect the revenue of the market.
• Examining the following factors that show whether a firm is an oligopoly:
Advertising
Pricing Strategies of the Firms
Newspaper Circulation through Barriers of Entry/Exit in the Market
Reader Response
• Delhi NCR has been considered as an area of research because it was one of
the first places the newspaper production began. Moreover, it is the hub of the
newspaper production of our nation with most of the headquarters of the
newspaper offices established there. Thus, I will get a better timeline to work
with and analyse the market structure.
EXTENDED ESSAY !5
6. Pranjalya Shukla
Method of Investigation
An oligopoly is the market where the industry may have quite a few firms or not
very many, but the key thing is that a large proportion of the industry’s output is
shared by just a small number of firms2. Research will be conducted on primary
as well as secondary data. However, the focus might lay on the secondary data
while conclusion and evaluation. The primary data would primarily serve the
purpose of analysing the Newspaper Circulation as well as the Reader
Response. Whereas, the Advertising and the Business Models part would be
analysed using the secondary data collected through extensive reading and
miscellaneous research work.
The method using which the primary data will be collected would include:
• Setting up of a questionnaire that would be answered by a certain set of
people inclusive of children as well as adults. Through this questionnaire, I
would gather knowledge about the brand loyalty and the regularity at which
people read the newspapers. This method would help me shortlist specific
newspapers and it would narrow down my further research.
• Conducting interviews of the head of marketing of the shortlisted newspapers
in order to gain an insight into the business models and the way of advertising
of these newspaper. Furthermore, this would help me comprehend the market
structure of the newspaper industry in New Delhi in more depth.
EXTENDED ESSAY !6
2Blink, Jocelyn and Ian Dorton. Economics Course Companion. Second Edition. Oxford
University Press, 2012.
7. Pranjalya Shukla
The method using which I will collect the secondary data is as follows:
• I will evaluate business models that I would attain from my interviews of the
media marketing heads.
• The print industry would also be studied on the Advertisements.
• Similar studies of the market structure in the United States as the Indian
newspaper market structure and the situation resemble the market of the
United States.
In order to organise my research framework, I have divided the Delhi NCR
region into five different parts; Delhi, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon and
Noida. I will carry one my research on these regions and come up with a
conclusion for Delhi NCR’s English newspaper industry.
Figure 1.1 - Map of Delhi - NCR showing Five different Regions3
EXTENDED ESSAY !7
3Delhi - NCR." Delhi+NCR - Google Maps. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2014. <https://www.google.co.in/maps/
place/Delhi%2BNCR/%4028.3265841%2C77.2532375%2C10z/data%3D
%214m2%213m1%211s0x390d191e40000001%3A0x3dbf534eb9abfb0>
8. Pranjalya Shukla
Through the data that I will acquire through my research work and the reader
response for the newspapers in these five different zones, I will classify the
market structure of the English newspaper industry on the basis of the following
table:
A common indicator of the Oligopoly market structure is the concentration
ratio. A concentration ratio* is expressed in the form of CRx; where ‘x’
represents the number of largest firms. This ratio also determines the
percentage yielded by the firms across the industry.
Therefore, the essay will move onto the aspect of public response where people’s
choices will be examined and what attracts them as a consumer. Using this,
newspapers that are most read will be shortlisted and want of specific
newspapers will be generalised.
EXTENDED ESSAY !8
*Blink, Jocelyn and Ian Dorton. Economics Course Companion. Second Edition. Oxford
University Press, 2012.
9. Pranjalya Shukla
Investigation of the Market Structure
Public Response
I took a sample of six hundred people with different professions and lifestyle. I
prepared a questionnaire that included the type of profession, the kind of
newspaper that they read and what kind of the news they prefer. Furthermore, I
have looked at adults and children in a 5:1 ratio. I took this ratio on the basis of
the assumption that there are more adults readers of the broadsheet format of
the newspapers than the child readers. Moreover, this data was collected over
the five different regions of the Delhi - NCR. The newspapers that are
published for Delhi - NCR region are given in the table below:
Table No. 1 - Broadsheet English Newspapers Sold in Delhi - NCR
Sr. No. Brand
1 Asian Age
2 Deccan Herald
3 Financial Express
4 Hindustan Times
5 India Today (English)
6 MiD-DAY
7 Mint
8 Pioneer
9 State Times
10 The Economic Times
11 The Hindu
12 The Indian Express
13 The Statesmen
14 The Telegraph
15 The Times of India
16 The Tribune
17 Union Times Today
EXTENDED ESSAY !9
10. Pranjalya Shukla
Out of the following newspapers, the survey concluded that the most read
newspapers across Delhi - NCR are:
Table No. 2 - Most Read Broadsheet Newspapers in Delhi - NCR
According to the survey mentioned in Appendix 1, it is quite evident that The
Hindustan Times, The Times of India, The Indian Express and The Hindu attract the
maximum number of people as readers<refer to Table No. 2>. Therefore, using
the evaluated information, I will be looking across these newspapers only and
will conduct further research on their Business Models, Advertising Strategies
and Newspaper Circulation. This would narrow down the scope of my research
and also result in a more thorough investigation.
The public response also portrayed the element of Brand Loyalty.
Brand Loyalty is an element that seeps into the customers over time. It is seen in
the data mention in Appendix 2 is that there are lots of people who prefer The
Times of India, Hindustan Times, Indian Express and The Hindu. Since, the
reader response portrays which all newspapers are most widely read, I have
considered it as impeachable and worked further on these four newspapers only.
However, what can be interpreted from the figures in the table above is that
there is much of the competition between The Times of India and the
Hindustan Times. Therefore, it seems that it would be tough for them to make
abnormal profits and that a change in the price of one newspaper can
drastically affect the sales of the other newspaper. This shows traces of an
oligopoly market structure; however, the aspect of brand loyalty can also be
associated with monopolistic competition.
Sr. No. Brand No. of Readers
1 Hindustan Times 220
2 The Hindu 110
3 The Indian Express 40
4 The Times of India 230
EXTENDED ESSAY !10
11. Pranjalya Shukla
Forms of Competition
By the reader response, I narrowed down my research work to the four most
read newspapers as explained by the figures above. I went on to interview the
Marketing Heads of these newspapers in the Delhi-NCR region. This was done
merely to study the way of promoting the newspapers in order to gain abnormal
profits, if possible, and gain access to the official data of the readership and the
actual dominance of the newspapers over the industry.
Referring to the data in Appendix 2, I observed that there is fierce competition
among the leading firms in the newspaper industry. This is merely price
competition4 as the products in the industry are substantially similar and can
only be differentiated on the basis of two things: price and brand (firm).
It can be inferred from the collected information that the firms have interest in
colluding in order to maximise their profits. Further stating, it is clear that the
industry has characteristics of an oligopoly and monopolistic competition5 since
the major competition is on the basis of advertising and price and the products
in the market are substantially similar. This also rules out the possibility of
Perfect Competition.
Such evidence leaves me with the following market structures:
Oligopoly (maybe collusive) and Monopolistic Competition
However, there are about seventeen english broadsheet format newspapers that
are sold in Delhi-NCR. Out of these, only four come under brand loyalty and
mentioned under public response. In the case of a monopolistic competition, we
see that there are numerous firms having almost the same output for the
industry. Whereas, in an oligopoly, a small number of firms dominate and
determine the industry’s output<Refer to Appendix 3>. Even though the
possibility of the market structure being a monopolistic competition can be
eliminated, further the aspect of advertising will be studied.
EXTENDED ESSAY !11
4Davidson, Ellis. "How to Define Price Competition in Economics." Small Business. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct.
2014.
5Ref. to Appendix 3
12. Pranjalya Shukla
Advertising
Since we are clear that the market structure could only be Oligopoly or
Monopolistic Competition, I moved on my research to the advertising aspect of
the industry. This aspect allows me to analyse the process that showcases the
difference between the products available in the market. Evidently, an oligopoly
market structure requires far more advertising of its product than the
monopolistic competition; this is because an oligopoly, most of the times,
produces similar products whereas, in monopolistic competition, it’s easy to tell
one product from another.6
My hypothesis was confirmed when I interviewed the Media Marketing Heads,
and they told me that they have to focus a lot on the advertising aspect of the
industry as their products are extensively similar and have slight variations only.
The dominating firms lure the vendors so that they are able to push their copies
to the readers shunning their competitors as more copies would lead to a better
response, thus, leading to a competitive edge reminding more price for the
advertisement. This gives them the price setting abilities for the advertisements.
Advertising plays a significant role in the selling of the newspapers. Further,
from the data collected in Appendix 2, I saw that industries have or have
planned to collude on specific issues in order to counter competitions and hold
their market shares. Such collusions have been based on collaborative actions,
common persuasion for the same product or same pricing for the their
individual products. This shows traces of a collusive oligopoly. Here, as per the
data collected from the interview of the Marketing Heads, the firms have raised
the price together upon coming up on an agreement when economic crisis such
as high inflation rate or a depression phase in the economy of the country.
However, apart from this type of collusion, the firms do not ‘agree to’ actions
formally. They tend to compete with each other on the basis of their own
product. Now, since the products in the market are not differentiable, the firms
‘add-on’ other goods to their basic products. Henceforth, many firms offer
different supplements that provide or excel in one kind of knowledge field only.
EXTENDED ESSAY !12
6Refer to Appendix 3
13. Pranjalya Shukla
They also provide the consumer with different reader consumer schemes (Lucky
Draws) and individual festive events. Therefore, we can say that they firms are
merely differentiated on the basis of their supplements, imagination, efficiency
of the bagging and displaying the right kind of news and at last, their ability to
appeal the reader; the efficiency does play a significant role. Thus, these
attributes account to the product differentiation of the market. But what is very
noticeable in the industry is that the price of any newspaper in the firm is the
same. However, there are no records of a formal agreement, which shows that
there are major traces of a non collusive oligopoly. Which means that the
products are not differentiable and thus, need advertising and the price of the
product is the same despite no formal agreement.
Therefore, we can further conclude saying that there is only one type of the
market structure possible; Oligopoly. I will further be looking into the
characteristics of the market structure and determining the CR of the market
present.
Barriers to Entry and Exit in the Market
Since we are more or less aware of the english newspaper industry in Delhi
NCR’s market structure, I will move on to analyse the characteristics of the
market. In the data as mentioned in Appendix 2, it is seen that it is only possible
for a few firms to lure the vendors in order to promote their sales of the
broadsheet newspaper. This shows that if new firms enter the market, then it
will be really tough for them to sell their newspapers or persuade the vendors to
do the same.
Referring to the “Economies of Scale,” larger firms have better management,
better division of labour, better resources and R&D. They will be entitled to
better finances and transportation facilities as they will be more trusted. Their
main advantage is access to a better promotional economy; almost all the firms
want to promote their products in one way or the other. If a firm is small and
attempts at promoting its product, its cost of promoting per unit output would
be far more than the bigger firm producing more units of its product.
EXTENDED ESSAY !13
14. Pranjalya Shukla
The numbers given below further validate my argument.
Table no. 3 - Readership of Delhi - NCR7
Their exit from the market is not controllable. If the firm is not able to ‘break
even’ it is running in loss and is not able to recover its cost of production. Also,
the Pricing Strategies of the Oligopoly<mentioned later in the essay> will
add on to the barriers to entry of firms in the market.
Sr. No. Newpaper Delhi - NCR Readership (in ’000s)
1 Hindustan Times 2265
2 The Hindu 137
3 The Indian Express 65
4 The Times of India 1652
EXTENDED ESSAY !14
7Indian Readership Survey 2013 Results (Official)
15. Pranjalya Shukla
Profit Making Possibilities
In an oligopolistic market structure, the firms can make profits considering two
scenarios only.
As mentioned earlier, they collude formally to decide a specific price at which
the giant firms sell. This again outcasts the smaller firms or those planning to put
up themselves in the market. Hence, it is visible that there are quite rigid
barriers to entry in the newspaper industry. Furthermore, it can be stated their
due to the collusions, the market can be termed as a “collusive oligopoly” as
they may experience abnormal profits by acting as a monopoly and setting up a
price higher than the expected price in the industry.
Figure 1 portrays how the oligopoly firms can act temporarily as a monopoly
and experience abnormal profits in the industry.
EXTENDED ESSAY !15
Figure 1:
16. Pranjalya Shukla
However, this is not possible most of the times as the industry is more of a
public industry. The sole purpose of the industry can be defeated if the firms
start eating into the consumer surplus and make abnormal profits. Therefore,
the firms act as a non collusive oligopoly and are aware of the reactions of the
other firms when making price related decisions. Hence, I can say that the
behaviour of the firms in an oligopoly is strategic behaviour as they must
develop strategies taking into account all possible outcomes of their rival.
Considering this, following observations can be made:
• Firms are afraid to raise the price because the other firms might not follow
and hence, they will lose their revenues.
• Firms are afraid to lower the prices because the other firms might follow and
this may lead to a price war affecting the industry and the firms themselves.
Pricing Strategies of the Firms
The firms present in the market may practice numerous pricing strategies to
keep their stand in the market and also, to keep out new firms from entering it.
They might practice the following strategies:
• The firms might keep the price really very low, sometimes even below the full
cost of production, to force their rivals out of the industry. This is also known
as keeping an artificial price.
• The firms may follow the “Entry Forestalling Price” strategy and hence, may
operate at a “limit pricing” to make sure that the new firms stay out.
• The firms may collude, resulting in a higher price. This may lead to entering
of new firms but more importantly, it would result in abnormal profits earned
by the firms by eating into the consumer surplus.
• The firms may and generally follow the “Cost-Plus Pricing”. This is where the
firms set a price by calculating the average production costs and then adding a
mark up to achieve a certain profit level.
EXTENDED ESSAY !16
17. Pranjalya Shukla
Explaining a little on what this strategy is all about, I can say that it exists only
when uncertainty exists. It is very useful for firms and user friendly too as
calculated of marginal cost and revenue is comparatively difficult for the
oligopolistic firms in the market. Hence, this strategy helps the firms in avoiding
a scope of information failure.
However, this strategy is also dependent vastly on the “game theory,” mainly
due to the reason that it is a rigid strategy. A rival firm may adopt a more
flexible strategy and possibly gain market share.
Figure 5: Representation of the Behaviour of the Firms
This type of a strategy, however, allows the oligopolistic firms to be productively
and allocatively efficient.8 <Refer to Figure 5>At profit maximising equilibrium,
EXTENDED ESSAY !17
Figure 4: Cost-Plus Pricing Strategy
18. Pranjalya Shukla
P, price is above MC, and output, Q, is less than the productively efficient
output, Q1, at point B. Further, this also ensures price stability.
Consumer Knowledge
Consumer knowledge essential for the smooth running of every market as it
would act as a ‘check’ on them and their way of selling the product.
EXTENDED ESSAY !18
8Refer to Appendix 3, Oligopoly
19. Pranjalya Shukla
As per the data acquired from the interviews and surveys conducted<refer to
Appendix 2>, consumers possess a rightful amount of knowledge of the product
that is being sold to them in the market.
However, the consumer knowledge is not perfect as there are instances when the
price is collusively raised and the revenue is eaten up from the consumer surplus.
This further strengthens my belief that it is an oligopolistic market structure.
Concentration Ratio
In order to calculate the concentration ratio of the two dominating firms in the
industry, sales of the newspaper in the Delhi-NCR region will be looked into
and expressed as a total percentage of the industry’s sales as a whole. Here,
accounts of the sales of the newspaper through the number of readers that read
the newspaper. I have taken up the figures of the sales of the newspaper from
the IRS (Indian Readership Survey 2013)9 Only the two giants “The Times of
India” and “The Hindustan Times” will be considered. This is because they
contain the largest readership in the Delhi NCR region hence neglecting the
other newspapers in competition.
Table No. 6 - Sales of the Firms
The total sales of the english newspaper industry in Delhi-NCR is given below:
- 5867 (in ’000s)
Concentration Ratio:
Sr. No. Zone The Hindustan Times (in ’000s) The Times of India (in ’000s)
1 Delhi 1639 1394
2 Faridabad 137 47
3 Ghaziabad 120 40
4 Gurgaon 194 101
5 Noida 175 70
EXTENDED ESSAY !19
9Refer to Appendix 2 for the IRS Table
Sum of Sales of the Two dominating firms
Estimated Total Sales of the Industry as a whole
* 100
20. Pranjalya Shukla
Therefore;
Through this calculation we see that these two firms dominate the industry
immensely. This feature verifies the definition of the Oligopoly Market that a
few firms (here, TOI and HT) dominate the industry and determine a major
portion (here, 66.76%) of the industry’s total output.
EXTENDED ESSAY !20
CR =
3917
5867
*100 = 66.76%
21. Pranjalya Shukla
Conclusion and Evaluation
Assumptions
• The sample of 500 people taken for the “Reader Response” was representing
the entire population of Delhi NCR.
• It was also assumed that more adults read the newspapers than the youth and
hence, in the sample 400 adults were surveyed while only a 100 youth.
• The data provided by the people and the marketing heads is accurate and also
the figures provided by them.
• The long run cycle would be of one year only.
• The conclusion is based on inductive and deductive reasoning based on the
data provided. This data might not be 100% accurate thus inducing flaws in
the reasoning too.
• Using the IRS sales figures, it was assumed in the calculation of the CR that
only two firms in the industry are dominant.
• To calculate the CR, the sales of the firms were taken instead of the revenue.
This was because the revenue of a firm doesn’t depend entirely on its sales but
on other things too.
• The firms follow the “Cost-Plus Pricing” strategy always.
• The oligopoly industry is always productively and allocatively efficient.
• The consumer has sufficient knowledge of the market and the industry so that
the firms are not able to exploit the consumer.
• The vendors employed for the jobs are honest people and are 100% aware of
the industry and the dominancy of the firms.
EXTENDED ESSAY !21
22. Pranjalya Shukla
• People surveyed and interviewed do not read the e-paper or any other kind of
e-news.
• There are no supplements to the newspapers produced by the firms.
• There is an element of price stability in the english newspaper market of
Delhi NCR.
Viewpoints Concerning the Analysis of the Business Models
• As of now, as per the records, the formal collusions only take place during
economic crisis; however, if they wish to formally collude in the long run, the
market would end up as a monopoly. The market showcases many features
that are common to an oligopoly as well as a monopoly such as abnormal
profits and sufficient knowledge possessed by the consumers.
• The fact that there is a lot of advertising done by the firms portrays the
element of an oligopoly and not a monopolistic competition.
• The price competitions concerning the firms would lead to the an unstable
market and the no price stability which would further lead to the exploitation
of the consumers.
Limitations
• There were not many secondary sources available. This limitation led me to a
more qualitative analysis rather than a quantitative one. Furthermore, in my
primary research too, I should have considered more number of people or
more groups of the initial number of people.
• Some of the marketing heads spoke in a very general and hesitant manner
and denied me access to any official records. They provided me with rough
estimates and no the exact figures thus, distorting my research.
EXTENDED ESSAY !22
23. Pranjalya Shukla
• Marketing heads were unable to give me the exact number of firm trying to
enter the market or exit it. Furthermore, they were not able to tell me exactly
how do they come to know whether a firm is trying to enter the market.
• I have considered the broadsheet format of the newspaper industry and
neglected the e-papers, tabloids, e-lingers and vernacular newspapers and the
worldwide web news information provided by the same firms.
Conclusion
After having investigated and studied several factor that determine the type of
market structure present in the english newspaper industry in Delhi-NCR, I can
conclude saying that it is an Oligopoly. The Concentration Ratio to the industry
is 66.76% and the industry is dominated by two firms only. This confirms my
hypothesis.
Moving on, the products present in the industry are non differentiable and
dominating firms do have the ability to set the industrial price. Through this
ability they are able to keep the new firms from entering the market and also
reduce their competition from the firms already present. The firms practice the
“Cost-Plus Pricing” strategy most of the times and maintain a certain profit for
themselves.
EXTENDED ESSAY !23
24. Pranjalya Shukla
Bibliography
Acknowledgment
I wish to acknowledge the following sources and people who have helped me
conduct my research and provided me with ideas that has supported my
investigation:
• "All About Newspapers." All About Newspapers. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept.
2014. <http://www.allaboutnewspapers.com/sep13/article1.htm>.
• Business Models of Newspaper Publishing Companies. Darmstadt: IFRA,
2006. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. <http://www.robertpicard.net/PDFFiles/
IFRAbusinessModels.pdf>.
• "How To Conduct Market Research For Newspapers and Magazines." Quirks
Marketing Research Media. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Aug. 2014. <http://
www.quirks.com/market_research_topics/markets/
Newspapers_and_Magazines.aspx>.
• "Indian Newspaper Industry." Indian Newspaper Industry. N.p., n.d. Web. 16
Oct. 2014. <http://www.slideshare.net/mdmangukiya/indian-newspaper-
industry>.
• "Media Ownership Trends in India." The Hoot. N.p., 3 July 2012. Web. 19
Sept. 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fthehoot.org%2Fweb
%2FMediaownershiptrendsinIndia%2F6053-1-1-16-true.html>.
• Mukhopadhyay, Nilanjan. "Delhi’s Bursting Newspaper Market – a Paper for
Every Region." Asian Correspondent. N.p., 13 Dec. 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
<http%3A%2F%2Fasiancorrespondent.com%2F71821%2Fdelhi
%E2%80%99s-bursting-newspaper-market-%E2%80%93-a-paper-for-every-
region%2F>.
• "Newspaper Hawkers Withdraw Strike." The Telegraph. N.p., n.d. Web. 08
Aug. 2014. <http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140224/jsp/northeast/
story_18014210.jsp#.VIClNodN8TB>.
EXTENDED ESSAY !24
25. Pranjalya Shukla
• Vinnakota, Harish. "Print Media Industry." Slideshare. N.p., 11 Dec. 2012.
Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fvdotharish
%2Findian-print-media-industry>.
• Mr. Sanjay Shukla. Head of Strategy and Operations for Hindustan Times.
• Mr. Nataraj Chandar. Head Trade Marketing for Hindustan Times, New
Delhi.
List of All the Works Cited in the Essay
• Blink, Jocelyn and Ian Dorton. Economics Course Companion. Second
Edition. Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Davidson, Ellis. "How to Define Price Competition in Economics." Small
Business. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2014.
• Delhi - NCR." Delhi+NCR - Google Maps. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2014.
<https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Delhi%2BNCR/
%4028.3265841%2C77.2532375%2C10z/data%3D
%214m2%213m1%211s0x390d191e40000001%3A0x3dbf534eb9abfb0>.
• Harish, Vinnakota, Pausali Chakraborthi, Hymavathi Pavithra, and Thousif
Mohammad. Indian Print Media Industry. Indian Print Media Industry. N.p., n.d.
Web. 27 Aug. 2014.
EXTENDED ESSAY !25
26. Pranjalya Shukla
Appendix 1: Questionnaires and Surveys
• Readership Survey Questionnaire
Name of Reader:
Age of the Reader:
Occupation of the Reader:
1. How often do you read a newspaper?
2. What form of a newspaper do you read? (Broadsheet/E-Paper)
3. Which English newspaper is your first choice?
3.1. Is your choice affected by the quality or the price of the newspaper?
3.2. Do you recommend your choice to other people? (If yes, to how many?)
4. Which section of newspaper interests you the most?
4.1. Economic/Business
4.2. Sports
4.3. General (Politics, Global issues, etc)
4.4. Lifestyle (Fashion, Global Trends, Food, etc)
5. Does your preference of a certain newspaper change due to the
supplements?
EXTENDED ESSAY !26
27. Pranjalya Shukla
• Questionnaire for Head of Marketing in Delhi - NCR
Name:
1. Do you engage your firm in the industrial competition?
1.1. On what factors do you engage your firm; price or non-price?
1.2. What kinds of advertisements do you encourage for a newspaper?
2. Do you have price setting abilities?
3. Do you, in order to increase your profits, collude with other firms?
4. Which section of the newspaper gets the most focus? (News or
Advertisements)
4.1. Are consumers aware of the content put in the newspaper?
5. Is it easy for the firms to lure the vendors of the newspapers?
6. Can firms enter/exit the newspaper industry easily?
EXTENDED ESSAY !27
28. Pranjalya Shukla
Appendix 2: Statistics and Data
• Consumer Survey
1. Which english newspaper is your first choice?*
2. Does your preference of a certain newspaper change due to the supplements?
EXTENDED ESSAY !28
38%
7%
18%
37%
Hindustan Times
The Hindu
The Indian Express
The Times of India
15%
60%
25%
Yes No Can't Say
* Only these newspapers were mentioned by the people who participated in the survey
29. Pranjalya Shukla
3. Which section of the newspaper interests you the most?
4. Is your choice of the newspaper affected by its quality or price?
EXTENDED ESSAY !29
35%
18%
25%
23%
Economic/Business
Sports
General (Politics, Global Issues)
Lifestyle (Fashion, Global Trends, Food)
42%
9%
48%
Price Neither Quality
30. Pranjalya Shukla
5. What form of newspapers do you read? (Broadsheet/E-Paper)
6. Do you recommend your choice to other people? (If yes, to how many?)
EXTENDED ESSAY !30
No.ofPeopleRecommended
0
2
4
6
8
No. of People Who Recommended
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
28%
72%
Broadsheet E-Paper
31. Pranjalya Shukla
• Marketing Head Survey
1. Do you engage your firms in industrial competitions? (If yes, which kind of factors: Price or
Non-Price?)
EXTENDED ESSAY !31
7%
13%
80%
Yes No Sometimes
73%
27%
Non- Price Price
32. Pranjalya Shukla
2. What kind of advertisements do you encourage for your newspaper?
3. Do you have price setting abilities?
EXTENDED ESSAY !32
43%
57%
Display Ads Classified Ads
75%
15%
10%
Yes No Sometimes
33. Pranjalya Shukla
4. Do you, in order to make profits, collude with other firms?
5. Which section of the newspaper gets the most focus?
EXTENDED ESSAY !33
23%
73%
4%
Yes No Sometimes
46%
15%
17%
22%
Economic/Business
Sports
General (Politics, Global Issues)
Lifestyle (Fashion, Global Trends, Food)
34. Pranjalya Shukla
6. Is it easy for firms to enter/exit the newspaper industry easily?
7. Is luring vendors easy for all firms or a few?
EXTENDED ESSAY !34
10%
70%
20%
Yes No Can't Say
7%
80%
13%
All Firms Few Firms Can't Say
35. Pranjalya Shukla
Following listed is the screenshot of the table of Indian Readership Survey
2013:
Appendix 3: Assumed Models of the Basic Market Structures
Monopoly10
• There is only one firm producing the product so the firm is the industry.
• Barriers to entry exist, which stop new firms from entering the industry and
maintains the monopoly.
• As a consequence of barriers to entry the monopolist may be able to make
abnormal profits in the long run.
• The firm is able to set its own prices without worrying about other firms.
• Number of competing substitutes available in the market are few.
EXTENDED ESSAY !35
10Blink, Jocelyn and Ian Dorton. Economics Course Companion. Second Edition. Oxford
University Press, 2012.
36. Pranjalya Shukla
Monopolistic Competition11
• The industry is made up of a fairly large number of firms.
• The firms are small, relative to the size of the industry. This means that
actions of one firm are unlikely to have a great effect on any of its
competitors. The firms assume that they are able to act independently of each
other.
• Firms all produce slightly differentiated products. This means that it is possible
for a consumer to tell one firm’s product from another.
• Firms are completely free to enter or leave the industry. That is, there are no
barriers to entry or exit.
• Evident brand loyalty.
Oligopoly12
• An industry where very few dominate an industry.
• The industry may have quite a few firms or not very many; but the key thing is
that a large proportion of the industry’s output is shared by just a small
number of firms.
• The products in the industry may not be differentiable, slightly differentiable
or highly differentiable.
• Firms may collude with each other in order to maximise profits.
• Firms are completely independent of each other in their production.
• There are barriers to entry and exit due to these small number of major firms.
• The firms are generally allocatively and productively efficient.
EXTENDED ESSAY !36
11Blink, Jocelyn and Ian Dorton. Economics Course Companion. Second Edition. Oxford
University Press, 2012.
12ibid.
37. Pranjalya Shukla
Perfect Competition13
• The industry is made up of a very large number of firms.
• Each firm is so small, relative to the size of the industry, that it is not capable
of altering its own output to have a noticeable effect upon the output of the
industry as a whole. This means that a firm cannot affect the supply curve of
the industry and so cannot affect the price of the product.
• Individual firms have to sell at whatever price is set by demand and supply in
the industry as a whole. It can be said that the individual firms are “price-
takers”.
• The firms all produce exactly identical products. Their goods are
“homogeneous”. Thus, it can be said that there are no brand names and there
is no marketing to attempt to make goods different from each other.
• No barriers to entry and exit the industry. The firms already part of the
industry cannot stop firms from entering or exiting the industry.
• All producers and consumers have a perfect knowledge of the market. The
producers are fully aware of the market prices, costs in the industry, and the
workings of the marker. The consumers are fully aware of the prices in the
market, the quality of the products and the availability of the goods.
EXTENDED ESSAY !37
13Blink, Jocelyn and Ian Dorton. Economics Course Companion. Second Edition. Oxford
University Press, 2012.