The document outlines the motivations for conducting research, highlighting intrinsic, extrinsic, personal, and interpersonal factors that influence researchers. It also discusses the importance of clear research objectives to guide studies and emphasizes research ethics, including honesty, objectivity, and respect for intellectual property. Additionally, the document stresses the significance of maintaining researcher motivation through recognition, challenges, and skill development.

1. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
AND
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. LECTURE 3
RESEARCH MOTIVATION, RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH ETHICS

3. MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH

4. What makes people to undertake research?
Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits.
Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved
problems, i.e., concern over practical problems
initiates research.

5. What makes people to undertake research?
Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative
work.
Desire to be of service to society.
Desire to get respectability.

6. OTHER FACTORS MAY INVOLVE
• directives of government,
• employment conditions,
• curiosity about new things,
• desire to understand causal relationships, social thinking
and awakening

7. TYPES OF MOTIVATION FOR RESEARCH

8. INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
“ The love of the work itself.”
Intrinsic motivations include:
interest;
challenge; learning; meaning;
purpose; creative flow.
 Research has shown that high levels of
intrinsic motivation are strongly linked
to outstanding creative performance

9. EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
“ Rewards for good work or punishments for poor work.”
Extrinsic motivations include: money; fame; awards; praise;
status; opportunities; deadlines; commitments; bribes;
threats.
Research shows that too much focus on extrinsic
motivation can block creativity.

10. PERSONAL MOTIVATION
“Individual values, linked to personality.”
Examples include: power; harmony; achievement; generosity; public
recognition; authenticity; knowledge; security; pleasure.
Each of us prioritizes some values over others; understanding your
own values and those of people around you is key to motivating
yourself and influencing others.

11. INTERPERSONAL MOTIVATION
“Influences from other people.”
Much of our behavior is a response to people around us,
such as: copying; rebellion; competition; collaboration;
commitment; encouragement.

13. MAINTAINING A RESEARCHER’S MOTIVATION
Here are three broad strategies for maintaining the motivation of
researchers:
• Recognize and praise:
Recognizing and praising the work the researchers do, both the quality
of the work and the effort they put into it, is something that is too
easily forgotten, especially in busy periods.

14. MAINTAINING A RESEARCHER’S MOTIVATION
• Provide challenges and responsibility:
People are much more likely to give their work their full attention and
effort when they feel they are being challenged.
Constantly repeating familiar tasks or working within a comfort zone
will test the motivation of even the most conscientious researcher.
Being confronted with new challenges and invited to take on further
responsibilities can motivate and give a sense of achievement

15. MAINTAINING A RESEARCHER’S MOTIVATION
• Development:
Giving the researchers the sense that they are developing
their skills and moving forwards in their career can be very
motivating

16. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

17. MEANING
• A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which
provides direction to investigate the variables under study.
• Research objectives focus on the ways to measure variables such as
to identify or describe.
• The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be
achieved by the study.

18. CHARACTERISTICS
Research objective is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve.
• A well known objective will be SMART.
S – Specific
M – Measureable
A – Attainable
R – Realistic
T – Time Bound

19. CHARACTERISTICS
• Research objective should be RELEVANT, FEASIBLE, LOGICAL, OBSERVABLE,
UNEQUIVOCAL and MEASURABLE.
• Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected
timeframe and with the available resources.
• The objective of research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study.
• The objectives include obtaining answers to research questions or testing the
research hypothesis.

20. NEED FOR OBJECTIVES
The formulation of research objectives will help the researcher as
follows:
FOCUS:
• A clearly defined research objective will help the researcher to
focus on the study
• The formulation of research objectives helps in narrowing down
the study to its essentials.
• It will avoid unnecessary findings, which otherwise will lead to
wastage of resources.

21. NEED FOR OBJECTIVES
AVOID UNNECESSARY DATA:
• The formulation of research objectives helps the researcher to avoid
unnecessary accumulation of data that is not needed for the chosen
problem.
For example when the researcher is interested in identifying the presence or
absence of chosen variables but not in detailed description he can avoid
collection of unwanted information.

22. NEED FOR OBJECTIVES
ORGANIZATION:
• The formulation of objectives organize the study into a clearly
defined parts or phrases.
• Thus the objectives help organize the study results into main
parts as per the present objectives.

23. NEED FOR OBJECTIVES
GIVES DIRECTION:
• A well-formulated objective will facilitate the development of
research methodology and will help to orient the collection,
analysis, interpretation and utilization of data.

24. TYPES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
• Broad goals to be achieved.
• The general objectives of the study states what the researcher
expects to achieve by the study in general terms.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
• Are short term and narrow in focus.
• General objectives are broken into small logically connected parts to
form specific objectives.

25. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
• To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve insights into it.
• To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or a group.
• To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with
which it is associated with something else.
• To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables.

26. RESEARCH ETHICS

27. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Honesty:
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications.
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and
publication status.
Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.
Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.

28. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Objectivity:
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer-review, personnel decisions, grant writing,
expert testimony, and other aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or required.
Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception.
Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect
research.

29. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Integrity:
Keep your promises and agreements.
Act with sincerity.
Strive for consistency of thought and action.

30. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Carefulness:
Avoid careless errors and negligence;
Carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of
your peers.
Keep good records of research activities, such as data
collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies
or journals.

31. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Openness:
Share data, ideas, tools, resources.
Be open to criticism and new ideas.

32. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Respect for Intellectual Property:
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of
intellectual property.
Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission.
Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all
contributions to research.
Never plagiarize.

33. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Confidentiality:
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants
submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military
secrets, and patient records.

34. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Responsible Publication:
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship.
Not to advance just your own career.
Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

35. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Responsible Mentoring:
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students.
Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own
decisions.

36. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Social Responsibility:
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social
harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

37. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Legality:
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
governmental policies.

38. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Animal Care:
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in
research.
Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal
experiments.

39. RESEARCH ETHICS
• Human Subjects Protection:
When conducting research on human subjects,
Minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits.
Respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.
Take special precautions with vulnerable populations.
Strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.

40. Constructing a 95% confidence interval
The 95% confidence interval for the population
proportion is: