30%
Fish #2 Fish #2 Fish #2 Fish #2
Reversed
Before: 60% 20% Before: 60% 40% Before: 60% Change Before: 40% 60%
Change Change After: 40% Change
CO2 + Salt Salt +Heat Salt + Heat + CO2 Heat
Fish #1 Omitted
Before: 60% 10% Fish #1 Fish #1
After: 50% Before: 60% 20% Before: 60% 10%
Change Change
Fish #2 Omitted
Before: 50% 0% Fish #2 Fish
Sunset Aquatics is offering a free pair of clownfish with the purchase or upgrade of an aquarium. They describe two aquarium setup packages called the "Nemo Tank" which includes a 29 gallon aquarium setup for $599 and the "Value Nemo Tank" which includes a 10 gallon aquarium setup for $329. Both packages include the aquarium, lighting, filtration, substrate, live rock, an invertebrate, and the free pair of clownfish. Sunset Aquatics also offers aquarium upgrades and will include a free pair of clownfish for upgrades over $250.
The clown fish and sea anemone have a symbiotic relationship known as mutualism. In this relationship, both organisms benefit - the clown fish is protected from predators by the anemone's stinging tentacles, and the anemone's tentacles are fertilized by the clown fish's waste. The document explores this relationship, describing the three types of symbiosis and providing examples of the clown fish and anemone's interactions and defenses against predators like butterfly fish and sharks. It also notes that the clown fish is one of the few fish that can live near certain anemone species without being harmed by their venom.
The document discusses the clownfish, a type of fish that lives in saltwater habitats and reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It faces threats from predators in the ocean and from being caught for aquariums, where it only lives about 5 years compared to 10 years in the wild. Clownfish have a symbiotic relationship with sea anemones and receive protection from the anemone's stinging tentacles while providing it with nutrients. They exhibit social behaviors like forming hierarchies and changing sex from male to female if the female dies.
This document provides an overview of jellyfish. It describes jellyfish as invertebrate ocean animals with gel-like bodies and tentacles. They move using water expelled from their bell-shaped bodies and waves. Jellyfish eat smaller fish and plankton, catching prey with their stinging tentacles. They can live in hot or cold ocean waters around the world. The document also includes a poem about jellyfish and their features.
The document discusses Jellyfish, a tool created by Matthew Eernisse to run JavaScript code across different environments and browsers simultaneously. It provides demonstrations of using Jellyfish to run JavaScript on browsers, mobile devices, and headless services in parallel. The goal of Jellyfish is to allow JavaScript code to be easily executed on any environment through a common API.
The slideshow has 47 slides of sea animals and unusual sea creatures. This slideshow can be used for English, science, or social studies. The design and pictures are very colorful, it's a treat for the kids to watch, they loved it!
Hypo-salinity treatment involves lowering the salinity of a quarantine tank to around 1.010 over several days to reduce stress on fish and kill parasites through lowering osmotic pressure, while parasites and other issues cannot tolerate this. Keeping fish in the low-salinity quarantine tank for six weeks can break the life cycle of certain parasites and starve any parasites in the display tank. This natural method is effective for treating fish without the stress of maintaining normal osmotic balance and makes other treatments more effective, but it requires keeping fish out of the display tank for six weeks and cannot be used with invertebrates.
Sunset Aquatics is offering a free pair of clownfish with the purchase or upgrade of an aquarium. They describe two aquarium setup packages called the "Nemo Tank" which includes a 29 gallon aquarium setup for $599 and the "Value Nemo Tank" which includes a 10 gallon aquarium setup for $329. Both packages include the aquarium, lighting, filtration, substrate, live rock, an invertebrate, and the free pair of clownfish. Sunset Aquatics also offers aquarium upgrades and will include a free pair of clownfish for upgrades over $250.
The clown fish and sea anemone have a symbiotic relationship known as mutualism. In this relationship, both organisms benefit - the clown fish is protected from predators by the anemone's stinging tentacles, and the anemone's tentacles are fertilized by the clown fish's waste. The document explores this relationship, describing the three types of symbiosis and providing examples of the clown fish and anemone's interactions and defenses against predators like butterfly fish and sharks. It also notes that the clown fish is one of the few fish that can live near certain anemone species without being harmed by their venom.
The document discusses the clownfish, a type of fish that lives in saltwater habitats and reefs in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It faces threats from predators in the ocean and from being caught for aquariums, where it only lives about 5 years compared to 10 years in the wild. Clownfish have a symbiotic relationship with sea anemones and receive protection from the anemone's stinging tentacles while providing it with nutrients. They exhibit social behaviors like forming hierarchies and changing sex from male to female if the female dies.
This document provides an overview of jellyfish. It describes jellyfish as invertebrate ocean animals with gel-like bodies and tentacles. They move using water expelled from their bell-shaped bodies and waves. Jellyfish eat smaller fish and plankton, catching prey with their stinging tentacles. They can live in hot or cold ocean waters around the world. The document also includes a poem about jellyfish and their features.
The document discusses Jellyfish, a tool created by Matthew Eernisse to run JavaScript code across different environments and browsers simultaneously. It provides demonstrations of using Jellyfish to run JavaScript on browsers, mobile devices, and headless services in parallel. The goal of Jellyfish is to allow JavaScript code to be easily executed on any environment through a common API.
The slideshow has 47 slides of sea animals and unusual sea creatures. This slideshow can be used for English, science, or social studies. The design and pictures are very colorful, it's a treat for the kids to watch, they loved it!
Hypo-salinity treatment involves lowering the salinity of a quarantine tank to around 1.010 over several days to reduce stress on fish and kill parasites through lowering osmotic pressure, while parasites and other issues cannot tolerate this. Keeping fish in the low-salinity quarantine tank for six weeks can break the life cycle of certain parasites and starve any parasites in the display tank. This natural method is effective for treating fish without the stress of maintaining normal osmotic balance and makes other treatments more effective, but it requires keeping fish out of the display tank for six weeks and cannot be used with invertebrates.
Differentiation between the Behavior of Healthy and Diseased Fish and its CausesGolamKibria496176
This document discusses fish behavior and diseases. It defines a healthy fish and lists characteristics of healthy fish. A diseased fish is defined as one showing deviations from normal structure, function or organs. Signs of disease in fish behavior are then outlined, including loss of appetite, buoyancy issues, head-standing, flashing, rapid gill movement, drifting, fin nipping, chasing other fish, difficulty swimming, gasping at the surface, hiding, and fighting. Environmental factors that can cause disease are also listed, along with preventive measures that should be taken to control fish disease.
This document outlines the recommended routine maintenance for an aquarium, including daily, weekly, and monthly tasks. Daily tasks include ensuring equipment is working properly, observing fish behavior, checking water temperature and levels. Weekly tasks involve counting fish, cleaning the tank substrate and walls, performing a partial water change, and testing water quality. Monthly maintenance includes replacing filter materials, inspecting equipment, and cleaning the aquarium top. Proper maintenance is important for monitoring tank conditions and keeping fish healthy.
This document summarizes an experiment that tested the effects of different frequencies on paralyzing goldfish. It found that very low frequencies (10-200Hz) and very high frequencies (10-22kHz) were able to paralyze the fish for around 25-27 seconds on average. Larger fish seemed less affected than smaller fish. The results were shared online to allow others to learn from the findings.
This document discusses the differences between acclimatization and adaptation in fish. Acclimatization is when a fish adjusts to changes in its environment to maintain performance, while adaptation refers to genetic modifications over generations that enhance survival. Specific acclimatization methods like floating bag, advanced floating bag, and drip are described. Adaptations allow fish to withstand different temperature, salinity, and migrate between fresh and salt water. The document provides examples like stenothermal/eurythermal fish tolerating narrow/wide temperatures and stenohaline/euryhaline fish tolerating narrow/wide salinity ranges. Diadromous fish migrate between environments, with catadromous living in salt water and anadrom
The document provides information about fish for kindergarten students. It discusses the basic body parts of fish, which are fins, scales, and gills. It explains that fish live in water, whether in oceans, rivers, ponds or aquariums. It also outlines what fish eat, with ocean fish eating other fish and worms, while pet fish in tanks eat fish food provided by their owners.
This document discusses the taste system in fish. It notes that fish have taste buds not just in their oral cavity, but spread across their body. The taste system allows fish to distinguish food items and plays a role in food intake. The document outlines some key features of the fish taste system, including that taste signaling pathways are similar to mammals. It also examines how environmental factors like temperature and starvation can impact the taste system and influence food selection in fish.
This document summarizes a student's research project studying the reproductive tendencies of the Banggai cardinalfish. The student tested two hypotheses: 1) that providing more enclosed private spaces would increase reproductive activity, but this was refuted, and 2) that warmer water temperatures around 78-81 degrees Fahrenheit combined with enclosed spaces would increase activity and mating, which was confirmed. The most successful tank for breeding had warmer water, enclosed spaces, and few other organisms.
The study examined how different concentrations of arsenic exposure affected the feeding habits of hermit crabs. The hypothesis was that hermit crabs exposed to arsenic would retain more arsenic in their tissues and consume less food in a feeding test compared to a control group. The results found that hermit crabs exposed to arsenic absorbed 261% more arsenic and consumed 92.33% less food than the control group. This suggests that arsenic exposure impaired the hermit crabs' feeding abilities and could negatively impact the marine ecosystem by decreasing the health of organisms and disrupting the food chain.
This document discusses several common fish diseases and their symptoms, causes, and treatment methods. It covers ammonia poisoning, cotton mouth disease, dropsy, fin/tail rot, fungal infections, hole in the head, ich, popeye, slime disease, swim bladder disorder, ulcers, and velvet. For each disease, it describes identifying symptoms, possible causes such as poor water quality, and recommended treatment steps including water changes, quarantining infected fish, improving water parameters, and using specialized medications. Prevention focuses on maintaining optimal water conditions, quarantining new fish, and observing fish health closely.
This document discusses various topics related to fish structure and quality changes after death, including:
1. Rigor mortis in fish is affected by species, condition, size, handling, and temperature, with warmer temperatures resulting in faster onset and resolution of rigor.
2. Autolytic and bacterial changes lead to spoilage, with autolysis initially providing nutrients for bacteria. Enzymes released during autolysis degrade muscle constituents.
3. Oxidation of lipids causes rancidity, reducing quality, while bacterial growth and physical changes like texture and eye/gill appearance indicate spoilage level. Careful handling and processing can preserve quality.
The student conducted a dissection and analysis of the internal anatomy of a White Grunt fish. Key organs identified included the heart, liver, pyloric caeca, gonads, and swim bladder. Externally, fins, gills, lateral line, nares, scales, and mouth parts were examined. The fish's dentition, nocturnal feeding habits of scavenging benthic invertebrates and small fish, and similarities to human anatomy like lungs/gills and intestines/pyloric caeca were discussed. The dissection helped understand the fish's physical adaptations and relationships between its form and function.
Fish allergy is caused by an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated response to fish proteins. Parvalbumin is the major fish allergen, found in 70-95% of individuals with fish allergy. Different fish species and preparation methods can impact sensitization patterns due to varying allergen content and stability. While cross-reactivity between fish species is common, some individuals exhibit mono-sensitivity. Food processing can alter allergenicity by modifying protein structure but effects are variable depending on the specific process.
This study aimed to develop a cookbook to help non-fish eaters begin cooking fish meals at home. Researchers identified top objections to eating fish as lack of knowledge about types of fish, cost, and cooking methods. A survey found many varieties of fish for sale locally, with salmon and tuna available in all stores. Fish was among the most cost-effective proteins. A literature review and existing recipes informed the creation of a cookbook with step-by-step instructions and videos to provide appealing, easy fish meals and overcome objections to eating more seafood.
This document discusses stress in fish and its relationship to disease susceptibility. It defines stress and identifies various stressors fish face in both wild and captive environments. Chronic stress from factors like poor water quality, temperature fluctuations, overcrowding and nutritional deficiencies weakens the immune system and makes fish more prone to infection. The document examines the physiological response to stress and how it can ultimately lead to tertiary responses like reduced growth and disease resistance if stressors are not addressed. Controlling stressors is important for aquaculture health management and disease prevention.
This document discusses stress in fish and its effects. It defines stress as a condition where an animal cannot maintain homeostasis due to adverse factors. Stress can be acute or chronic and is caused by a variety of stressors including poor water quality, overcrowding, temperature fluctuations, and handling. The physiological response to stress involves the release of hormones like cortisol which trigger secondary responses like increased heart rate and metabolic changes, ultimately impacting fish growth, disease resistance, and survival. Managing stressors is important for fish health in aquaculture.
The document discusses the digestive system of fish. It covers the main components and processes of the fish digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines and anus. It describes the different feeding mechanisms used by fish such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, and others. It also discusses the enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. In summary:
1) The digestive system of fish breaks down food through a series of organs from the mouth to the anus.
2) Fish use various feeding mechanisms to ingest food depending on their anatomy and food sources.
3) Digestion involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates,
This document discusses homeostasis in animals through osmoregulation. It describes two main classes of animals that maintain water and solute balance - osmoconformers and osmoregulators. Osmoconformers have body fluids that are isotonic to their external environment, while osmoregulators must adjust their internal osmotic state as their body fluids are hypertonic or hypotonic to the external environment. The document then discusses osmoregulation adaptations in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial animals. Marine animals face issues like passive water loss, while freshwater animals deal with flooding. Terrestrial animals have adaptations like specialized skin and kidneys to prevent dehydration.
This document provides an overview of homeostasis in fishes. It discusses four main topics: osmoregulation, endocrine regulation, thermal regulation, and the immune response. For osmoregulation, it describes the four main strategies fishes use to regulate their solute and water concentrations in different environments. It also discusses the roles of gills, kidneys, drinking, and ion exchange in maintaining homeostasis. For endocrine regulation, it outlines the major endocrine tissues like the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and gonads, and the hormones they produce. It notes fishes use behavior to regulate temperature within their tolerance ranges. Finally, it introduces the non-specific and specific components of the immune system that help protect fishes
This document provides information on handling fresh aquatic products. It discusses how fish and other seafood are highly perishable and begin to spoil soon after death due to bacterial and enzymatic activity that is accelerated by higher temperatures. It outlines different types of fish preparation including drawn, dressed, steaks, and fillets. The document also compares characteristics of fresh versus spoiled seafood and provides handling guidelines for different types of seafood to maintain quality like sorting, cleaning, and chilling at low temperatures.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Differentiation between the Behavior of Healthy and Diseased Fish and its CausesGolamKibria496176
This document discusses fish behavior and diseases. It defines a healthy fish and lists characteristics of healthy fish. A diseased fish is defined as one showing deviations from normal structure, function or organs. Signs of disease in fish behavior are then outlined, including loss of appetite, buoyancy issues, head-standing, flashing, rapid gill movement, drifting, fin nipping, chasing other fish, difficulty swimming, gasping at the surface, hiding, and fighting. Environmental factors that can cause disease are also listed, along with preventive measures that should be taken to control fish disease.
This document outlines the recommended routine maintenance for an aquarium, including daily, weekly, and monthly tasks. Daily tasks include ensuring equipment is working properly, observing fish behavior, checking water temperature and levels. Weekly tasks involve counting fish, cleaning the tank substrate and walls, performing a partial water change, and testing water quality. Monthly maintenance includes replacing filter materials, inspecting equipment, and cleaning the aquarium top. Proper maintenance is important for monitoring tank conditions and keeping fish healthy.
This document summarizes an experiment that tested the effects of different frequencies on paralyzing goldfish. It found that very low frequencies (10-200Hz) and very high frequencies (10-22kHz) were able to paralyze the fish for around 25-27 seconds on average. Larger fish seemed less affected than smaller fish. The results were shared online to allow others to learn from the findings.
This document discusses the differences between acclimatization and adaptation in fish. Acclimatization is when a fish adjusts to changes in its environment to maintain performance, while adaptation refers to genetic modifications over generations that enhance survival. Specific acclimatization methods like floating bag, advanced floating bag, and drip are described. Adaptations allow fish to withstand different temperature, salinity, and migrate between fresh and salt water. The document provides examples like stenothermal/eurythermal fish tolerating narrow/wide temperatures and stenohaline/euryhaline fish tolerating narrow/wide salinity ranges. Diadromous fish migrate between environments, with catadromous living in salt water and anadrom
The document provides information about fish for kindergarten students. It discusses the basic body parts of fish, which are fins, scales, and gills. It explains that fish live in water, whether in oceans, rivers, ponds or aquariums. It also outlines what fish eat, with ocean fish eating other fish and worms, while pet fish in tanks eat fish food provided by their owners.
This document discusses the taste system in fish. It notes that fish have taste buds not just in their oral cavity, but spread across their body. The taste system allows fish to distinguish food items and plays a role in food intake. The document outlines some key features of the fish taste system, including that taste signaling pathways are similar to mammals. It also examines how environmental factors like temperature and starvation can impact the taste system and influence food selection in fish.
This document summarizes a student's research project studying the reproductive tendencies of the Banggai cardinalfish. The student tested two hypotheses: 1) that providing more enclosed private spaces would increase reproductive activity, but this was refuted, and 2) that warmer water temperatures around 78-81 degrees Fahrenheit combined with enclosed spaces would increase activity and mating, which was confirmed. The most successful tank for breeding had warmer water, enclosed spaces, and few other organisms.
The study examined how different concentrations of arsenic exposure affected the feeding habits of hermit crabs. The hypothesis was that hermit crabs exposed to arsenic would retain more arsenic in their tissues and consume less food in a feeding test compared to a control group. The results found that hermit crabs exposed to arsenic absorbed 261% more arsenic and consumed 92.33% less food than the control group. This suggests that arsenic exposure impaired the hermit crabs' feeding abilities and could negatively impact the marine ecosystem by decreasing the health of organisms and disrupting the food chain.
This document discusses several common fish diseases and their symptoms, causes, and treatment methods. It covers ammonia poisoning, cotton mouth disease, dropsy, fin/tail rot, fungal infections, hole in the head, ich, popeye, slime disease, swim bladder disorder, ulcers, and velvet. For each disease, it describes identifying symptoms, possible causes such as poor water quality, and recommended treatment steps including water changes, quarantining infected fish, improving water parameters, and using specialized medications. Prevention focuses on maintaining optimal water conditions, quarantining new fish, and observing fish health closely.
This document discusses various topics related to fish structure and quality changes after death, including:
1. Rigor mortis in fish is affected by species, condition, size, handling, and temperature, with warmer temperatures resulting in faster onset and resolution of rigor.
2. Autolytic and bacterial changes lead to spoilage, with autolysis initially providing nutrients for bacteria. Enzymes released during autolysis degrade muscle constituents.
3. Oxidation of lipids causes rancidity, reducing quality, while bacterial growth and physical changes like texture and eye/gill appearance indicate spoilage level. Careful handling and processing can preserve quality.
The student conducted a dissection and analysis of the internal anatomy of a White Grunt fish. Key organs identified included the heart, liver, pyloric caeca, gonads, and swim bladder. Externally, fins, gills, lateral line, nares, scales, and mouth parts were examined. The fish's dentition, nocturnal feeding habits of scavenging benthic invertebrates and small fish, and similarities to human anatomy like lungs/gills and intestines/pyloric caeca were discussed. The dissection helped understand the fish's physical adaptations and relationships between its form and function.
Fish allergy is caused by an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated response to fish proteins. Parvalbumin is the major fish allergen, found in 70-95% of individuals with fish allergy. Different fish species and preparation methods can impact sensitization patterns due to varying allergen content and stability. While cross-reactivity between fish species is common, some individuals exhibit mono-sensitivity. Food processing can alter allergenicity by modifying protein structure but effects are variable depending on the specific process.
This study aimed to develop a cookbook to help non-fish eaters begin cooking fish meals at home. Researchers identified top objections to eating fish as lack of knowledge about types of fish, cost, and cooking methods. A survey found many varieties of fish for sale locally, with salmon and tuna available in all stores. Fish was among the most cost-effective proteins. A literature review and existing recipes informed the creation of a cookbook with step-by-step instructions and videos to provide appealing, easy fish meals and overcome objections to eating more seafood.
This document discusses stress in fish and its relationship to disease susceptibility. It defines stress and identifies various stressors fish face in both wild and captive environments. Chronic stress from factors like poor water quality, temperature fluctuations, overcrowding and nutritional deficiencies weakens the immune system and makes fish more prone to infection. The document examines the physiological response to stress and how it can ultimately lead to tertiary responses like reduced growth and disease resistance if stressors are not addressed. Controlling stressors is important for aquaculture health management and disease prevention.
This document discusses stress in fish and its effects. It defines stress as a condition where an animal cannot maintain homeostasis due to adverse factors. Stress can be acute or chronic and is caused by a variety of stressors including poor water quality, overcrowding, temperature fluctuations, and handling. The physiological response to stress involves the release of hormones like cortisol which trigger secondary responses like increased heart rate and metabolic changes, ultimately impacting fish growth, disease resistance, and survival. Managing stressors is important for fish health in aquaculture.
The document discusses the digestive system of fish. It covers the main components and processes of the fish digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines and anus. It describes the different feeding mechanisms used by fish such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, and others. It also discusses the enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. In summary:
1) The digestive system of fish breaks down food through a series of organs from the mouth to the anus.
2) Fish use various feeding mechanisms to ingest food depending on their anatomy and food sources.
3) Digestion involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates,
This document discusses homeostasis in animals through osmoregulation. It describes two main classes of animals that maintain water and solute balance - osmoconformers and osmoregulators. Osmoconformers have body fluids that are isotonic to their external environment, while osmoregulators must adjust their internal osmotic state as their body fluids are hypertonic or hypotonic to the external environment. The document then discusses osmoregulation adaptations in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial animals. Marine animals face issues like passive water loss, while freshwater animals deal with flooding. Terrestrial animals have adaptations like specialized skin and kidneys to prevent dehydration.
This document provides an overview of homeostasis in fishes. It discusses four main topics: osmoregulation, endocrine regulation, thermal regulation, and the immune response. For osmoregulation, it describes the four main strategies fishes use to regulate their solute and water concentrations in different environments. It also discusses the roles of gills, kidneys, drinking, and ion exchange in maintaining homeostasis. For endocrine regulation, it outlines the major endocrine tissues like the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and gonads, and the hormones they produce. It notes fishes use behavior to regulate temperature within their tolerance ranges. Finally, it introduces the non-specific and specific components of the immune system that help protect fishes
This document provides information on handling fresh aquatic products. It discusses how fish and other seafood are highly perishable and begin to spoil soon after death due to bacterial and enzymatic activity that is accelerated by higher temperatures. It outlines different types of fish preparation including drawn, dressed, steaks, and fillets. The document also compares characteristics of fresh versus spoiled seafood and provides handling guidelines for different types of seafood to maintain quality like sorting, cleaning, and chilling at low temperatures.
Similar to Clownfish and Climate Change Sigma Xi student showcase April Dawson (20)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
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Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Clownfish and Climate Change Sigma Xi student showcase April Dawson
1. Clownfish and ClimateChange:
The Effects of Increased Salinity, Temperature, and Ocean Acidity on the
Behavior and Health of the Common Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris)
By April Dawson
High School Senior
Boulder High School Boulder, Colorado
2. Research has only recently been conducted on fish and the effect that
ocean acidification has on them. Clownfish and damsels are often used
as representative species because they are easy to keep in captivity. As
was described in my introductory video, the results of the initial
experiments with clownfish showed that the carbon dioxide had very
few physical effects on the fish but had severe behavioral effects. What
was not discussed in my video was the cause of these changes. GABAa
is a well known inhibitory neurotransmitter. When GABAa bonds to a
receptor it allows Cl- ions into the neuron which prevents it from firing.
When carbon dioxide was added to seawater the GABAa inhibitor still
able to bind to its receptor, but the distribution of ions inside the fish
was altered. When the receptor site opens Cl- ions do not enter the
cell but escape it instead. So when GABAa binds to a receptor in a
clownfish in acidic water the neuron is excited rather than inhibited as
it would be in an unaffected clownfish. We know that GABAa is being
affected because the introduction of gabazine, a GABAa antagonist,
results in normal fish behavior despite high carbon dioxide. Most
aquatic animals use GABAa as an inhibitor so this effect is likely to be
seen with fish and animals other than clownfish and damsels.
3. This diagram shows the GABA neurotransmitter bonding with its receptor site. The result
is Cl- entering the cell. A cell with more carbon dioxide will experience Cl- exiting the cell
rather than entering it.
4. My experiment will differ from past experiments in that I will combine increased ocean
acidification with increased temperature and salinity. All of these changes are expected to occur
in the near future.
The Idea is to see if these other two variables affect the behavioral changes seen in carbon
Dioxide exposed fish. I will also be interested to see if they result in more changes in the fish’s
state of health than carbon dioxide alone did.
Rather than only doing a control Vs. experimental group analysis I will also do a before Vs. after
analysis. This will provide more accurate results as to what changes occurred. To keep track of
which fish is which I took pictures of each fish from both its right and left side. I printed these
pictures in groups according to the Specific fish and then the experimental group that that fish
was a part of. Because of this design I was not able to keep the fish in groups of 6 as I had
originally planned because identifying individuals accurately would be nearly impossible. Instead
I planned to keep them in pairs and run the experiment 3 times with different fish each time.
This design has the added benefit of showing repeatability to my results.
5. • Experimental Conditions:
I am considering “Normal” to be the average measured value of
the great barrier reef, one of the most common places to find
clownfish.
• Normal Seawater: pH 8.2
• Past experiments tested: mainlypH 8.2, 7.8, 7.6
• My Experiment: pH 7.8 (expected by 2100)
• Normal Salinity: 35 ppt (parts per trillion)
• My experiment: 42 ppt
• Normal Temperature: 25 C
• My Experiment: 28 C
6. To understand what variable any resulting variations from the original
experiments are caused by I will need to test every combination of my
3 variables. To do this I will need 7 experimental groups and one
control group.
The experimental combinations are as follows with the variable(s)
written after a number being the one(s) to be altered:
1.) CO2
2.) Salinity
3.)Temperature
4.) CO2 + NA
5.) CO2 + Temp
6.) Temp + NA
7.) CO2 + Temp + NA
7. Hypothesis
• I expect that the same results seen in past tests with
ocean acidification will occur in all 4 tanks that I add
carbon dioxide to. So I expect the results of the tests to
be as follows:
Health tests
Weight: No change
Respiration: No change
Eating: No change
Sensory Tests
Lateralization: The fish will no longer show this trait
Net: The fish will swim towards the net rather than away from it
Food: The fish will swim away from the food rather than towards it
Tap test: The fish will always jump at the tap instead of stopping after a
few taps
8. • I expect to see weight loss, a drop in eating, and
quicker respiration in fish exposed to higher
temperatures. I also expect that the tanks that have
higher temperature combined with higher CO2 will see
more dramatic changes in these health results than will
the tank with high temperature only.
• I don’t expect to see any change in either behavior or
health with the increase in salinity when it is alone or
combined with the other variables. The reason I am
testing it is because I want to see if the NA+ Ions affect
the GABAa receptor/Cl- process at all. I am curious but
I don’t expect it to cause any changes.
9. • Keep in mind that research has found some fish
to be more tolerant of acidification than others.
This means that most fish may be affected at a
certain pH but others will show no changes.
While this makes analyzing results a little more
difficult, it does offer the possibility of selection
in the fish’s natural habitat. It was not until a pH
of 7.6 was reached that all fish were affected. At
this point many fish had lost smell completely
rather than following the opposite scent trail.
10. Health
Weight Test
• Weight: The weight of each
fish will be measured. I
expect that fish that are
stressed for extended periods
of time may experience
weight loss while healthy fish
will most likely increase in
weight. Fish will be fed an
excess of food at each
feeding to insure that food
availability does not affect
weight gain/loss.
• I have not found previous
research that monitored fish
weight so I have nothing to
compare this to.
11. Sensory
Turkey Baster Tests
• Turkey Baster Test, part 1: • Turkey Baster Test, Part 2: a
Before experimentation, the second turkey baster with a
fish were trained to expect black tip will be introduced
food when a common to the tank for the first time
turkey baster is lowered after variable exposure.
into the tank. As a result, Instead of food, this baster
the fish will bite the turkey will shoot cold water
baster whenever it enters towards the fish if they bite
the water. If the fish still it. If, within a few days, the
exhibit this behavior after fish learn to bite the normal
treatment then their long baster and avoid the baster
term memory, or the fish with the black tip, then they
equivalent associations, are will have shown the ability
in tact. to form new associations.
12. Sensory
T-Tests
• T-Test Part 1: All fish have what is called lateralization. This means
that when faced with a decision as to turn left or right, an
individual fish will choose either left or right the majority of the
time and this behavior will remain constant for the fish over time.
This could be compared to the human being left or right handed.
However one side is not more common as it is with humans. The
preference of each fish will be recorded using a "T" shaped
tank before the experiment and then the fish will be tested again
during the experiment to see if the treated fish will retain their
lateralization or not.
13. Sensory
T-Tests
• T-Test Part 2: A net, T-Test Part 3: After not
representing a predator, being fed for 24 hours
will be placed at one end
of the "T" shaped tank. food in a tea strainer (so
This will be repeated 6 that the fish can't eat
times at random ends of it) will be placed at
the tank. Fish that wish to random ends of the Tee.
avoid being caught will
swim opposite the net If the fish turns towards
even if it defies their the food despite its
lateralization preference. lateralization preference,
After treatment some fish then it retains both the
may loose the ability to
accurately avoid the net. instinct to get the food
and the olfactory sense
that allows it to smell the
food.
14. Sensory
Unused Tests-T Test Part 3
• T-Test Part 3: After not being fed for 24 hours food in
a tea strainer (so that the fish can't eat it) will be
placed at random ends of the Tee. If the fish turns
towards the food despite its lateralization preference,
then it retains both the instinct to get the food and
the olfactory sense that allows it to smell the food.
• This test worked for the practice fish that I tested it
on before testing any of my experimental fish.
However I had to replace the water in the T tank each
time I ran the fish through so the process took over
an hour. With 16 fish to test this was simply not
practical.
15. Health
Unused Tests-Respiration Test
• Respiration test: Fish breathe by pumping water through their
gills, a process that is clearly visible to the naked eye. Respiration
will be visually monitored for one minute to produce a breaths
per minute rate. In general, a stressed fish will breathe either very
quickly or very slowly while a healthy fish will lie somewhere in
between.
• This test was not completed because placing the fish in a confined
area caused their respiration rate to increase so rapidly that any
differences between healthy fish and unhealthy fish would have
been impossible to determine
16. Health
Unused Tests-Eating Test
• Eating Test: After not being fed for 24 hours, each fish will be offered as
much food as it will eat in one sitting. The mass of the food consumed
will be closely measured by zeroing a scale with food and recording the
absolute value of the mass of the food removed from the scale. Healthy
fish will eat larger amounts than will unhealthy fish. The mass of food
eaten will be compared to body mass of the individual fish rather than
being directly compared to the amount of food eaten by other fish that
may vary in size.
• This test was not used because when the fish were place in a confined
space where their eating could be observed they refused to take food.
This test worked quite successfully a few times for a fish that was alone
in a tank but whenever 2 fish were separated they would become too
stressed to accept food. I attempted leaving the fish alone for several
minutes before offering food but they still would not try to eat it.
17. Sensory
Unused Tests-Tap Test
• Each fish will be placed in a container with an automatic spinning
weight that will hit the outside of the container every 10 seconds.
Fish will jump when the weight hits the side of the tank. Over time
they will remember that nothing bad happens after the weight hits
the tank and stop reacting. A fish with no working short term
memory will not be able to make this association and jump each
time the weight hits the side of the container.
• This worked for a number of fish but many either never jumped at
the sound or jumped every time during the pretest. This offered
nothing to compare to after experimental conditions were initiated.
18. Results: Part 1
• Due to the time constraints of high school, applying for college, and
other extracurricular activities I was only able to test one round of fish
before having to present my findings. Thus my experiment will not be
scientifically valid until I am able to run at least 6 fish per group
(providing the experiment being run more than once) and show
consistent results. As of right now I have placed 2 fish from each of the
8 sets of variables in experimental conditions and run them through
the health and sensory tests both before experimentation and after 1
week of variable exposure.
• I also had a parasite get into my salt only tank. This killed one of the fish
and the other had to be moved to a quarantine tank for medication.
This salt only tank was unable to be tested
• I will present the data that I have collected so far but keep in mind
that it is not yet able to be accepted as scientific fact.
19. Weight Test-Results
• Total: Average weight change was a loss of .76%
• Tanks with CO2-lost .6% of their initial body weight on average, 21% more weight retained than the total
average. The CO2 only tank gained 1.125% of their body weight,
• Tanks with heat lost 1.27% of body weight, 67% more loss than the total average.
• Tanks with salt lost 1.1% of their body weight on average, 44.7% more than the total average. To calculate this I
doubled the values for the CO2 + salt tank since CO2 appears to have no effect on the fish’s weight
• Control tank lost 3.65% on average. However one fish picked on the other constantly and the fish that was picked
on was the one that lost an excessive amount of weight. This is a good example as to why this needs to be
repeated as many times as possible to assure accurate results.
• Note: while most of the averages showed a drop in weight, many fish gained weight as well. There were also a
few tanks that showed one fish gaining weight or remaining the same with the other fish loosing weight. This is
likely because of the clown fish’s aggression in groups. One fish will become dominant (the eventual female) and
pick on the other (male). This hierarchy can result in loss of weight from the stress of being picked on or because
the dominant fish is more aggressive during feeding. To lean more about this visit the background on clownfish
page.
• If this data were from a larger pool I would conclude that heat is detrimental to health and caused the fish to
loose weight. I would not make a conclusion about salt without a salt only tank.
20. Weight Data
Data
Control Heat CO2 CO2 + Heat
Fish #1 Fish #1 Fish #1 Fish #1
Before: 2.51 Before: 1.74 Before:1.71g Before: 2.25g
After:2.5 After: 1.78 After:1.72g After: 2.23g
Fish #2 Fish #2 Fish #2 Fish #2
Before: 2.45g Before: 2.38 Before:2.39g Before: 1.77g
After: 2.37g After:2.38 After:2.43g After:1.71g
CO2 + Salt Salt +Heat Salt + Heat + CO2 Heat
Fish #1
Before: 1.54g Fish #1 Fish #1 Omitted
After:1.54g Before: 2.31g before: 1.43
After:2.26g after: 1.40
Fish #2
Before: 1.65g Fish #2 Fish #2
After: 1.64g Before:1.56g Before: 1.98
After:1.5g After: 1.98
21. T-Test-Results
• Control: 15% average change
• 28.6% total change
• All Heat tanks average change: 27.5%, heat only: 35%
• All CO2 tanks average change: 18.75%, CO2 only: 20%
• All Salt tanks average change: 15%
• Notable: CO2 + Heat resulted in both fish having drastically
altered lateralization with one fish’s lateralization being
completely reversed. However, the CO2 + Heat + salt tank and
the CO2 + salt showed little change. As is expected with such
little data there appears to be some inconsistency.
22. T-Test-Percent of Time Turned Right
Data
Control Heat CO2 CO2 + Heat
Fish #1 Fish #1 Fish #1 Fish #1
30%
Before: 70% 10% Before: 70% 60% Before: 70% Change Before: 60% 30%
Change Change After: 40% Change
After: 80% After: 10% After: 90%
Fish #2 Fish #2 Fish #2 Fish #2
20% 10% Before: 20% 10% 50%
Before: 50% Change Before: 60% Change Change
Before: 30% Change
After: 30% After:70% After: 10% After: 80%
CO2 + Salt Salt +Heat Salt + Heat + CO2 Heat
Fish #1
Before: 80% 20% Fish #1 20% Fish #1 10% Omitted
After: 60% Change Before: 30% Change before: 70% Change
After: 10% after: 60%
Fish #2
Before: 80% No Fish #2 Fish #2
After: 80% Change Before: 50% 40% Before: 90% No
After:10% Change After: 90% Change
23. T-Test
I could find no consistency in the T-test turn
results so I can not make any conclusions until
I repeat my experiment.
24. T-Test-Percent of Time Turned Away From Net
Data
Control Heat CO2 CO2 + Heat
Fish #1 Fish #1 Fish #1 Fish #1
-33%
Before: 66% -16% Before: 100% 0% Before: 100% Change Before: 66% -0%
Change Change After: 66% Change
After: 50% After: 100% After: 66%
Fish #2 Fish #2 Fish #2 Fish #2
-17% 0% Before: 50% +33% -67%
Before: 83% Change Before: 83% Change Change
Before: 100% Change
After: 66% After: 83% After: 83% After: 33%
CO2 + Salt Salt +Heat Salt + Heat + CO2 Heat
Fish #1
Before: 66% -16% Fish #1 -33% Fish #1 -17% Omitted
After: 50% Change Before: 100% Change before: 83% Change
After: 66% after: 66%
Fish #2
Before: 100% -17% Fish #2 Fish #2
After: 83% Change Before: 100% 0% Before: 50% +33%
After: 100% Change After: 83% Change
25. Turkey baster tests #1 and #2
• All fish were attracted to the original turkey baster
after testing had started. I tested them 4 days into
experimental conditions and again 7 days into
experimentation with the same results both times.
• All fish were afraid to come up to the turkey baster
with the black tip when it was put into the water
initially. I tested them at 5 days and again at 7. At the 7
day test I added food to the baster and while the fish
came closer to it because they saw the food they were
still wary of it.
• No variation in results was seen for any fish
26. Conclusion
• Although very little can be determined from the data collected so far I found it more
important that I learned a lot about the process of scientific research.
• Improvements that could have been made:
• More tests could be run on the fish. So many tests that I planned to run were not run,
therefore; very few sets of data were left to analyze changes in the fish.
• I would use bigger tanks so that I could keep more than 2 fish in them. Even though I used 30
gallon sumps the 10 gallon main tanks I used did not allow for more than 2 fish without
deaths from fighting. Perhaps a good solution to this would be to use tank dividers.
• Higher quality heaters and pH controllers would have offered more accurate experimental
conditions. The funding for these expensive items was not there.
• I would like to run experimental conditions longer next time and test the fish several times
during this period to find out exactly how long after conditions are initiated that the fish
begin to be affected.