Reptiles of Pakistan and their distribution

1. Reptile’s
Reproduction & Development
1

2. Group Members
 Bisma Tanveer
 Maham Ijaz
 Areeha Ilyas
 Nida Nadeem
2

3.  Cold blooded.
 Can survive both on land and in water.
 Mostly lay eggs.
 Most lay eggs, none have hair or fur.
 All lack external ears.
Four main group of reptiles:
 Turtles
 Snakes
 Lizards
 Crocodiles
Introduction of Reptiles
3

4. AMNIOTIC EGG
 Amnion:
The innermost membrane of the fetal
membranes of amniotes; the sac in which the
embryo is suspended; protects the embryo from
shock and carries out hydration.
 Chorion:
Allows exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the embryo and the egg’s
external environment
 Allantois:
Membrane in an egg that stores
nitrogenous wastes produced by the embryo and
facilitates respiration.
Source:
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FdYND5LZ7KiQ%2Fmaxresdefault.jpg&imgrefurl
=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdYND5LZ7KiQ&tbnid=FUZNkIFlRpqeKM&vet=12ahUKEwiq8MPj8qL4A
hVD0YUKHS5oBBwQMygCegUIARDcAQ..i&docid=L0CgY4qF-
Zn9PM&w=1280&h=720&q=AMNIOTIC%20EGG&ved=2ahUKEwiq8MPj8qL4AhVD0YUKHS5oBBwQMygCegUIARDcAQ
5

5. Fertilization
 Most reptiles reproduce sexually and have internal fertilization.
 Males have one or two penises that pass sperm from their cloaca to
the cloaca of a female.
 Fertilization occurs within the cloaca, and fertilized eggs leave the
female’s body through the opening in the cloaca.
 In a minority of species, the eggs are retained inside the female’s body
until they hatch. Then the offspring leave the mother’s body through
the cloaca opening.
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6. Reproduction Methods
 Oviparous – egg layers
 Viviparous – live birth
 Ovoviviparous – eggs stay inside of mother until they
are ready to hatch, then the eggs hatch inside of the
mother and babies come out like live birth.
6

7. 7
Parthenogenesis
 Identified in 6 females, mostly in geckos.
 In this growth and development of an egg into an embryo occurs
without fertilization by males or sperm.
 All are females
 Low genetic diversity
 E.g. Mexico whiptail Lizard
Sourcee: https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nationalgeographic.org%2Fassets%2Fphotos%2F227%2F611%2Fab3c5d5b-534a-44be-b7f1-6376db25f778.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Farticle%2Fhow-asexual-lizard-procreates-alone%2F9th-
grade%2F&tbnid=N4aMCzrHwoFCyM&vet=12ahUKEwie1a2S9KX4AhVE4oUKHSQOD84QMygBegUIARCxAQ..i&docid=k5x_X0NuAVyv8M&w=2000&h=1325&q=mexico%20whiptail%20lizard&ved=2ahUKEwie1a2S9KX4AhVE4oUKHSQOD84QMygBegUIARCxAQ

8. Parental care
 Female turtle lay their eggs on
beaches and return to sea having
nothing to do with their young.
 Female Crocodile are protective of
their nest.
8
Source:
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fdr282zn36sxxg.cloudfront.net%2Fdatastreams%2Ff-
d%253Aca1fb4e21332f77edf7bfa929a3c243e5116775ec4247afd7ea00911%252BIMAGE_TINY%252BIMAGE_TINY.1&imgref
url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ck12.org%2Fbook%2Fck-12-biology-advanced-concepts%2Fsection%2F16.22%2F&tbnid=-
Qwlc9W3OowyRM&vet=12ahUKEwihi_Pn9aX4AhUBZvEDHVb1C6EQMygJegUIARDVAQ..i&docid=COqDNAoy0r1SUM&w=10
24&h=678&q=hatching%20of%20reptile%20egg&ved=2ahUKEwihi_Pn9aX4AhUBZvEDHVb1C6EQMygJegUIARDVAQ
Source
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.ctfassets.net%2Fx2t7lek2vf7h%2F4bEaIKThaGdXihCumh
2BjJ%2Faa9e56b299274a4b73efbf7f9eae685f%2F9246590097_4c4384570f_o_copy.png%3Fw%3D960%26h%3D540%26q%3D50
%26fm%3Dpng&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.smm.org%2Flearn%2Fbuild-an-alligator-nest&tbnid=-
zbv5_ks0Bo85M&vet=12ahUKEwiSuvHj9qX4AhUHBRoKHdMlAp8QMygKegUIARDJAQ..i&docid=n9eGXEiMufjp_M&w=960&h=5
40&q=protection%20of%20nest%20in%20female%20crocodile%20&ved=2ahUKEwiSuvHj9qX4AhUHBRoKHdMlAp8QMygKegUIA
RDJAQ

9. Turtles
 Turtles are oviparous.
 Female turtles lay eggs in a nest that they dig (usually in
sand).
 The females leave after laying eggs, no parental care.
Source
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fak.picdn.net%2Fshutterstock%2Fvideos%2F2
5694369%2Fthumb%2F1.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shutterstock.com%2Fvideo%2Fclip-
25694369-turtle-egg-concept-digging-hole-out-
eggs&tbnid=ufEF0jtWU2jVHM&vet=12ahUKEwiEp_jX86L4AhVGhc4BHfcHD4oQMygCegUIARC3AQ..i&doci
d=oF_Ag41fLY7BDM&w=852&h=480&q=turtle%20digging%20hole%20AND%20LAY%20EGGS&ved=2ahU
KEwiEp_jX86L4AhVGhc4BHfcHD4oQMygCegUIARC3AQ
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10. Turtle Eggs
 Eggs vary in size and amount.
 Turtles Eggs:
 Avg. 50 eggs
soft and hard shells
avg. 60 day incubation
Soft shell 30 day
Hard shell 18 months
Source
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FRWQURc4
yhpo%2Fmaxresdefault.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv
%3DRWQURc4yhpo&tbnid=hzVvissIxuXkUM&vet=12ahUKEwiOpuCc9KL4AhW8hM4BHeNpB
YQQMygDegUIARDXAQ..i&docid=4DN6dVHAE_LZdM&w=1280&h=720&q=EGG%20OF%20T
URTLE&ved=2ahUKEwiOpuCc9KL4AhW8hM4BHeNpBYQQMygDegUIARDXAQ
10

11. Turtle Mating
 Males plastron are usually concaved, so the male can
climb on the back of the female.
 Males uses his claws on the front limbs to grasp the
front edge of the females carapace.
Source
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwik
ipedia%2Fcommons%2Fe%2Feb%2FTurtles_mating.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fco
mmons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ATurtles_mating.jpg&tbnid=5SXHonGibjo8HM&
vet=12ahUKEwiz8bzy9KL4AhUaw4UKHQf0AlkQMygBegUIARDJAQ..i&docid=1fNsMOwbv
QDp2M&w=3038&h=2019&q=MATING%20OF%20TURTLE&ved=2ahUKEwiz8bzy9KL4Ah
Uaw4UKHQf0AlkQMygBegUIARDJAQ
1
1

12. Snakes
 Snakes may be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous.
 Most snakes are oviparous
 Snakes lay there eggs under rocks, hollow logs, in the ground, or
anywhere warm.
 Snakes also do not provide parental care.
12
Source:
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2
F736x%2Fcf%2F77%2F8b%2Fcf778ba17b774f418b036df95cf4a6ce.jpg&imgr
efurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F762656518125082820
%2F&tbnid=IO9zEIzc_AQiJM&vet=12ahUKEwj85fTCzan4AhUZNxoKHZLEAgU
QMygMegUIARDPAQ..i&docid=1BJq837R8wIyMM&w=736&h=1308&q=eggs%20of%20snakes&ved=2ahUKEwj85fTCzan4AhUZNxoKHZLEAgUQMygMegUIA RDPAQ

13. Mating
 The male and female will wrap around each other
until their cloacae are together.
 Females may hold the sperm for months until they
fertilize the egg.
13
Source:
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2Foriginals%2Ff3
%2F1e%2F20%2Ff31e20e7fcdfb1edf5ff129947866de9.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.
pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F403283341603084904%2F&tbnid=DDctg8k82EMxyM&vet=12ahUKE
wiW2ru4zqn4AhWAhc4BHTRQDrEQMygKegUIARC5AQ..i&docid=bokv9efeib8uHM&w=640&h
=383&q=mating%20of%20snakes&ved=2ahUKEwiW2ru4zqn4AhWAhc4BHTRQDrEQMygKegUI
ARC5AQ

14. Incubation
 The temperature of the environment controls how fast the
babies develop.
 Egg layers:
 30-50 days after mating
 lay 5 to 60 eggs
 10 to 100 babies
 Snakes get out of their eggs using a tooth on their snout to slice
the egg open called?
 Egg Tooth
14

15. Lizards
 Lizards are also OV, OVOV, and VIVI, but most are OV.
 Lizards lay eggs in holes dug in the soil.
 Dimorphism
 Definite difference you can see between the male and females.
15
Source
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fthumbs.dreamstime.com%2Fb%2Flizard-eggs-
lizard-eggs-bao-bolong-wetland-reserve-national-park-gambia-africa-
186109978.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dreamstime.com%2Fphotos-images%2Flizard-
eggs.html&tbnid=VrqAXsksqLa2fM&vet=12ahUKEwiIxcOQz6n4AhVEYxoKHYpdDQ4QMygBegUIARC-
AQ..i&docid=LFP5bgbj-Ccq-
M&w=800&h=450&q=lizards%20digging%20eggs&ved=2ahUKEwiIxcOQz6n4AhVEYxoKHYpdDQ4QMygBegUIAR
C-AQ

16. Mating
 Males attract females by displaying bright body colors, engage in
bobbing or body movements to attract the female.
 Once accepted by a female the male will grasp and bite the
female’s neck to hold her down.
 Females may hold or store sperm for long periods before
fertilization.
16
Source
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimage.shutterstock.com%2Fz%2Fstock-photo-
house-lizards-mating-on-a-white-wall-slight-noise-due-to-high-iso-shallow-depth-of-field-
628507703.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shutterstock.com%2Fimage-photo%2Fhouse-lizards-
mating-on-white-wall-628507703&tbnid=h59fWGUPwPB8OM&vet=12ahUKEwiHgZ7qz6n4AhVM-
YUKHRJHAI0QMygJegUIARD1AQ..i&docid=xY5NzOEl8rma3M&w=1500&h=1101&q=lizards%20MATING&ved
=2ahUKEwiHgZ7qz6n4AhVM-YUKHRJHAI0QMygJegUIARD1AQ

17. Lizard Incubation
 Small lizards (geckos and anoles):
 30 days
 lay 1-2 eggs
 Large Lizards (monitors)
 120 days
 50 eggs
 Lizards also have an egg tooth
17

18. Crocodilians
 Crocodilians are only oviparous
 Crocodilians court females like lizards, but they mate in the
water.
 Females build nest out of water
 Eggs are laid in nest and then covered up by the mother.
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SOURCE
ttps://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fingwelala.co.za%2Fimages%2Farticles%2Farticle_nesting_crocodile_02.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fingwelala.co.za%2Farchives%2Ffauna-
flora%2Fnesting-
crocodiles.html&tbnid=iQrUsdIiOZa3DM&vet=12ahUKEwii3azA0Kn4AhUTShoKHWodDOwQMyguegUIARCpAg..i&docid=FUhZR2iv7dLIcM&w=750&h=500&q=crocodiles%20nest%20in%20water&ved=2ahUKEwii3
azA0Kn4AhUTShoKHWodDOwQMyguegUIARCpAg

19. Incubations
 All crocodilians lay hard shell eggs.
 The amount of eggs laid depends on the age and size of the
female.
 Alligators:
 lay 20-30 eggs female.
 Crocs:
 lay 60-100 eggs
 Gharials:
 lay 40 eggs
 Youtube link:
 https://youtu.be/x2iQfPRseyg 19

20. 20
• Gauthier J.A. (1994): The diversification of the amniotes. In: D.R. Prothero and R.M. Schoch (ed.) Major
Features of Vertebrate Evolution: 129–159. Knoxville, Tennessee: The Paleontological Society.
• "Reptile Database News". www.reptile-database.org. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
• Ezcurra, M. D.; Scheyer, T. M.; Butler, R. J. (2014). "The origin and early evolution of Sauria: reassessing the
Permian saurian fossil record and the timing of the crocodile-lizard divergence". PLOS ONE. 9 (2):
e89165. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...989165E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089165. PMC 3937355. PMID 24586565.
• Sander, P. Martin (2012). "Reproduction in early amniotes". Science. 337 (6096): 806–
808. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..806S. doi:10.1126/science.1224301. PMID 22904001. S2CID 7041966.
• Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012). Reading the world : encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age. Chicago
London: The University of Chicago Press. p. 223;377. ISBN 9780226260709.
Websites links
• https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-
Guide/Reptiles#:~:text=Reptiles%20are%20a%20class%20of,give%20birth%20to%20live%20young.
• https://www.britannica.com/animal/reptile
• https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptile.
Articles
References