6. Biotechnology Now . . .
Bioinformatics
Goal: to increase
the understanding
of biological
processes.
Used to create a
database for the
Human Genome
Project.
http://www.sri.com/news/releases/01262011.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wki/Coning#Species_cloned
7. RECOMBINANT DNA
TECHNOLOGY
Green biotechnology
Biotechnology applied
to agricultural
processes.
Examples: designing
transgenic plants such
as Bt corn, which is
engineered to make its
own pesticides, using a
gene from Bacillus
thuringiensis.
http://www.mindfully.org/Farm/Green-Revolution-Bt-Roots.htm
9. Red biotechnology
Biotechnology applied
to medical processes.
Examples: organisms
are designed to
produce antibiotics or
drugs.
http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=INSULIN+PRODUCING+BACTERIA&hl=en&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-ca:IE-
SearchBox&rlz=1I7TSCA&biw=1280&bih=555&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=zw373OCeOd_skM:&imgrefurl=http://www.ied.edu.hk/biotech/eng/cla
ssrm/class_health5.html&docid=BfkQCKUyKXeYtM&imgurl=http://www.ied.edu.hk/biotech/eng/classrm/explain/health3.jpg&w=696&h=507&ei=V6-
sToCwEuaUiAKp5LWvCw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=974&vpy=136&dur=2901&hovh=192&hovw=263&tx=118&ty=95&sig=112479492059546291295&pa
ge=1&tbnh=108&tbnw=148&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0
10.
11.
12. Viral Transduction
Bacterial DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transduction_(ge
netics)
13. Bacterial Conjugation
One bacteria transfers beneficial DNA to another. Example: gene that codes for antibiotic
resistance.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation
15. History of Recombinant DNA
1972 - The idea for recombinant DNA was first proposed by Peter
Lobban, a graduate student at Stanford University Medical School.
1972 -73 - The first publications describing the successful production and
intracellular replication of recombinant DNA appeared.
1974 – Patent on recombinant DNA was awarded in 1980.
1982 - The first licensed drug generated using recombinant DNA
technology was human insulin, developed by Genentech and Licensed by
Eli Lilly and Company.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DN
A#History_of_recombinant_DNA
16. APPROVED COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS STILL IN DEVELOPMENT
Herbicide tolerance Soybean Glyphosate herbicide
(Roundup) tolerance Vitamin enrichment Rice Three genes for the
conferred by expression of a manufacture of beta-
glyphosate-tolerant form of carotene, a precursor to
the plant enzyme 5- vitamin A, in the
enolpyruvylshikimate-3- endosperm of the rice
phosphate synthase (EPSPS) prevent its removal (from
isolated from the soil husks) during milling
bacterium Agrobacterium
tumefaciens, strain CP4
Vaccines Tobacco Hepatitis B virus surface
antigen (HBsAg)
produced in transgenic
Insect resistance Corn Resistance to insect pests, tobacco induces immune
specifically the European response when injected
corn borer, through into mice
expression of the insecticidal
protein Cry1Ab from Bacillus Oral vaccines Maize Fusion protein (F) from
thuringiensis Newcastle disease virus
(NDV) expressed in corn
Altered fatty acid Canola High laurate levels achieved seeds induces an immune
composition by inserting the gene for ACP response when fed to
thioesterase from the chickens
California bay tree
Umbellularia californica Faster maturation Coho A type 1 growth hormone
salmon gene injected into
fertilized fish eggs results
Virus resistance Plum Resistance to plum pox virus in 6.2% retention of the
conferred by insertion of a vector at one year of age,
coat protein (CP) gene from as well as significantly
the virus increased growth rates
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-and-732
17. Applications:
The GloFish is a patented and
trademarked brand of
genetically modified (GM)
fluorescent zebrafish with
bright red, green, orange-
yellow, blue, and purple
fluorescent colors.
One of the first genetically
modified animals to become
publicly available as a pet.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GloFish
18. Cow Growth Hormone is inserted into
fish DNA to make the fish grow larger.
(Not yet on the market.)
http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=trout&hl=en&rls=com.microsoft:en-ca:IE-
http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=cow&hl=en&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-ca:IE- SearchBox&rlz=1I7TSCA&biw=1280&bih=555&tbm=isch&tbnid=E8Hnrt3CCDQgmM:&imgrefurl=http://de
SearchBox&rlz=1I7TSCA&biw=1280&bih=555&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=_SDNrUep3A- tlaphiltdic.blogspot.com/2011/01/experts-predict-climb-in-grizzly.html&docid=O5GuIQMv-
qKM:&imgrefurl=http://www.mad-cow.net/&docid=L1o1IRfveKp0PM&imgurl=http://www.mad- I9vEM&imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_xs9T-jlzwhA/TTgA6L8mrfI/AAAAAAAApaI/qQ_8Uz-
_lKU/s1600/Cutthroat%25252BTrout.jpg&w=739&h=359&ei=T8qtTv-TAbDZiAK02uHsCg&zoom=1
cow.net/images/cow.jpg&w=2304&h=1728&ei=NcmtTs67CMeJiAKo7_nnCg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=428&
vpy=195&dur=78&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=155&ty=149&sig=112479492059546291295&page=1&tbnh=
158&tbnw=218&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0
22. Cow DNA containing gene for bovine growth hormone (bGH):
DESIRED
GENE
(bGH gene)
Cow DNA Recognition sites
23. Eco R1 (Restriction enzyme)
bGH gene
BGH gene is removed by restriction enzymes.
Sticky ends result.
24. bGH gene
from cow
Fish DNA cut with same restriction
enzyme to create the same sticky
ends.
Fish DNA
Sticky ends of bGH gene complement sticky ends on fish DNA.
25. Ligase joins the sticky ends.
Chimeric DNA results: fish DNA with a cow gene for growth incorporated.
30. 1. Plasmid DNA and
human DNA are 2. Sticky ends on
treated with the same the human DNA
restriction enzyme. containing the
insulin gene are
complementary to
sticky ends on the
plasmid.
3. Ligase is used to
join sticky ends.
4. Bacteria containing
plasmid with human
insulin gene makes
insulin.
37. RFLP’s are the result of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR’s).
http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=vntrs&hl=en&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-ca:IE-
SearchBox&rlz=1I7TSCA&biw=1280&bih=555&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=xiVGDX4BuL9HlM:&imgrefurl=http://www.ucm.es/info/genetica/grupod/Cromoeuc/cromoeuc.htm&
docid=AU1zekKi7wfekM&imgurl=http://www.ucm.es/info/genetica/grupod/Cromoeuc/vntr1.jpg&w=513&h=345&ei=EBi3TuDHIIiZiAKMo6jFDQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=78&sig=11
2479492059546291295&page=1&tbnh=102&tbnw=152&start=0&ndsp=22&ved=1t:429,r:11,s:0&tx=97&ty=-14
