This document discusses reproductive disorders of farm animals. It describes various anatomical, structural, and functional defects that can cause infertility or sterility. Anatomical defects include congenital conditions like aplasia of the ovary or fallopian tubes. Functional disorders involve issues like anestrus, cystic ovarian degeneration, and retained corpus luteum. Infectious causes of reproductive problems include conditions like pyometra and fetal maceration. The document provides detailed explanations and treatments for many of the discussed reproductive disorders that impact farm animals.
This document discusses reproductive disorders of farm animals. It describes anatomical, functional, and infectious causes of infertility and sterility. Anatomical defects can be congenital, such as freemartins in cattle twins, or acquired, like ovarian cysts. Functional disorders include anestrus, subestrus, and ovulatory defects. Infectious causes lead to conditions like pyometra and fetal maceration. The document provides details on various disorders and their symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
The document discusses several congenital defects including anal atresia, rectovaginal fistula, and dermoid cyst. It describes the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and surgical treatment for each condition. Anal atresia is a birth defect involving absence of the anal opening. Rectovaginal fistula is an abnormal connection between the rectum and vagina. Dermoid cyst is a rare skin cyst containing hair follicles and glands that occurs due to failure of embryonic closure.
مشاكل تناسلية تحدث بعد الولادة وكيفية التعامل معهاhamed attia
1. The document discusses various postpartum complications including perineal rupture, retained placenta, uterine prolapse, and uterine and vaginal rupture.
2. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, and treatments for several common postpartum infections and diseases such as puerperal bacterial intoxication, septi metritis, puerperal necrosis, puerperal tetanus, and vaginitis and vulvitis.
3. The postpartum complications covered range from physical injuries to infections caused by various bacteria that can enter the uterus and genital tract during or after birth.
This document discusses ovarian cysts in cattle. It begins by defining ovarian cysts as fluid-filled sacs arising from the ovary that are usually over 25mm in diameter. The two main types of physiologic ovarian cysts are follicular cysts, which form when a follicle does not rupture to release an egg, and corpus luteum cysts, which form if the corpus luteum does not dissolve after ovulation. Pathologic cysts can cause pain, infertility, or torsion of the cyst. The document then discusses various types of pathologic cysts and differences between benign and malignant ovarian cysts in cattle. Treatment options for follicular cysts in cattle include GnRH or PGF2α to induce ovulation or
This document provides an overview of endometriosis, including its definition, pathology, clinical diagnosis, differential diagnosis, relationship to endometrial cancer and menopause, etiologies and theories, and treatment options. Key points include that endometriosis is the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, which can cause pelvic pain and infertility. Diagnosis involves physical exam and laparoscopy with biopsy. Treatment involves medications like danazol or GnRH agonists to suppress hormones, or surgery to remove endometrial lesions and adhesions. Recurrence is common without continued treatment.
This document discusses various hormonal causes of infertility in cattle, including ovarian atrophy, follicular atresia, silent heat, delayed ovulation, ovarian cysts, and persistent corpus luteum. Ovarian atresia occurs when follicles fail to grow and ovulate due to hormonal imbalances. Ovarian cysts develop from unovulated follicles and can cause anestrum. Persistent corpus luteum refers to the corpus luteum persisting beyond its normal lifespan, also resulting in anestrum. Diagnosis and treatment options aim to induce ovulation or luteinization and reestablish normal estrus cycles. Left untreated, these hormonal issues can increase costs through extended calving intervals and reduced fertility.
This document discusses several infectious diseases that can affect pregnancy, including syphilis, tuberculosis, rubella, toxoplasmosis, and malaria. Syphilis can cause abortions, stillbirths, or congenital syphilis in infants if not treated before 16 weeks of pregnancy. Tuberculosis generally does not affect pregnancy outcomes but is treated with antibiotics. Rubella infection in the first trimester can cause fetal anomalies. Toxoplasmosis and malaria pose risks of abortion, preterm birth, or fetal growth problems if acquired during pregnancy.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
This document discusses reproductive disorders of farm animals. It describes anatomical, functional, and infectious causes of infertility and sterility. Anatomical defects can be congenital, such as freemartins in cattle twins, or acquired, like ovarian cysts. Functional disorders include anestrus, subestrus, and ovulatory defects. Infectious causes lead to conditions like pyometra and fetal maceration. The document provides details on various disorders and their symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
The document discusses several congenital defects including anal atresia, rectovaginal fistula, and dermoid cyst. It describes the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and surgical treatment for each condition. Anal atresia is a birth defect involving absence of the anal opening. Rectovaginal fistula is an abnormal connection between the rectum and vagina. Dermoid cyst is a rare skin cyst containing hair follicles and glands that occurs due to failure of embryonic closure.
مشاكل تناسلية تحدث بعد الولادة وكيفية التعامل معهاhamed attia
1. The document discusses various postpartum complications including perineal rupture, retained placenta, uterine prolapse, and uterine and vaginal rupture.
2. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, and treatments for several common postpartum infections and diseases such as puerperal bacterial intoxication, septi metritis, puerperal necrosis, puerperal tetanus, and vaginitis and vulvitis.
3. The postpartum complications covered range from physical injuries to infections caused by various bacteria that can enter the uterus and genital tract during or after birth.
This document discusses ovarian cysts in cattle. It begins by defining ovarian cysts as fluid-filled sacs arising from the ovary that are usually over 25mm in diameter. The two main types of physiologic ovarian cysts are follicular cysts, which form when a follicle does not rupture to release an egg, and corpus luteum cysts, which form if the corpus luteum does not dissolve after ovulation. Pathologic cysts can cause pain, infertility, or torsion of the cyst. The document then discusses various types of pathologic cysts and differences between benign and malignant ovarian cysts in cattle. Treatment options for follicular cysts in cattle include GnRH or PGF2α to induce ovulation or
This document provides an overview of endometriosis, including its definition, pathology, clinical diagnosis, differential diagnosis, relationship to endometrial cancer and menopause, etiologies and theories, and treatment options. Key points include that endometriosis is the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, which can cause pelvic pain and infertility. Diagnosis involves physical exam and laparoscopy with biopsy. Treatment involves medications like danazol or GnRH agonists to suppress hormones, or surgery to remove endometrial lesions and adhesions. Recurrence is common without continued treatment.
This document discusses various hormonal causes of infertility in cattle, including ovarian atrophy, follicular atresia, silent heat, delayed ovulation, ovarian cysts, and persistent corpus luteum. Ovarian atresia occurs when follicles fail to grow and ovulate due to hormonal imbalances. Ovarian cysts develop from unovulated follicles and can cause anestrum. Persistent corpus luteum refers to the corpus luteum persisting beyond its normal lifespan, also resulting in anestrum. Diagnosis and treatment options aim to induce ovulation or luteinization and reestablish normal estrus cycles. Left untreated, these hormonal issues can increase costs through extended calving intervals and reduced fertility.
This document discusses several infectious diseases that can affect pregnancy, including syphilis, tuberculosis, rubella, toxoplasmosis, and malaria. Syphilis can cause abortions, stillbirths, or congenital syphilis in infants if not treated before 16 weeks of pregnancy. Tuberculosis generally does not affect pregnancy outcomes but is treated with antibiotics. Rubella infection in the first trimester can cause fetal anomalies. Toxoplasmosis and malaria pose risks of abortion, preterm birth, or fetal growth problems if acquired during pregnancy.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Brucellosis is an enzootic infection (i.e. endemic in animal) caused by Gram-negative bacilli.
Infected animals may excrete Brucella spp, in their milk for prolonged periods and human infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated dairy products (especially unpasteurised milk), uncooked meat or offal.
Animal urine, faeces, vaginal discharge and uterine products may transmit infection through abraded skin or via splashes and aerosols to the respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
This document provides information on fibroids including their incidence, etiology, risk factors, symptoms, natural history, degenerative changes, diagnosis, effects on fertility and pregnancy, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that fibroids are benign tumors of the uterus that affect 5-20% of women during their reproductive years and discusses genetic, hormonal, and growth factors that contribute to their development. Common symptoms include abnormal uterine bleeding and pain. Treatment options include watchful waiting, medical therapy such as NSAIDs and GnRH agonists, and surgical options like myomectomy and uterine artery embolization.
Clubfoot is a birth defect where one or both feet are twisted into an abnormal position. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors and affects males more than females. Treatment involves stretching the feet into correct position with casting or taping and bracing to maintain correction. Parents are taught exercises and bracing is worn long-term to prevent recurrence. Nursing focuses on monitoring for skin issues from casting, teaching parents exercises and brace use, and supporting the child's development.
This document discusses various infectious causes of infertility in domestic animals. It describes diseases such as endometritis, metritis, pyometra, cervicitis, vaginitis, granular vulvovaginitis, oophoritis, and puerperal metritis. Specific infectious agents that can cause infertility are also mentioned, including Brucellosis, IBR-IPV, Trichomoniasis, Vibriosis, Leptospirosis, and Listeriosis. For each disease, the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are summarized. The document provides an overview of the main infectious factors that can negatively impact fertility in domestic livestock.
Recent trends in the mnagement of fibrioddrmcbansal
This document discusses recent advances in fibroid management. It summarizes that fibroids are benign tumors arising from the uterus that can be single or multiple. Recent research shows specific genetic mutations are associated with fibroids. Treatment options discussed include medical management using drugs like NSAIDs, IUDs, and danazol, as well as surgical options like myomectomy, hysterectomy, and newer minimally invasive procedures like uterine artery embolization and radiofrequency ablation.
This document discusses congenital anomalies, or birth defects, that can occur in calves. It covers the etiology, or causes, of birth defects including genetic factors, viral infections, nutritional deficiencies, toxins from poisonous plants, and other environmental factors. The key periods of susceptibility to teratogens, or birth defect-causing agents, are discussed. Common birth defects affecting the musculoskeletal, nervous, digestive, and other body systems are described. The pathogenesis, or mechanism of development, of certain defects related to factors like viruses, toxins, and inherited conditions is explained. Clinical signs, treatment approaches, and differential diagnosis of birth defects in calves are also summarized.
Diseases responsible for blindness in cattle DR AMEER HAMZA
This document describes diseases that can cause blindness in cattle, including Listeriosis/Circling Disease. It provides details on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of Listeriosis/Circling Disease. Key information includes: Listeria monocytogenes is the causative bacteria; it is found in soil, plants and feces and spreads through contaminated feed; clinical signs include depression, circling, facial paralysis; lesions are found in the brainstem; diagnosis involves isolating Listeria from brain tissue or aborted fetuses. Differential diagnosis includes other conditions presenting with circling or cranial nerve deficits like rabies.
Pruritus, or itching, affects up to 20% of pregnant women and can be caused by various dermatological conditions that are unique to pregnancy. Some of the main causes discussed in the document include pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP), pemphigoid gestationis, atopic eruption of pregnancy, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. PUPPP presents as papules and plaques on the abdomen and thighs that resolve after delivery, while pemphigoid gestationis involves blistering and can recur in future pregnancies. Treatment for the conditions typically involves topical corticosteroids and antihistamines, with systemic cort
This document discusses various causes of impotentia coeundi (inability to copulate) in male animals. It covers conditions like gonitis, coxitis, balanoposthitis, phimosis, paraphimosis, priapism, and ruptured penis that can damage joints or genitals and prevent successful mating. Surgical correction or extended sexual rest may help treat some physical issues, while others like short penis may be untreatable congenital conditions.
This document discusses multiple pregnancies, specifically twins. It defines twins as the development of two fetuses and provides classifications for higher order multiples such as triplets, quadruplets, etc. It then distinguishes between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins, noting their genetic and physical differences. Risk factors, diagnostic methods, management during pregnancy and delivery are outlined. Complications specific to twin pregnancies are also mentioned.
Endometriosis is a medical condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, commonly in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining. It affects 6-10% of women and causes pain, irregular bleeding, and infertility. The exact cause is unknown but theories include retrograde menstruation, genetic factors, and environmental toxins. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, ultrasound, MRI, and laparoscopy to visualize lesions. Stages range from minimal to severe based on location, size, and depth of implants. Treatment focuses on pain management and hormone therapy to suppress menstruation. Differential diagnoses include pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, and uterine fibroids.
This document discusses the clinical management of anestrum, or lack of estrus cycles, in cows. It begins by classifying anestrum cases based on the presence or absence of a corpus luteum on the ovaries. Causes of anestrum include hereditary conditions, low nutrition, aging, disease, pregnancy, functional anestrum (silent heat), persistent corpus luteum, and cystic ovaries. The document provides details on diagnosing and treating each cause, with an emphasis on improving nutrition, synchronization of estrus, and use of prostaglandins or GnRH to resolve persistent structures and resume estrus cycles.
prevalence of fasciola hepatica in domesticated animal and its control and pr...manojj123
Fasciola hepatica, or the liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects livestock like cattle and sheep and causes significant economic losses. It has a complex lifecycle involving an intermediate snail host and affects animals by causing anemia, weight loss, and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining feces for eggs of the parasite. Treatment of infected animals includes dewormers like albendazole or triclabendazole. Preventing exposure by controlling snail populations and removing animals from flooded pastures can also limit the spread of this parasitic infection.
An effective tretment of warts in cattle by using autogenous vaccine copysaravana1972
- Bovine papillomatosis, caused by the bovine papilloma virus, causes warts on cattle that can reduce growth, milk yield, and value.
- An autogenous vaccine was developed from samples of warts on an infected heifer and administered subcutaneously every 7 days for 6 weeks.
- This treatment resulted in the sloughing off of all warts within 6 weeks and complete recovery of the heifer, demonstrating the effectiveness of the autogenous vaccine for treating warts in cattle.
Epidemiology of kfd, brucellosis and leptospirosisNamita Batra
Kyasanur forest disease was first discovered in 1955 when monkeys died in large numbers in a forest in Karnataka, India. Investigation found the virus was transmitted by ticks to both monkeys and humans. The disease causes sudden onset of fever and severe muscle pain. Prevention focuses on tick control, vaccination, and personal protective measures like tick checks and adequate clothing. Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis spread between animals and humans. It is endemic where livestock are raised and causes intermittent fever and sweating. Prevention centers on controlling the disease in animals through testing, vaccination, and hygiene, as well as pasteurizing milk. Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria spread through contact with infected animal urine. It ranges
Causes of outbreak of an abortion in goats during the scarcity of green fodderDR AMEER HAMZA
This document provides information about causes of abortion in goats during scarcity of green fodder, including enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens types C and D, stress due to high temperatures, and exposure to toxic plants. It describes the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, treatment, and prevention for each cause. Enterotoxemia is discussed in depth, with the bacteria proliferating after ingestion of carbohydrate-rich feeds, producing toxins that damage neurons and cause toxemia. Clinical signs include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and death within hours. Treatment involves antibiotics, fluids, and antitoxins. Vaccination and slow feed changes are recommended for prevention.
Fetal causes of dystocia in farm animals include fetal oversize due to absolute or relative disproportion between the fetus and birth canal, fetal defects such as ascites, anasarca, hydrocephalus, and fetal death resulting in emphysema of the fetus. Fetal maldispositions involving abnormal presentation, position, or posture of the fetus can also cause dystocia.
This document discusses cleft lip and cleft palate. It begins by defining cleft lip and cleft palate as facial malformations that occur during early fetal development due to failed fusion of tissues. It notes the incidence of each condition and potential risk factors like medications and environmental exposures. The document outlines the types of cleft lip and palate and describes the multi-stage surgical and non-surgical treatments required from infancy through adolescence to correct the conditions.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
This document provides information on fibroids including their incidence, etiology, risk factors, symptoms, natural history, degenerative changes, diagnosis, effects on fertility and pregnancy, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that fibroids are benign tumors of the uterus that affect 5-20% of women during their reproductive years and discusses genetic, hormonal, and growth factors that contribute to their development. Common symptoms include abnormal uterine bleeding and pain. Treatment options include watchful waiting, medical therapy such as NSAIDs and GnRH agonists, and surgical options like myomectomy and uterine artery embolization.
Clubfoot is a birth defect where one or both feet are twisted into an abnormal position. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors and affects males more than females. Treatment involves stretching the feet into correct position with casting or taping and bracing to maintain correction. Parents are taught exercises and bracing is worn long-term to prevent recurrence. Nursing focuses on monitoring for skin issues from casting, teaching parents exercises and brace use, and supporting the child's development.
This document discusses various infectious causes of infertility in domestic animals. It describes diseases such as endometritis, metritis, pyometra, cervicitis, vaginitis, granular vulvovaginitis, oophoritis, and puerperal metritis. Specific infectious agents that can cause infertility are also mentioned, including Brucellosis, IBR-IPV, Trichomoniasis, Vibriosis, Leptospirosis, and Listeriosis. For each disease, the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are summarized. The document provides an overview of the main infectious factors that can negatively impact fertility in domestic livestock.
Recent trends in the mnagement of fibrioddrmcbansal
This document discusses recent advances in fibroid management. It summarizes that fibroids are benign tumors arising from the uterus that can be single or multiple. Recent research shows specific genetic mutations are associated with fibroids. Treatment options discussed include medical management using drugs like NSAIDs, IUDs, and danazol, as well as surgical options like myomectomy, hysterectomy, and newer minimally invasive procedures like uterine artery embolization and radiofrequency ablation.
This document discusses congenital anomalies, or birth defects, that can occur in calves. It covers the etiology, or causes, of birth defects including genetic factors, viral infections, nutritional deficiencies, toxins from poisonous plants, and other environmental factors. The key periods of susceptibility to teratogens, or birth defect-causing agents, are discussed. Common birth defects affecting the musculoskeletal, nervous, digestive, and other body systems are described. The pathogenesis, or mechanism of development, of certain defects related to factors like viruses, toxins, and inherited conditions is explained. Clinical signs, treatment approaches, and differential diagnosis of birth defects in calves are also summarized.
Diseases responsible for blindness in cattle DR AMEER HAMZA
This document describes diseases that can cause blindness in cattle, including Listeriosis/Circling Disease. It provides details on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of Listeriosis/Circling Disease. Key information includes: Listeria monocytogenes is the causative bacteria; it is found in soil, plants and feces and spreads through contaminated feed; clinical signs include depression, circling, facial paralysis; lesions are found in the brainstem; diagnosis involves isolating Listeria from brain tissue or aborted fetuses. Differential diagnosis includes other conditions presenting with circling or cranial nerve deficits like rabies.
Pruritus, or itching, affects up to 20% of pregnant women and can be caused by various dermatological conditions that are unique to pregnancy. Some of the main causes discussed in the document include pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP), pemphigoid gestationis, atopic eruption of pregnancy, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. PUPPP presents as papules and plaques on the abdomen and thighs that resolve after delivery, while pemphigoid gestationis involves blistering and can recur in future pregnancies. Treatment for the conditions typically involves topical corticosteroids and antihistamines, with systemic cort
This document discusses various causes of impotentia coeundi (inability to copulate) in male animals. It covers conditions like gonitis, coxitis, balanoposthitis, phimosis, paraphimosis, priapism, and ruptured penis that can damage joints or genitals and prevent successful mating. Surgical correction or extended sexual rest may help treat some physical issues, while others like short penis may be untreatable congenital conditions.
This document discusses multiple pregnancies, specifically twins. It defines twins as the development of two fetuses and provides classifications for higher order multiples such as triplets, quadruplets, etc. It then distinguishes between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins, noting their genetic and physical differences. Risk factors, diagnostic methods, management during pregnancy and delivery are outlined. Complications specific to twin pregnancies are also mentioned.
Endometriosis is a medical condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, commonly in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining. It affects 6-10% of women and causes pain, irregular bleeding, and infertility. The exact cause is unknown but theories include retrograde menstruation, genetic factors, and environmental toxins. Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, ultrasound, MRI, and laparoscopy to visualize lesions. Stages range from minimal to severe based on location, size, and depth of implants. Treatment focuses on pain management and hormone therapy to suppress menstruation. Differential diagnoses include pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, and uterine fibroids.
This document discusses the clinical management of anestrum, or lack of estrus cycles, in cows. It begins by classifying anestrum cases based on the presence or absence of a corpus luteum on the ovaries. Causes of anestrum include hereditary conditions, low nutrition, aging, disease, pregnancy, functional anestrum (silent heat), persistent corpus luteum, and cystic ovaries. The document provides details on diagnosing and treating each cause, with an emphasis on improving nutrition, synchronization of estrus, and use of prostaglandins or GnRH to resolve persistent structures and resume estrus cycles.
prevalence of fasciola hepatica in domesticated animal and its control and pr...manojj123
Fasciola hepatica, or the liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects livestock like cattle and sheep and causes significant economic losses. It has a complex lifecycle involving an intermediate snail host and affects animals by causing anemia, weight loss, and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining feces for eggs of the parasite. Treatment of infected animals includes dewormers like albendazole or triclabendazole. Preventing exposure by controlling snail populations and removing animals from flooded pastures can also limit the spread of this parasitic infection.
An effective tretment of warts in cattle by using autogenous vaccine copysaravana1972
- Bovine papillomatosis, caused by the bovine papilloma virus, causes warts on cattle that can reduce growth, milk yield, and value.
- An autogenous vaccine was developed from samples of warts on an infected heifer and administered subcutaneously every 7 days for 6 weeks.
- This treatment resulted in the sloughing off of all warts within 6 weeks and complete recovery of the heifer, demonstrating the effectiveness of the autogenous vaccine for treating warts in cattle.
Epidemiology of kfd, brucellosis and leptospirosisNamita Batra
Kyasanur forest disease was first discovered in 1955 when monkeys died in large numbers in a forest in Karnataka, India. Investigation found the virus was transmitted by ticks to both monkeys and humans. The disease causes sudden onset of fever and severe muscle pain. Prevention focuses on tick control, vaccination, and personal protective measures like tick checks and adequate clothing. Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis spread between animals and humans. It is endemic where livestock are raised and causes intermittent fever and sweating. Prevention centers on controlling the disease in animals through testing, vaccination, and hygiene, as well as pasteurizing milk. Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria spread through contact with infected animal urine. It ranges
Causes of outbreak of an abortion in goats during the scarcity of green fodderDR AMEER HAMZA
This document provides information about causes of abortion in goats during scarcity of green fodder, including enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens types C and D, stress due to high temperatures, and exposure to toxic plants. It describes the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, treatment, and prevention for each cause. Enterotoxemia is discussed in depth, with the bacteria proliferating after ingestion of carbohydrate-rich feeds, producing toxins that damage neurons and cause toxemia. Clinical signs include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and death within hours. Treatment involves antibiotics, fluids, and antitoxins. Vaccination and slow feed changes are recommended for prevention.
Fetal causes of dystocia in farm animals include fetal oversize due to absolute or relative disproportion between the fetus and birth canal, fetal defects such as ascites, anasarca, hydrocephalus, and fetal death resulting in emphysema of the fetus. Fetal maldispositions involving abnormal presentation, position, or posture of the fetus can also cause dystocia.
This document discusses cleft lip and cleft palate. It begins by defining cleft lip and cleft palate as facial malformations that occur during early fetal development due to failed fusion of tissues. It notes the incidence of each condition and potential risk factors like medications and environmental exposures. The document outlines the types of cleft lip and palate and describes the multi-stage surgical and non-surgical treatments required from infancy through adolescence to correct the conditions.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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3. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
3
In simple language this can be defined as disease affecting
reproduction. In other words it is any condition that leads
to infertility or sterility.
Infertility: inability to produce viable young one
within a stipulated period characteristic to that
species.
Sterility: Complete inability to produce due to some
permanent factors.
The reproductive diseases can be broadly classified into
three categories: Anatomical or Structural defects
B. Functional Defect
C. Infectious Causes
4. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
4
Congenital Acquired
a Aplasia/absence of ovary a Ovaro-bursal adhesion
b Hypoplasia of ovary b Adhesion of uterus
c White heifer disease c Prolapse of cervical
rings
d Double cervix and external os d Fracture of pelvis
e Agenesis or aplasia of fallopian
tube
e Ovarian tumor
f Atresia of vulva f Vulval tumor
g Hermaphrodite
h Freemartins
ANATOMICAL/STRUCTURAL DEFECT
Anatomical or structural defect could be congenital or acquired
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REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
5
Congenital Defects:
1.Aplasia of ovary:
Means complete lack of development of the ovary. It can
be unilateral or bilateral. If bilateral the animal will be
sterile. In case of unilateral aplasia the animal may
reproduce but the animal will be infertile and it is not
economically viable to maintain such an animal.
2.Hypoplasia of the ovary:
Means incomplete development and the organ is very small.
It could be unilateral or bilateral, complete or partial.
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REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
6
3.Freemartins:
Occurs in the female member of heterosexual twin in
which allantois-chorionic membranes of the twins fuse
early during embryonic development (as early as 30
days, prior to development of reproductive organs).
fusion allows an exchange of blood between the twins.
Freemartin is noticed in cattle, sheep, goat, pigs but
not in horse, human, monkey dog and cat as vascular
anastomosis occurs after sexual differentiation in
these species.
Clitoris is enlarged
and tuft of hairs at
tip of the vulva is
more prominent.
7. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
7
4.Agenesis or aplasia of F. tube
It could be unilateral or bilateral, complete or
segmental.
5.Atresia of vulva/ Narrow vulva:
The Vulval opening may be absent which has to be
corrected surgically. In case of narrow vulva there will
be normal pregnancy but will lead to dystocia during
parturition. This can be corrected through episiotomy.
6.Intersexuality (hermaphrodite)
is a situation in which the sexuality of an individual is
confused by the presence of anatomical structures of
both sexes.
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REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
8
This condition is classified as-
True hermaphrodite- has both male and female gonads
which may be either separate or combined as ovo-testes.
It has been found in horse, goat, cow and pig. Common in
pig and goat than in other species.
Pseudo hermaphrodite
Pseudo hermaphrodite is an individual that has the
external genitalia of one sex, but the internal sex organs
of the other.
It has been observed in pig, goat and dogs.
9. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
9
7.Segmental Aplasia Of Mullerian Duct/White Heifer
Disease
The disease may constitute an imperforate hymen and
segmental aplasia of the uterus. Absence of anterior
part of the vagina, cervix or the uterine body and horns
(Absence of one horn is called uterus unicornis) are a
common feature in this case.
The defect is associated with single recessive sex limited
gene with linkage to white coat color and commonly found
in white shorthorn heifers.
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REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
10
8.Para Ovarian Cysts:
Around 1 cm in d.m. and adjacent to ovary in the
mesosalpinx and may press lumen of the oviduct
Cysts Of Gartner's Duct
two in number in cow and located
beneath the mucosa of the floor of
the vagina.
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REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
11
2.Acquired Defects: -
1. Ovaro-bursal adhesion may be due to following
conditions:
a. Infectious causes e.g. extension of
peritonitis due to traumatic
reticulitis into the Ovaro-bursal area.
Fibrous strand of varying thickness
extends from fimbriae or bursa to ovary.
ii. Peritoneal tuberculosis
iii. Defective manipulation of ovaries like enucleating of
C.L leading to bleeding and adhesion.
12. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
12
Adhesion of uterus:
Adhesion of uterus to omentum, intestine or to
abdominal wall may occur following caesarean operation.
Stenosis of Cervix:
may occur as a result of severe cervicitis or due to
traumatic injuries. Forceful introduction of AI gun also
leads to this condition.
Fracture of pelvis:
This leads to malignment of the pelvis. This increases the
chances of dystocia.
Tumors:
of the vagina, cervix and uterus causing obstruction.
13. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
13
FUNCTIONAL/ PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
usually affects individual animals in a herd. But, in
aggregate it constitutes an important cause of
infertility, related to endocrinological disturbances
influenced by heredity, diseases, nutrition and stress.
Functional form of Infertility includes problems like;
Anestrus,
sub estrus/ silent heat,
Ovulatory defects like Delayed ovulation, Anovulation,
Cystic Ovarian degeneration (COD).
COD was reported to be most common cause of infertility
followed by subestrus, anestrus and anovulation /
delayed ovulation.
14. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
14
1.Anestrus:
is a condition when an animal doesn't come to heat and
is the most common condition affecting fertility in
cattle.
A. True Anestrus:
is when ovary is non-functional and will be devoid of any
palpable structures. Anestrus is most commonly observed
after parturition and post service when conception does
not occur.
Causes:
Inadequate or lack of pituitary hormone.
Malnutrition. This is the most common cause of anestrus.
Inadequate level of carbohydrate, proteins, minerals like P, Cu, Co,
Fe etc., and vitamins like vitamin A.
15. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
15
Chronic debilitating diseases such as heavy
Endoparasitism.
Seasonal influences
Anestrus are more common during the winters.
Treatment:
A. Improved nutrition
Cereals, concentrates and mineral mixtures.
Periodic deworming.
B. GnRH - Inj. Buserelin (Receptal) - 5 ml I/m.
C. CIDR 1.9 g of Progesterone for 7-12 days + PGF2a
during removal of implant.
Oestrus occurs 48-96 hours after its removal and the
cows should be inseminated at 48 and 72 hours.
D. Norgestomet s/c implant +5mg E2 for 9-10 days.
Estrus@2-3 days after removal-AI (48-72hrs later)
16. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
16
B. Anoestrus Due To Persistent Corpus
Luteum/Pathological Anestrus
Corpus Luteum is responsible for maintenance of
pregnancy through progesterone it secretes. It is
functional and persists on the ovary only during
pregnancy if not it regresses. If it persists in non
pregnant animals it is termed as PCL or Retained CL.
Retained CL is often associated with other pathological
conditions of the uterus, which causes the uterus to
react as gravid uterus.
I) Mummification
ii) Maceration
iii) Pyometra
iv) Early embryonic death.
v) Luteal cyst
17. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
17
1. Mummification:
It is a condition wherein the fetal fluid and soft tissue is
reabsorbed leaving just a mass of bone and skin tightly
enclosed by the contracted uterine walls.
18. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
18
Causes:
No definitively known cause. Various theories are:
1.Genetic factor
2.Infection and
3.Torsion of umbilical cord
more commonly from 3rd. month of gestation.
The condition is not diagnosed until the end of
gestation period because the animal is in Anoestrus due
to PCL
Diagnosed by rectal examination. A tightly enclosed mass
of the conceptus can be felt.
19. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
19
Characteristic Features In Mummification Are:
Failure of udder development
Failure of abdominal enlargement
Failure of parturition
Absence of placentomes and fetal fluids
Hard and firm fetus
Absence of fremitus
Presence of corpus Luteum
20. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
20
Treatment:
Expulsion using traction if cervix is dilated.
Estrogen inj. daily for 4-7days until the cervix dilates,
if cervix is closed or inadequately dilated.
Supportive treatment with antibiotics.
21. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
21
Treatment
Estrogen injection- Stilbestrol.
40-80 mg I/m, Estradiol - 5 -8 mg.
Estrogen brings about following changes, which lead to
expulsion of conceptus, uterine contraction, relaxation of
cervix and knocks off CL.
The conceptus and uterus are sterile in mummification.
2. Fetal Maceration
Fetus succumbs to bacterial or viral infection resulting
in death, emphysema and maceration characterized by
abortion or dystocia. Usually results dystocia due to
insufficient dilatation of cervix.
23. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
23
Symptoms:
Foul, fetid reddish grey Vulval discharge. On rectal
examination an emphysematous fetus or macerated
bones could be found.
On rectal examination in the cow, fetal bones may be
palpated in the uterus either floating in pus or
crepitating with little pus around them. The uterine wall
is thick and heavy and the cervix usually large and hard.
History of chronic, fetid, mucopurulent discharge
from the vulva over a period of several weeks or
months.
Generalized symptoms of elevated temperature and
pulse and anorexia are usually not present
24. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
24
Treatment:
The prognosis is poor.
Treatment in the cow is difficult.
Bones are attached with endometrium and endometrium
is severely damaged.
Slaughtering the animal is an option.
25. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
25
Retention of Fetal Membranes/Retention of
Placenta
Condition where all or part of the placenta or
membranes are left behind in the uterus during the
third stage of labor.
In a normal condition, a cow’s placenta is expelled within
a 3 -8 hour period after calving.
If placenta is not expelled for 12 hours or more after
parturition considered ROP.
26. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM
ANIMALS
26
Causes of ROP
1. Immature Placentomes:
Premature delivery or abortion leads to retention
because of immature placentomes.
2. Delayed Gestation
3. Lack of Uterine Contractions
4. Placentitis or Cotyledinitis:
Brucella abortus, tuberculosis, Vibrio fetus, IBR,
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli,
5. Uterine Atony:
Associated with dystocia, hypocalcaemia, hydropic and
other pathological conditions
6. Severe Deficiency of Selenium, Vitamin A, D, E
27. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM
ANIMALS
27
Treatment
1. Oxytocin 50-100 IU in cattle/buffalo may be injected
2. Oxytocin is not drug of choice if fetal membranes are
retained inside.
3. If case is reported late after 24 hours then prime the
uterus with estrogen by giving 1-2 ml estrogen and then
after 30-60 min give oxytocin.
4. Estrogen pulls the fetus and activates the receptors of
oxytocin, relaxes cervix.
5. PGF2α is drug of choice in habitual cases but should be
given within one hour after parturition.
28. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM
ANIMALS
28
Manual Removal:
Not a preferred method.
If placenta is hanging
Epidural
Separation of Placentome with fingers carefully.
29. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
29
C. Anoestrus Due to Undetected Heat/ silent
heat:
Inability or ignorance of the owner to detect heat
The weak heat or silent heat may be attributed to
inadequate estrogen level.
Ascertained only by rectal palpation and detecting CL,
ovulation fossa on the ovaries and changes in the
reproductive tract.
Heat stress, nutritional deficiencies.
Treatment:
Estrogen Inj. at 17th days of the oestrus cycle and
repeated on the 20th day.
Improved nutrition
30. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
30
D. Repeat Breeding Syndrome ( FI)
cows or heifers, having regular estrous cycles and
appears normal on superficial clinical examination, fails
to become pregnant following three or more consecutive
breeding.
leads to long service period and inter-calving interval.
Causes:
1.Anatomical abnormalities
kinked cervix,
Ovaro-bursal adhesions,
Tumors of bovine reproductive organs ,
Persistent hymen. Persistent Hymen (Rupture during
AI)
31. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
31
2. Infectious causes
Turbid cervico vaginal mucus indicates uterine infections.
Unsterilized instruments for insemination and injudicious
use of intrauterine medications, lead to endometritis
(intrauterine infusion of: antibiotics or Lugol`s iodine
(0.25%, 20-30 ml, Intrauterine, alternate day two
infusions).
3.Nutritional Reason:
conception of the animal is related to the body
weight(225-250 Kg) jersey (250-275kg HF heifer)
Underweight animals always have less chances of
conception.
Strictly follow the deworming calendar/ schedule.
32. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
32
4. Managemental Causes
not inseminated at right time (A.M-P.M rule )
Double insemination is recommended for crossbreds.
5.Hormonal aberrations
cystic ovarian degeneration (COD) is one of the major
causes of RB
Delayed ovulation is also associated with this malady
(LH).
Delayed function of CL either alone or in combination
with lowered secretion of P4 during luteal phase
33. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
33
6.Poor Semen Quality Or Faulty AI Techniques:
Involves all steps from semen collection to AI
Correctness and precision of these steps are mandatory
in achieving high success rate with AI.
7. Immunological reason:
Sperm antigens are recognized as foreign material by
female’s immune system and antibodies develop against
sperm antigen
Treatment is just change the bull next time.
34. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
34
Functional Form Of Infertility – Ovulatory Defects
The defects associated with ovulation are:
Delayed ovulation (Aging of sperm or death of ovum or
spermatozoa)
Anovulation.
Cystic ovarian disease (COD)/Cystic Ovarian
degeneration
Reasons:
Endocrine reasons.
(quantity of LH released is insufficient or its timing is
incorrect.
35. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
35
Mechanical reason:
Adhesion of the ovarian bursa to the surface of the
ovary. There is no treatment if Ovaro-bursal adhesions.
But LH is hCG (Chorulon) @ 3000 IU in adult cattle may be
tried.
Anovulation
As the name indicates the mature Graafian follicle
fails to ovulate.
The animal has normal cycle, normal reproductive
tract but fails to conceive. This is due to:
Inadequate level or absence of L.H.
Ovaro-bursal adhesion.
36. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
36
Delayed Ovulation:
Ovulation takes place 48-72 hours after the onset of
oestrus but the spermatozoa would be dead by then.
Cause: Due to low level of LH.
Treatment: As in Anovulation.
Treatment:
L .H preparations (HCG- human chorion Ganadotrphin)-
3000 IU. I/V. when the animal is in heat.
Inj. Receptal - 5 ml I/m.
Improve feeding.
37. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
37
Cystic Ovarian Degeneration (C.O.D)/Cystic
Ovaries
Contain one or more persistent fluid filled structures
larger than a mature follicle i.e. >25 mm in diameter in
one or both ovaries. Seen more commonly in the high
producers at around 15-45 days after calving.
Arise as a result of anovulation of a Graafian follicle.
Instead of regression and atresia, or luteinization
followed by regression, the follicle increases in size,
there is degeneration of granulosa cell layer and cyst
persists for at least 10 days. E2 (Nymphomania)
38. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
38
Cyst May Be Follicular Cyst Or Luteal Cyst
Follicular cyst
It is a thin walled fluctuating structure. There may be
multifollicular cyst (these cyst may have demarcation
between them). Bigger the cyst - more estrogen
production.
structure on the ovary that is at least 25 mm in size in
the absence of any corpus Luteum.
Diagnosis is through USG
Very thin outer wall with black fluid extending to
its outer edges
39. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM
ANIMALS
39
Clinical signs;
1.Nymphomania
2.Edematous swelling of vulva, frequent and copious
discharge of clear mucus.
3.Shortened interval between successive heats.
4.Sterility hump.
Relaxed sacrosciatic ligaments
41. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
41
Luteal Cyst.
When the wall of follicular cysts gets luteinized, it
results in formation of luteal cyst
Progress into luteal cysts by forming a thicker wall of
luteal tissue around their outer edges.
Structure functions as a persistent corpus Luteum and
produces Progesterone.
Luteal cysts are never multi follicular i.e. luteal cysts
are single on one ovary.
42. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
42
Clinical Signs
If animal remains anestrus for long time, then it shows
masculinization
Although these animals will attempt to mount other
cows, but unlike the nymphomaniacal cows they will not
stand to be mounted by other cows
43. 5/11/2017
REPROODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF FARM ANIMALS
43
Follicular Cyst Luteal cyst
Thin walled Thick walled
Soft Hard
Nymphomania Anestrus
Plasma Progesterone never rises 0.5
ng /ml
Progesterone levels rises more than 2.5
ng/ml
Differential Diagnosis Of Follicular And Luteal Cyst