The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together for the purpose of procreating. Due to its vital role in the survival of the species,reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body
LECTURE 1 Human Reproductive System.pptxJuniorJay5
The document provides an outline for a course on HIV/AIDS. It covers 4 modules: 1) the biomedical aspects of HIV/AIDS including sexual health, STIs, and HIV/AIDS; 2) policy, ethics, and legal aspects surrounding HIV including relevant laws and counseling; 3) social, cultural, spiritual, and developmental aspects of HIV/AIDS including gender roles and spirituality; and 4) planning and programming for behavior change communication and assessment. The course will include tests, assignments, and a project, with grades weighted towards the project. The first module will cover human reproductive anatomy and physiology, the menstrual cycle, conception, and development.
Female REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PowerPoint presentation .pptxjohairahmerpha
The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the main structures and their functions, including the testes, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males. In females, it outlines the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. It also discusses spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the menstrual cycle, and the hormones that regulate reproduction such as FSH, LH, and testosterone.
The document provides information about the human reproductive system. It describes:
1) The organs that make up the male and female reproductive systems, including their functions in reproduction and producing sex cells.
2) The process of fertilization, where the male sperm and female egg unite and the resulting cell receives genetic material from both parents.
3) The structures of the male reproductive system such as the penis, testes, and other internal organs involved in sperm production and ejaculation.
4) The structures of the female reproductive system such as the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes and breasts, and their roles in egg production, pregnancy, and lactation.
5) The menstrual cycle and
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the organs involved in reproduction, including the testes, ovaries, uterus and other structures. It explains the processes of gamete production, the menstrual cycle, fertilization and pregnancy in females. Key points covered include the roles of hormones like estrogen, progesterone and testosterone, and the development and movement of sperm and eggs.
lesson 1.1 grade10 male reproductive 3rd quarter..pptxkriselcello
The male reproductive system consists of both internal and external organs that work together for spermatogenesis and fertilization. The internal organs include the testes for producing sperm, the epididymis for sperm storage, and accessory glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate that secrete fluids. The external organs are the scrotum which houses the testes and maintains temperature, and the penis for depositing sperm. The male reproductive system's main functions are sperm production, maturation and transport for fertilizing eggs in the female reproductive system.
The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs —in both males and females —that work together for the purpose of procreating.
Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists feel that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
The human body’s major systems, the reproductive system is the one that differs most between sexes, and the only system that does not function until puberty.
LECTURE 1 Human Reproductive System.pptxJuniorJay5
The document provides an outline for a course on HIV/AIDS. It covers 4 modules: 1) the biomedical aspects of HIV/AIDS including sexual health, STIs, and HIV/AIDS; 2) policy, ethics, and legal aspects surrounding HIV including relevant laws and counseling; 3) social, cultural, spiritual, and developmental aspects of HIV/AIDS including gender roles and spirituality; and 4) planning and programming for behavior change communication and assessment. The course will include tests, assignments, and a project, with grades weighted towards the project. The first module will cover human reproductive anatomy and physiology, the menstrual cycle, conception, and development.
Female REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PowerPoint presentation .pptxjohairahmerpha
The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the main structures and their functions, including the testes, vas deferens, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males. In females, it outlines the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. It also discusses spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the menstrual cycle, and the hormones that regulate reproduction such as FSH, LH, and testosterone.
The document provides information about the human reproductive system. It describes:
1) The organs that make up the male and female reproductive systems, including their functions in reproduction and producing sex cells.
2) The process of fertilization, where the male sperm and female egg unite and the resulting cell receives genetic material from both parents.
3) The structures of the male reproductive system such as the penis, testes, and other internal organs involved in sperm production and ejaculation.
4) The structures of the female reproductive system such as the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes and breasts, and their roles in egg production, pregnancy, and lactation.
5) The menstrual cycle and
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the organs involved in reproduction, including the testes, ovaries, uterus and other structures. It explains the processes of gamete production, the menstrual cycle, fertilization and pregnancy in females. Key points covered include the roles of hormones like estrogen, progesterone and testosterone, and the development and movement of sperm and eggs.
lesson 1.1 grade10 male reproductive 3rd quarter..pptxkriselcello
The male reproductive system consists of both internal and external organs that work together for spermatogenesis and fertilization. The internal organs include the testes for producing sperm, the epididymis for sperm storage, and accessory glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate that secrete fluids. The external organs are the scrotum which houses the testes and maintains temperature, and the penis for depositing sperm. The male reproductive system's main functions are sperm production, maturation and transport for fertilizing eggs in the female reproductive system.
The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs —in both males and females —that work together for the purpose of procreating.
Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists feel that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
The human body’s major systems, the reproductive system is the one that differs most between sexes, and the only system that does not function until puberty.
Reproductive system
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
The male and female reproductive systems have several functions including producing gametes (eggs and sperm), transporting and sustaining these cells, nurturing the developing offspring, and producing hormones.
The male reproductive system includes testes that produce sperm and hormones, ducts that transport sperm, and accessory glands including seminal vesicles and prostate gland that produce fluid for semen.
The female reproductive system includes ovaries that produce eggs and hormones, oviducts that transport eggs, a uterus for pregnancy, a cervix and vagina for delivery, and external genitals.
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It identifies the main organs - the external genital organs of penis and scrotum, and internal genital organs of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands. It describes the functions of each organ and traces the pathway of sperm cells from production in the testes through storage in the epididymis and transport via the vas deferens during ejaculation through the urethra. The document also explains spermatogenesis, the process of sperm cell formation, and ejaculation, which involves muscular contractions that expel semen from the penis.
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It identifies the main organs - the external genital organs of penis and scrotum, and internal genital organs of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands. It describes the functions of each organ and traces the pathway of sperm cells from production in the testes through storage in the epididymis and transport via the vas deferens during ejaculation through the urethra. The document also explains spermatogenesis, the process of sperm cell formation, and ejaculation, which involves muscular contractions that expel semen from the penis.
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
he reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together for the purpose of procreating, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists argue that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm cells and secretes male sex hormones. The testes produce sperm and hormones, while the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands are accessory organs that store, transport, and contribute secretions to semen. The female reproductive system produces eggs and sex hormones and provides a environment for fetal development. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones, while the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina are accessory organs that support fertilization, implantation, and birth. Hormones regulate the functions of both systems in a negative feedback loop.
The reproductive system includes organs that enable reproduction and production of hormones. In females, it includes ovaries, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva. In males it includes testes, epididymis, vas deference, seminal vesicles and prostate. The systems work together during sexual reproduction to produce offspring through the fusion of male sperm and female eggs.
This document provides an overview of the human reproductive system. It describes the major organs of both the male and female reproductive systems, including their functions in sperm and egg production, sexual intercourse, fertilization, pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing. It also discusses gametogenesis, the process by which gametes (sperm and eggs) are produced through meiosis. Diseases of the reproductive system are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the human reproductive system. It describes the main structures and functions of both the male and female reproductive systems. In the male system, it outlines the penis, testicles, and epididymis. In the female system, it details the vagina, cervix, uterus, oviducts, and ovaries. It also discusses secondary sex characteristics in males and females. Other sections explain gametogenesis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the menstrual cycle, fertilization, implantation and development, and gestation.
The document provides an overview of the major human body systems, including:
- The anatomy and physiology of each system and their basic functions. The systems covered include: respiratory, circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, nervous, reproductive, and urinary.
- Descriptions of key organs within each system and their roles in essential biological processes like gas exchange, nutrient transport, hormone production, defense against pathogens, fluid transport, movement, and waste removal.
- Reproductive cycles and gamete production in the male and female systems.
Human reproduction involves complex anatomy and behavior. Spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females both involve meiosis, but differ in that males continuously produce sperm from puberty, while females are born with a finite number of eggs and release one per menstrual cycle. The male reproductive system includes internal testes and ducts for sperm transport, and external genitals for copulation. The female system includes internal ovaries and ducts for egg transport and development, and external genitals for reproduction and birth.
This document discusses puberty and the anatomy and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. It provides detailed information on:
1. The changes that occur during puberty for both males and females, including the development of secondary sex characteristics and reproductive maturity.
2. The external and internal anatomy of both the male and female genitalia, such as the testes, penis, scrotum, ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
3. The hormonal functions of the reproductive organs and how they relate to sexual development, fertility, and reproduction.
4. Additional details are given on spermatogenesis, the menstrual cycle, childbirth, and the role of the pelvis in supporting
The male reproductive system consists of organs that produce, maintain, and transport sperm and semen. The key organs include the testicles, which produce sperm and testosterone; the epididymis and vas deferens, which store and transport sperm; and the seminal vesicles, which produce seminal fluid. The functioning of the system is regulated by hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone.
The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm and reproductive hormones. It includes internal organs like the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone, and the epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland, which produce fluids that nourish and transport sperm. Externally, it includes the penis, which delivers sperm during intercourse, and the scrotum, which houses the testes and maintains the temperature needed for sperm production. The testes contain seminiferous tubules that produce sperm and Leydig cells that secrete testosterone, both of which are essential for male fertility and sexual function.
The male reproductive system produces sperm and seminal fluid. It consists of internal organs like the testes and external organs like the penis. The testes produce sperm and testosterone. During ejaculation, sperm and seminal fluid containing nutrients are released from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and other structures through the penis. The sperm must undergo maturation and capacitation before being able to fertilize an egg. The male sexual act involves erection, lubrication and ejaculation controlled by the nervous system.
The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the main organs in each system including testes, penis, and scrotum in males, and ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina in females. It explains sperm and egg production through spermatogenesis and oogenesis, and the roles of hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone in the processes. Infertility causes in both sexes and assisted reproduction techniques like IVF are also summarized.
The male reproductive system has two main functions: to produce and release sperm and to produce hormones. It produces sperm in the testes and transports them to the penis for ejaculation. It is made up of both external organs like the penis and scrotum, and internal organs like the testes, epididymis, and prostate. The testes produce sperm and testosterone, while other organs both store and transport sperm and produce fluids that protect and nourish sperm. The hypothalamus-pituitary-testes axis regulates the reproductive system through hormones like LH, FSH, and testosterone. During ejaculation, sperm travel from the testes through the vas deferens and urethra
The document summarizes the male and female human reproductive systems. It describes the key organs of each system, their functions, and the processes of sperm production, egg production and release, fertilization, and fetal development. It also discusses menopause and common diseases that can affect the reproductive systems.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Reproductive system
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
The male and female reproductive systems have several functions including producing gametes (eggs and sperm), transporting and sustaining these cells, nurturing the developing offspring, and producing hormones.
The male reproductive system includes testes that produce sperm and hormones, ducts that transport sperm, and accessory glands including seminal vesicles and prostate gland that produce fluid for semen.
The female reproductive system includes ovaries that produce eggs and hormones, oviducts that transport eggs, a uterus for pregnancy, a cervix and vagina for delivery, and external genitals.
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It identifies the main organs - the external genital organs of penis and scrotum, and internal genital organs of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands. It describes the functions of each organ and traces the pathway of sperm cells from production in the testes through storage in the epididymis and transport via the vas deferens during ejaculation through the urethra. The document also explains spermatogenesis, the process of sperm cell formation, and ejaculation, which involves muscular contractions that expel semen from the penis.
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It identifies the main organs - the external genital organs of penis and scrotum, and internal genital organs of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands. It describes the functions of each organ and traces the pathway of sperm cells from production in the testes through storage in the epididymis and transport via the vas deferens during ejaculation through the urethra. The document also explains spermatogenesis, the process of sperm cell formation, and ejaculation, which involves muscular contractions that expel semen from the penis.
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
he reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together for the purpose of procreating, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists argue that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm cells and secretes male sex hormones. The testes produce sperm and hormones, while the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands are accessory organs that store, transport, and contribute secretions to semen. The female reproductive system produces eggs and sex hormones and provides a environment for fetal development. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones, while the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina are accessory organs that support fertilization, implantation, and birth. Hormones regulate the functions of both systems in a negative feedback loop.
The reproductive system includes organs that enable reproduction and production of hormones. In females, it includes ovaries, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva. In males it includes testes, epididymis, vas deference, seminal vesicles and prostate. The systems work together during sexual reproduction to produce offspring through the fusion of male sperm and female eggs.
This document provides an overview of the human reproductive system. It describes the major organs of both the male and female reproductive systems, including their functions in sperm and egg production, sexual intercourse, fertilization, pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing. It also discusses gametogenesis, the process by which gametes (sperm and eggs) are produced through meiosis. Diseases of the reproductive system are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the human reproductive system. It describes the main structures and functions of both the male and female reproductive systems. In the male system, it outlines the penis, testicles, and epididymis. In the female system, it details the vagina, cervix, uterus, oviducts, and ovaries. It also discusses secondary sex characteristics in males and females. Other sections explain gametogenesis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis, the menstrual cycle, fertilization, implantation and development, and gestation.
The document provides an overview of the major human body systems, including:
- The anatomy and physiology of each system and their basic functions. The systems covered include: respiratory, circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, nervous, reproductive, and urinary.
- Descriptions of key organs within each system and their roles in essential biological processes like gas exchange, nutrient transport, hormone production, defense against pathogens, fluid transport, movement, and waste removal.
- Reproductive cycles and gamete production in the male and female systems.
Human reproduction involves complex anatomy and behavior. Spermatogenesis in males and oogenesis in females both involve meiosis, but differ in that males continuously produce sperm from puberty, while females are born with a finite number of eggs and release one per menstrual cycle. The male reproductive system includes internal testes and ducts for sperm transport, and external genitals for copulation. The female system includes internal ovaries and ducts for egg transport and development, and external genitals for reproduction and birth.
This document discusses puberty and the anatomy and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. It provides detailed information on:
1. The changes that occur during puberty for both males and females, including the development of secondary sex characteristics and reproductive maturity.
2. The external and internal anatomy of both the male and female genitalia, such as the testes, penis, scrotum, ovaries, uterus, and vagina.
3. The hormonal functions of the reproductive organs and how they relate to sexual development, fertility, and reproduction.
4. Additional details are given on spermatogenesis, the menstrual cycle, childbirth, and the role of the pelvis in supporting
The male reproductive system consists of organs that produce, maintain, and transport sperm and semen. The key organs include the testicles, which produce sperm and testosterone; the epididymis and vas deferens, which store and transport sperm; and the seminal vesicles, which produce seminal fluid. The functioning of the system is regulated by hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone.
The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm and reproductive hormones. It includes internal organs like the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone, and the epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland, which produce fluids that nourish and transport sperm. Externally, it includes the penis, which delivers sperm during intercourse, and the scrotum, which houses the testes and maintains the temperature needed for sperm production. The testes contain seminiferous tubules that produce sperm and Leydig cells that secrete testosterone, both of which are essential for male fertility and sexual function.
The male reproductive system produces sperm and seminal fluid. It consists of internal organs like the testes and external organs like the penis. The testes produce sperm and testosterone. During ejaculation, sperm and seminal fluid containing nutrients are released from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and other structures through the penis. The sperm must undergo maturation and capacitation before being able to fertilize an egg. The male sexual act involves erection, lubrication and ejaculation controlled by the nervous system.
The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the main organs in each system including testes, penis, and scrotum in males, and ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina in females. It explains sperm and egg production through spermatogenesis and oogenesis, and the roles of hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone in the processes. Infertility causes in both sexes and assisted reproduction techniques like IVF are also summarized.
The male reproductive system has two main functions: to produce and release sperm and to produce hormones. It produces sperm in the testes and transports them to the penis for ejaculation. It is made up of both external organs like the penis and scrotum, and internal organs like the testes, epididymis, and prostate. The testes produce sperm and testosterone, while other organs both store and transport sperm and produce fluids that protect and nourish sperm. The hypothalamus-pituitary-testes axis regulates the reproductive system through hormones like LH, FSH, and testosterone. During ejaculation, sperm travel from the testes through the vas deferens and urethra
The document summarizes the male and female human reproductive systems. It describes the key organs of each system, their functions, and the processes of sperm production, egg production and release, fertilization, and fetal development. It also discusses menopause and common diseases that can affect the reproductive systems.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2. Reproductive system :
• The reproductive system is a collection of internal and
external organs — in both males and females — that work
together for the purpose of procreating. Due to its vital
role in the survival of the species,reproductive system is
among the most important systems in the entire body..[1]
3. Reproductive system (cont.)
• Unlike most organ systems, the organs of differentiated
gender have significant differences. These differences
allow for a combination of genetic material between two
individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater
genetic fitness of the offspring.[2]
5. Functions of reproductive
system :
• The major function of the reproductive system is to
ensure survival of the species. Other systems in the body,
such as the endocrine and urinary systems, work
continuously to maintain homeostasis for survival of the
individual. An individual may live a long, healthy, and
happy life without producing offspring, but if the species
is to continue, at least some individuals must produce
offspring.[1]
6. Functions of reproductive system
(cont.)
Within the context of producing offspring, the
reproductive system has four functions :
• To produce egg and sperm cells,
• To transport and sustain these cells,
• To nurture the developing offspring,
• To produce hormones.[1]
7. Functions of reproductive system
(cont.)
• These functions are divided between the primary and
secondary or accessory reproductive organs.
• The primary reproductive organs or gonads consist of the
ovaries and testes.
1. These organs are responsible for producing the egg and
sperm cell, gametes and hormones.
2. These hormones function in the maturation of the
reproductive system, the development of sexual
8. Functions of reproductive system
(cont.)
development of sexual characteristics and regulation of
the normal physiology of the reproductive system.
• All other organs, ducts, and glands in the reproductive
system are considered secondary or accessory
reproductive organs.
1. These structures transport and sustain the gametes and
nurture the developing offspring.[1]
9. Organs of reproductive system:
• Organs of a reproduction system differs between gender.
For example, reproductive organs of a male are different
than that of female reproductive organs.
• Each of these reproductive organs are discussed below :
10. Male Genital Organs :
• The male reproductive system consists of a number of
sex organs that play a role in the process of human
reproduction. These organs are located on the outside of
the body and within the pelvis.
• Important organs related to reproduction are discussed
below -
11. Male Genital Organs (cont.)
• Penis :
The penis is the male intromittent organ. It
has a long shaft and an enlarged bulbous-shaped tip
called the glans penis, which supports and is
protected by the foreskin. The penis is supplied by
the pudendal artery.[3] When the male becomes
sexually aroused, the penis Becomes erect and ready
for sexual activity. Erection occurs because sinuses
within the erectile tissue of the penis become filled
with
12. Male genital organs (cont.)
blood. The arteries of the penis are dilated while
the veins are compressed so that blood flows into
the erectile cartilage under pressure.[4]
• Scrotum :
The scrotum is a pouch-like structure that
hangs behind the penis. It holds and protects the
testicles. It also contains numerous nerves and
blood vessels. During times of lower
temperatures,
13. Male genital organs (cont.)
the Cremaster muscle contracts and pulls the
scrotum closer to the body, while the Dartos muscle
gives it a wrinkled appearance; when the
temperature increases, the Cremaster and Dartos
muscles relax to bring down the scrotum away from
the body and remove the wrinkles respectively.The
scrotum remains connected with the abdomen or
pelvic cavity by the inguinal canal.[5]
14. Male genital organs (cont.)
• Testis :
Testis has two major functions: To produce
sperm by meiotic division of germ cells within the
seminiferous tubules, and to synthesize and secrete
androgens that regulate the male reproductive functions.
The site of production of androgens is the Leydig cells that
are located in the interstitium between seminoferous
tubules.[6]
15. Male genital organs (cont.)
• Epididymis :
The epididymis is a long whitish mass of
tightly coiled tube. The sperm that are produced in the
seminiferous tubules flow into the epididymis. During
passage via the epididymis, the sperm undergo maturation
and are concentrated by the action of ion channels
located on the apical membrane of the epididymis.[7]
16. Male genital organs (cont.)
• Vas deferens :
The vas deferens, which is also known as
the sperm duct, is a thin tube approximately 30
centimetres (0.98 ft) long that starts from the epididymis
to the pelvic cavity. It carries the spermatozoa from the
epididymis to ejaculatory duct.[8]
17. Male genital organs (cont.)
•Accessory glands :
The accessory glands provide fluids that
lubricate the duct system and nourish the sperm cells.
There are three accessory glands in a male reproductive
system, they are -
1. Seminal vesicles,
2. The prostate gland, and
3. The bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands).[9]
18. Male genital organs (cont.)
1. Seminal vesicles :
At ejaculation, sperm pass through vas
deferens While mixing with fluid from the seminal
vesicle (see Fig 1&2). The paired seminal vesicles
contributes approximately 60 percent of the semen
volume. These fluid contains large amounts of
fructose.The fluid, now containing both sperm and
seminal vesicle secretions moves into the next
structure, the prostate gland.
19. Male genital organs (cont.)
2. The prostate gland :
The centrally located prostate gland sits
anterior to the rectum at the base of the bladder
surrounding the prostatic urethra (see Fig 1&2). The
prostate is formed of both muscular and glandular
tissues. It excretes an alkaline, milky fluid to the
passing semen .thIs fluid is critical to first coagulate
and then decoagulate the semen following
ejaculation. The temporary thickening
20. Male genital organs (cont.)
of semen helps retain it within the female reproductive
tract, providing time for sperm to utilize the fructose
provided by seminal vesicle secretions to move through
the female reproductive tract. When the semen regains its
fluid state, sperm can then pass farther into the female
reproductive tract.
21. Male genital organs (cont.)
3. The bulbourethral glands :
The final addition to semen is made by two
bulbourethral glands (or Cowper’s glands) that
release a thick, salty fluid that lubricates the end of
the urethra and the vagina, and helps to clean urine
residues from the penile urethra. The fluid from
these accessory glands is released after the male
becomes sexually aroused, and shortly before the
release of the semen. It is therefore
22. Male genital organs (cont.)
sometimes called pre-ejaculate. It is important to note
that, in addition to the lubricating proteins, it is possible
for bulbourethral fluid to pick up sperm already present in
the urethra, and therefore it may be able to cause
pregnancy.
24. Function of male genital sytem :
• The function of the male reproductive system is to
produce androgens such as testosterone that maintain
male reproductive function and to promote
spermatogenesis and transport into the female
reproductive system for fertilization. The testes act as
both endocrine and exocrine organs in that they are
responsible for androgen production and sperm
production and transport.
25. Diseases of male genital system :
• Erectile dysfunction (ED):
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is sexual dysfunction
characterized by the regular and repeated inability of
a sexually mature individual to obtain or maintain an
erection. It is a common disorder that affects about
40 percent of people with penises.
Specific causes of ED include both physiological and
psychological causes. Physiological causes
26. Diseases of male genital system(cont.)
include the use of therapeutic drugs, vaging, kidney
failure, diseases (such as diabetes) , smoking, and
treatments for other disorders. Psychological causes
are less common but may include stress, performance
anxiety, or mental disorders.
• Epididymitis:
Epididymitis is inflammation of the
epididymis. Discomfort or pain and swelling in the
27. Diseases of male genital system(cont.)
scrotum are typical symptoms of epididymitis, which
is a relatively common condition, especially in young
individuals. In the U.S. Alone, more than half a
million cases of epididymitis are diagnosed annually
between the ages of 18 to 35.
• Prostate cancer :
prostate cancer is the most coMmon type of
cancer and the second leading cause of
28. Diseases of male genital system(cont.)
cancer death in people carrying prostate gland. About 80
percent of Americans individuals with the prostate will have
cancerous cells in their prostate gland by the age of 80.
• Testicular cancer :
Reproductive cancer that is rare and most
commonly affects young individuals is testicular cancer. The
risk of testicular cancer is about four to five times greater in
individuals of European than African ancestry. The cause of this
difference is unknown.
29. Female genital organs :
• The female reproductive system is made up of the
internal and external sex organs that function in
reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the
female reproductive system is immature at birth
and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to
produce gametes, and to carry a foetus to full term.
• The internal sex organs are the uterus, Fallopian
30. Female genital organs (cont.)
tubes, and ovaries. The uterus or womb
accommodates the embryo which develops into the
foetus. The uterus also produces vaginal and uterine
secretions which help the transit of sperm to the
Fallopian tubes. The ovaries produce the ova (egg
cells).
• The external sex organs are also known as the
genitals and these are the organs of the vulva
31. Female genital organs (cont.)
vulva including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal
opening. The vagina is connected to the uterus at
the cervix.[10]
• Vulva :
The vulva consists of the external female sex
organs. The vulva includes the mons pubis (or mons
veneris), labia majora, labia minora, clitoris,
vestibular bulbs, vulval vestibule, urinary meatus,
the vaginal opening, hymen, and Bartholin’s and
Skene’s vestibular glands. The urinary meatus is
32. Female genital organs (cont.)
also included as it opens into the vulval vestibule.
Other features of the vulva include the pudendal
cleft, sebaceous glands, the urogenital triangle
(anterior part of the perineum), and pubic hair. The
vulva includes the entrance to the vagina, which
leads to the uterus, and provides a double layer of
protection for this by the folds of the outer and inner
labia. Pelvic floor muscles support the structures of
the vulva.[11]
33. Female genital organs (cont.)
• Vagina :
The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up
of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the
outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or
womb. It is also referred to as the birth birth canal in
the context of pregnancyThe vagina accommodates
the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen
containing spermatozoa is ejaculated from the male
at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling
fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place.[12]
34. Female genital organs (cont.)
• Cervix :
The cervix is the neck of the uterus, the
lower, narrow portion where it joins with the upper
part of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape
and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall.
Approximately half its length is visible, the remainder
lies above the vagina beyond view. The vagina has a
thick layer outside and it is the opening where the
fetus emerges during delivery.[13]
35. Female genital organs (cont.)
• Uterus :
The uterus or womb is the major
female reproductive organ. The uterus provides
mechanical protection, nutritional support, and
waste removal for the developing embryo
(weeks 1 to 8) and fetus (from week 9 until the
delivery). In addition, contractions in the
muscular wall of the uterus are important in
pushing out the fetus at the time of birth.
36. Female genital organs (cont.)
The uterus contains three suspensory ligaments that help
stabilize the position of the uterus and limits its range of
movement. The uterosacral ligaments keep the body from
moving inferiorly and anteriorly. The round ligaments
restrict posterior movement of the uterus. The cardinal
ligaments also prevent the inferior movement of the
uterus.
37. Female genital organs (cont.)
The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ. Its major
function is to accept a fertilized ovum which
becomes implanted into the endometrium, and
derives nourishment from blood vessels which
develop exclusively for this purpose. The fertilized
ovum becomes an embryo, develops into a fetus and
gestates until childbirth. If the egg does not embed in
the wall of the uterus, a female begins
menstruation.[14]
38. Female genital organs (cont.)
• Fallopian tube :
The Fallopian tubes are two tubes leading
from the ovaries into the uterus. On maturity of an
ovum, the follicle and the ovary’s wall rupture,
allowing the ovum to escape and enter the Fallopian
tube. There it travels toward the uterus, pushed
along by movements of cilia on the inner lining of the
tubes. This trip takes hours or days. If the ovum is
fertilized while in the Fallopian tube, then it
normally implants in the endometrium
39. Female genital organs (cont.)
when it reaches the uterus, which signals the
beginning of pregnancy.The fallopian tubes made
up of cillated columnar epithelium tissues.[15]
• Ovaries :
The ovaries are small, paired organs
located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity.
These organs are responsible for the production of
the egg cells (ova) and the secretion of
40. Female genital organs (cont.)
of hormones. The process by which the egg cell
(ovum) is released is called ovulation. The speed of
ovulation is periodic and impacts directly to the
length of a menstrual cycle.After ovulation, the egg
cell is captured by the Fallopian tube, after traveling
down the Fallopian tube to the uterus, occasionally
being fertilized on its way by an incoming sperm.
During fertilization the egg cell plays a role; it
releases certain molecules that
41. Female genital organs (cont.)
are essential to guiding the sperm and allows the surface
of the egg to attach to the sperm’s surface. The egg can
then absorb the sperm and fertilization can then begin.
The Fallopian tubes are lined with small hairs (cilia) to
help the egg cell travel.[16]
43. Physiology of female genital system
:
• The reproductive tract (or genital tract) is the lumen
that starts as a single pathway through the vagina,
splitting up into two lumens in the uterus, both of which
continue through the Fallopian tubes, and ending at the
distal ostia that open into the abdominal cavity.In the
absence of fertilization, the ovum will eventually
traverse the entire reproductive tract from the
44. Physiology of female genital system (cont.)
Fallopian tube until exiting the vagina through
menstruation.The reproductive tract can be used for
various transluminal procedures such as fertiloscopy,
intrauterine insemination, and transluminal sterilization.
45. Diseases of female genital system :
• Vaginitis :
Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina, largely
caused by an infection. It is the most common
gynaecological condition presented. It is difficult to
determine any one organism most responsible for vaginitis
because it varies from range of age, sexual activity, and
method of microbial identification. Vaginitis is usually
diagnosed based on the presence of vaginal discharge,
which can have a certain color, odor, or quality.[17]
46. Diseases of female genital system (cont.)
• Bacterial vaginosis :
This is a vaginal infection in women. It differs
from vaginitis in that there is no inflammation.
Bacterial vaginosis is polymicrobial, consisting of
many bacteria species. The diagnosis for bacterial
vaginosis is made if three of the following four
criteria are present:
(1) Homogenous, thin discharge,
(2) a pH of 4.5 in the vagina,
(3) epithelial cells in the vagina with bacteria
47. Diseases of female genital system (cont.)
attached to them, or
(4) a fishy odor.[17]
• Yeast infection :
This is a common cause of vaginal irritation and
according to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention at least 75% of adult women have
experienced at least once in their lifetime. Yeast
infections are caused by an overgrowth of fungus in
the vagina known as Candida. Yeast infections
48. Diseases of female genital system
(cont.)
are usually caused by an imbalance of the pH in the
vagina, which is usually acidic. Other factors such as
pregnancy, diabetes, weakened immune systems,
tight fitting clothing, or douching can also be a
cause. Symptoms of yeast infections include itching,
burning, irritation, and a white cottage-cheese-like
discharge from the vagina. Women have also reported
that they experience
49. Diseases of female genital system (cont.)
painful intercourse and urination as well. Taking a sample
of the vaginal secretions and placing them under a
microscope for evidence of yeast can diagnose a yeast
infection.[17]
50. Questions :-
1.What is reproductive system?what are the four major
functions of reproductive system?----1.5
2.Write down the organs of male and female reproductive
system?---1.5
3.What is ovulation ?What are the criteria for the
diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis ? ----2
4.Write a short discripton of on the physiology of male
and female reproductve system ?-----3
5.What is spermatogenesis?where does it occur?---1
6. What is the causes of ovulaton and yeast infecton?----1
51. References :
[1] Introduction to the Reproductive System. Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)
Program. (October 24, 2007), Wayback Machine.
[2] Reproductive System 2001. Body Guide powered by Adam.
[3] Keith L. Moore, T. V. N. Persaud, Mark G. Torchia, The Developing
Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology 10th Ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015
[4] Richard E. Jones; Kristin H. Lopez (28 September 2013), Human Reproductive
Biology , Academic press . p. 352.
[5] Bogaert, Anthony F. (1997). “Genital asymmetry in men” . Human
Reproduction. 12 (1): 68–72.
52. References (Cont.)
[6] Sharma S, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I (2018). "Localization of epithelial
sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the germinal epithelium of the testis,
Sertoli cells, and spermatozoa". Journal of Molecular Histology. 49 (2): 195–
208.
[7] Sharma S, Hanukoglu I (2019). “Mapping the sites of localization of
epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in segments of the mammalian
epididymis”. Journal of Molecular Histology. 50 (2): 141–154.
[8] Dr C Sharath Kumar, Ph D Thesis, University of Mysore, 2013.
[9] Darling, David. "male reproductive accessory glands". male
reproductive accessory glands.
53. References (cont.)
[10] Mahadevan, Harold Ellis, Vishy (2013). Clinical anatomy applied anatomy for
students and junior doctors (13th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell
[11] Tortora, Gerard J; Derrickson, Bryan (2008). Principles of anatomy and physiology
(12th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Pp. 1107–1110.
[12] Jones T, Wear D, Friedman LD (2014). Health Humanities Reader. Rutgers
University Press. Pp. 231–232.
[13] Kurman RJ, ed. (1994). Blaustein’s Pathology of the Female Genital Tract (4th
ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York. Pp. 185–201.
[14] Tortora, G; Derrickson, B (2011). Principles of anatomy & physiology (13th. Ed.).
Wiley. P. 1105.
54. References (cont.)
[15] Eddy, Carlton A; Pauerstein, Carl J (December 1980). “Anatomy and
physiology of the fallopian tube”. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 23
(4): 1177–93.
[16] Williams gynecology. Hoffman, Barbara L., Williams, J. Whitridge
(John Whitridge), 1866-1931. (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
2012
[17] Zaino, Nucci, & Kurman, Richard, Marisa, & Robert (2011). “Diseases
of the Vagina”. Diseas of the Vagina. Pp. 105–154.