This document summarizes a project report on the design and stability of a recumbent tricycle. It was submitted by three students - Sahil Jitesh, Oza Anand M., and Malankiya Sanjay D. - to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report discusses the history of recumbent cycles, different chainline and steering configurations, design considerations for stability, braking, and turning, and provides calculations for optimizing the tricycle's center of gravity. The goal of the project was to improve the stability, control, and performance of recumbent cycles through the design of a three-wheeled recumbent vehicle.
The document is a project report submitted by Hrishikesh Barad for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering. It discusses the development of an automated bottle unscrambler. The report includes sections on acknowledgements, plagiarism report, abstract, lists of tables/figures, chapters on introduction, research and analysis, working methodology, material analysis, conclusions, and appendices with various project related papers and reports. The aim is to design a compact, cost-effective rotary bottle unscrambler with integrated functions like unscrambling, orientation, and air rinsing to improve efficiency over manual unscrambling processes.
GYROSCOPIC STABILIZATION OF UNSTABLE VEHICLES
A final year project. A though business model canvas is available here and prepared for GTU (Gujarat Technological University) under Govt. Engg. College Bharuch.
This document provides guidelines for final year B.E. project activities and use of the Project Mentoring and Monitoring System (PMMS) platform at Gujarat Technological University. It outlines the objectives of PMMS to help students with project mentoring and monitoring. It describes the various activities students must complete on PMMS, including registering their projects, submitting periodic progress reports, design exercises, patent reports, and uploading their final project reports. The document provides timelines and instructions for using PMMS for activities in the 7th and 8th semesters. It also describes how the system facilitates mentoring of student projects by industry experts through the platform.
At present scenario, productivity and economics of machining work pieces in large
quantity is greatly affected by use of work holding devices like fixture. To achieve
require accuracy with reduced rework and easy handling, fixtures are provided. This
project is about designing the fixture for pressing bearing inside the crank case. For
this purpose of designing and analysing the modelling software known as solid works is
to be used. The fixture is design mainly to get multiple bearing pressed on crank case
while keeping it stable and to get the accuracy of press within tolerance limit.
Design of multiple Bearings pressing Fixture in Crank Case
Bearing fixed in to crank case with pushing upper plate or by using ram, different Part sketches,and their assembly
Why fixture is necessary to manufacturing and it's benefits
Components uses in fixturefor for bearings pressing Fixture in manufacturing
Please keep in mind fixture should #accurate & precise upto 99%, If any mistake in fixture that result impact on final product.
Vijay Khairnar has over 5 years of experience in design and development roles. He currently works as a Design & Development Executive at Filtrum Tools & Components Pvt. Ltd. where he is responsible for designing and developing plastic and press parts for automotive components. Previously he worked as a Design & Development Executive and Design & QA Engineer at other companies where he was involved in product design, process design, inspection, and quality assurance activities. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Automobile Engineering.
This document presents a project report on biodegradable polymers prepared by 5 students for their 4th semester Design Engineering course. The report includes sections on introduction, biodegradable polymers, various canvases used in the project including empathy mapping, ideation and product development. It discusses key users and stakeholders of biodegradable polymers as well as potential solutions and products. The report is aimed at addressing the problem of waste production through the use of biodegradable polymers.
The document is a project report submitted by Hrishikesh Barad for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering. It discusses the development of an automated bottle unscrambler. The report includes sections on acknowledgements, plagiarism report, abstract, lists of tables/figures, chapters on introduction, research and analysis, working methodology, material analysis, conclusions, and appendices with various project related papers and reports. The aim is to design a compact, cost-effective rotary bottle unscrambler with integrated functions like unscrambling, orientation, and air rinsing to improve efficiency over manual unscrambling processes.
GYROSCOPIC STABILIZATION OF UNSTABLE VEHICLES
A final year project. A though business model canvas is available here and prepared for GTU (Gujarat Technological University) under Govt. Engg. College Bharuch.
This document provides guidelines for final year B.E. project activities and use of the Project Mentoring and Monitoring System (PMMS) platform at Gujarat Technological University. It outlines the objectives of PMMS to help students with project mentoring and monitoring. It describes the various activities students must complete on PMMS, including registering their projects, submitting periodic progress reports, design exercises, patent reports, and uploading their final project reports. The document provides timelines and instructions for using PMMS for activities in the 7th and 8th semesters. It also describes how the system facilitates mentoring of student projects by industry experts through the platform.
At present scenario, productivity and economics of machining work pieces in large
quantity is greatly affected by use of work holding devices like fixture. To achieve
require accuracy with reduced rework and easy handling, fixtures are provided. This
project is about designing the fixture for pressing bearing inside the crank case. For
this purpose of designing and analysing the modelling software known as solid works is
to be used. The fixture is design mainly to get multiple bearing pressed on crank case
while keeping it stable and to get the accuracy of press within tolerance limit.
Design of multiple Bearings pressing Fixture in Crank Case
Bearing fixed in to crank case with pushing upper plate or by using ram, different Part sketches,and their assembly
Why fixture is necessary to manufacturing and it's benefits
Components uses in fixturefor for bearings pressing Fixture in manufacturing
Please keep in mind fixture should #accurate & precise upto 99%, If any mistake in fixture that result impact on final product.
Vijay Khairnar has over 5 years of experience in design and development roles. He currently works as a Design & Development Executive at Filtrum Tools & Components Pvt. Ltd. where he is responsible for designing and developing plastic and press parts for automotive components. Previously he worked as a Design & Development Executive and Design & QA Engineer at other companies where he was involved in product design, process design, inspection, and quality assurance activities. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Automobile Engineering.
This document presents a project report on biodegradable polymers prepared by 5 students for their 4th semester Design Engineering course. The report includes sections on introduction, biodegradable polymers, various canvases used in the project including empathy mapping, ideation and product development. It discusses key users and stakeholders of biodegradable polymers as well as potential solutions and products. The report is aimed at addressing the problem of waste production through the use of biodegradable polymers.
Descon Engineering Limited is a Pakistani engineering conglomerate that was founded over 37 years ago. It has since expanded globally with operations in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and other countries. The company provides engineering and construction services across various industries. It owns and operates chemical plants and power plants. Descon prides itself on its commitment to quality and has achieved several certifications. It also aims to give back through technical education programs. The internship report provides details about the author's experience working with Descon Engineering Limited during a 4 week internship period.
“ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION OF ROBOT MACHINE BY APPLYING ROTARY MACHINE” Refrigeration industries, Book Publisher house, having such big pick & place robot arm machine .they are used to lift & rotate that deep freezer (product) from one place to another. We have found such problem of regularly failure & damage of product by this machine due to limitation of backless, tolerances & design limitation problem. So, we are tries to give alternate solution for this problem by giving alternate turn table m/which will perform the same task like the old machine. Hence, we give the sustainable & modified design of turn table m/c for pick & place robot arm m/c.
Here are the key transmission systems used in micro machines:
- Belt drive: Uses belts and pulleys to transmit rotary motion. Provides smooth motion but has
limited torque capacity.
- Gear drive: Uses gears of different sizes/numbers of teeth to increase/decrease speed and
torque. Provides high torque transmission but can be noisy.
- Rack and pinion: Converts rotary to linear motion using a gear and a toothed bar. Used for
linear motion transmission.
- Leadscrew: A threaded shaft used with a nut to convert rotary to linear motion. Provides
smooth linear motion with high precision. Commonly used in CNC machines.
- Hydraulic/pneumatic
This is a 6 week Training report on the topic CNC and Autocad + Delcam + FeatureCam.
This training Report is Submitted by me after completion my 6 week training training in "Krishna Automation Industrial Training Center, Gurgaon".
All the information (Some Standard Values) given in this Training Report is Provided by the KITC , from where i got 6 week training
The document discusses the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC) project being undertaken by L&T Construction and Sojitz Consortium. It provides details about the scope of work including construction of 1388 track km of railway line and 1342 bridges. The project aims to develop dedicated freight corridors to increase railway's share in freight transportation. It will employ advanced construction methodologies. The document further describes various structures designed by the author during his internship such as retaining walls, boundary walls, roads over/under bridges, minor bridges, drainage systems, etc. It highlights the benefits of the project for trade, commerce and people of India.
This document is Sarvesh Satam's design portfolio, which provides information about his education, skills, experience, and projects. It summarizes his Masters in Mechanical Engineering and Bachelors in Mechanical Engineering. It also lists his technical skills in engineering software, programming languages, and computer skills. His professional experience includes mechanical engineering roles at Knorr-Bremse and Godrej & Boyce, where he worked on product design, development, testing, and analysis. His portfolio highlights several educational projects focused on mechanical design, optimization, and additive manufacturing.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report details a project titled "TITLE OF PROJECT" carried out under the guidance of a professor at Sagar Institute of Research Technology & Science. It includes declarations by the students that the work is their own and a certificate signed by the guide and department head confirming the declarations. The report acknowledges those who provided support and guidance during the project and study. It contains the standard sections like introduction, body, conclusion and references.
This document provides a report on injection moulding processes at Mahavir Enterprises in Gurgaon, India. It discusses the injection moulding machine selection process and considerations like injection volume, nozzle structure, and backflow prevention. Molding conditions like resin temperature, injection pressure, back pressure and mold temperature are explained. The injection moulding cycle and factors affecting it like speed, pressure, time and temperature are described. Common molding defects and their causes are outlined. Design considerations for molds like gate design, pressure loss, multi-cavity layout, cooling and venting are also covered.
- The document contains the resume of Saddam Ansari, including his personal details, educational qualifications, work experience as a Junior Design Engineer developing parts using CAD software like Catia and AutoCAD, technical skills, projects undertaken and academic awards. It summarizes his 1 year of experience in design engineering and mechanical processes like injection moulding.
This document contains the resume of Samadhan Nagorao Kumbhar. It summarizes his educational qualifications including a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering, skills in CATIA modeling software, projects completed, internship experience, and career objective of seeking employment in a positive work environment to apply new technologies. Personal details like date of birth, languages known, and present address are also included.
This document is a resume for Vijay Mahipatbhai Dobariya summarizing his academic and professional qualifications. It outlines his Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering from Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology with a current CGPA of 8.91. It also lists his projects, skills, industrial training and visits, academic interests and extracurricular activities which include winning awards for his participation in a solar car competition and organizing de-addiction programs.
Hitech Machine Tools is a manufacturing company located in Faridabad, Haryana, India that produces jigs, dies, and other equipment for automotive companies. It was founded in 1996 and has an annual turnover of 3 crores. The company has 50 employees and produces a variety of products including gauges, hydraulic systems, and automotive components. It aims to provide quality products at reasonable prices and good after-sales service to customers. The founder, Mr. Rakesh Sharma, started the company with a goal of supporting the domestic automotive industry in India.
The student team designed an innovative electric vehicle called the Reconfigurable Electric Vehicle (REV) that can be reconfigured as either a city commuter with a 60-mile range or a mid-size sedan with a 350-mile range. The vehicle uses a lithium-ion battery for the commuter version and adds a quasiturbine engine for extended range as a sedan. The team focused on powertrain design, driver interface, and vehicle packaging. They used CAD software like Alias, Solidworks, and CATIA to develop models of the vehicle and package key components like the batteries, motors, engine, and suspensions. The reconfigurable design allows customers flexibility in their vehicle, but adds complexity, so the team
This document provides an internship report summarizing the internship of Shameek Kulkarni at Bharat Forge Ltd. from July 7, 2014 to August 6, 2014. It includes an introduction to Bharat Forge, acknowledgments, contents, details of the induction program and overview of various departments visited including forging, heat treatment, machining and quality control. The report provides insights into the manufacturing processes and equipment used at the different facilities.
The Project Automatic Car Parking System using 89C51 Microcontroller is an interesting project which uses 89C51 microcontroller as its brain. The project is designed for car parking. The aim of this project is to atomize the car park for allowing the cars into the park. LCD is provided to display the information about the total number of cars that can be parked and the place free for parking. Two IR Tx Rx pairs are used in this project to identify the entry or exit of the cars into out of park. These two IR TX-RX pairs are arranged either side of the gate. The TX and Rx are arranged face to face across the road so that the RX should get IR signal continuously. Whenever the mains are switched on, the LCD displays the message"parking space for 10 vehicles". The number indicates the maximum capacity of park in this project. Whenever a car comes in front of the gate, the IR signal gets disturbed and the microcontroller will open the gate by rotating the stepper motor. The gate will be closed only after the car leaves the second IR pair since the microcontroller should know whether the car left the gate or not. Now the microcontroller decrements the value of the count and displays it on LCD. In this way, the microcontroller decrements the count whenever the car leaves the park and displays it on LCD. lf the count reaches'0', i e. if the park is completely filled, the microcontroller will display"NO SPACE FOR PARKING" on LCD. And now if any vehicle tries to enter the park, the gate will not be opened since there is no space. If any vehicle leaves the park, the controller will increment the count and allows the other vehicles for parking This project uses regulated 5v. 500mA power supply. Unregulated 12v DC is used for relay. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer
This report summarizes the author's 3-month in-plant training at Civil & Structural Engineering Consultants (PVT).Ltd. The training involved work on two construction sites: the Lotus Tower in Colombo and the Avic Astoria Residence in Colombo 03. At the Lotus Tower, the author gained experience with construction materials like concrete and reinforcement steel, as well as equipment like tower cranes. Duties included testing concrete ingredients and observing concrete pouring. At the Avic Astoria site, the author assisted with pile construction, learning about materials like bentonite fluid and equipment such as the BG 26 piling rig. The report details the materials, equipment and duties at each site
This document is a resume for Nagaraja Shenoy, a mechanical engineer from Mangalore, India. He has a passion for product design engineering and is self-motivated, dedicated, and a problem solver. He has an engineering degree and skills in CAD modeling, die casting and plastic design. He is looking for an internship or job in the automotive industry to gain experience and contribute his knowledge. The resume provides details on his education qualifications, projects, internship experience, skills, and sample work including sketches, part designs, and renders.
Sourendra Nath Konar is a civil engineer seeking a challenging position where he can contribute to organizational objectives. He has over 9 years of experience in civil engineering and construction projects. Currently employed with IOT Anwesha Engineering and Construction Limited in Vadodara, Gujarat, his responsibilities include drawing designs, site supervision, quality control, and coordinating with subcontractors. Notable projects include construction of LPG storage tanks in Haldia, West Bengal and liquid terminal enclosures in Hazira, Gujarat. He holds an ITI in civil drafting and a diploma in civil engineering.
Thesis Report on Power Saving From Two -Wheeler Bike SilencerMd Anzar Aman
I have installed a mechanism with an axial high pressure reaction
turbines including a backward curved reaction turbine (Exhaust
Fan Blade) in a single shaft with an electrical generator which will
convert the kinematic energy into mechanical work and by
mechanical work we can generate electricity, when the pressure
energy of hot gases flows
The document is a project report for the fabrication of a solar-powered wheelchair. It was submitted by five students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report outlines the history and types of wheelchairs, describes the components used in the solar wheelchair, and discusses the objectives, methodology, fabrication steps, equipment used, and results of the project. The students designed and built a wheelchair that can be used indoors and outdoors and is powered by solar energy, making it more affordable than conventional wheelchairs.
Descon Engineering Limited is a Pakistani engineering conglomerate that was founded over 37 years ago. It has since expanded globally with operations in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and other countries. The company provides engineering and construction services across various industries. It owns and operates chemical plants and power plants. Descon prides itself on its commitment to quality and has achieved several certifications. It also aims to give back through technical education programs. The internship report provides details about the author's experience working with Descon Engineering Limited during a 4 week internship period.
“ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION OF ROBOT MACHINE BY APPLYING ROTARY MACHINE” Refrigeration industries, Book Publisher house, having such big pick & place robot arm machine .they are used to lift & rotate that deep freezer (product) from one place to another. We have found such problem of regularly failure & damage of product by this machine due to limitation of backless, tolerances & design limitation problem. So, we are tries to give alternate solution for this problem by giving alternate turn table m/which will perform the same task like the old machine. Hence, we give the sustainable & modified design of turn table m/c for pick & place robot arm m/c.
Here are the key transmission systems used in micro machines:
- Belt drive: Uses belts and pulleys to transmit rotary motion. Provides smooth motion but has
limited torque capacity.
- Gear drive: Uses gears of different sizes/numbers of teeth to increase/decrease speed and
torque. Provides high torque transmission but can be noisy.
- Rack and pinion: Converts rotary to linear motion using a gear and a toothed bar. Used for
linear motion transmission.
- Leadscrew: A threaded shaft used with a nut to convert rotary to linear motion. Provides
smooth linear motion with high precision. Commonly used in CNC machines.
- Hydraulic/pneumatic
This is a 6 week Training report on the topic CNC and Autocad + Delcam + FeatureCam.
This training Report is Submitted by me after completion my 6 week training training in "Krishna Automation Industrial Training Center, Gurgaon".
All the information (Some Standard Values) given in this Training Report is Provided by the KITC , from where i got 6 week training
The document discusses the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC) project being undertaken by L&T Construction and Sojitz Consortium. It provides details about the scope of work including construction of 1388 track km of railway line and 1342 bridges. The project aims to develop dedicated freight corridors to increase railway's share in freight transportation. It will employ advanced construction methodologies. The document further describes various structures designed by the author during his internship such as retaining walls, boundary walls, roads over/under bridges, minor bridges, drainage systems, etc. It highlights the benefits of the project for trade, commerce and people of India.
This document is Sarvesh Satam's design portfolio, which provides information about his education, skills, experience, and projects. It summarizes his Masters in Mechanical Engineering and Bachelors in Mechanical Engineering. It also lists his technical skills in engineering software, programming languages, and computer skills. His professional experience includes mechanical engineering roles at Knorr-Bremse and Godrej & Boyce, where he worked on product design, development, testing, and analysis. His portfolio highlights several educational projects focused on mechanical design, optimization, and additive manufacturing.
This document is a project report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report details a project titled "TITLE OF PROJECT" carried out under the guidance of a professor at Sagar Institute of Research Technology & Science. It includes declarations by the students that the work is their own and a certificate signed by the guide and department head confirming the declarations. The report acknowledges those who provided support and guidance during the project and study. It contains the standard sections like introduction, body, conclusion and references.
This document provides a report on injection moulding processes at Mahavir Enterprises in Gurgaon, India. It discusses the injection moulding machine selection process and considerations like injection volume, nozzle structure, and backflow prevention. Molding conditions like resin temperature, injection pressure, back pressure and mold temperature are explained. The injection moulding cycle and factors affecting it like speed, pressure, time and temperature are described. Common molding defects and their causes are outlined. Design considerations for molds like gate design, pressure loss, multi-cavity layout, cooling and venting are also covered.
- The document contains the resume of Saddam Ansari, including his personal details, educational qualifications, work experience as a Junior Design Engineer developing parts using CAD software like Catia and AutoCAD, technical skills, projects undertaken and academic awards. It summarizes his 1 year of experience in design engineering and mechanical processes like injection moulding.
This document contains the resume of Samadhan Nagorao Kumbhar. It summarizes his educational qualifications including a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering, skills in CATIA modeling software, projects completed, internship experience, and career objective of seeking employment in a positive work environment to apply new technologies. Personal details like date of birth, languages known, and present address are also included.
This document is a resume for Vijay Mahipatbhai Dobariya summarizing his academic and professional qualifications. It outlines his Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering from Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology with a current CGPA of 8.91. It also lists his projects, skills, industrial training and visits, academic interests and extracurricular activities which include winning awards for his participation in a solar car competition and organizing de-addiction programs.
Hitech Machine Tools is a manufacturing company located in Faridabad, Haryana, India that produces jigs, dies, and other equipment for automotive companies. It was founded in 1996 and has an annual turnover of 3 crores. The company has 50 employees and produces a variety of products including gauges, hydraulic systems, and automotive components. It aims to provide quality products at reasonable prices and good after-sales service to customers. The founder, Mr. Rakesh Sharma, started the company with a goal of supporting the domestic automotive industry in India.
The student team designed an innovative electric vehicle called the Reconfigurable Electric Vehicle (REV) that can be reconfigured as either a city commuter with a 60-mile range or a mid-size sedan with a 350-mile range. The vehicle uses a lithium-ion battery for the commuter version and adds a quasiturbine engine for extended range as a sedan. The team focused on powertrain design, driver interface, and vehicle packaging. They used CAD software like Alias, Solidworks, and CATIA to develop models of the vehicle and package key components like the batteries, motors, engine, and suspensions. The reconfigurable design allows customers flexibility in their vehicle, but adds complexity, so the team
This document provides an internship report summarizing the internship of Shameek Kulkarni at Bharat Forge Ltd. from July 7, 2014 to August 6, 2014. It includes an introduction to Bharat Forge, acknowledgments, contents, details of the induction program and overview of various departments visited including forging, heat treatment, machining and quality control. The report provides insights into the manufacturing processes and equipment used at the different facilities.
The Project Automatic Car Parking System using 89C51 Microcontroller is an interesting project which uses 89C51 microcontroller as its brain. The project is designed for car parking. The aim of this project is to atomize the car park for allowing the cars into the park. LCD is provided to display the information about the total number of cars that can be parked and the place free for parking. Two IR Tx Rx pairs are used in this project to identify the entry or exit of the cars into out of park. These two IR TX-RX pairs are arranged either side of the gate. The TX and Rx are arranged face to face across the road so that the RX should get IR signal continuously. Whenever the mains are switched on, the LCD displays the message"parking space for 10 vehicles". The number indicates the maximum capacity of park in this project. Whenever a car comes in front of the gate, the IR signal gets disturbed and the microcontroller will open the gate by rotating the stepper motor. The gate will be closed only after the car leaves the second IR pair since the microcontroller should know whether the car left the gate or not. Now the microcontroller decrements the value of the count and displays it on LCD. In this way, the microcontroller decrements the count whenever the car leaves the park and displays it on LCD. lf the count reaches'0', i e. if the park is completely filled, the microcontroller will display"NO SPACE FOR PARKING" on LCD. And now if any vehicle tries to enter the park, the gate will not be opened since there is no space. If any vehicle leaves the park, the controller will increment the count and allows the other vehicles for parking This project uses regulated 5v. 500mA power supply. Unregulated 12v DC is used for relay. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer
This report summarizes the author's 3-month in-plant training at Civil & Structural Engineering Consultants (PVT).Ltd. The training involved work on two construction sites: the Lotus Tower in Colombo and the Avic Astoria Residence in Colombo 03. At the Lotus Tower, the author gained experience with construction materials like concrete and reinforcement steel, as well as equipment like tower cranes. Duties included testing concrete ingredients and observing concrete pouring. At the Avic Astoria site, the author assisted with pile construction, learning about materials like bentonite fluid and equipment such as the BG 26 piling rig. The report details the materials, equipment and duties at each site
This document is a resume for Nagaraja Shenoy, a mechanical engineer from Mangalore, India. He has a passion for product design engineering and is self-motivated, dedicated, and a problem solver. He has an engineering degree and skills in CAD modeling, die casting and plastic design. He is looking for an internship or job in the automotive industry to gain experience and contribute his knowledge. The resume provides details on his education qualifications, projects, internship experience, skills, and sample work including sketches, part designs, and renders.
Sourendra Nath Konar is a civil engineer seeking a challenging position where he can contribute to organizational objectives. He has over 9 years of experience in civil engineering and construction projects. Currently employed with IOT Anwesha Engineering and Construction Limited in Vadodara, Gujarat, his responsibilities include drawing designs, site supervision, quality control, and coordinating with subcontractors. Notable projects include construction of LPG storage tanks in Haldia, West Bengal and liquid terminal enclosures in Hazira, Gujarat. He holds an ITI in civil drafting and a diploma in civil engineering.
Thesis Report on Power Saving From Two -Wheeler Bike SilencerMd Anzar Aman
I have installed a mechanism with an axial high pressure reaction
turbines including a backward curved reaction turbine (Exhaust
Fan Blade) in a single shaft with an electrical generator which will
convert the kinematic energy into mechanical work and by
mechanical work we can generate electricity, when the pressure
energy of hot gases flows
The document is a project report for the fabrication of a solar-powered wheelchair. It was submitted by five students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report outlines the history and types of wheelchairs, describes the components used in the solar wheelchair, and discusses the objectives, methodology, fabrication steps, equipment used, and results of the project. The students designed and built a wheelchair that can be used indoors and outdoors and is powered by solar energy, making it more affordable than conventional wheelchairs.
The document discusses the design and CFD analysis of a blended wing body (BWB) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with high lift devices. It provides background on the BWB concept, which merges the fuselage and wing into a single lifting body to improve aerodynamic efficiency. The project involves designing a BWB UAV using CATIA, meshing it in ANSYS, and performing CFD analysis in ANSYS CFX to analyze aerodynamic forces and flow patterns with and without high lift devices at different angles of attack. The results are compared to study the effects of the high lift devices on lift, drag and stall angle.
DESIGN OF BOX CULVERT AS PER IRC-112: 2011, INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT.
INCLUDES:
1) BASIC DETAILS
2) DESIGN OF 2 CELL BOX CULVERT
3) DESIGN OF WING WALLS (RETAINING WALLS) AS PER IRC
This document is a project report on the design aspects of precast pretensioned U-girder bridges for metro rapid transit systems. U-girder bridges have advantages over traditional box girder bridges like reduced height, weight, and construction time, lowering overall project costs. The report analyzes the longitudinal behavior of a U-girder bridge under self-weight, superimposed dead, and live loads. It also examines the transverse behavior and calculates reinforcement requirements. Construction procedures for precasting U-girders are described. The report aims to optimize U-girder design for metro applications.
Analysis and Design of Structural Components of a Ten Storied RCC Residential...Shariful Haque Robin
This report has been prepared as an integral part of the internship program for the Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE) under the Department of Civil Engineering in IUBAT−International University of Business Agriculture and Technology. The Dynamic Design and Development (DDD) Ltd. nominated as the organization for the practicum while honorable Prof. Dr. Md. Monirul Islam, Chair of the Department of Civil Engineering rendered his kind consent to academically supervise the internship program.
This document is the thesis submitted by Christopher Parmar to Gujarat Technological University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Engineering degree. The thesis describes the design, modeling, simulation and development of a laboratory prototype of a full-bridge DC-DC converter for driving a piezoelectric actuator for space applications. The thesis includes literature review on piezoelectric actuators and drive techniques, an overview of switch mode power converters, modeling and simulation of a full-bridge driver and flyback converter in MATLAB, digitally controlled PWM generation using an FPGA, and development of a reduced scale laboratory prototype of the full-bridge converter.
The document is a report on green building submitted for the requirement of a bachelor's degree in civil engineering. It discusses the objectives, fundamentals, characteristics, comparison with conventional buildings, approaches to achieve objectives, materials, orientation, advantages and disadvantages, technologies, rating systems, and the current status of green buildings in India. The key aspects covered include reducing energy and water usage, improving health and productivity, using sustainable materials, proper site planning, renewable energy systems, and various green certification programs. The report provides a comprehensive overview of green building concepts and practices.
ELECTRICITY GENERATION USING STAIRCASE- HARVESTING RENEWABLE ENERGYShubham Patel
The world as we know is continuously exploiting resources in one form or the another. The idea of exploitation and saving has been showcased by many authors. Here, I present this example of harvesting a form of energy which gets exhausted while we do the very needful thing of her everyday life, "We Walk". Yes, when we do walk we are exerting a force on the pavement or the road or the stairs; in short our considerable part of energy gets exhausted. But, if this energy be utilized, saved and harvested for some other cause which in case helps to decrease the level of natural resource exploitation then this can be a boon to the present day world. The report showcases a similar type of an engineering material and its use in some mechanical means to help earth become a better place to live in.
This document discusses the design, analysis, and fabrication of a prototype highway wind turbine. It begins with an introduction covering global and local utilization of wind energy, including statistics on installed wind power capacity worldwide and wind energy potential in Pakistan. The problem statement outlines challenges facing wind power generation. The document then covers the project objectives, literature review on vertical axis wind turbines and prior related work, and project management aspects such as the timeline and work breakdown structure. Subsequent chapters discuss the engineering design and analysis using SolidWorks and ANSYS, fabrication of the turbine prototype, testing plans, and considerations around safety, maintenance, environment, and economics. The conclusion discusses specifications, recommendations for future work, and lessons learned.
Wireless charger for_low_power_devices_ excellent one sameIbrahim Khleifat
This document describes a student thesis project on designing a wireless charger for low power devices using inductive coupling. It was submitted by four students to the Electrical and Electronics Engineering department at American International University-Bangladesh in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor's degree. The document includes sections on inductance, inductive coupling, coil design, oscillator circuits, transmitter and receiver circuits, and the design and implementation of the wireless charging system developed by the students. It also discusses possible applications of the project such as charging devices installed inside objects, using the transmitter as a charging dock, and charging electric vehicles.
The objectives of the project are to study:
1. The impact of Hyderabad Metro Rail construction on existing traffic conditions.
2. The effect of metro rail operations on future traffic and development in Hyderabad.
3. How the metro rail affects the sustainability of the city.
The scope is limited to studying three major junctions in Hyderabad - Godrej-Y Junction, Khairatabad Junction and JNTU Junction. Traffic studies were conducted at these locations to analyze pre-metro and current traffic conditions. Case studies of Delhi and Mumbai metro were also reviewed.
Design and fabrication of Automatic TrolleyAyush Rawat
A brief theory about design and fabrication of Automatic Trolley which is operated by motor and trolley frame is made by us and it is light weighted and fully compact easy to fold, assemble and disassemble with high strength.
This document is a project report on designing and implementing a kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) for a bicycle. It was submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The project involved designing components like sprockets, a flywheel, frame, clutch, axle, and chain to store kinetic energy lost during braking and reuse it to help propel the bicycle during acceleration. Fabrication of the components and assembly of the full KERS bicycle was carried out. Testing showed the KERS bicycle had increased acceleration ability and provided up to 10% energy savings during a ride. Analysis of the KERS frame also determined stresses and safety factors.
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This document is a project report submitted by Saurabh Kumar Chaudhary on rewinding motors up to 5 HP. It includes a bonafide certificate signed by the project guide and academic head, acknowledging that Chaudhary satisfactorily completed the field training project. It also includes an acknowledgement thanking the guide, faculty, and academic head for their support and guidance. Finally, it contains a declaration signed by Chaudhary stating that the project submitted is his original work and has not been used for any other qualifications.
most final report of industrial training for collegeindrajeet kumar
The topography survey provides essential information for planning and designing the highway project which includes:
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- Mapping the existing road, structures, utilities, buildings, trees etc. within the right of way through coordinate and elevation recording
- Developing a base map showing all relevant existing features to aid the design process
- Transferring survey data to AutoCAD software for detailed drawing preparation
The survey facilitates design of proposed road geometry, structures, pavement layers and right of way requirements.
This is all about design and fabrication of E-bike. I hope this is helpful for all engineering student. This file is Docx file. I also uploaded it's PDF.
A report on combine system of air cooler and water chiller by Sanjay Neolia.SANJAY NEOLIA
The Combined system of air cooler and water chiller is developed for providing better cooling effect than the conventional air cooler. It also provides cold water for drinking purpose comparatively at low cost than refrigerator. It also decreased moisture content of the air coming through desert cooler upto some extent.
A report on combine system of air cooler and water chiller by Sanjay Neolia.
Report Sahil
1. “DESIGN AND STABILITY OF RECUMBENT TRICYCLE”
(TEAM ID: 14934)
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by:
SAHIL JITESH 110590119025
OZA ANAND M. 120593119032
MALANKIYA SANJAY D. 110590119085
In fulfilment for the award of the degree of
BECHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD
2. G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING,
RAJKOT
CERITIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Design and
Stability of Recumbent Tricycle” has been carried out by
SAHIL JITESH Enrolment No. 110590119025 under my
guidance in fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering, (8th
Semester) of
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the
academic year 2014-15
Internal Guide: Prof. Hardik H. Suchak
External Examiner Head of Department
3. G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING,
RAJKOT
CERITIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Design and
Stability of Recumbent Tricycle” has been carried out by
OZA ANAND M. Enrolment No. 120593119032 under my
guidance in fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering, (8th
Semester) of
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the
academic year 2014-15
Internal Guide: Prof. Hardik H. Suchak
External Examiner Head of Department
4. G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING,
RAJKOT
CERITIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Design and
Stability of Recumbent Tricycle” has been carried out by
MALANKIYA SANJAY D. Enrolment No. 110590119085
under my guidance in fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering, (8th
Semester)
of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the
academic year 2014-15
Internal Guide: Prof. Hardik H. Suchak
External Examiner Head of Department
5. GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
[UNDERTAKING ABOUT ORIGINALITY OF WORK]
We hereby certify that we are the sole authors of this IDP/UDP project report and that neither any
part of this IDP/UDP project report nor the whole of the IDP/UDP Project report has been submitted
for a degree by other student(s) to any other University or Institution.
We certify that, to the best of our knowledge, the current IDP/UDP Project report does not infringe
upon anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques,
quotations or any other material from the work of other people included in our IDP/UDP Project
report, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing
practices. Furthermore, to the extent that we have included copyrighted material that surpasses the
boundary of fair dealing within the meaning of the Indian Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012, we
certify that we have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such
material(s) in the current IDP/UDP Project report and have included copies of such copyright
clearances to our appendix.
We have checked the write up of the present IDP/UDP Project report using anti-plagiarism database
and it is in the allowable limit. In case of any complaints pertaining to plagiarism, we certify that
we shall be solely responsible for the same and we understand that as per norms, University can
even revoke BE degree conferred upon the student(s) submitting this IDP/UDP Project report, in
case it is found to be plagiarised.
TEAM:
Enrolment Number Name Signature
110590119025 SAHIL JITESH
120593119032 OZA ANAND M.
110590119085 MALANKIYA SANJAY D.
Date:
Name of Guide Signature of Guide
6. GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
CERTIFICATE FOR COMPLETION OF ALL ACTIVITIES AT ONLINE PROJECT PORTAL
B.E. SEMESTER VIII, ACADEMIC YEAR 2014-2015
Date of certificate generation : 30 April 2015 (22:09)
Plagiarism Search Report
Final Project Report
Patent Drafting Exercise (PDE)
Business Model Canvas (Report)
Business Model Canvas (Image)
Submitted Four Periodic Progress Reports (PPR)
Uploaded
Uploaded
Completed
Uploaded
Uploaded
Completed
This is to certify that, Sahil Jitesh . (Enrolment
Number-110590119025) working on project entitled with Design
And Stability Of Recumbent Tricycle from Mechanical
Engineering department of G. K. Bharad Institute Of
Engineering, Kasturba Dham, Rajkot had submitted following
details at online project portal.
Name of Student :
Signature of Student :
Sahil Jitesh .
*Signature of Guide :
Name of Guide : Mr. Hardik Hiteshkumar
Suchak
This is a computer generated copy and does not indicate that your data has been evaluated. This is the receipt
that GTU has received a copy of the data that you have uploaded and submitted as your project work.
Disclaimer :
*Guide has to sign the certificate, Only if all above activities has been Completed / Uploaded.
7. i | P a g e
INDEX
TITLE PAGE NO.
CERTIFICATE
INDEX i
LIST OF FIGURE iv
LIST OF TABLE vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii
ABSTRACT
viii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………...…01
1.1 HISTORY
CHAPTER 2. FWD AND RWD ………………………………………………………..…….07
CHAPTER 3. PEDAL INDUCED STEERING ……………………………….……………09
CHAPTER 4. CHAIN LINE …………………………………………………………….…..10
4.1 FWD MOVING BB CHAINLINE
4.2 FWD TWIST CHAIN
4.3 RWD CHAINLINE
CHAPTER 5. ADJUSTABILITY …………………………………………………………...13
CHAPTER 6. STEERING BEHAVIOUR ……………………………………………….…14
6.1 RWD UNDERSTEER BEHAVIOUR
6.2 FWD OVERSTEER BEHAVIOUR
CHAPTER 7. TADPOLE OR DELTA? ………………………………………………..….16
CHAPTER 8. BRAKING …………………………………………………………...………17
8.1 DELTA RIDER
8.2 TADPOLE RIDER
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TITLE PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 9. TURNING ……………………………………………………………………19
9.1 DELTA TURNING
9.2 TADPOLE TURNING
CHAPTER 10. DESIGN ………………………………………………………………..……21
10.1 CONCEPT
10.2 STABILITY
10.3 STEERING AND TILTING
10.4 ACKERMAN STEERING
10.5 POWER TRAIN
10.6 TIE RODS
10.7 HOUSING BEARING
10.8 HANDLES
10.9 POWER TRAIN TENSION PLATE
10.10 STEERING ARMS
10.11 SEAT ASSEMBLY
10.12 MAIN FRAME
10.13 HORIZONTAL FRAME
CHAPTER 11. CALCULATION ……………………………………………………………28
11.1 CALCULATION OF OPTOMAL CENTRE OF GRAVITY
11.1.1 OPTIMAL CENTRE
11.1.2 LATERAL TIPPING POINT (FRONT VIEW)
11.1.3 LATERAL TIPPING POINT (SIDE VIEW)
9. iii | P a g e
TITLE PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 12. CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………30
12.1 DESIGN REQUIREMENT COMPARISION
12.2 WEIGHT
12.3 BRAKING DISTANCE
12.4 TURNING ANGLE
REFERANCE
APPENDIX
10. iv | P a g e
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1.1.1 Stephan farffer’s hand – controlled,three wheel chair
Figure 1.1.2 19TH
century tricycle used in iran
Figure 1.1.3 Bicycle history and typology
Figure 1.1.4 Long rider
Figure 1.1.5 Short rider
Figure 1.1.6 Low rider
Figure 1.1.7 Harold Jarvis long rider, patent excerpt
Figure 1.1.8 Dan henry on long rider
Figure 1.1.9 Darve willson with his “avatar 2000”
Figure 1.1.10 Ravat short rider
Figure 1.1.11 Jack fried’s short riders
Figure 2.1 Minimum 60:40 weight distribution
Figure 2.2 Loss of traction of steep grades
Figure 3.1 Effect of Trail on FWD
Figure 4.1.1 FWD moving BB chainline
Figure 4.2.1 FWD twist chain chainline
Figure 4.3.1 RWD chainline
Figure 5.1 FWD moving BB adjustability
Figure 6.1.1 RWD understeer behaviour
Figure 6.2.1 FWD oversteer behavior
Figure 7.1 Windcheetah Tadpole
Figure 7.2 Kettweisel Delta
Figure 8.1.1 Delta rider's CoG
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Figure 8.2.1 Tadpole rider's CoG
Figure 9.1.1 Delta turning vectors
Figure 9.2.1 Tadpole turning vectors
Figure 9.2.2 KMX Kart
Figure 10.2.1 NX Design of Recumbent Tricycle
Figure 10.2.2 Principle of Pendulum
Figure 10.3.1 Tilting and Turning Concept
Figure 10.4.1 Ackerman Steering Schematic
Figure 10.4.2 Steering Principle
Figure 10.5.1 Power Train
Figure 10.7.1 Housing Bearing
Figure 10.9.1 Power Plate Tension Plate
Figure 10.10.1 Steering Arm
Figure 10.11.1 Seat Assembly
Figure 10.12.1 Main Frame
Figure 10.13.1 Horizontal Frame
Figure 10.1.1.1 Optimal Centre
Figure 10.1.2.1 Tipping Point Front View
Figure 10.1.3.1 Tipping Point Side View
Figure 11.1.3.2 Tipping Point Top View
Figure 11.1.3.3 Orthogonal View
Figure 12.4.1 Turning Angle Proposed and Actual Design
12. vi | P a g e
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Difference between FWS Moving BB, FWS Twist Chain and RWD
Table 12.1.1 Design Requirement Comparison
13. vii | P a g e
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to take this opportunity to bestow acknowledge on all person who have
directly or indirectly helped us in making project and to turn it up into a successful piece
of work. It was an educational phase while studying the “B.E. in Mechanical
Engineering”, working with highly devoted engineering faculties and probably remain the
most memorable experience of our life. Hence they indirectly involved in our project work.
It is a great owner for us to making project for final year of BE in “G.K. Bharad Institute
of Engineering”. With immense pleasure, we present this project titled, “Design and
Stability of Recumbent Tricycle.” Above all we would like to acknowledge, the immense
encouragement and guidance we received from external guide Aakash Mavadia and Next
we would like to thank Prof. Vaibhab Maniar head of department mechanical department
and other faculty member who have enabled us to complete the project and the
documentation according to prescribed standards of “G.K. Bharad Institute of Engineering”
and “Gujarat Technological University”.
We would also like to thank for encouragement and help received from our family
members, friends and colleagues.
SAHIL JITESH
OZA ANAND M.
MALANKIYA SANJAY D.
14. viii | P a g e
ABSTRACT
Recumbent cycles began emerging in the early 1900’s as a method of improving the rider’s
ability to transmit power ergonomically and reach higher sustained speeds. Over the course
of the last century, many different types of recumbent cycles were designed and developed
upon. Although most recumbent designs are similar to ordinary two-wheeled bicycles, they
typically have a lower centre of gravity, causing stability problems at lower speeds. If an
effort to improve the stability and control of recumbent cycles, the addition of a third wheel
became popular as a method to distribute the weight of the rider.
Initial tricycle designs used two wheels in the rear and one in the front; however, there are
inherent stability problems with this design while cornering at high speeds. Considering
the advantages of recumbent cycles for ergonomic performance, these vehicles present an
excellent mode of transportation for short to medium distance commuting. Therefore, the
cycle is an excellent means for commuters to reduce energy consumption, lower traffic
density, and maintain physical fitness.
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
A tricycle, often abbreviated to trike, is a three-wheeled vehicle, commonly human-
powered. Tricycles are used by children and adults alike for their stability versus a bicycle.
In the United States and Canada, adult-sized tricycles are used by senior adults for
recreation, shopping, and exercise. In Asia and Africa, tricycles called pedicabs are used to
transport passengers; tricycles are also used to transport freight and make deliveries.
Human-powered trikes are powered by pedals or hand cranks. Motorized trikes can be
powered by motorcycle engines, smaller automatic transmission scooter motors, or electric
motors.
1.1 HISTORY
A three-wheeled wheelchair was built in 1655 or 1680 by a disabled German man, Stephan
Farffler, who wanted to be able to maintain his mobility. Since he was a watch-maker, he
was able to create a vehicle that was powered by hand cranks. In 1789, two French inventors
developed a three wheeled vehicle, powered by pedals; they called it the tricycle.
In 1818, British inventor Denis Johnson
patented his approach to designing tricycles.
In 1876, James Starley developed the
Coventry Lever Tricycle, which used two
small wheels on the right side and a large
drive wheel on the left side; power was
supplied by hand levers. In 1877, Starley
developed a new vehicle he called the
Coventry Rotary, which was "one of the first
rotary chain drive tricycles."
Starley's inventions started a tricycling craze in Britain; by 1879, there were “twenty types
of tricycles and multi-wheel cycles ... produced in Coventry, England, and by 1884, there
were over 120 different models produced by 20 manufacturers." The first front steering
Figure 1.1.1 Stephan Farffler's hand-controlled,
three-wheeled wheelchair
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
tricycle was manufactured by The Leicester Safety Tricycle Company of Leicester,
England in 1881 which was brought to the market in 1882 costing £18. They also developed
a folding tricycle at the same time. [5] [6]
Tricycles were used by riders who did not feel comfortable on the high wheelers, such as
women who wore long, flowing dresses. In the UK, upright tricycles are sometimes referred
to as "barrows". Many trike enthusiasts ("trikies") in the UK belong to the Tricycle
Association, formed in 1929.
In order to understand recumbents, I'm giving a brief history of the evolution: The
draisienne was rather a walking bicycle invented by Karl von Drais around 1817, whereas
the highweeler around 1870 didn't have a chain but direct drive, and in order to provide
decent speed the wheel had to be big and thereby the risk of falling was obvious.
As result of increased risk a "safety" version was developed by J. K. Starley around 1885,
which is the raw model of current "ordinary" bicycle. Interestingly for a long time the
highwheeler was considered "ordinary" and the "safety" bicycle a special, even "safety"
version - this is how history changes.
Figure 1.1.2 19TH
century tricycle used in Iran
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Recumbents are bicycles with another frame geometry than the established type (often
referred as Diamond Frame (DF)), and have shown to suit different features thereby:
faster due better aerodynamics of the body posture (sitting or almost laying)
more ergonomic body posture
more relaxing position good for extensive ridings and tours
better force application on pedals due comfortable seats
Figure 1.1.3 Bicycle History and Typology
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
no wrist, neck or back pain anymore, for certain low- and short riders a head-support
is helpful
more safe to ride, such as the long rider which has a low sitting respectively falling
height of 50cm or 20" only, and head-on falling nearly impossible; low-riders might
not considered more safe as visibility of those are more limited in daily commuting
in traffic
The few main disadvantages most recumbents have are:
more expensive,
heavier and
harder to climb mountains fast as you can't get up and push with your full body
weight on the pedals, and also due general heavier frame
Base Types
Three main types can be defined as shown below (but there are many more):
Figure 1.1.4 Long Rider
Figure 1.1.5 Short Rider
Figure 1.1.6 Low Rider
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
The "long rider" named due the long frame, also known as long wheel base (LWB). The
steering is relatively steady, independent whether under- or over-seat steering (USS or
OSS).
The first long riders came around 1900, as example
Harold Jarvis filed patent in 1901, US Patent
#690,733. [4]
In 1968 Dan Henry on his own long rider. The
modern type was invented by David Gordon Wilson
professor at MIT in 1976, who named this type
"Avatar 2000", see also his patent "Recumbent Bicycle" #4,283,070, applied 1979 and
issued 1981.Later inspired colleagues formed a company building this type, Fomac Inc., or
Dick Ryan made the "Ryan Vanguard ", other companies adapted the same design such as
Radius (Germany) and Fateba (Switzerland) often without crediting the original designer,
David G. Wilson.
Longriders are very suitable for long distance
travels due the comfortable seat; the resistance of the wind isn't
optimal but still much better than with an ordinary bicycle frame
geometry.
The "short rider" named due the short length between the
wheels, also known as shorts wheel base (SWB), usually the
pedals are in the front of the front wheel. The steering bar might
Figure 1.1.7 Harold Jarvis longrider,
patent excerpt (1901)
Figure 1.1.8 Dan Henry on a longrider (1968) Figure 1.1.9 Dave Wilson with his
'Avatar 2000' (~1976)
Figure 1.1.10 Ravat (1937)
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
have different heights, under- or over-seat steering (USS vs OSS), the seat is straight and
very comfortable to sit on. The steering is not very steady due to the shortness of length
between both wheel, and the angle of the steering bar.
One of the first short riders I found are from Ravat (1937) a
French motorcycle company in St. Etienne, and Jack Fried
(1946) as seen on US Patent #2,482,472. The Velocar by
Charles Mochet in 1931 is between a longrider and a short
rider - so this may be kept remembered too.
The front wheel drive (FWD) seems first time
implemented by Thomas D. Traylor in 1979, and later in
1982 issued the Patent #D277, 744 which was granted 1985.
The "low-rider" due the low seat, and usually the drive is in front of the front wheel. The
steering bar is often very narrow, and the chain is very close to the front wheel, so there is
a narrow margin for steering curves. The low-riders are suitable to do speed records as
human powered vehicles (HPV), e.g. 24 hours ca. 1000km, or 1 hour 85km/h, 200m or
1000m with 130km/h, in such an application a chassis is attached to decrease air resistance
even further.
Figure1.1.11 Jack Fried's
shortrider, patent excerpt (1946)
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 2 FWD AND RWD
One of the many issues to consider when designing a recumbent, is whether to make it front
or rear wheel drive (FWD or RWD). The choice is not clear cut. Each approach has its
strengths and weaknesses, and like all good design, you have to find the best solution fit
for your specific requirements.
FWD Moving
BB
FWD Twist
Chain
RWD
Limitations Steep Grades Steep Grades -
Psi Manageable Minimal -
Chainline Simple Complex Complex
Adjustability Easier Harder Harder
Steering Behaviour Overseer Overseer Understeer
Table 2.1 Difference between FWS Moving BB, FWS Twist Chain and RWD
The above table attempts to compare the relative advantages and disadvantages of each
approach, however these are generalizations, and the devil, as always, is in the details.
First and foremost the significant limitation of FWD designs is their potential to loose
traction on steep grades (hills). [2]
Figure 2.1 Minimum 60:40 weight distribution
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
On level ground, the FWD recumbent should have more weight distributed to the front
wheel than the rear. Ratios of 60:40 or higher are recommended.
Figure 2.2 Loss of traction of steep grades
The problem is that as the grade becomes steeper, the weight distribution changes to favour
the rear wheel. The illustration above is extreme, and most riders even on hilly terrain don't
consider FWD traction a significant issue.
If however you are planning to ride off road, the friction coefficient of gravel, mud and dry
grass is much less than tarmac, so traction will become a limiting factor. You can reduce
the impact of grade on weight distribution by keeping the seat height low and increasing
the wheelbase.
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 3 PEDAL INDUCED STEERING
Figure 3.1 Effect of Trail on FWD
One significant issue for FWD designs is the effect of trail on dynamic stability and pedal
induced steering (PSI). To illustrate this, the diagram above represents the view looking
down on a 20" front wheel that is moving forward down the page. It has a 75° pivot angle,
20mm of fork offset and is leaning 30° to the left. As the front wheel leans, the contact
patch moves to the inside of the pivot axis. This is because the contact patch is moving
around the outside wall of the tire. This causes the driving force (Red) to generate a turning
force (Blue) around the pivot axis, but because the application of human power using pedals
is not constant, the turning force oscillates. These oscillations will generate sympathetic
harmonics at certain cadence frequencies due to the shifting weight of the legs while
peddling, and their interaction with the dynamic tracking behaviour of caster.
On FWD twist chain designs, having a shallow pivot axis, short trail and long tiller
minimizes the impact. On FWD moving BB designs however, the turning force will interact
with the pedal force, alternating between cooperation and opposition. At some cadence
frequencies this actually eliminates PSI effects and works well, at others, particularly high
cadence it causes stability problems.
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 4 CHAIN LINE
Chainline management is the single biggest issue in recumbent design. You can come up
with a beautiful bike or trike, but if you can't transfer power efficiently form your feet to
the drive wheel(s), then you will have to revise your design.
4.1 FWD MOVING BB CHAINLINE
Figure 4.1.1 FWD moving BB chainline
The FWD moving BB design is used by the TT, Cruz bike, Speculums, Python low racer
and Flevobike, as well as the Hipperion trike. When properly designed, pedal induced
steering can be kept to a minimum.
This is a challenging configuration, but in the case of the Python low racer, it can produce
a very light bike. The direct, unencumbered chainline is also the most efficient, the chain
routing used in the other designs has been reported to consume over 5 watts.
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4.2 FWD TWIST CHAIN
Figure 4.2.1 FWD twist chain chainline
The FWD twist chain design has become extremely popular of late, particularly in the HPV
racing scene. This design is favoured by fully fared streamliners used in HPV speed trials
because it helps to keep the frontal profile of the faring to a minimum.
4.3 RWD CHAINLINE
Figure 4.3.1 RWD chainline
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
RWD is by far the oldest and most widely used chainline design. It is constrained by the
seat height -- make the seat high and you can have an unencumbered chainline like the
Cycloratio -- make the seat low and you have to route the chain over the front wheel and
under the seat.
For a tadpole trike this is less of an issue than for a bike, in that you only have to route the
chain under the seat, but the front cross member and steering tie rods can also get in the
way.
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CHAPTER 5 ADJUSTABLITY
Figure 5.1 FWD moving BB adjustability
One of the challenges all recumbent designs face, is making the distance from the seat the
bottom bracket (BB-BOS) adjustable. It is often undesirable to make this adjustment by
moving the seat backwards and forwards, because this may upset the ride quality and
handling characteristics.
Most designs incorporate some variant of a telescopic boom. However with most
chainlines, this requires adding or removing chain links to make the adjustment, on the
theory that once fitted to the rider, the BB-BOS distance never needs to change. If however
you are planning to race in a 24 hour HPV event with a team of riders, quick changeovers
are a requirement.
The FWD moving BB design is rather unique in this regard, the bottom bracket can be
design for adjustment without any need to modify the chain. The alternative for routed
chain lines is to have a longer chain and use an adjustable chain tensioner on the return run.
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CHAPTER 6 STEERING BEHAVIOR
The angle between the direction a wheel is pointing and the path along which it actually
moves is called the slip angle. Slip occurs under power when a trike is turning. It also occurs
under breaking as the tire approaches its traction limit. Under power the weight distribution
usually moves to the rear of a vehicle, but human power being as limited as it is,
acceleration forces are rarely an issue, unless you ride a unicycle. Under breaking the
weight distribution moves to the front outside wheel.
How the steering behaves under power is dependent on the weight distribution and the
friction coefficient of the tire and road surface. Steering behaviour becomes more
pronounced when the friction coefficient is low i.e. a verge with loose gravel while
cornering. Too much weight at the back of the tricycle causes the rear wheel to spin out
(overseer). Too much weight at the front causes the front wheels to plough (understeer).
Neutral handling is when the weight is evenly distributed between the front and rear, but
generally slight understeer is considered safest.
6.1 RWD UNDEERSTEER BEHAVIOR
Figure 6.1.1 RWD understeer behaviour
RWD trikes have a tendency to understeer. This is because the drive force is pushing the
trike forward in a straight line, and the front wheels slip forward as they turn. It is only the
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
friction of the front wheels on the pavement, not the driving force that turns the trike. The
location of the optimal CoG also creates a weight distribution that favours understeer.
Under the decelerating forces of braking the steering behaviour may be completely
different. It is dependent on the dynamic weight distribution, which is directly influenced
by the location of the rider CoG in relation to the front contact patches, the seat height, the
brake force distribution, and the amount of brake force applied.
6.2 FWD OVERSTEER BEHAVIOR
Figure 6.2.1 FWD overseer behaviour
FWD trikes have a tendency to overseer. The drivetrain pulls the front of the trike around
the corner. It is only the friction of the rear wheels on the pavement that prevents the rear
of the trike from spinning out. However because the weight distribution is already biased
towards the front wheel to improve traction, these forces tend to cancel one another out.
In competitive racing, particularly on short tracks with lots of cornering, riders may prefer
the responsive feel of slight overseer, but it carries the added risk that the rider may lose
control. Too much overseer will make a trike unstable and dangerous.
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 7 TADPOLE OR DELTA?
The tadpole trike has the two wheels at the front, the delta trike has the two wheels at the
rear.
Figure 7.1 Wind cheetah Tadpole
One of the original and best known tadpole trike designs is the Wind cheetah by Advanced
Vehicle Design. Above is a partially fared example of their Club Sport model. The Wind
cheetah uses all cast aluminium components that are bonded to aluminium tubular frame.
Figure 7.2 Kettweisel Delta
By contrast the Kettweisel by Hase is probably the best known delta trike design. This is a
fast, light trike, renowned for its handling.
I am simply using these proven designs to illustrate how one might go about assessing the
strengths and weaknesses of any trike design. And more to the point, how to assess which
characteristics are best suited to your requirements, and on that basis, whether they should
be considered for your own designs. This discussion is general and representational. As
such it should not be considered definitive. From here on the trike configurations will
simply be referred to as 'the delta' and 'the tadpole'.
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 8 BRAKING
8.1 DELTA RIDER
Figure 8.1.1 Delta rider's CoG
The delta rider's CoG is unusually high for a trike, but it is located behind the forward
tipping axis so would be stable under a 1g braking force. Conversely, riding up an unusually
steep grade the trike could easily lift the front wheel if enough force was applied to the
pedals in a low gear. However as trade-offs go, this is unlikely to ever be a problem in real
world riding conditions, so the rearward CoG is a good idea.
8.2 TADPOLE RIDER
Figure 8.2.1 Tadpole rider's CoG
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
The tadpole rider's CoG is lower, but located ahead of the forward tipping axis so it would
tip forward under a 1g braking force. With modern calliper brakes, this would have a
tendency to lift the rear wheel. On a downward slope the tipping threshold would be even
less, exacerbating the problem.
Why not position the front wheels further forward? Well there are some issues with
doing this including: the cross member getting in the way of the cyclists calves, and the
seat becoming more difficult to stand up out of, because the riders feet are too far forward.
Changing the backrest angle to 30° or less will help move the rider CoG further back.
However having the CoG slightly forward changes the weight distribution to favour
understeer, which is a good thing. It also means the CoG can be raised slightly, making the
seat height more practical.
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 9 TURNING
9.1 DELTA TURNING
Figure 9.1.1 Delta turning vectors
Under turning forces the delta rider's CoG is well placed. Likewise under combined turning
and braking forces the CoG is also well places, however as we will see in this
implementation the CoG is too high. The long wheel base of the delta also decreases the
twitchiness of the steering, improving high speed steering control and precision.
Obviously the rider experiencing the inertial feedback and with quicker reflexes could
make a course correction better than I can under the simulation. Still, one must lower the
CoG to make the simulation more stable.
The rearward weight distribution also favours oversteer, meaning the trike would tend so
spin out as a result of loosing traction on loose gravel.
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
9.2 TADPOLE TURNING
Figure 9.2.1 Tadpole turning vectors
Under turning forces the tadpole rider's CoG is well placed, and combined with the low
seat, more stable than the delta. However under combined turning and braking forces there
is still the possibility of tipping forward.
Figure 9.2.2 KMX Kart
The KMX trike pictured above resolves the tadpole brake force issue by having smaller
front wheels, thereby lowering the rider CoG inside the forward tipping axis. Nevertheless,
as this image clearly shows, with a more upright backrest angle it is definitely possible tip
the trike and get it up on two wheels. [1]
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 10 DESIGN
10.1 Concept
The recumbent tricycle design concept was selected to mimic the motion of a traditional
bicycle while benefiting from the ergonomics and stability of a recumbent. All steering and
tilting manoeuvres are accomplished by simply leaning the tricycle into the turn. The main
advantage of this design concept over past models is the simplicity and improved stability.
With reference to study from above 9 chapters, we conclude to use following design
criteria.
1. Real Wheel Drive (RWD)
2. Adjustable seat, chain and paddle shaft, and
3. Tadpole Configuration
10.2 Stability
The final design of the recumbent tricycle depicted in Figure 10.2.1 is an assembly model
generated in the SIEMENS NX modelling software. This model allowed the team to refine
the geometry of the turning and tilting linkages to improve turning radius and stability.
From the model, technical drawings were produced for the build report of the fabrication
process.
Figure 10.2.1 NX Design of Recumbent Tricycle
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Using the analogy of a pendulum shown in Figure10.2.2, the bend in the frame allows the
centre of gravity to be lowered with reference to the centre of rotation of the frame. By
lowering the centre of rotation, the cyclist will be always return to a vertical position.
Furthermore, the centrifugal forces imposed on the rider during cornering will apply a
moment to the frame forcing the frame to rotate to a vertical position.
Ө y
Fnx x
Fny
Fn
Figure 10.2.2 Principle of Pendulum
10.3 Steering and Tilting
The steering and tilting mechanisms are interconnected to the frame which rotates through
the bearing housing on the front horizontal support shown in Figure 10.3.1
Figure 10.3.1 Tilting and Turning Concept
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Using tie rods connected from the frame and wheel brackets, the turning and tilting actions
are coupled into one sweeping motion of the frame. This design characteristics allows the
user to ride on the point of stability. The symmetrical top tie rods are used for turning and
bottom rods are used for tilting as the frame rotates through the bearing housing.
10.4 Ackerman Steering
The design of the turning system accounts for Ackerman steering by allowing for more turn
angle on the inner front wheel during cornering. The top view schematic of the front cycle
wheels shown in 10.4.1 demonstrates how the inner wheel is positioned at a higher angle
during turning.
Figure 10.4.1 Ackerman Steering Schematic
The top view of the model in Figure 10.4.2 demonstrates how design accomplishes a tighter
turning angle. This design feature allows the tricycle to move around the centre of rotation
without scrubbing which causes wear on the surface of the tires.
Figure 10.4.2 Steering Principle
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
10.5 Power Train
The power train of the cycle is provided with two chains that are routed from the
pedal/sprocket assembly to a sprocket idler at the front of the tricycle before transmitting
power to the rear sprocket. Idler wheels guide the long chain from below the frame to the
rear sprocket. Each idler is connected using a bracket connected onto the main frame
discussed further in this report.
10.6 Tie Rods
The connecting rods are subjected to axial forces which cause the cycle to both turn and
tilt. As these rods are only subjected to axial forces, bending stress calculations were not
needed. However, a large enough force on the connecting rods could cause buckling. The
chosen diameter of the rod corresponds to the dot indicating that the rod is capable of a
20,000 N load before buckling. MS was selected for the connecting rods for extra safety
and to reduce the overall weight contribution.
Figure 10.5.1 Power Train
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
10.7 Housing Bearing
The Housing Bearing in Figure 10.7.1 was drilled-out for bolting instead of welding to
facilitate the assembly and disassembly, Holes were also drilled in the pedal post to allow
adjustability for riders with different sized feet.
10.8 Handles
The handles were moved closer to the outside to accommodate a more anatomical position.
A plate was also welded to the handles.
10.9 Power Train Tension Plate
The rear tensioning plate shown in Figure 10.9.1 was designed to be welded at angle to the
frame. This alteration allowed the chain to route to the rear sprocket without affecting the
shifting cable, and allowing higher tensioning forces to be imparted upon the chain itself.
The middle idlers were also moved forward, and welded to the frame; this change allows
more flexibility in the design, and places the idlers closer to the center of the chain span.
Figure 10.7.1 Housing Bearing
Figure 10.9.1 Power Plate Tension Plate
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
10.10 Steering Arm
The steering arm is welded, and it is placed at the exact location parallel to steering bracket.
Figure 10.10.1 Steering Arm
10.11 Seat Assembly
The seat was made by hand, a custom hinge was fabricated to mount the seat to the bracket.
The seat bracket was rotated to face backwards, and the hinge was bolted to both the seat
and bracket to allow a full range of motion. These modifications allow a greater range of
adjustment to suit the rider.
Figure 10.11.1 Seat Assembly
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
10.12 Main Frame
The frame is constructed from square pipe rather than round piping. This allows for a lighter
frame construction while maintaining rigidity and simplicity for cutting, welding and
assembly. The selection of a square pipe frame presented problems where it rotates through
the horizontal support member of the front wheels. In order to fit the frame through the
housing bearing, a collar was designed to fit over the frame and allow fluid rotational
movement. The rear portion of the frame was constructed to deliver additional support
against bending for the rear axle. Holes were drilled in the centre portion of the frame to
allow for seat adjustability to suit a range of users. Modifications were done to connect the
support members for the seat at the rear.
10.13 Horizontal Frame
The horizontal frame support was constructed from square pipe MS with rounded edges as
shown in Figure 10.12.1. This allows for the inner steering brackets to seat firmly for
supporting the wheels.
Figure 10.12.1 Main Frame
Figure 10.13.1 Horizontal Frame
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 11 CALCULATION
11.1 Calculation of Optimal Centre of Gravity (CoG)
After construction, the recumbent tricycle was tested according to maximum velocity,
turning radius, braking distance, mass, manoeuvrability etc.
11.1.1 Optimal Centre
Looking down from above, if we draw a triangle between the three contact patches, and at
the midpoint of each line we draw another line to the opposite corner, then the intersection
of these three lines is the optimal point where the rider CoG should be.
11.1.2 Calculating Lateral Tipping Point (FRONT VIEW):
Now looking from the front, if we take the track measurement B and we divide it in half
we get A. We use A to construct an isosceles triangle between the contact patches. This
triangle represents the tipping point for the trike. If the CoG is inside the triangle, then the
trike will skid when it loses traction while cornering, if the CoG is above it, the trike will
tip.
𝐵 = 36"
𝐴 =
𝐵
2
𝐴 =
36
2
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟗" Figure 10.1.2.1 Tipping Point Front View
Figure 10.1.1.1 Optimal Centre
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G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
11.1.3 Calculating Lateral Tipping Point (SIDE VIEW):
Draw a similar triangle on a side view of the trike using the wheelbase measurement for B
to derive A. You can then use this side-on triangle to calculate where to place the CoG in
order to prevent the trike from tipping forward when breaking -- more of a problem for
tadpole configurations.
𝐵 = 45"
𝐴 =
𝐵
2
𝐴 =
45
2
𝐴 = 22.5"
The previous two calculations would be fine if the CoG on either axis was directly between
the two wheels, but it’s not. The optimum place is 1/3 of the wheelbase length back from
the isosceles triangle's base. At this location, the triangle is only 2/3 of the track width. Now
we use this 2/3 track measurement as B to derive A which is 1/3 of the track width. We
then use A draw a vertical line up from the optimal CoG point. We then use the point at the
top of this line to create a 3 sided pyramid. This pyramid represents a 3D view of the tipping
space, inside which the rider CoG must remain for the trike to be stable. [3]
Figure 11.1.3.3 Orthogonal View
Figure 10.1.3.1 Tipping Point Side View
Figure 11.1.3.2 Tipping Top View
44. 30 | P a g e
G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 12 CONCLUSIONS
12.1 Design Requirement Comparison
Actual performance of the tricycle is differ from the expected, the reasons for this changes
are given below.
Design Requirement Actual Performance
Maximum Velocity N/A 40.78 km/hr
Sustained Velocity 30 km/hr 34.56 km/hr
Braking Distance N/A 9.5 m
Weight 50kg 55 kg
Turning Radius 5 m 9.1 m
Cost 20,000 Rupees 14,000 Rupees
Tilt While Cornering Yes Yes
Carrying Capacity 100 kg >100 kg
Cargo Carrying Capacity Yes Yes
Easy To Operate Yes Yes
Adjustability Yes Yes
High Visible Yes Yes
Life Expectancy 3 Years N/A
Table 12.1.1 Design Requirement Comparison
12.2 Weight
As we have selected the MS material to construct the frame, instead of it any lighter
material like Aluminium or Carbon Fibre were used instead, then there can be notable
difference might be observed. Magnitude of velocity is directly depend upon the weight of
the tricycle.
12.3 Braking Distance
As our cycle have only one shoe brake at rear wheel, hence it shows the high value of
braking distance. Instead of shoe brake the Disk Break were used in all the three wheel then
breaking distance will be less.
45. 31 | P a g e
G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Figure 12.4.2 Possible Modification for Turning
12.4 Turning Angle
Turning angle can be increased by decreasing the length of the rod from 3.75 to 2 inch
which is calculated as below and fig 12.4.1 represent current design and proposed design.
STRAIGHT WHEEL CURRENT DESIGN PRAPOSED DESIGN
Calculation of Current Design: tan 𝛩 =
1⋅10
3⋅70
𝜃 = tan−1(0.2972)
𝜃 = 16.56˚
Calculation of Proposed Design: tan 𝛩 =
1⋅10
2
. ˚. 𝜃 = 28.8˚
𝛩
3.75"
1.1"
Figure 12.4.1 Turning Angle Proposed and Actual Design
46. 32 | P a g e
G.K. BHARAD INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
REFERENCE
[1] http://www.jetrike.com/tadpole-or-delta.html
[2] http://www.jetrike.com/fwd-or-rwd.html
[3] http://www.jetrike.com/why-does-tilting-matter.html
[4] http://renekmueller.com/Recumbents
[5] http://www.clarkisit.com/riding-a-tricycle/
[6] http://www.ijfeat.org/papers/march37.pdf
[7] https://www.morpheustrike.4t.com
65. www. plagiarism -detect .com
Date: 24.4.2015
Words: 4693
Plagiarised sources: 40
Plagiarised: 11%
http://www.jetrike.com/fwd-or-rwd.html
plagiarised from source: 5%
you have to find the best solution fit for your specific1.
hilly terrain don't consider FWD traction a significant2.
trail on dynamic stability and pedal induced steering3.
using pedals is not constant, the turning force4.
is by far the oldest and most widely used chainline5.
route the chain over the front wheel and under the6.
distance from the seat the bottom bracket7.
If however you are planning to race in a 24 hour8.
event with a team of riders, quick changeovers are a9.
this regard, the bottom bracket can be10.
for adjustment without any need to modify the11.
The alternative for routed chain lines is to have a longer12.
the path along which it actually moves is called the slip13.
Slip occurs under power when a trike is14.
It also occurs under breaking as the tire approaches its traction15.
Under power the weight distribution usually moves to the rear16.
a vehicle, but human power being as limited as it is17.
The location of the optimal CoG also creates a18.
to the front contact patches, the seat height, the brake19.
The drivetrain pulls the front of the trike around the20.
to improve traction, these forces tend to cancel one another21.
http://www.jetrike.com/tadpole-or-delta.html
plagiarised from source: 2%
From here on the trike configurations will simply be referred1.
cross member getting in the way of the cyclists calves2.
out of, because the riders feet are too far3.
will help move the rider CoG further4.
However having the CoG slightly forward changes the5.
It also means the CoG can be raised slightly, making the6.
The long wheel base of the delta also decreases the twitchiness7.
Still, one must lower the CoG to make the simulation more8.
The rearward weight distribution also favors oversteer, meaning the trike9.
resolves the tadpole brake force issue by having smaller10.
angle it is definitely possible tip the trike and11.
http://www.jetrike.com/why-does-tilting-matter.html
plagiarised from source: 1%
the CoG is above it, the trike will1.
similar triangle on a side view of the2.
the CoG in order to prevent the trike from tipping forward3.
length back from the isosceles triangle's4.
66. We then use A draw a5.
We then use the point at the top6.
http://renekmueller.com/Recumbents
plagiarised from source: 1%
had to be big and thereby the risk of falling was1.
even ... version - this is how history2.
can't get up and push with your full body weight3.
example Harold Jarvis filed patent in 1901, US Patent4.
The modern type was invented by David Gordon Wilson5.
chain is very close to the front wheel6.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle
plagiarised from source: 1%
or 1680 by a disabled German man1.
Britain; by 1879, there were “twenty types of tricycles and multi-wheel2.
produced in Coventry, England, and by 1884, there were over3.
models produced by 20 manufacturers." The first front steering tricycle4.
used by riders who did not feel comfortable on5.
http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/116511
plagiarised from source: 1%
Britain; by 1879, there were “twenty types of tricycles and multi-wheel1.
produced in Coventry, England, and by 1884, there were over2.
models produced by 20 manufacturers." The first front steering tricycle3.
used by riders who did not feel comfortable on4.
http://www.clarkisit.com/riding-a-tricycle/
plagiarised from source: 1%
Britain; by 1879, there were “twenty types of tricycles and multi-wheel1.
produced in Coventry, England, and by 1884, there were over2.
models produced by 20 manufacturers." The first front steering tricycle3.
used by riders who did not feel comfortable on4.
http://www.thefullwiki.org/Tricycles
plagiarised from source: 1%
Britain; by 1879, there were “twenty types of tricycles and multi-wheel1.
produced in Coventry, England, and by 1884, there were over2.
used by riders who did not feel comfortable on3.
http://www.slideshare.net/JericaRaymond/raymond-j-museumcatelogue
plagiarised from source: 1%
Britain; by 1879, there were “twenty types of tricycles and multi-wheel1.
produced in Coventry, England, and by 1884, there were over2.
models produced by 20 manufacturers." The first front steering tricycle3.
https://trikeasylum.wordpress.com/more/wikipedia-on-tricycles/
plagiarised from source: 1%
Britain; by 1879, there were “twenty types of tricycles and multi-wheel1.
models produced by 20 manufacturers." The first front steering tricycle2.
used by riders who did not feel comfortable on3.
https://triporteurs.wordpress.com/page-3-history-of-tricycles/
plagiarised from source: >1%
67. models produced by 20 manufacturers." The first front steering tricycle1.
http://www.charismanews.com/opinion/watchman-on-the-wall/45194-can-we-pray-the-polygamy-away
plagiarised from source: >1%
alike for their stability versus a1.
http://www.hemmings.com/hcc/stories/2006/03/01/hmn_feature22.html
plagiarised from source: >1%
The front wheel drive1.
http://www.angelfire.com/biz/snwvlly/fwd.html
plagiarised from source: >1%
The front wheel drive1.
http://thecarguy.com/articles/drivesys.htm
plagiarised from source: >1%
The front wheel drive1.
https://www.facebook.com/fwdracing
plagiarised from source: >1%
The front wheel drive1.
http://www.edmunds.com/car-technology/what-wheel-drive.html
plagiarised from source: >1%
The front wheel drive1.
http://www.kbb.com/car-advice/articles/which-wheel-drive-is-best-for-you/
plagiarised from source: >1%
The front wheel drive1.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Front-wheel-drive_vehicles
plagiarised from source: >1%
The front wheel drive1.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-wheel_drive
plagiarised from source: >1%
The front wheel drive1.
https://oldbike.wordpress.com/page-3-history-of-tricycles/
plagiarised from source: >1%
produced in Coventry, England, and by 1884, there were over1.
https://www.ewtn.com/library/Liturgy/zlitur406.htm
plagiarised from source: >1%
The choice is not clear1.
http://www.whatawaytogomovie.com/2012/10/the-clear-choice-for-2012/
plagiarised from source: >1%
The choice is not clear1.
http://slippedisc.com/2015/02/what-if-berlin-doesnt-get-its-man/
plagiarised from source: >1%
The choice is not clear1.
68. http://pathfinder.utsc.utoronto.ca/pages/projectbio.html
plagiarised from source: >1%
The choice is not clear1.
http://www.apsu.edu/sites/apsu.edu/files/academic-support-center/Who_and_Whom_0.pdf
plagiarised from source: >1%
The choice is not clear1.
http://www.successfulbusinessnews.com/technology/technology/technology/android-vs-apple-which-is-more-bu
siness-friendly
plagiarised from source: >1%
The choice is not clear1.
http://basef.ca/biotechnology
plagiarised from source: >1%
The choice is not clear1.
http://www.thefullwiki.org/Tricycle
plagiarised from source: >1%
models produced by 20 manufacturers." The first front steering tricycle1.
http://www.jetrike.com/theory.html
plagiarised from source: >1%
you have to find the best solution fit for your specific1.
http://www.southrussell.com/properties.html
plagiarised from source: >1%
around the outside wall of the1.
http://community.cookinglight.com/archive/index.php/t-23129.html
plagiarised from source: >1%
around the outside wall of the1.
http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il/symposiums/4th/papers/Schiffman99.html
plagiarised from source: >1%
around the outside wall of the1.
https://nagashakti.wordpress.com/2011/03/18/the-tuning-of-tibetan-singing-bowls/
plagiarised from source: >1%
around the outside wall of the1.
http://www.ck12.org/physical-science/Screw-in-Physical-Science/lesson/Screw/
plagiarised from source: >1%
around the outside wall of the1.
http://www.uesp.net/wiki/Skyrim:Thalmor_Embassy
plagiarised from source: >1%
around the outside wall of the1.
https://www.reddit.com/r/DestinyTheGame/comments/2maq3k/i_found_a_way_though_the_walls_of_the_vault_o
f/
plagiarised from source: >1%
69. around the outside wall of the1.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_penis
plagiarised from source: >1%
around the outside wall of the1.
http://www.ijfeat.org/papers/march37.pdf
plagiarised from source: >1%
models produced by 20 manufacturers." The first front steering tricycle1.
http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/isr/botzo/class5.htm
plagiarised from source: >1%
The choice is not clear1.
71. GIC Patent Drafting Exercise Team ID:
FORM 1
THE PATENTS ACT 1970
(39 OF 1970)
&
THE PATENTS RULES, 2003
APPLICATION FOR GRANT OF PATENT
(FOR OFFICE USE ONLY)
Application No:
Filing Date:
Amount of Fee paid:
CBR No:
GTU Innovation Council
Patent Drafting Exercise (PDE)
14934
1. Applicant(s) :
ID Name Nationality Address Mobile No. Email
Sahil Jitesh . GTU 9408086200 sahiljitesh@hotm
ail.com
Indian1
Anand
Maheshbhai
Oza
GTU 8238094145 ozaanand001@g
mail.com
Indian2
Sanjay
Dhirubhai
Malankiya
GTU 7405375853 piyushmalankiya
@gmail.com
Indian3
2. Inventor(s):
This is just a mock Patent Drafting Exercise (PDE) for semester 8, BE students of GTU.
These documents are not to be submitted with any patent office.
Note :
Page 1 of 5
72. Mobile No. EmailAddressNationalityNameID
Sahil Jitesh . GTU 9408086200 sahiljitesh@hot
mail.com
Indian1
Anand
Maheshbhai Oza
GTU 8238094145 ozaanand001@
gmail.com
Indian2
Sanjay Dhirubhai
Malankiya
GTU 7405375853 piyushmalankiy
a@gmail.com
Indian3
3. Title of Invention/Project:
Design And Stability Of Recumbent Tricycle
4. Address for correspondence of applicant/authorized patent agent in india
Name:
Address:
Mobile:
Email ID:
Sahil Jitesh .
Mechanical Engineering , G. K. Bharad Institute Of Engineering, Kasturba Dham, Rajkot ,
Gujarat Technological University.
9408086200
sahiljitesh@hotmail.com
5. Priority particulars of the application(S) field in convention country
Name of the Applicant Title of the InventionFiling DateApplication No.Country
N/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
6. Particulars for filing patent co-operation treaty (pct) national phase Application
International application number International filing date as alloted by the receiving office
N/A N/A
This is just a mock Patent Drafting Exercise (PDE) for semester 8, BE students of GTU.
These documents are not to be submitted with any patent office.
Note :
Page 2 of 5
73. 7. Particulars for filing divisional application
Original(First) Application Number Date of filing of Original (first) application
N/A N/A
8. Particulars for filing patent of addition
Original(First) Application Number Date of filing of Original (first) application
N/A N/A
9. DECLARATIONS:
(i) Declaration by the inventor(s)
I/We, the above named inventor(s) is/are true & first inventor(s) for this invention and declare that the
applicant(s).
herein is/are my/our assignee or legal representative.
Date : 30 - April - 2015
Signature & DateName
1 Sahil Jitesh .
2 Anand Maheshbhai
Oza
3 Sanjay Dhirubhai
Malankiya
(ii) Declaration by the applicant(s) in the convention country
I/We, the applicant(s) hereby declare(s) that:-
(iii) Declaration by the applicant(s)
I/We, the applicant (s) in the convention country declare that the applicant(s) herein is/are my/our
assignee or legal representative.applicant(s)
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Page 3 of 5
74. I am/We in possession of the above mentioned invention.
The provisional/complete specification relating to the invention is filed with this aplication.
The invention as disclosed in the spcification uses the biological material from India and the necessary
permission from the competent authority shall be submitted by me/us before the grant of patent to me/us.
There is no lawful ground of objection to the grant of the patent to me/us.
I am/we are the assignee or the legal representative of true & first inventors.
The application or each of the application,particulars of each are given in the para 5 was the first applicatin in
the convention country/countries in respect of my/our invention.
The application or each of the application,particulars of each are given in the para 5 was the first applicatin in
the convention country/countries in respect of my/our invention.
I/we claim the priority from the above mentioned applications(s) filed in the convention country/countries &
state that no application for protection in respect of invention had been made in a convention country before
that date by me/us or by any person
My/Our application in india is based on international application under Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) as
mentioned in para 6
The application is divided out of my/our application(s) particulars of which are given in para 7 and pray that
this application may be treated as deemed to have been filed on ___________under section 16 of the Act.
The said invention is an improvement in or modification of the invention particulars of ehivh are given in para
8.
(a) Provisional specification/Complete specification
(b) Complete specification(In confirmation with the international application) / as amended before the
international Preliminary Examination Authority (IPEA),as applicable(2 copies),No.of pages.....No.of
claims.....
(c) Drawings (In confirmation with the international application)/as amended before the international
Preliminary Examination Authority(IPEA),as applicable(2 copies),No.of sheets....
(d) Priority documents
(e) Translations of priority documents/specification/international search reports
(f) Statement and undertaking on Form 3
(g) Power of Authority
(h) Declaration of inventorship on Form 5
(i) Sequence listing in electronic Form
(j) ........................................ Fees Rs.XXX in Cash /Cheque/Bank Draft bearin No.XXX Date: XXX on XXX
Bank.
10. Following are the attachments with the application:
I/We hereby declare that to the best of my /our knowledge, information and belief the fact and mtters stated
herein are correct and I/We request that a patent may be granted to me/us for the said invention.
Dated this 30 day of April , 2015
This is just a mock Patent Drafting Exercise (PDE) for semester 8, BE students of GTU.
These documents are not to be submitted with any patent office.
Note :
Page 4 of 5
75. Name Signature & Date
1 Sahil Jitesh .
2 Anand Maheshbhai
Oza
3 Sanjay Dhirubhai
Malankiya
This is just a mock Patent Drafting Exercise (PDE) for semester 8, BE students of GTU.
These documents are not to be submitted with any patent office.
Note :
Page 5 of 5
76. GIC Patent Drafting Exercise Team ID:
FORM 2
THE PATENTS ACT, 1970
(39 OF 1970)
&
THE PATENTS RULES, 2003
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION
14934
1. Title of the project/invention :
Design And Stability Of Recumbent Tricycle
Sahil Jitesh . , ( Indian )
Address :GTU
Anand Maheshbhai Oza , ( Indian )
Address :GTU
Sanjay Dhirubhai Malankiya , ( Indian )
Address :GTU
2. Applicant(s) :
3. Preamble to the description :
The following specification describes the invention.
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Note :
Page 1 of 8
77. 4. Description :
a. Field of Application / Project / Invention :
Automobile field of project. Its a three wheel Tadpole configuration tricycle with the recumbent
means of travel.
b. Prior Art / Background of the Invention / References :
A tricycle, often abbreviated to trike, is a three-wheeled vehicle, commonly human-powered.
Tricycles are used by children and adults alike for their stability versus a bicycle. In the United
States and Canada, adult-sized tricycles are used by senior adults for recreation, shopping, and
exercise. In Asia and Africa, tricycles called pedicabs are used to transport passengers; tricycles
are also used to transport freight and make deliveries.
c. Summary of the Invention/Project :
Recumbent Tricycle is used in order to incorporate both turning and tilting capabilities which
minimize the inertia force on the rider and that ultimately improve performance and maneuverability
of the vehicle. It is three wheel Tadpole Configuration for front steering control and maximum
stability concerning. The rider is cable of maintaining overall control of the vehicle through a simple
leaning motion which mimic a traditional bicycle.
d. Objects of the Invention/Project :
The rider does not need to disengage from the pedals when stopped. The comfortable rider
position reduces strain to the riders body. Recumbent trikes are very well suited for long distance
touring. Recumbent trikes may also be more suitable for people with balance or limb disabilities.
e. Drawing(s) :
Trike View
Isometric
Seat
Top
side
f. Description of the Invention
A tricycle, often abbreviated to trike, is a three-wheeled vehicle, commonly human-powered.
Tricycles are used by children and adults alike for their stability versus a bicycle. In the United
States and Canada, adult-sized tricycles are used by senior adults for recreation, shopping, and
exercise. In Asia and Africa, tricycles called pedicabs are used to transport passengers; tricycles
are also used to transport freight and make deliveries.
Recumbent Tricycle is used in order to incorporate both turning and tilting capabilities which
minimize the inertia force on the rider and that ultimately improve performance and maneuverability
of the vehicle. It is three wheel Tadpole Configuration for front steering control and maximum
stability concerning. The rider is cable of maintaining overall control of the vehicle through a simple
leaning motion which mimic a traditional bicycle.
This is just a mock Patent Drafting Exercise (PDE) for semester 8, BE students of GTU.
These documents are not to be submitted with any patent office.
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Page 2 of 8
78. g. Examples
h. Unique Features of the Project
The rider is cable of maintaining overall control of the vehicle through a simple leaning motion which
mimic a traditional bicycle.
5. Date & Signature :
Date : 30 - April - 2015
Sign and Date
Sahil Jitesh .
Sign and Date
Anand Maheshbhai
Oza
Sign and Date
Sanjay Dhirubhai
Malankiya
6. Abstract of the project / invention :
Recumbent cycles began emerging in the early 1900’s as a method of improving the rider’s ability to
transmit power ergonomically and reach higher sustained speeds. Over the course of the last century,
many different types of recumbent cycles were designed and developed upon. Although most recumbent
designs are similar to ordinary two-wheeled bicycles, they typically have a lower centre of gravity, causing
stability problems at lower speeds. If an effort to improve the stability and control of recumbent cycles, the
addition of a third wheel became popular as a method to distribute the weight of the rider.
Initial tricycle designs used two wheels in the rear and one in the front; however, there are inherent stability
problems with this design while cornering at high speeds. Considering the advantages of recumbent cycles
for ergonomic performance, these vehicles present an excellent mode of transportation for short to medium
distance commuting. Therefore, the cycle is an excellent means for commuters to reduce energy
consumption, lower traffic density, and maintain physical fitness.
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79. Drawing Attachments :
Trike View
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80. Isometric
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81. Seat
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82. Top
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83. side
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Note :
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84. GIC Patent Drafting Exercise Team ID:
FORM 3
THE PATENTS ACT, 1970
(39 OF 1970)
&
THE PATENTS RULES, 2003
STATEMENT AND UNDERTAKING UNDER SECTION 8
14934
1. Declaration :
Sahil Jitesh . ,
Anand Maheshbhai Oza ,
Sanjay Dhirubhai Malankiya ,
I/We,
Sahil Jitesh . ( Indian )
Address : GTU
Anand Maheshbhai Oza ( Indian )
Address : GTU
Sanjay Dhirubhai Malankiya ( Indian )
Address : GTU
2. Name, Address and Nationality of the joint Applicant :
Name of the
Country
Date of
Application
Application
Number
Status of the
Application
Date of
Publication
Date of
Grant
N/A N/A N/A N/AN/AN/A
(i) that I/We have not made any application for the same/substantially the same
invention outside India.
(ii) that the right in the application(s) has/have been assigned to,
Here by declare:
(iii) that I/We undertake that up to the date of grant of patent by the Controller , I/We
would keep him inform in writing the details regarding corresponding application(s)
for patents filed outside India within 3 months from the date of filing of such
application.
Dated this 30 day of April , 2015.
3. Signature of Applicants :
This is just a mock Patent Drafting Exercise (PDE) for semester 8, BE students of GTU.
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85. Sign and Date
Sahil Jitesh .
Sign and Date
Anand Maheshbhai Oza
Sign and Date
Sanjay Dhirubhai
Malankiya
To
The Controller of Patent
The Patent Office, at Mumbai.
This is just a mock Patent Drafting Exercise (PDE) for semester 8, BE students of GTU.
These documents are not to be submitted with any patent office.
Note :
Page 2 of 2